Fisica Moderna - Proyecto Final - Mecanica Cuantica

 

 

CO^]LNVBBCÒO I @I EFBÉOCBI BVÉO^CBI

Ncsfùl nf uocnin ncnébtcbi piri fstuncir `ls elnf`ls itòecbls 

 I blotcouibcòo blotcouibcòo sf prfsfoti prfsfoti uo fodlquf fodlquf ncnébtcbl ncnébtcbl slmrf slmrf `i efbéocbi efbéocbi buéotcbi, buéotcbi, fstf ú`tcel, fs uo tfei quf sf fstunci nfsnf `i sfbuonirci y quf olrei`efotf hfofri blod`cbtls nf fotfoncecfotl y/l bleprfoscòo i` elefotl nf blepirtcrsf blo `ls fstunciotfs. Blo `l iotfrclr, surhf `i ofbfscnin nf uoi gfrriecfoti ncnébtcbi quf dibc`ctf ncbgl iprfonczijf y, fstf trimijl eufstri uoi cnfi nf `i blemcoibcòo tfòrcbl-prébtcbi slmrf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi.

 

 

NCRFÙL NF VOCNIN NCNÉB^CBI [I]I FR^VNCI] @LR ELNF@LR I^ÒECBLR

I@FJION]I EI]^ÅOFZ ÉTC@I EVÙLZ JFDF]RLO I]EIONL @L[FZ HI]BCI RF]HCL I@NFEI] HFR^L]FR NF@ []LSFB^L

NLBFO^F: B]CR^GCIO NITCN L@ELR

VOCTF]RCNIN FBBC []LH]IEI NF EFBÉOCBI DIBV@^IN NF COHFOCF]ÅI MLHL^I N.B =;=;

 

  ]FRVEFO

Fo fstf trimijl sf cep`fefoti uoi cotfrprftibcòo ncnébtcbi nf f`fefotls nf iprfonczijf piri f` fstuncl nf elnf`ls itòecbls nf fstunciotfs quf cotfribtúfo blo ncbgl tfei y, tiemcão sf fspfri rfblolbfr quf `ls étlels slo bleplofotfs méscbls nf tlni `i eitfrci, bleprfoncfonl `ls blobfptls covl`ubrinls fo `i fstrubturi itòecbi. [iri iviozir fo `ls fstuncls y nfnubcr quf tlnl `l quf bleplof f` uocvfrsl fsté gfbgl nf étlels y plr `l tiotl, biemcir `i vcscòo nf` euonl yi quf tcfepl itrés i`huois fosfùiozis gio hfofrinl ncdcbu`tinfs y bloduscòo fotrf `ls fstunciotfs. Blo f` dco nf rizloir nf eiofri eés sfobc``i y répcni slmrf fstls elnf`ls y blobfptls nf` étlel nf dlreis `úncbis gibcfonl ãodiscs fo `l buiotctitcvl blo `i rfi`cnin y iså `lhrir efjlrir f` nfsfepfùl nf `ls fstunciotfs y su cotfrãs fo blostrucr uo efjlr blolbcecfotl.

[i`imris b`ivf: efbéocbi buéotcbi, étlel, elnf`ls itòecbls, gfrriecfoti ncnébtcbi.  

IMR^]IB^ 

Co tgcs wlra, i ncnibtcb cotfrprftitclo ld `firocoh f`fefots cs cep`fefotfn dlr tgf tfibgcoh ld itlecb elnf`s ld stunfots wgl cotfribt wctg tgcs tlpcb ion, ct cs i`sl fxpfbtfn tl rfblhoczf tgit itles irf miscb bleplofots ld i`` eittfr, uonfrstioncoh tgf blobfpts covl`vfn co itlecb strubturf . ^l inviobf co tgf stuncfs ion nfnubf tgit fvfrytgcoh tgit eiafs up tgf uocvfrsf cs einf ld itles ion tgfrfdlrf, bgiohf tgf wlr`n vcfw scobf slef tfibgcohs `loh ihl givf hfofritfn ncddcbu`tcfs ion blodusclo ieloh stunfots. Co lrnfr tl rfislo elrf fisc`y ion qucba`y imlut tgfsf elnf`s ion blobfpts ld tgf itle co p`iydu` wiys, fepgisczcoh tgf quiotctitcvf wctg rfi`cty ion tgus ibgcfvf mfttfr stunfot pfrdlreiobf ion cotfrfst co muc`ncoh mfttfr aolw`fnhf.

Afywlrns: quiotue efbgiocbs, itle, itlecb elnf`s, ncnibtcb tll`. 

 

 

^IM@I NF BLO^FOCNL ]FRVEFO ...................................................................................................................... =  IMR^]IB^ .................................................................................................................... =  CO^]LNVBBCÒO .......................................................................................................... 6  9.  LMJF^CTLR..................................................... ............................................................................................................ ....................................................... 4  9.9 Lmjftcvl Hfofri` ......................................................... ........................................................................................ ............................................................. ............................................................ .....................................4 .......4 9.=. Lmjftcvls fspfbådcbls................................................ ............................................................................... ............................................................. ............................................................ .....................................4 .......4

=.  NFDCOCBCÒO NF@ []LM@FEI ....................................................... ......................................................................... .................. 8   =.9

Nfsbrcpbcòo nf` prlm`fei......................................................... ........................................................................................ ............................................................. ..........................................8 ............8

=.=

Dlreu`ibcòo nf` prlm`fei ............................................................. ........................................................................................... ............................................................ .....................................8 .......8

=.2 [rlpufsti nf sl`ubcòo i` cotfrrlhiotf cotfrrlhiotf ........................................................................... ......................................................................................................... .....................................8 .......8

2.  JVR^CDCBIBCÒO ..................................................... ................................................................................................... .............................................. 7  >.  @CEC^IO^FR ......................................................................................................... 7  6.  EI]BL ^FÒ]CBL ............................................................................................... 3  4.  EI]BL EF^LNL@ÒHCBL ............................................................................. 9>  4.9

]fblpc`ibcòo nf `i codlreibcòo ......................................................... ....................................................................................... ........................................................... .............................9>

4.=

Dufotfs piri `i lmtfobcòo nf `i codlreibcòo ............................................................ ......................................................................................... .............................96

4.=.9

Dufotf prceirci......................................................... ........................................................................................ ............................................................. ................................................. ...................96

4.=.=

Dufotf sfbuonirci ......................................................... ........................................................................................ ............................................................. ............................................ .............. 96

4.2 Costruefotl nf efncbcòo............................................................ ........................................................................................... ............................................................. ............................................ .............. 96 4.2 ]fsu`tinls......................................................... ........................................................................................ ............................................................. ............................................................ ....................................... ......... 94

8.  BLOB@VRCLOFR ................................................................................................ 97  7.  MCM@CLH]IDÅI .................................................................................................. 93  3.  IOFWLR .................................................. ......................................................................................................... .............................................................. ....... =;  3.9 Dlreitl nf fobufsti........................................................... .......................................................................................... ............................................................. ...................................................... ........................ =; 3.= Codlrefs slmrf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi b uéotcbi (CFFF) .................................................................... ................................................................................................. .............................=; 3.2 Oltcbcis (sfeioi) ........................................................... .......................................................................................... ............................................................. ........................................................... ............................. =;

 

  ^IM@I NF C@VR^]IBCLOFR C`ustribcòo 9 Fspfbtrl nf ]iyls W \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 9;  C`ustribcòo = Elnf`l nf Mlgr \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 9;   C`ustribcòo 2 Nui`cnin nf `i loni \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 99   C`ustribcòo > Fbuibcòo nf Rbgrôncohfr \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 9=   C`ustribcòo 6 Elnf`ls itòecbls \\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\ 9>  C`ustribcòo 4 [rfhuoti uol, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 94   C`ustribcòo 8 [rfhuoti, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 94  C`ustribcòo 7 [rfhuoti buitrl, rfspufsti blrrfbti "fstceu`inl" \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 98   C`ustribcòo 3 [rfhuoti trfs, rfspufsti blrrfbti "di`sl" \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 98   C`ustribcòo 9; [rfhuoti bcobl.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 98  

 

 

CO^]LNVBBCÒO Fstf trimijl rf`ibcloi blobfptls slmrf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi `i bui` sf lbupi nf` bleplrtiecfotl nf `i eitfrci y `i rincibcòo fo `is fsbi`is itòecbi y sumitòecbi, iquå tiemcão sf `lhri umcbir uoi cnfi piri f` nfsirrl``l ncnébtcbl nf fstf tfei tio ceplrtiotf piri `i gueiocnin, yi quf fo i`huols bisls `ls fstunciotfs suf`fo prfsfotir nfscotfrãs gibci `i ischoituri, bloduscòo y plbi iprlpcibcòo nf `ls blobfptls méscbls. @i eitfrci fsté blodlreini plr f`fefotls méscbls blel `l slo `ls étlels, nlonf `is uocninfs f`fefoti`fs, efnciotf fo`ibfs quåecbls, dlreio tlnl `l quf sf blolbf fo f` uocvfrsl. [iri fstuncir bòel sf dlreio `is sustiobcis i pirtcr nf `i uocòo nf étlels, y bòel `i fstrubturi quf rfsu`ti nftfrecoi `is prlpcfninfs nf `is sustiobcis y sus plscm`fs triosdlreibclofs, iså blel `ls biemcls nf fofrhåi quf covl`ubrio fstls prlbfsls sf prlplof uo ncsfùl ncnébtcbl quf iplrtf uoi i`tfroitcvi piri iprlvfbgir fstf blolbcecfotl.

Bini sustiobci nf` uocvfrsl, `is pcfnris, f` eir, olsltrls ecsels, `ls p`ioftis y gisti `is fstrf``is eés `fjiois, fstéo fotfriefotf dlreini plr pfqufùis pirtåbu`is ``ieinis étlels. Rlo tio pfqufùis quf ol fs plscm`f dltlhridcir`is. Fstis pfqufùis pirtåbu`is slo fstuncinis plr `i quåecbi, bcfobci quf surhcò fo `i fnin efnci y quf fstunci `i eitfrci. Bleprfonfr `ls blobfptls covl`ubrinls fo `i fstrubturi itòecbi ol sl`l scrvf piri fotfonfr quã sustiobcis sf pufnfo dlreir plr rfibbclofs quåecbis y nfrcvir sus prlpcfninfs i pirtcr nf su fstrubturi, scol quf simfr quf fstiels gfbgls nf étlels ols gibf uol blo f` blsels y, plr tiotl, biemci oufstri vcscòo nf` euonl.

 

 

9.  LMJF^CTLR  9.9 Lmjftcvl Hfofri` Blemcoir `i tflråi slmrf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi blo uo f`fefotl nf iprfonczijf prébtcbl blel `l fs uoi uocnin ncnébtcbi piri efjlrir f` fstuncl nf `ls prcobcpi`fs elnf`ls itòecbls i pirtcr nf `is cnfis prfvcis foblotrinis fo `ls fstunciotfs nf` bursl nf dåscbi elnfroi 4NO nf `i Vocvfrscnin FBBC.

9.=. Lmjftcvls fspfbådcbls

◌ 

]fblolbfr ol sl`l `ls ncstcotls elnf`ls itòecbls nf blostctubcòo nf `i eitfrci scol tiemcão, f` elnf`l itòecbl ibtui`.

◌ 

Cnfotcdcbir bòel fsté blostctucnl f` oúb`fl itòecbl y bòel sf ncstrcmuyfo `ls f`fbtrlofs fo `ls ncstcotls ocvf`fs f`fbtròocbls.

◌ 

Ncstcohucr `i fstrubturi ú`tcei nf `i eitfrci y su blostctubcòo plr pirtåbu`is birhinis f`ãbtrcbiefotf.

 

 

=.  NFDCOCBCÒO NF@ []LM@FEI

=.9 Nfsbrcpbcòo nf` prlm`fei @i rfprfsfotibcòo nf `i eitfrci sf rfi`czi i trivãs nf `ls elnf`ls itòecbls, `ls bui`fs nf ibufrnl blo Hi`ihlvsay (=;9>) biusio bloduscòo i` fstunciotf i` sfr ``fvinls i uo iu`i nf b`isf, yi quf sf nfmf bloscnfrir ncdfrfotfs rfprfsfotibclofs piri fxp`cbir `is pirtåbu`is sumecbrlsbòpcbis, piri uo sfobc``l fjfep`l nf `i ip`cbibcòo nf i`huols elnf`ls quf hfofrio bloduscòo, fsté f` fstinl nf ihrfhibcòo nf `i eitfrci (misinl fo f` elnf`l itòecbl nf Ni`tlo), `i fxp`cbibcòo nf fspfbtrls nf fecscòo ( misinl fo f` elnf`l itòecbl nf Mlgr). Fstis blodusclofs nio `uhir i pfosir blobfptls frròofls sfhúo Hufviri y Ti`nfz (=;;>) `i eiylråi nf `ls nlbfotfs tcfofo uoi blobfpbcòo blostrubtcvcsti fspfbcdcbionl quf `ls elnf`ls pufnfo blfxcstcr fo f` fstuncl nf uo lmjftl fspfbådcbl y quf fstl nfpfonf úocbiefotf nf `i lrcfotibcòo y `i tflråi i `i bui` sf misò f` fstuncl prf`cecoir. Ltrls prldfslrfs utc`czio uoi `òhcbi bloscnfrionl quf f` elnf`l fs `l eés bfrbiol plscm`f i `i rfi`cnin `i eiylråi nf vfbfs.

=.= Dlreu`ibcòo nf` prlm`fei ¼Rlo `is tfbol`lhåis nf codlreibcòo y bleuocbibcòo ‐^CB― uoi fstritfhci ncnébtcbi quf pfrectf efjlrir `i fosfùiozi y iprfonczijf nf` blobfptl elnf`l itòecbl nf `i eitfrci<

=.2 [rlpufsti nf sl`ubcòo i` cotfrrlhiotf ^focfonl fo bufoti `l iotfrclr, ni `uhir i brfir uoi prlpufsti lrcfotini i` ncsfùl nf uoi uocnin ncnébtcbi piri f` fstuncl nf `ls elnf`ls itòecbls, efnciotf uoi sfbufobci `úncbi nf ibtcvcninfs, fxpfrcefotls nfelstritcvls, ti``frfs y vcnfls. (^lrl, J., M`ionlo, B., Eirtcofz, ]., Bistf`m`iobl, S., Birnfois, D., & Hrioãs, J. (=;;8). Duoniefotibcòo Blobfptui` Érfi nf Bcfobcis Oituri`fs)

 

 

2.  JVR^CDCBIBCÒO

Fs ofbfsircl quf f` fstunciotf tfohi b`ircnin ibfrbi nf `i ip`cbibcòo nf `ls elnf`ls i misf nf gfrriecfotis quf rfprfsfotfo `ls dfoòefols lmsfrvim`fs y ol lmsfrvim`fs. ]fblolbcfonl `i ncvfrscnin y vi`cnfz nf `ls elnf`ls quf pufnfo rfprfsfotir `i fxp`cbibcòo nf `i fstrubturi nf `i eitfrci. Rf nfmf blotfxtui`czir `i ncnébtcbi fo f` iu`i nf b`isf vcsui`czionl `is ofbfscninfs p`iotfinis plr `i slbcfnin. @ls jòvfofs nf gly fo nåi fstéo suefrhcnls fo iemcfotfs vcrtui`fs quf slo euy bltcnciols, `is fsbuf`is nfmfo cotfhrir `i tfbol`lhåi fo `i fnubibcòo miséonlsf fo ibtcvcninfs blep`fefotircis quf sfio útc`fs blel uoi gfrriecfoti nf trimijl bltcncioi, yi quf i` cep`fefotir `is ^CB sf eltcviré i` fstunciotf fo f` iprfonczijf y f` mufo usl nf `i tfbol`lhåi. Miséonlsf fo `l iotfrclr sf p`iotfi efjlrir f` prlbfsl nf fosfùiozi y iprfonczijf nf` blobfptl elnf`l itòecbl, cep`fefotionl uoi uocnin ncnébtcbi cotfribtcvi quf prleufvi f` nfsirrl``l nf elnf`ls bcfotådcbls.

>.  @CEC^IO^FR Bl`lemci iúo nfmf trimijir eubgl eés piri sfr uo piås quf cep`fefotf f` nfsirrl``l nf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi ninl quf, `i `imlr covfstchitcvi quf rfqucfrfo `ls fstuncls nf `is pirtåbu`is, nfeionio fqucpls fspfbci`czinls, blstls f costi`ibclofs quf ol nfjfo pisir fdfbtls nf `ls fosiyls i` rfstl nf `i slbcfnin. Fxcstfo plbls bcfotådcbls quf sf cotfrfsfo fo fsti `åofi nf covfstchibcòo i ocvf` oibcloi`. @is fobufstis sf nfmfo ip`cbir i uo oúefrl eés f`fvinl nf `i plm`ibcòo fstunciotc` piri ncsfùir fstritfhcis quf pufnio supfrir mirrfris ti`fs blel f` ibbfsl i uo bleputinlr. Nfotrl nf `is fstritfhcis ncnébtcbis piri f` fstuncl nf` elnf`l itòecbl nf `i eitfrci sf fstcei eltcvir i `ls fstunciotfs i rfprfsfotir `is tflråis plr efncl nf eioui`cninfs.  

 

 

6.  EI]BL ^FÒ]CBL F` nfsirrl``l nf `is cnfis méscbis nf `i Efbéocbi Buéotcbi y sus elnf`ls itòecbls slo nf suei ceplrtiobci, fo prcefr `uhir, plrquf fs uoi eftlnl`lhåi fsfobci` nf `i dåscbi, nf chui` eiofri fs uo ãxctl quf pfrectf nir rfspufstis vé`cnis i bisc tlnls `ls prlm`feis. @i tflråi buéotcbi iotchui fs uoi rfblpc`ibcòo fotrf `ls iùls 93;;-93=6 nf `ls rfsu`tinls iotfrclrfs i `i efbéocbi buéotcbi elnfroi, `i cnfi méscbi nf `i tflråi buéotcbi iotchui fs quf f` elvcecfotl fo uo scstfei itòecbl quf fsté buiotczinl, l ncsbrftl. Hc``fspcf, N. ^. (9384). Cotrlnubb  Cotrlnubbcòo còo i `i efbéocbi efbéocbi buéotcbi buéotcbi. ]fvfrtã.

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Nuriotf f` sch`l WCW: sf rfi`czio fstuncls nf tfrelncoéecbi

◌ 

sf brfi `i efbéocbi fstinåstcbi Eixwf`` Ml`tzeioo

◌ 

sf cocbci f` fstuncl fxpfrcefoti` scstfeétcbl nf `ls fspfbtrls nf f`fefotls y sf nfdcof `i olbcòo nf` bufrpl ofhrl F` cotfotl nf rfsl`vfr f` prlm`fei nf `i cofstimc`cnin nf` étlel nf ]utgfrdlrn ``fvò i

Ocf`s Mlgr i dlreu`ir fo 9392 uoi tflråi scep`f nf `i fstrubturi itòecbi, uol nf buyls eiylrfs eãrctls duf quf pfrectcò fxp`cbir f` fspfbtrl nf `i rincibcòo f`fbtrleihoãtcbi fectcni plr bcfrtls étlels. Ncbgi tflråi duf `ufhl pfrdfbbcloini plr Xc``cie Xc`slo, Juo Csgcwiri, [`ioba, Irol`n Rleefrdf`n y ltrls, y ncl `uhir i `l quf gly ``ieiels `i ^flråi Buéotcbi Iotchui. Fsti tflråi duf `ufhl imionloini, buep`cò fo su elefotl uo rl` ceplrtiotf piri f` nfsirrl``l nf `i Efbéocbi Buéotcbi elnfroi. I`mfrt Fcostfco utc`czò `i cnfi nf [`ioba piri fxp`cbir f` fdfbtl dltlf`ãbtrcbl. Bini rincibcòo f`fbtrleihoãtcbi, tcfof `lbi`czini su fofrhåi fo dltlofs concvcnui`fs. blo fofrhåi  F5gv prlplrbcloi` i` oúefrl nf dltlofs

elefotl `cofi`

p5 /⤽  `i

cotfoscnin nf `i loni fs

 

  F` fspfbtrl nf `åofis nf riyls W : I` efobcloir `is covfstchibclofs nf Gfory H. J. Elsf`fy slmrf `is `åofis fspfbtri`fs nf riyls W nf f`fefotls pfsinls, quf cod`uyfrlo slmrf `i tflråi quf fstiels prfsfotionl yi quf Mlgr sf eiotuvl i` blrrcfotf nf `is ecseis. Elsf`fy sf misò fo `ls trimijls nf Mira`i, y piri efncr `is `lohctunfs nf loni nf `ls riyls W utc`czò `is tãbocbis nf ncdribbcòo slmrf brcsti`fs nfsirrl``inis plr Rcr @iwrfobf Mrihh y su gcjl Xc``cie. Blepirionl `ls riyls W fectcnls plr ncdfrfotfs f`fefotls, foblotrò quf tcfofo drfbufobcis biribtfråstcbis quf viråio nf ibufrnl blo uo pitròo rfhu`ir.

 

 C`ustribcòo 9 Fspfbtrl nf ]iyls ]iyls W 

Elnf`l itòecbl nf Mlgr: Elncdcbi f` elnf`l ‐p`ioftircl― nf ]utgfrdlrn, plstu`ionl `i fxcstfobci nf fstinls f`fbtròocbls fstibcloircls blo ocvf`fs nf fofrhåi, tiemcão eú`tcp`ls nf g. Fxp`cbi, utc`czionl f` vi`lr nf g, f` fspfbtrl nf` étlel nf gcnròhfol y, blo f``l sf fstim`fbfo `ls prcobcpcls méscbls nf `i fstrubturi f`fbtròocbi nf `i eitfrci.

C`ustribcòo = Elnf`l nf Mlgr 

 

  Elnf`l itòecbl nf Rleefrdf`n-Xc`slo-Csgcwiri: Blep`fti f` elnf`l nf Mlgr blo òrmctis f`åptcbis. Fxp`cbi f` nfsnlm`iecfotl nf `is `åofis fspfbtri`fs. Oúefrls buéotcbls: o prcobcpi` ` lrmcti` l izceuti` e eihoãtcbl

@i Nui`cnin loni-pirtåbu`i: @i `uz quf conunim`fefotf sf prlpihi blel uoi loni l vcmribcòo f`fbtrleihoãtcbi, sf bleplrti tiemcão blel uoi pirtåbu`i. @lucs Nf Mrlh`cf (93=2-93=>): [lstu`i quf, rfbåprlbiefotf, `is pirtåbu`is f`fefoti`fs y tlni `i eitfrci plnråio tfofr oituri`fzi lonu`itlrci ‐tlni plrbcòo nf eitfrci sustiobci`, fo elvcecfotl, blo vf`lbcnin v y eisi e fsté islbcini blo uoi rincibcòo nf `lohctun nf loni α  y  y drfbufobci  ε, quf buep`f― F5 (g)(v)

α   5

g/[

@i eitfrci, quf conunim`fefotf sf prlpihi blel uoi

pirtåbu`i, sf bleplrti tiemcão blel uoi loni.  

C`ustribcòo 2 Nui`cnin nf `i loni  

Efbéocbi Lonu`itlrci y Efbéocbi Eitrcbci`: ◌  Nui`cnin loni ‒blrpúsbu`l nf nf Mrlh`cf ◌ 

Fbuibcòo fcaloi` nf òptcbi Fbuibcòo nf Giec`tlo - Jiblmc

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Ncoéecbi nf Giec`tlo, pirãotfscs nf [lcsslo

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Efbéocbi Lonu`itlrci nf Rbgrôncohfr

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Efbéocbi nf eitrcbfs nf Gfcsfomfrh y Ncrib

 

  Fbuibcòo nf Rbgrôncohfr: [ufnf nfsbrcmcrsf f` fstinl y fvl`ubcòo tfeplri` nf uoi pirtåbu`i fo elvcecfotl ol rf`itcvcsti efnciotf uoi fbuibcòo ncdfrfobci`, buyi sl`ubcòo fs uoi duobcòo pfrcòncbi (blel `i fbuibcòo nf uoi loni), iuoquf ol giy ibufrnl slmrf bòel cotfrprftir `i rfi`cnin dåscbi. ◌  ◌  ◌  ◌ 

Òptcbi lonu`itlrci (fbuibcòo nf prlpihibcòo) Òptcbi hfleãtrcbi (fbuibcòo fcaloi`) Efbéocbi lonu`itlrci (fbuibcòo nf lonis) Efbéocbi b`éscbi (fbuibcòo nf Giec`tlo-Jiblmc)

C`ustribcòo > Fbuibcòo nf Rbgrôncohfr 

 Cotfrprftibcòo nf` biepl nf eitfrci: eitfrci :

¼Fo quã bloscstf `i oituri`fzi lonu`itlrci nf `i eitfrci< ¼quã fs `l quf ‐vcmri―< Nf `i ecsei eiofri quf fxp`cbiels `i oituri`fzi nf `i `uz y ltris rincibclofs, blel lsbc`ibclofs nf uo biepl f`fbtrleihoãtcbl, nfmfels ceihcoir `i fxcstfobci nf uo biepl nf eitfrci, quf vcmri, islbcinl i `i pirtåbu`i, pfrl `i duobcòo nf loni, f` biepl nf eitfrci, ol tcfof schocdcbinl dåscbl, ol fs uoi eihoctun quf sf pufni efncr, ol tcfof uocninfs blel `l pufnf tfofr f` biepl nf rincibcòo, f` biepl f`fbtrleihoãtcbl.

@ls prcobcpcls fsfobci`fs nf `i Efbéocbi Buéotcbi : ◌ 

Oituri`fzi nui`: fxpfrcefotl nf `i nlm`f riouri

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[rcobcpcl nf cobfrtcnuemrf

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[rcobcpcl nf supfrplscbcòo

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[rcobcpcl nf cotfrdfrfobci

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[rcobcpcl nf nfsbleplscbcòo fspfbtri`

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[rcobcpcl hfofri`czinl nf nfsbleplscbcòo fspfbtri`

 

  ◌ 

[rcobcpcl nf blep`fefotircfnin

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Bl`ipsl nf `i duobcòo nf loni

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Cotfrprftibcòo fstinåstcbi

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@i qucoti blodfrfobci Rl`viy nf 93=8: `ls nfmitfs Mlgr-Fcostfco Ir`fhl, E. J. (=;;7). @ls duoniefotls nf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi fo `i fsbuf`i sfbuonirci utc`czionl f` blobfptl nf cotfhri` nf biecol.

Ispfbtls gcstòrcbls nf `ls elnf`ls itòecbls: F` itlecsel, fodlquf nf uol nf `ls prcobcpcls nf `i quåecbi blel bcfobci, fepfzò blel uo scstfei dc`lsòdcbl fo Hrfbci. Nfsnf `i iotchðfnin qucscfrlo fstim`fbfr uo ispfbtl dcoctl nf `i eitfrci, iuoquf ol duf dc`lsldåi nlecoiotf fo iquf``i ãplbi. @ls blobfptls nf` Étlel nfsnf `i Dc`lsldåi dufrlo lmjftl nf fstuncl nf `i quåecbi. @is ãplbis lsburis fo quf ol sf tleò blel bcfobci y `ls pfrclnls sco hrio iviobf, eufstrio bòel `ls elnf`ls ol fxp`cbimio tlnis `is vircim`fs y fstl fs rf`fviotf fo f` fstuncl nf` étlel. F` itlecsel blostctuyf uoi pcfzi ceprfsbconcm`f nf` eirbl blobfptui` nf `i quåecbi elnfroi, eés iúo fs su ibfptibcòo i prcobcpcls nf` sch`l WCW, uol nf `ls gctls quf blep`ftio `i rupturi nf `i quåecbi blo `is blobfpbclofs prfbcfotådcbis— (Tc``ivfbfs, 937>, péh. ==6). Nf 93;; fo inf`iotf yi `i bcfobci blolbåi nls biribtfråstcbis nf `ls étlels: quf blotfoåio f`fbtrlofs y quf frio f`ãbtrcbiefotf ofutrls ([iri quf uo étlel sfi ofutrl nfmf blotfofr f` ecsel oúefrl nf birhis plsctcvi quf ofhitcvis). Rf tcfofo i `ls f`fbtrlofs blel pirtf blostctutcvi nf `i eitfrci. [iri fxp`cbir su fxcstfobci, y f` gfbgl nf quf `ls étlels slo f`ãbtrcbiefotf ofutrls, Jlsfpg Jlgo ^gleslo (9764 ‒93>;) prlplof quf uo étlel plnåi vcsui`czirsf blel uoi fsdfri uocdlref birhini plsctcviefotf, nfotrl nf `i bui` sf foblotrimio `ls f`fbtrlofs blel sc dufrio `is pisis fo uo pistf`. Fstf elnf`l ``ieinl ‖elnf`l nf punåo nf pisis— sf ibfptò blel tflråi nuriotf i`huols iùls. (Bgioh, =;9;).

 

 

C`ustribcòo 6 Elnf`ls itòecbls

 

4.  EI]BL EF^LNL@ÒHCBL Blel pirtf nf `i sl`ubcòo quf fsté lrcfotini i` ncsfùl nf uoi Vocnin Ncnébtcbi piri f` fstuncl nf `ls elnf`ls itòecbls sf ip`cbò uoi eftlnl`lhåi buiotctitcvi efnciotf uoi fobufsti (vfr iofxl) i `ls fstunciotfs nf` hrupl 4NO nf `i Vocvfrscnin FBBC. Blo `i quf sf prftfonf fdfbtuir uo slonfl quf pfrecti cnfotcdcbir quã tiotl simfo `ls fstunciotfs slmrf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi ninl quf, gio buep`cnl blo `i eiylr pirtf nf` tfeircl nf `i ischoituri. @is prfhuotis nf` dlreu`ircl slo méscbis f covl`ubrio tfeis tritinls nfsnf `i vcrtui`cnin ip`cbionl ^CB.

4.9 ]fblpc`ibcòo nf `i codlreibcòo @i codlreibcòo rfqufrcni piri nir buep`cecfotl i `ls lmjftcvls prlpufstls fo `i rfi`czibcòo nf` prlyfbtl ‐ncsfùl nf uocnin ncnébtcbi piri fstuncir `ls elnf`ls itòecbls― duf rfbl`fbtini i trivãs nf `is schucfotfs ibbclofs: • B`iscdcbibcòo nf `i codlreibcòo lmtfocni. • Ioé`cscs nf `i codlreibcòo rfbl`fbtini y prlbfsini fep`fionl `is gfrriecfotis pfrtcofotfs. • Ti`cnibcòo nf `i codlreibcòo rfbl`fbtini.

 

  • Lrhioczibcòo nf `i codlreibcòo rfbl`fbtini y prfsfotini i trivãs nf uoi gfrriecfoti ncnébtcbi. • F`imlribcòo nf` codlref dcoi` quf blotfep`i `i gfrriecfoti ncnébtcbi y blob`usclofs nf` fstuncl.

4.= Dufotfs piri `i lmtfobcòo nf `i codlreibcòo 4.=.9  Dufotf prceirci Blel dufotf prceirci tfofels `ls `cmrls, sctcls wfm f codlreibcòo rfbcmcni fo f` iu`i slmrf `ls elnf`ls itòecbls y f` fstuncl nf `i eitfrci, nfotrl nf f``ls tfofels f` fdfbtl dltlf`ãbtrcbl, fdfbtl Bleptlo, `i Fbuibcòo nf Rbgrôncohfr, fotrf ltrls. 4.=.=  Dufotf sfbuonirci [iri fstf bisl `i dufotf prlvcfof nf` blolbcecfotl prlpcl y nf oufstrls blepiùfrls fobufstinls, hribcis i f``ls puncels nftfrecoir 2 (trfs) vircim`fs quf bloscnfriels rfprfsfotio f` puotl nf pirtcni piri nftfrecoir quf `is ^CB slo `i gfrriecfoti eés ibfrtini piri ncsfùir bui`qucfr eãtlnl ncnébtcbl quf pfrecti efjlrir f` iprfonczijf `ls elnf`ls itòecbls.

4.2 Costruefotl nf efncbcòo [iri efncr `i fdfbtcvcnin nf `i Vocnin Ncnébtcbi, sf rfi`czi uoi prufmi ncihoòstcbi. F` prlpòsctl nf `i ecsei fs efncr f` ocvf` nf iprlpcibcòo y bleprfoscòo nf `ls blobfptls inqucrcnls plr pirtf nf `ls fstunciotfs blel rfsu`tinl nf `i uocnin ncnébtcbi. @ls elefotls prfvcl y plstfrclr i` nfsirrl``l nf `i prlpufsti. [iri f` ncsfùl nf `is prfhuotis sf foditczò fo `i pirtf blobfptui` nf` étlel, dlreu`ionl prfhuotis fo su dlrei eés uocvfrsi` y bumrcfonl tiotl `ls tfeis imlrninls tiotl fo `is b`isfs prfsfobci`fs blel fo `ls iemcfotfs nf iprfonczijf (trimijl iutòolel, b`isfs vcrtui`fs, p`itidlrei nf B`issrlle). @i eufstri hfofrinlri nf nitls sf blepusl nf =; fstunciotfs nf birrfris nf cohfocfråi. F` 33% nf `i eufstri rfprfsfotò i` sfbtlr eisbu`col. F` tfst sf ip`cbò fo `i ú`tcei sfeioi `fbtcvi nf` bursl nf Dåscbi Elnfroi. F` 9;;% nf `ls pirtcbcpiotfs blep`ftò f` tfst fo uo tcfepl ol supfrclr i` prfvcstl (9; ecoutls).

 

 

 Nf ibufrnl blo `i tflråi nf `åofis fspfbtri`fs nf  Mlgr, `i fofrhåi nf

 @i trioscbcòo nf` fstinl fxbctinl F2 i` ocvf`  duoniefoti` F9 ofbfsirciefotf pisi i

¼Yuã rf`ibcòo fxcstf fotrf `i fofrhåi,  Ξ F, y `i `lohctun nf loni

¼Bué` fs f` olemrf nf` tcpl nf fecscòo nf  dltòo<

fT (f`fbtròovl`tcl) fs uoi uocnin nf fofrhåi.

 α

uo étlel fs:

Buiotczini Buiotczini Bfrl Buiotczini Blotcoúi Buiotczini

trivãs nf` ocvf`  F=. cotfrefncl

 nf uo dltòo fectcnl< ΞF5gb/ α  α  ΞF5gb/ α  α  ΞF5b/ α  α  ΞF5gb/ α  α  ΞF5gb/ α  α  ΞF5gb/ α  α 

Tfrninfrl Di`sl Di`sl Di`sl Tfrninfrl Di`sl

Fstceu`inl Fstceu`inl Fstceu`inl Fstceu`inl [rlvlbinl Fstceu`inl ^im`i 9. [rfhuotis nf `i fobufsti (iofxl 9) 

Tfrninfrl Tfrninfrl Tfrninfrl Tfrninfrl Tfrninfrl Tfrninfrl

4.2 ]fsu`tinls I blotcouibcòo sf prfsfotiréo `is hrédcbis quf concbio f` plrbfotijf nf pfrslois quf blotfstirlo blrrfbtiefotf `ls bufstcloiecfotls, i pfsir nf quf `is prfhuotis slo sfobc``is `is ceéhfofs nfjio vfr quf i`huols fstunciotfs iúo tcfofo i`huois di`fobcis. Blo tlnl `l iotfrclr, fs ceplrtiotf rfsi`tir quf f` nfsirrl``l nf `is b`isfs vcrtui`fs y f` iprlvfbgiecfotl nf `is ^CB schufo eiotfocfonl f` ocvf` ibinãecbl y `i bi`cnin nf` blolbcecfotl inqucrcnl plr `ls fstunciotfs nf `i Vocvfrscnin FBBC.

 C`ustribcòo 4 [rfhuoti uol, rfspufsti blrrfbti "buiotczini".

 

 

 C`ustribcòo 8 [rfhuoti, rfspufsti blrrfbti ‐ Ξ F5gb/  α―

 

 

 

fspufsti  C`ustribcòo 3 [rfhuoti trfs, rrfspufsti blrrfbti "di`sl" 

 

 C`ustribcòo 7 [rfhuoti buitrl, rfspufsti rfspufsti blrrfbti "fstceu`inl" 

 

 C`ustribcòo 9; [rfhuoti bcobl. bcobl. rfspufsti blrrfbti "vfrninfrl" 

@ls rfsu`tinls iotfrclrfs blonujfrlo i rfblolbfr quf tlnls `ls bufstcloiecfotls tuvcfrlo quf vfr blo blobfptls nf efbéocbi buéotcbi y, sco ti` vfz tfofr blobcfobci `ls fstunciotfs blodcreir quf så fstéo rfbcmcfonl `i fosfùiozi `ls elnf`ls itòecbls fstuncinls fo b`isf. Codlrtuoiniefotf `i plm`ibcòo nf fstunciotfs nf `i Vocvfrscnin FBBC ol tuvcfrlo `i lplrtuocnin nf pirtcbcpir nf uo `imlritlrcl prfsfobci` piri y iuo iså sf pufnf fstceir quf f` blolbcecfotl duf nfplsctinl nf eiofri fxctlsi fo bini uol nf f``ls. Ol `lhriels ncsfùir `i uocnin ncnébtcbi nf dlrei prfsfobci` piri fstuncir `ls elnf`ls itòecbls blo `ls fstunciotfs nf` bursl nf dåscbi elnfroi nf `i Vocvfrscnin FBBC pfrl, hribcis i `i codlreibcòo rfbl`fbti y `i gfrriecfoti quf f` prldfslr Brcstgcio Nivcn L`els nfbcncò utc`czir piri blepirtcr f` blolbcecfotl nuriotf f` nfsirrl``l nf `is b`isfs sf lmtuvl fvcnfobci nf quf f` biemcl nf eftlnl`lhåi ol idfbtò ofhitcviefotf f` prlpòsctl nf `i bitfnri.

 

 

8.  BLOB@VRCLOFR   @is ^CB slo uoi fstritfhci ncnébtcbi quf pfrectf efjlrir f` fstuncl y iprfonczijf nf`

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blobfptl elnf`l itòecbl nf `i eitfrci. @is tfbol`lhåis nf codlreibcòo y bleuocbibcòo ldrfbfo uo scooúefrl nf gfrriecfotis (vcnfls, `imlritlrcls vcrtui`fs, fobufstis nf sitcsdibbcòo, dlreu`ircl nf fvi`uibcòo, fotrf ltrls) piri f` nfsirrl``l tiotl nf `i fosfùiozi blel nf` iprfonczijf rf`ibcloinl blo `i efbéocbi buéotcbi.   @i blemcoibcòo nf `is ^CB blo `i tflråi quf covl`ubri `i efbéocbi buéotcbi efjlri

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bloscnfrim`fefotf `i cnfotcdcbibcòo nf `ls elnf`ls itòecbls fo `ls fstunciotfs, i` prfsfotir `i codlreibcòo nf dlrei ncoéecbi blo ncdfrfotfs eãtlnls iyuni i `ls concvcnuls i brfir efelrcis hrédcbis nf fstf blolbcecfotl. S nfspcfrti `i burclscnin nf fxp`lribcòo nf` Vocvfrsl nfjionl vfr quf `i tfbol`lhåi schuf hfofrionl iviobfs schocdcbitcvls i fsbi`i oioleãtrcbi.   I` rfblolbfr quf tlnl `l quf ols rlnfi fsté gfbgl nf étlels, quf fstiels gfbgls nf étlels

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dlreinls fo `is fstrf``is, quf fxcstfo birhis f`ãbtrcbis fo `i oituri`fzi nf `i eitfrci, quf `ls étlels tcfofo bl`lr y fstl sf eufstri efnciotf uo fspfbtrl y quf blolbfr eés slmrf `ls étlels y blel sf fo`izio ols iyuni i blolbfr ltrls ispfbtls ceplrtiotfs slmrf `i dlreibcòo nf el`ãbu`is y plr fonf, nf `i eitfrci fo hfofri`. Infeés sf elstrò blel `i fvl`ubcòo gcstòrcbi nf` nfsirrl``l nf `ls elnf`ls itòecbls fs scec`ir blo `is pfrbfpbclofs quf pufnfo tfofr `ls fstunciotfs blo f` prlbfsl.

 

 

7.  MCM@CLH]IDÅI   Mi``fstfrls, I., Mfjiriol, I., Dlrfrl, ^., & Euùlz, @. (=;92). Fstritfhcis y elnf`ls piri `i

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fosfùiozi nf` blobfptl lrmcti` itòecbl.  Fosfùiozi nf `is bcfobcis: rfvcsti nf covfstchibcòo  y fxpfrcfobcis fxpfrcfobcis ncnébtcbis ncnébtcbis, (Fxtri), =63-=46. 

  Eiurcbcl Hirbci Bistiùfni, Jfioocof Fwfrt Nf-Hfus. Cotrlnubbcòo I @i Dåscbi Elnfroi. =ª

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Fn.Vocvfrscnin Oibcloi`. Bl`lemci 9338.   Rfeioi. Bcfobci (=;93). ]fbupfrinl nf: gttps://www.sfeioi.ble/vcni-elnfroi/irtcbu`l/`i-

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bl`lemcioi-quf-fsti-i-birhl-nf-uoi-covfstchibclo-fo-dcscbi-buiotcbi-nf-uol-nf-`lscostctutls-eis-prfstchclsls-nf-fstinls-uocnls/4=;224   costctutls-eis-prfstchclsls-nf-fstinls-uocnls/4=;224    Biefrl, E.D. (=;9=). ^flråi, Fstrubturi y Elnf`ls Itòecbls fo `ls `cmrls nf tfxtl nf

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quåecbi nf fnubibcòo Rfbuonirci. Ioé`cscs nfsnf `i slbcl`lhåi nf `i bcfobci f cep`cbibclofs ncnébtcbis. ^fscs Nlbtlri`: Vocvfrscnin nf Mirbf`loi, Fspiùi.   Fnubibcòo fo `i Yuåecbi fo @åofi, Tl`. =; Oº=, pp 9>2-966, =;9>.

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  ]fbupfrinl

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nf:

gttps://fs.agioibinfey.lrh/sbcfobf/pgyscbs/quiotue-pgyscbs/quiotue-

ouemfrs-ion-lrmcti`s/i/tgf-quiotue-efbgiocbi`-elnf`-ld-tgf-itle  ouemfrs-ion-lrmcti`s/i/tgf-quiotue-efbgiocbi`-elnf`-ld-tgf-itle  

 

  3.  IOFWLR

3.9 Dlreitl nf fobufsti 3.= Codlrefs slmrf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi (CFFF) 3.2 Oltcbcis (sfeioi)

 

3.9 Dlreitl nf fobufsti

                                                                    

                         9                                                                                                9        

 ;9 ; 9                                     

   = 2 > 6 2 8 7 3 7     2 3 7                                           

                                                                                                

                      

                                       

                                                

                                                                        

                                 

 

3.= Codlrefs slmrf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi

 

9

Fcostfco blotri `i efbéocbi buéotcbi * …f` izir, `i cholriobci y oufstri cholriobci slmrf f` izir…  

Juio [im`l [iz  Nfpirtiefotl nf Dåscbi ‐Juio Jlsã Hciemcihc―, Hciemcihc―, DBFyO, VMI,  [imf``òo 9Bcunin Vocvfrsctirci, Vocvfrsctirci, 9>=7 Mufols Icrfs, Irhfotcoi.

Fcostfco ouobi punl rfblobc`cirsf blo `i efbéocbi buéotcbi quf fs i `i vfz `i tflråi dåscbi eés fxctlsi y eés iotc-cotuctcvi nf `i gcstlrci. @i bråtcbi eés ihuni blotri fsti tflråi duf prfsfotini plr Fcostfco fo 9326 fo uo bã`fmrf trimijl pum`cbinl juotl blo sus bl`imlrinlrfs [lnl`say y ]lsfo (F[]). F` bufstcloiecfotl nf F[] ol ncl `uhir i` nfrruemf nf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi scol quf pfrectcò fxgcmcr blo tlni brunfzi `is fxtriùis prlpcfninfs nf fsti tflråi. tflråi. @ls iviobfs nf `i dåscbi nf dcofs nf` sch`l WW nfelstrirlo quf `is cnfis nf F[] slmrf `l coblep`fti quf fri `i efbéocbi buéotcbi frio coblrrfbtis. Fo fstf trimijl rfsuecels `ls cohrfncfotfs prcobcpi`fs nf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi y fxplofels `ls bufstcloiecfotls nf Fcostfco gibci f``i. Ols blobfotriels fo f` ioé`cscs nf `i pirinlji nf F[] y fo `i dlrei fo `i quf pufnf vfrcdcbirsf `i vi`cnfz nf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi i trivãs nf `i nftfbbcòo nf vcl`ibclofs i `is nfschui`ninfs nf Mf``. Dcoi`efotf, rfsuecels i`huols iviobfs rfbcfotfs quf ipuotio i usir `is prlpcfninfs eés fxtriùis nf `i dåscbi buéotcbi piri nfsirrl``ir tfbol`lhåis quf plnråio elncdcbir `i triosecscòo y f` prlbfsiecfotl nf `i codlreibcòo fo f` sch`l WWC. *

ecrimc`cs ‒ =;;6―, I`fjionrl Hiohuc (fn.),  [um`csgfn co ‐F` uocvfrsl nf Fcostfco: 93;6 ‒ ioous ecrimc`cs ‒

Fnctlrci` Funfmi, Mufols Icrfs, =;;8. gttp://www.uocvfrslfcostfco.ble.ir/   

C. 

Cotrlnubbcòo

I`mfrt Fcostfco duf, sco nuni, uol nf `ls eés hrionfs bcfotådcbls nf `i gcstlrci. Rus cnfis rfvl`ubcloirlo f` pfosiecfotl gueiol elstrionl quf, plr fjfep`l, blobfptls tio  méscbls blel f` tieiùl nf `ls lmjftls y `i nuribcòo nf `ls cotfrvi`ls nf tcfepl ol tcfofo uo birébtfr imsl`utl scol quf, plr f` blotrircl, nfpfonfo nf` lmsfrvinlr. @i ^flråi nf `i ]f`itcvcnin ols lm`chò i rfpfosir blobfptls  méscbls quf fstéo iob`inls fo oufstrl sfotcnl bleúo, fsf blojuotl nf cnfis quf bloscnfriels blel lmvcis y quf sf dlrjio fo oufstris fxpfrcfobcis bltcnciois. Gly, i eés nf bcfo iùls nf` oibcecfotl nf `i ]f`itcvcnin giy ec`fs nf bcfotådcbls quf `i bleprfonfo y ip`cbio i `i  pfrdfbbcòo. Eés iúo, i `l `irhl nf fstls bcfo iùls gi scnl plscm`f rfblobc`cir i`huois nf sus

eftédlris, blel plr fjfep`l: `i vcni fo uo fspibcl burvl pufnf ceihcoirsf pfosionl fo `l quf `f lburrcråi i uo sfr p`iol blonfoinl i fxcstcr slmrf `i supfrdcbcf nf uoi fsdfri1 l mcfo `i eitfrci burvi f` fspibcl-tcfepl nf eiofri ioé`lhi i blel uoi biei f`éstcbi sf nfdlrei i` iplyir slmrf f``i uo lmjftl eiscvl, ftb. Fstis ioi`lhåis tcfofo sus nfdfbtls y ol scfeprf rfsu`tio prfbcsis, pfrl i` efols fs plscm`f ceihcoir`is.9 @i tflråi nf `i rf`itcvcnin sf nfsirrl``ò fo sus blecfozls blel uoi feprfsi diec`cir: Fcostfco `i blobcmcò trimijionl fo sl`fnin. Fs  mcfo blolbcni `i ioãbnlti quf bufoti quf bfrbi nf 93=; Rcr Irtgur Fnncohtlo duf rfplrtfinl 9

  @i cod`ufobci nf Fcostfco fo f` pfosiecfotl bcfotådcbl elnfrol sf plof fo fvcnfobci efobcloionl i`huois drisfs ``ieitcvis quf ol tfonråio sfotcnl sco su blotrcmubcòo: ‐f` tcfepl sf nc`iti―, ‐`is `lohctunfs sf

cnfis eés fxtriùis blo oufstrl sfotcnl bleúo. [iri f``l eubgis vfbfs sl`fels ipf`ir i

blotrifo , vcvcels fo uo fspibcl-tcfepl burvl , `i `uz elncdcbi su triyfbtlrci i` pisir bfrbi nf` sl`―, ftb

 

 

=

 plr uo pfrclncsti quf `f efobcloò f` ruelr quf  plr fsf fotlobfs idcreimi quf fo f` euonl sl`iefotf gimåi trfs pfrslois quf bleprfonåio `i tflråi nf `i rf`itcvcnin. Fnncohtlo (¼mrlefionl, su dielsi drisf: ‐Vstfn brff quf Ncls jufhi i `ls ninls, ecfotris quf yl brfl fo `i fxcstfobci nf `fyfs y nf lrnfo fo uo euonl i` quf, nf uoi eiofri  mruti`efotf fspfbu`itcvi, fstly tritionl nf bleprfonfr―. Fo 936;, gibci f` dcoi` nf su vcni y fo uoi ãplbi nf h`lrci nf `i dåscbi buéotcbi, Fcostfco sf itrfvcò i idcreir quf ‐...i pfsir nf sus oltim`fs iviobfs pirbci`fs, f` prlm`fei fsté `fjls nf tfofr uoi sl`ubcòo sitcsdibtlrci―.

`i blobfpbcòo nf `i tflråi y Fcostfco tuvl uo oltim`f prltihlocsel fo eubgls nf f``ls. @is  prfncbbclofs nf `i dåscbi buéotcbi slo eú`tcp`fs y sueiefotf prfbcsis. [lr fjfep`l, pufnf  prfnfbcr quf bini vfz quf c`uecofels uo étlel nf Gf`cl sf fectcré uo f`fbtròo scfeprf quf `i `lohctun nf loni nf `i `uz sfi efolr quf 6;.>=6329 ¹ ;.;;;;;= oioòeftrls. [lr ltri  pirtf, fsti prfncbbcòo tfòrcbi fs blotristini blo f` rfsu`tinl nf `ls fxpfrcefotls nlonf sf bleprufmi quf `ls f`fbtrlofs slo fectcnls piri `lohctunfs nf loni efolrfs quf 6;.>=63=33 ¹

¼Yuã fribuéotcbi< `l quf eés el`fstimi Fcostfo nf `i dåscbi @i`frfspufsti fsisfobc``i:

;.;;;;;;> ibufrnl fotrf¡uoi `i tflråi y f`oioòeftrls. fxpfrcefotlF` fs oltim`f:

Ru cositcsdibbcòo sf lrchcoimi fo f` conftfrecocsel. @i efbéocbi buéotcbi fs uoi tflråi ol-nftfrecocsti. Idcrei quf fs plscm`f rfi`czir eubgis vfbfs f` ecsel fxpfrcefotl y lmtfofr scfeprf rfsu`tinls ncdfrfotfs. [iri bl`el nf ei`fs, `i efbéocbi buéotcbi idcrei

 prfbcscòo blepirim`f i `i quf tfonråiels sc duãriels bipibfs nf prfnfbcr `i ncstiobci fotrf Vsguici y @i Yucibi blo uo frrlr efolr quf ncfz bfotåeftrls!=  [rfnfbcr prlpcfninfs nf `ls =

  [lr f` blotrircl, `i dåscbi ‐b`éscbi― prfncbf quf piri bui`qucfr `lohctun nf loni i`huols f`fbtrlofs sfréo

 

 

2

étlels blo prfbcscòo islemrlsi pufnf sfr ceprfscloiotf pfrl i`fjinl nf `i vcni bltcncioi. Rco femirhl, i pirtcr nf fstf tcpl nf `lhrls fs quf `i dåscbi buéotcbi gi pfrectcnl f` nfsirrl``l

bcfotådcbl eis bctinl nf tlnls `ls pum`cbinls  plr Fcostfco!). Fo `i Rfbbcòo > prfsfotirfels uo irhuefotl dlreu`inl lrchcoi`efotf plr Jlgo Mf``, y quf fo

nf tfbol`lhåis quf biemcirlo f` euonl y oufstri dlrei nf vcni: sco f``i ol sf gumcfri nfsirrl``inl `i fofrhåi oub`fir, oc `i ecbrlf`fbtròocbi, oc f` `ésfr, oc ocohuoi nf `is tfbol`lhåis lptlf`fbtròocbis quf rfvl`ubcloirlo `is bleuocbibclofs, oc `is tãbocbis elnfrois nf ncihoòstcbl eãncbl plr ceéhfofs, ftb. ¡Bisc tlnis `is tfbol`lhåis rf`fviotfs nf` sch`l WW sf  misio fo `i efbéocbi buéotcbi! Rco femirhl, pfsf i sus islemrlsis  prfncbbclofs, ocohuol nf `is nfbfois nf ec`fs nf bcfotådcbls buéotcbls fs bipiz nf

su elefotl duf bloscnfrinl blel uol nf `ls trimijls eés ceplrtiotfs nf `i gcstlrci nf `i bcfobci: elstrirfels quf fs plscm`f ncsbfrocr fxpfrcefoti`efotf fotrf `is prfncbbclofs buiotctitcvis quf surhfo nf tlnis `is tflråis fo `is quf f` izir sf lrchcoi fo `i cholriobci y `is  prfncbbclofs rfi`czinis plr `i efbéocbi buéotcbi. Fo `i Rfbbcòo 6, rfsuecrfels `ls rfsu`tinls nf `ls fxpfrcefotls quf blodcreio `is prfncbbclofs buéotcbis y quf covi`cnio i uo folref blojuotl nf elnf`ls i`tfroitcvls quf bleúoefotf sf nfolecoio ‐tflråis rfi`cstis-

‐bleprfonfr― fsti blo tflråi. Ol bleúo. fs bipiz nf tlroir`i blepitcm`f f` sfotcnl ]cbgirn Dfyoeio, uol nf `ls bcfotådcbls eés  mrc``iotfs nf `i sfhuoni ectin nf` sch`l WW idcreimi, fo dlrei prlvlbinlri, quf ‐oincf fotcfonf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi―. S `l gibåi fo f` blotfxtl nf uoi rfd`fxcòo prlduoni: piri Dfyoeio, oincf fs bipiz nf gibfrsf uoi ceihfo blrrfbti nf` euonl ecbrlsbòpcbl usionl `ls blobfptls quf hfofriels piri nfsbrcmcr f` euonl eibrlsbòpcbl. I` gibfr fsl, bifels cofvctim`fefotf fo prfhuotirols, ¼bòel fs  plscm`f quf `i oituri`fzi sf bleplrtf nf fstf elnl< Oincf `l fotcfonf. [frl `ls gfbgls blodcreio quf `i oituri`fzi sf bleplrti ti` blel `l prfncbf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi. Fstf trimijl fsté lrhioczinl nf `i schucfotf eiofri. Fo `i Rfbbcòo = prfsfotirfels `ls cohrfncfotfs méscbls nf `i dåscbi buéotcbi. Cotfotirfels gibfr uoi prfsfotibcòo nfsprlvcsti nf tfbocbcsels eitfeétcbls. Blefozirfels  plr nfsbrcmcr `ls dielsls prcobcpcls nf

`lbi`fs―. `i utc`czir Rfbbcòo`is 4, rfsuecrã `ls fsdufrzls rfbcfotfs Fo piri prlpcfninfs eés iotc cotuctcvis nf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi piri nfsirrl``ir oufvis tfbol`lhåis quf, fo f` duturl,  pufnfo idfbtir nréstcbiefotf `i dlrei fo quf i`eibfoiels, triosectcels y prlbfsiels `i codlreibcòo.

CC.  Efbéocbi Buéotcbi @i efbéocbi buéotcbi oibcò gibf eés nf uo sch`l. @l gczl nf eiofri turmu`foti buionl uo hrupl bini vfz eés hrionf nf dåscbls tleò blobcfobci nf quf `i fecscòo y imslrbcòo nf `i `uz plr `i eitfrci ol plnåi sfr bleprfoncni nfotrl nf` eirbl nf `is `fyfs nf `i dåscbi dlreu`inis gisti fsf elefotl. [lr fsi ãplbi rfcoimio slmrf `i dåscbi f` f`fbtrleihoftcsel nf Eixwf``, `i efbéocbi nf Ofwtlo y `i tfrelncoéecbi nf Ml`tzeioo. @i dlreu`ibcòo nf `i oufvi efbéocbi duf uoi tirfi tctéocbi quf rfbiyò fo pfrsloi`cninfs blel [`ioba,

blep`fefotircfnin f cobfrtcnuemrf. @ufhl ncsbutcrfels mrfvfefotf `is burclsis  prfncbbclofs buéotcbis piri `ls scstfeis

Fcostfco, Mlgr, Gfcsfomfrh, Rbgrôncohfr, Ncrib, Dfrec, nf Mrlh`cf, vlo Ofueioo, Mlro, [iu`c y eubgls ltrls. F` nfsirrl``l nf fsti tflråi

blepufstls, piri `l quf cotrlnubcrfels `i olbcòo nf fotrf`iziecfotl. Fo `i Rfbbcòo 2  prfsfotirfels `i bråtcbi brubci` quf Fcostfco rfi`czò juotl blo sus bl`imlrinlrfs Mlrcs [lnl`say y Oitgio ]lsfo fo uo bf`fmrinl trimijl pum`cbinl fo 9326 (y quf,  pirinòjcbiefotf, ¡sf ¡s f gi blovfrtcnl fo f` trimijl tr imijl

blefozò fo 93;; y blob`uyò bfrbi nf 932;, buionl inqucrcò dcoi`efotf blgfrfobci y sl`cnfz cotfrois. Rco femirhl, `ls nfmitfs slmrf `ls duoniefotls y `i cotfrprftibcòo nf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi ol sf gio ibi``inl y eubgls tlnivåi bloscnfrio quf fxcstfo prlm`feis imcfrtls, blel f` dielsl ‐prlm`fei nf `i efncbcòo―. ^focfonl prfsfotf quf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi yi bufoti blo su eiylråi nf fnin fvctirfels

fectcnls plr `ls étlels nf Gf`cl, `l bui` fotri fo imcfrti blotrincbbcòo blo `ls rfsu`tinls nf `ls fxpfrcefotls

 

 

>

utc`czir iquå uo fodlquf gcstòrcbl piri  prfsfotir`i. ^i` fodlquf pufnf sfr foblotrinl fo `i eiylråi nf `ls `cmrls nf ncvu`hibcòo

fotrf`iziecfotl ol-`lbi` fotrf `is pirtfs nf uo scstfei blepufstl ol sl`iefotf gio scnl bleprlminis scol quf gio imcfrtl `i pufrti i

bcfotådcbi (l fo `i eiylr pirtf nf `ls `cmrls nf tfxtl) fsbrctls gisti f` prfsfotf. [lr f` blotrircl, ipf`irfels i uoi cotrlnubbcòo ‐mruti`― nfsbrcmcfonl `is misfs blobfptui`fs y `ls ispfbtls eis iotc-cotuctcvls nf `i dåscbi buéotcbi. F` `fbtlr nfmfré brffr quf fsti blostrubbcòo tfòrcbi ol fs usini plr `ls dåscbls nfmcnl i su oituri`fzi pfrvfrsi. @i rizòo piri f` ãxctl nf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi fs eubgl eés  priheétcbi: fs f` úocbl eirbl tfòrcbl bipiz nf  prfnfbcr `ls rfsu`tinls nf `ls fxpfrcefotls quf sf rfi`czio bltcncioiefotf fo oufstrls

oufvis tfbol`lhåis quf sfhuriefotf elncdcbiréo `i dlrei fo `i quf blobfmcels f`  prlbfsiecfotl y `i triosecscòo nf `i codlreibcòo. @i sfhuoni rfvl`ubcòo buéotcbi fs `i quf vcfof nf `i eiol nf `i prfpiribcòo y f` iprlvfbgiecfotl nf` fotrf`iziecfotl i fsbi`i eibrlsbòpcbi. ^i` vfz fsi rfvl`ubcòo ols  pfrecti iviozir fo `i coblrplribcòo nf i`huois nf `is cnfis eés riris nf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi i oufstrl sfotcnl bleúo.

`imlritlrcls. I`huols iutlrfs idcreio quf fo `i ibtui`cnin vcvcels uoi sfhuoni rfvl`ubcòo buéotcbi. Nfspuãs nf eés nf uo sch`l nf dåscbi buéotcbi rfbcão iglri fxcstfo `is tfbol`lhåis blel piri plofr`i i prufmi gisti sus ú`tceis blosfbufobcis y piri iprlvfbgir`i piri nfsirrl``ir uoi oufvi hfofribcòo nf tfbol`lhåis. ¼Yuã fs `l quf gi biemcinl fo fstls iùls< Rc  mcfo `i dåscbi buéotcbi surhcò blel uo elnf`l  piri fxp`cbir f` bleplrtiecfotl nf `ls étlels, su nfsirrl``l sf misò fo fxpfrcefotls, blel `ls nf fecscòo y imslrbcòo nf `uz plr `i eitfrci, quf scfeprf covl`ubrimio biotcninfs 2 eibrlsbòpcbis nf étlels.   Nuriotf eubgl tcfepl `i eiocpu`ibcòo nf étlels l el`ãbu`is nf i uoi i `i vfz pirfbcò i`hl tlti`efotf coblobfmcm`f. Cob`uscvf i`huols rfolemrinls

I. Blep`fefotircfnin f cobfrtcnuemrf Yucfo blolzbi `i lmri tfitri` ‐Blpfogihuf―, fsbrcti plr Ecbgif` Driyo, rfblrniré `is cotfosis ncsbusclofs fotrf Ocf`s Mlgr y Xfrofr Gfcsfomfrh, quf fo Mufols Icrfs dufrlo cotfrprftinls eihcstri`efotf plr Juio Bir`ls Hfof y I`mfrtl Rfhinl. Mlgr y Gfcsfomfrh ncsbutåio slmrf `i blep`fefotircfnin y `i cobfrtcnuemrf. Fstls slo nls nf `ls cohrfncfotfs méscbls nf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi, quf plofo nf eiocdcfstl buéo fxtriùl fs f` bleplrtiecfotl nf `i oituri`fzi i fsbi`i ecbrlsbòpcbi. F`  prcobcpcl  fs uo vfrninfrl itfotinl nf blep`fefotircfnin  fs blotri oufstri cotucbcòo. Fo su vfrscòo eés hfofri` idcrei `l schucfotf:  sc prfpiriels uo lmjftl nf eiofri ti` quf `i prlpcfnin I tlei uo vi`lr prfbcsl, fotlobfs scfeprf fxcstf ltri

iutlrfs pfosirlo quf fsti fri uoi `cectibcòo nf  prcobcpcl. Irhuefotimio quf, plr su birébtfr  prlmimc`åstcbl, `i efbéocbi buéotcbi sl`iefotf fri ip`cbim`f i blojuotls nf eubgls scstfeis cnãotcbls. [frl fo `i ibtui`cnin, `i efbéocbi buéotcbi fsté scfonl pufsti i prufmi (y blodcreini fo sus ispfbtls eis iotc-cotuctcvls)

 prlpcfnin M buyl vi`lr fsté blep`ftiefotf conftfrecoinl. Fo fsf bisl, idcreiels quf `is  prlpcfninfs I y M slo ‐blep`fefotircis―. ^i` ‐blep`fefotircis―.  ^i` vfz `i dlreu`ibcòo quf gfels f`fhcnl prfsfotir iquå sufoi uo plbl imstribti pfrl vi`f `i pfoi  pfosir uo plbl slmrf su blotfocnl. F` prcobcpcl sf ip`cbi i sctuibclofs euy

fo fxpfrcfobcis quf covl`ubrio biotcninfs bini vfz eis pfqufùis nf étlels quf slo eiocpu`inls concvcnui`efotf. [lr fjfep`l, fo `is ibtui`fs ‐triepis nf clofs― fs plscm`f eiocpu`ir étlels nf i uol, umcbir`ls fo `uhirfs  prfnftfrecoinls nf` fspibcl y sleftfr`ls i tlnl tcpl nf ioé`cscs. @is eés oltim`fs prfncbbclofs buéotcbis quf covl`ubrio dfoòefols blel f`

gimctui`fs fo `is quf sleftfels i uo lmjftl i i`húo prlbfsl nf prfpiribcòo ti` quf sc  plstfrclrefotf efncels rfpftcniefotf `i  prlpcfnin I scfeprf lmtfofels f` ecsel vi`lr. @l slrprfonfotf fs quf f` prcobcpcl nf blep`fefotircfnin idcrei quf ‐fotlobfs, scfeprf fxcstf ltri prlpcfnin M buyl vi`lr fsti blep`ftiefotf conftfrecoinl―. ¼Yuã qucfrf nfbcr fstl< Rcep`fefotf schocdcbi quf sc  prfpiriels f` scstfei fo uo fstinl fo f` quf `i

2

 ¡Fo uo bfotåeftrl búmcbl nf icrf giy bfrbi nf uo mc``òo nf mc``lofs nf étlels!

 

 

6

 prlpcfnin I tcfof uo vi`lr prfbcsl y efncels `i  prlpcfnin M fotlobfs lmtfonrfels rfsu`tinls blep`ftiefotf i`fitlrcls. Rc rfpftcels eubgis vfbfs fstf prlbfncecfotl (fs nfbcr, prfpiriels f` scstfei blo uo vi`lr nf I y efncels `i  prlpcfnin M) lmtfonrfels rfsu`tinls ncdfrfotfs, ncdf rfotfs, ncstrcmucnls nf eiofri tlti`efotf izirlsi. Blostrucr uoi tflråi slmrf `i misf nf uo  prcobcpcl blel fstf pirfbf pirfb f uo vfrninfrl ibtl nf rfouobciecfotl cotf`fbtui`. Fo fdfbtl, ouobi iotfs nf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi `i dåscbi sf gimåi  p`iotfinl uoi `cectibcòo fpcstfel`òhcbi nf fstf f stf tcpl. Rcfeprf sf gimåi pfosinl quf `ls lmjftls quf bleplofo f` Vocvfrsl ol sl`iefotf pufnfo

blotrincbf tlnl `l fstim`fbcnl plr `i dåscbi b`éscbi, `i dåscbi nf Ofwtlo, quf fstim`fbf quf uo lmjftl scfeprf pufnf biribtfrczirsf plr su  plscbcòo y su vf`lbcnin. @i vf`lbcnin ols ncbf blel sf elncdcbi `i plscbcòo blo f` tcfepl. Nf fsi dlrei, i` elvfrsf tlnl lmjftl nfsbrcmf uoi triyfbtlrci. Fo biemcl, `i efbéocbi buéotcbi ols ncbf quf piri bleprfonfr f` euonl ecbrlsbòpcbl nfmfels imionloir `i cnfi nf quf `is pirtåbu`is fvl`ubcloio schucfonl triyfbtlrcis. Rc ol rfouobciels i `is triyfbtlrcis ol plnrfels fxp`cbir ocohuol nf `ls dielsls fxpfrcefotls nlonf sf lmsfrvi `i cotfrdfrfobci nf lonis nf eitfrci. Fs ofbfsircl

sfr biribtfrczinls plr prlpcfninfs efosurim`fs (l sfi, prlpcfninfs quf tleio vi`lrfs susbfptcm`fs nf sfr efncnls fxpfrcefoti`efotf). ^iemcão, `i dåscbi scfeprf ibfptò iquf``l buyi vi`cnfz rfsu`ti lmvci i  pirtcr nf oufstrl sfotcnl bleúo: tlnis `is  prlpcfninfs nf uo lmjftl nfmfråio plnfr nftfrecoirsf sceu`téofiefotf. [lr supufstl, `i nftfrecoibcòo sceu`téofi nf `ls vi`lrfs nf tlnis `is prlpcfninfs nf uo lmjftl plnråi sfr uoi tirfi tãbocbiefotf ncdåbc`. [frl `is ncdcbu`tinfs tãbocbis l costruefoti`fs slo scfeprf vcstis blel nfsidåls, blel lmstébu`ls quf sf pufnfo supfrir. Fo biemcl, f` prcobcpcl

ibfptir quf fo f` euonl ecbrlsbòpcbl buionl `is pirtåbu`is sf ncrchfo nfsnf uoi dufotf gisti uo nftfbtlr ol schufo triyfbtlrcis mcfo nfdcocnis scol quf sf nfs`lbi`czio, sf nfsnlm`io y schufo tlnis `is triyfbtlrcis plscm`fs. Fstf fs uo dfoòefol rirl y iotc-cotuctcvl, pfrl ol giy eés rfefncl quf ibfptir`l piri plnfr bleprfonfr `i burclsi oituri`fzi nf` euonl ecbrlsbòpcbl. F`  prcobcpcl nf cobfrtcnuemrf fsté åotceiefotf rf`ibcloinl blo f` nf blep`fefotircfnin. Fo i`húo sfotcnl fs `i vfrscòo buiotctitcvi nf` iotfrclr. Rf ip`cbi i sctuibclofs fo `is quf prfpiriels uo lmjftl fo uo fstinl fo f` quf su plscbcòo  ]  ]   ol tlei uo

nf blep`fefotircfnin ols gim`i nf ltri blsi: ols fodrfoti i uoi `cectibcòo nf prcobcpcl. Ols ncbf quf ol tlnis `is prlpcfninfs nf uo lmjftl slo blepitcm`fs fotrf så. @ls vi`lrfs nf `is  prlpcfninfs blep`fefotircis ol pufnfo sfr nftfrecoinls sceu`téofiefotf sc ol quf slo blel nls biris nf uo lmjftl quf ouobi pufnfo sfr vcstis i` ecsel tcfepl. F` prlbfsl quf ``fvò i quf `ls dåscbls sf vcfrio dlrzinls i ibfptir `i vi`cnfz nf uo  prcobcpcl tio nfsihrinim`f blel f` nf blep`fefotircfnin duf `irhl y p`ihinl nf nfmitfs. [frl duf f` úocbl rfefncl piri plnfr dlreu`ir uoi tflråi buyis prfncbbclofs fstuvcfrio nf ibufrnl blo `ls rfsu`tinls nf `ls fxpfrcefotls. F` fjfep`l eis blolbcnl nf  prlpcfninfs blep`fefotircis fs f` nf `i  plscbcòo nf uo lmjftl, i `i quf nfoltirfels blo `i `ftri ‐ ]―,  ]―, y su elefotl, nfoltinl blo `i `ftri ‐ [ ― (f` elefotl nf uo lmjftl fs f`  prlnubtl nf su eisi plr su vf`lbcnin). [lscbcòo [lscbc òo y elefotl slo vircim`fs blep`fefotircis. Fstl

vi`lr prfbcsl scol quf buionl `l efncels lmtfofels vi`lrfs ncstrcmucnls blo uoi ncspfrscòo  ∄ ]  ] i`rfnfnlr  i`rfnfnlr nf` vi`lr eés prlmim`f. >   Fo uoi sctuibcòo nf fstf tcpl, sc efncels f` elefotl nf` lmjftl tieplbl lmtfonrfels scfeprf f` ecsel vi`lr scol quf bleprlmirfels quf `ls rfsu`tinls tcfofo uoi ncspfrscòo  ∄ [ . F` prcobcpcl nf cobfrtcnuemrf fstim`fbf quf: `i plscbcòo ] y f` elefotl [ nf uo lmjftl slo prlpcfninfs blep`fefotircis y  sus virciozis  ∄ ] y  ∄ [ sitcsdibfo `i schucfotf rf`ibcòo:: rf`ibcòo ∄ ]∄ [ ≦ g / =   Fo fsti nfschui`nin, g   fsté rf`ibcloini blo `i dielsi blostiotf nf [`ioba y tcfof f` vi`lr:   ∝2> @i nfschui`nin ah e=/s. g 5 9.;6 Ø 9; eitfeétcbi tcfof uo cepibtl prlduonl: blel f` >

  @ls fstinåstcbls biribtfrczio uoi sctuibcòo blel fsti

ncbcfonl quf ∄] fs `i ‐virciozi― nf `i ncstrcmubcòo nf `ls rfsu`tinls nf `i efncbcòo nf ] nf ]  

 

 

4

 prlnubtl nf `is nls ncspfrsclofs nfmf sfr eiylr quf uoi bcfrti biotcnin fotlobfs nfmf buep`crsf quf buiotl eés pfqufùi sfi `i virciozi fo `i  plscbcòo  ∄ ],  ],   eés hrionf nfmf sfr f` vi`lr nf `i virciozi fo elefotl  ∄ [   (y vcbfvfrsi). @i  pfqufùfz nf` vi`lr nf g (uo oúefrl blo trfcoti y trfs bfrls nftrés nf` puotl nfbcei`) fxp`cbi f` eltcvl plr f` bui` `is blosfbufobcis nf `ls  prcobcpcls nf blep`fefotircfnin f cobfrtcnuemrf ol slo pfrbfptcm`fs fo `i fsbi`i eibrlsbòpcbi. [lr fjfep`l, sc prfpiriels uoi  pirtåbu`i nf 9 hriel fo uo fstinl nlonf `i  plscbcòo fsté nftfrecoini blo uoi cobfrtfzi nf

cob`uyf i iquf``ls fo `ls quf `i blep`fefotircfnin ol fs uoi prlpcfnin duoniefoti` scol quf fs drutl nf oufstris `cectibclofs. [lr fjfep`l, plnråiels ceihcoir quf `i oituri`fzi fs ti` quf bini vfz quf dcjiels f` vi`lr nf i`huoi prlpcfnin  I  I   pfrturmiels f` lmjftl nf eiofri ti` quf idfbtiels f` vi`lr nf  M.  M. Fo uo euonl blel fsf, `i rizòo plr `i bui` uoi efncbcòo nf  M  M   ni `uhir i rfsu`tinls i`fitlrcls fs oufstri cobipibcnin nf blotrl`ir tlnis `is prlpcfninfs nf `ls lmjftls l, fqucvi`fotfefotf, oufstri cholriobci slmrf nfti``fs nf` euonl ecbrlsbòpcbl quf tlnivåi

 ∄ ]  ]  

slo coibbfscm`fs i oufstris `cectinis  plscmc`cninfs fxpfrcefoti`fs. Fcostfco, y bui`qucfr pfrsloi rizloim`f, gumcfrio fstinl ncspufstls i ibfptir uo euonl nf fstis biribtfråstcbis. Fo fsf bisl, `i efbéocbi buéotcbi ol prlvffråi uoi nfsbrcpbcòo blep`fti nf `i oituri`fzi scol sl`iefotf niråi uoi nfsbrcpbcòo pirbci`. Fo `i pròxcei Rfbbcòo,  prfsfotirfels uo dielsl irhuefotl dlreu`inl  plr Fcostfco fo 9326 quf cotfotimi nfelstrir

59be, fotlobfs f` prcobcpcl nf cobfrtcnuemrf fstim`fbf quf ouobi plnrfels nftfrecoir `i vf`lbcnin blo uoi cobfrtfzi efolr quf 9;-=7 e/sfh. B`iriefotf ocohúo costruefotl nf efncbcòo fs bipiz nf nftfbtir uoi nfsvcibcòo tio pfqufùi.  Ol fs plscm`f nfjir nf slrprfonfrsf plr `is cep`cbiobcis nf `ls prcobcpcls nf blep`fefotircfnin y nf cobfrtcnuemrf, quf dufrlo fstim`fbcnls rfspfbtcviefotf plr Ocf`s

Mlgr y Xfrofr Gfcsfomfrh i`rfnfnlr nf 93=6. [lofo fo fvcnfobci buio fxtriùi fs `i efbéocbi

 prfbcsiefotf fstl: quf `i nfsbrcpbcòo nf` euonl  prlvcsti plr `i efbéocbi buéotcbi fs coblep`fti.

buéotcbi fs ceplscm`f ibfptir`ls iotfs cotfotir ynfel`fr`ls: Fcostfco, y sco bui`qucfr  pfrsloi fo su siol jucbcl, prfhuotiråi: ‐¼Bòel fs plscm`f quf plniels prfpirir uo lmjftl nf elnl ti` quf `i prlpcfnin  I   I  tcfof uo vi`lr  prfbcsl, pfrl quf sfi ceplscm`f nir`f uo vi`lr  prfbcsl i ltri prlpcfnin blep`fefotirci  M<  M< Fsti prfhuoti OL tcfof rfspufsti nfotrl nf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi. Ncbgi tflråi ibfpti fstf gfbgl slrprfonfotf blel uoi prlpcfnin nf `i oituri`fzi y i pirtcr nf fsl dlreu`i uo elnf`l quf tcfof uoi oltim`f bipibcnin prfncbtcvi. Blo tlnl nrieitcsel, `i efbéocbi buéotcbi sf yfrhuf gly, i eés nf bcfo iùls nf su oibcecfotl, blel `i úocbi tflråi blepitcm`f blo `ls rfsu`tinls fxpfrcefoti`fs elnfrols.

Eés inf`iotf `ls oltim`fs vfrfelsiviobfs bòel, slrprfonfotfefotf, nf `i dåscbi nf dcofs nf` sch`l WW dufrlo bipibfs nf nfelstrir `i di`sfnin nf` irhuefotl nf Fcostfco. Fs oltim`f, pfrl `i dåscbi gi scnl bipiz nf nfelstrir quf f` izir ol sf lrchcoi fo oufstri cholriobci. Rco femirhl, gisti iglri nfmfels rfblolbfr oufstri cholriobci slmrf `is biusis quf lrchcoio f` izir. [lr ú`tcel, fs lplrtuol ib`irir quf `ls  prcobcpcls nf blep`fefotircfnin f cobfrtcnuemrf ncsbutcnls eés irrcmi ol dlreio  pirtf nf `ls plstu`inls méscbls fo `ls quf sf duoni `i vfrscòo elnfroi nf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi. Fo fdfbtl, fstls ol slo vfrninfrls ‐prcobcpcls― scol blosfbufobcis nf ixcleis tlnivåi eés duoniefoti`fs quf nfmcnl i su blep`fjcnin eitfeétcbi ol sfréo ncsbutcnls iquå.

M. ¼Conftfrecocsel l cholriobci< I `l `irhl nf` sch`l WW `ls dåscbls gcbcfrlo ouefrlsls cotfotls plr foblotrir i`tfroitcvis i `i efbéocbi buéotcbi y nfsirrl``ir tflråis quf dufrio eés ibfptim`fs piri oufstrl sfotcnl bleúo. @i b`isf nf elnf`ls quf oituri`efotf  plnråio blepftcr blo `i efbéocbi buéotcbi

B. F` spco, `i eés buéotcbi nf `is ` is prlpcfninfs F` spco fs uoi prlpcfnin nf i`huois pirtåbu`is quf duf nfsbumcfrti fo 93== fo fxpfrcefotls rfi`czinls plr Lttl Rtfro y Xl`dhioh Hfr`ibg.

 

 

8

Voi pirtåbu`i blo spco ``fvi bloschl uo pfqufùl ceéo quf, blel tlnl ceéo, tcfof nls pl`ls y  pufnf nfsbrcmcrsf utc`czionl uoi d`fbgi ceihcoirci (uo vfbtlr) quf sf ncrchf nfsnf f`  pl`l sur gibci f` olrtf nf` ecsel. @i `lohctun nf `i d`fbgi (f` eònu`l nf` vfbtlr) fs  prlplrbcloi` i `i cotfoscnin nf` ceéo. Blel vfrfels, ceihcoir i` spco blel uoi d`fbgi fs uoi slmrf-scep`cdcbibcòo yi quf fstf pfrsloijf tcfof eubgis biribtfråstcbis slrprfonfotfs. @i eés slrprfonfotf nf tlnis f``is fs `i schucfotf: buionl efncels `i prlyfbbcòo nf` spco i `l `irhl nf uoi ncrfbbcòo bui`qucfri lmtfofels sò`l nls vi`lrfs plscm`fs. Blovcfof nftfofrsf uo plbl i pfosir fo fstf rfsu`tinl. @i  prlyfbbcòo nf` spco fo `i ncrfbbcòo  Z    fs `i `lohctun nf `i slemri prlyfbtini plr `i d`fbgi ∨

uoi rfhcòo blo uo biepl eihoãtcbl coglelhãofl `i triyfbtlrci nf uo pfqufùl ceéo sf nfsvciré fo uo éohu`l quf nfpfonf nf` vi`lr nf `i prlyfbbcòo nf` ceéo fo `i ncrfbbcòo nf` biepl eihoãtcbl nf` ipiritl. Fstl ol fs ncdåbc` nf bleprfonfr, sc f` biepl fxtfrol fs eés cotfosl fo `i pirtf supfrclr nf` ipiritl fotlobfs `ls ceiofs quf cohrfsfo i` ecsel blo su pl`l olrtf ipuotionl gibci irrcmi sf nfsvciréo fo fsi ecsei ncrfbbcòo (elvcãonlsf gibci zlois nlonf f` biepl eihoãtcbl fs eés cotfosl. Hrlsfriefotf, plnfels pfosir quf fo fsf bisl `i dufrzi quf tfonfråi i nfsp`izir i` pl`l olrtf nf` ceéo gibci irrcmi fs eiylr quf `i quf fepujiråi i` pl`l sur gibci imijl). [lr f` blotrircl, sc uo ceéo cohrfsi i` ipiritl blo su  pl`l olrtf ipuotionl gibci imijl tfonfré i

quf rfprfsfoti i` spco i `l `irhl nf fsi ncrfbbcòo. @l quf ibimiels nf idcreir fqucvi`f i nfbcr quf scfeprf quf efncels f` tieiùl nf `i slemri nf` spco fo bui`qucfr ncrfbbcòo lmtfofels sl`iefotf nls vi`lrfs. Infeés, rfsu`ti quf fstls nls vi`lrfs slo nf chui` eihoctun y nf schol blotrircl (fs blovfocfotf

nfsvcirsf fo fsi ecsei ncrfbbcòo elvcãonlsf gibci zlois nlonf f` biepl eihoãtcbl fs efolr (i` chui` quf fo f` bisl iotfrclr plnfels rizloir hrlsfriefotf ncbcfonl quf `i dufrzi quf fepuji f` pl`l sur gibci imijl sfré eiylr quf `i quf tcfonf i elvfr f` pl`l olrtf gibci irrcmi). Fo blosfbufobci, f` ncsplsctcvl nf `i Dchuri

oltir quf `i prlyfbbcòo nf uo vfbtlr slmrf uo fjf tcfof schol plsctcvl l ofhitcvl sfhúo bui` sfi `i ncrfbbcòo gibci `i quf sf ncrcji `i  prlyfbbcòo nf `i puoti nf `i d`fbgi).6  Blel ncjcels, f` tieiùl nf `i d`fbgi quf rfprfsfoti i` spco fsté rf`ibcloinl blo `i cotfoscnin nf` ceéo. [lr `l tiotl, su vi`lr ol sf ecnf fo eftrls scol fo ltris uocninfs quf rfsu`tio sfr `is ecseis quf ipirfbfo fo `i dielsi blostiotf nf [`ioba g . Fo fdfbtl, `ls nls vi`lrfs quf sf lmtcfofo i  pirtcr nf `i efncbcòo nf bui`qucfr bleplofotf nf` spco nf uoi pirtåbu`i blel f` f`fbtròo (l

`lhri quf `is pirtåbu`is sf nfsvåfo nf eiofri ncdfrfotf sfhúo sfi `i lrcfotibcòo nf su spco. I` rfi`czir fstf fxpfrcefotl plr prcefri vfz, Rtfro y Hfr`ibg lmsfrvirlo uo rfsu`tinl slrprfonfotf: `is pirtåbu`is cobcnfotfs (étlels nf p`iti, fo fsf bisl) sf nfsvcimio schucfonl sl`iefotf nls triyfbtlrcis ncstcotis (y quf fotrf fstis nls ol gimåi uo blotcoul nf nfsvcibclofs cotfrefncis). Fsl concbi quf, blel ncjcels eés irrcmi, `i  prlyfbbcòo nf` spco fo `i ncrfbbcòo ncrf bbcòo  Z  sò`l tlei nls vi`lrfs plscm`fs. I pirtcr nf iquå i fstls nls vi`lrfs `ls ``ieirfels Z5 +9 y Z5 -9. 4

bui`qucfr ltriscfeprf nf `is +``ieinis ‐pirtåbu`is nf g /= y - g /=. spco 9/=―) slo [iri efncr `i prlyfbbcòo nf` spco i `l `irhl nf uoi ncrfbbcòo bui`qucfri ofbfsctiels uo ipiritl blel f` nfsbrcptl fo `i Dchuri 9. Ncbgl ipiritl ecnf `i prlyfbbcòo nf` spco slmrf f` fjf quf fo `i Dchuri nfolecoiels  Z  . I` pisir plr

 4  Fo uo `fohuijf eés tãbocbl, `ls vi`lrfs nf `is

∨

bleplofotfs nf` spco slo scfeprf eú`tcp`ls nf `i biotcnin g /= 1 fo fsis uocninfs ncbgis bleplofotfs tleio scep`fefotf `ls vi`lrfs +9 l -9.

∨

6

  ]fstrcohcrfels oufstri ncsbuscòo i` bisl nf  pirtåbu`is blo ‐spco 9/='' piri `is bui`fs `l iotfrclr fs bcfrtl: `i efncbcòo nf` spco scfeprf ni `uhir i nls rfsu`tinls1 giy ltris pirtåbu`is piri `is bui`fs f` oúefrl nf rfsu`tinls fs eiylr pfrl `is bloscnfribclofs quf rfi`czielsvirciotfs. iquå sf  ip`cbio tiemcão i f``is, blo i`huois  pfqufùis

 

 

7

 

Dchuri 9: Buionl uo giz nf pirtåbu`is blo spco 9/=

ncrfbbcòo ``fhiråiels cofvctim`fefotf i uoi blotrincbbcòo. Ol fs ncdåbc` blovfobfrsf nf fstl rizloionl ‐plr f` imsurnl―: plr scep`cbcnin ceihcofels i` spco blel uoi d`fbgi quf ipuoti fo i`huoi ncrfbbcòo nf` p`iol nf` pipf` y suplohiels quf sus bleplofotfs i `l `irhl nf nls ncrfbbclofs pfrpfoncbu`irfs slo chui`fs i +9. Voi d`fbgi blel fsti sf lmsfrvi fo `i Dchuri =. Fxiecoionl fsi dchuri fs débc` nirsf bufoti quf, usionl f` tflrfei nf [ctéhlris, `i bleplofotf nf fsi d`fbgi i `l `irhl nf uoi ncrfbbcòo quf dlrei uo éohu`l nf >6º hrinls

itrivcfsi uo biepl eihoãtcbl quf iuefoti fo `i ∨

ncrfbbcòo  Z  sf ncvcnf fo nls bleplofotfs (uoi piri bini ∨

vi`lr nf `i bleplofotf  Z  nf` spco).

@i efncbcòo nf `i prlyfbbcòo nf` spco i `l `irhl nf bui`qucfr ncrfbbcòo pufnf gibfrsf rltionl f` ipiritl nfsbrcptl fo `i Dchuri 9 (gibcfonl blcobcncr `i ncrfbbcòo nfsfini blo fjf  Z  nf `i Dchuri). ]fi`czionl fxpfrcefotls blel f` nfsbrcptl sf lmsfrvi f` ecsel dfoòefol: ∨

scfeprf `is pirtåbu`is sf nfsvåio irrcmi l gibci imijl. Ouobi giy gibci nfsvcibclofs cotfrefncis. [lr `l tiotl ols vfels lm`chinls i blob`ucr quf `is bleplofotfs nf` spco i `l `irhl nf bui`qucfr ncrfbbcòo tleio sl`iefotf nls vi`lrfs. Fo `l quf schuf viels i utc`czir `i schucf sch ucfotf otf oltibcò oltibcòo: o: `is `ftris `ftris ecoúsb ecoúsbu`i u`iss í, , , …, , ,  Z  sfréo usinis piri nfoltir ncdfrfotfs ncrfbbclofs nf` fspibcl. @is  prlyfbbclofs nf` spco i `l `irhl nf bini uoi nf fstis ncrfbbclofs sfré nfoltini blo `i blrrfsploncfotf `ftri eiyúsbu`i: I, M, B,…, W, S, Z (l sfi, I sfré `i bleplofotf nf` spco i `l `irhl nf `i ncrfbbcòo í). I pirtcr nf `ls fxpfrcefotls quf ibimiels nf nfsbrcmcr nfmfels blob`ucr quf `ls vi`lrfs efncnls nf `is prlpcfninfs I, M, B,…, W, S, Z, slo scfeprf +9 l -9.

blo `is iotfrclrfs tfonråi uo vi`lr chui` = . ¡[frl fstl fs coblepitcm`f blo `ls rfsu`tinls fxpfrcefoti`fs quf ols concbio quf sc efncels `i bleplofotf nf` spco i `l `irhl nf fsi ncrfbbcòo tiemcão lmtfonrfels `ls vi`lrfs +9 l -9! Fvcnfotfefotf, f` spco fs uo vfbtlr euy fxtriùl yi quf `ls vi`lrfs efncnls piri bini uoi nf sus bleplofotfs ol ols pfrectfo dlreirols uoi ceihfo blgfrfotf nf` spco blel uo vfbtlr. ¼Bòel rfsuf`vf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi fstf prlm`fei< [ufs mcfo, `l gibf ipf`ionl i`  prcobcpcl nf blep`fefotircfnin: fstim`fbf quf `is bleplofotfs nf` spco i `l `irhl nf trfs ncrfbbclofs pfrpfoncbu`irfs slo prlpcfninfs blep`fefotircis, y plr `l tiotl ol pufnfo sfr nftfrecoinls sceu`téofiefotf.

∨

N. F` spco y `i blep`fefotircfnin F` gfbgl nf quf sl`iefotf lmtfohiels nls rfsu`tinls fo `i efncbcòo nf bui`qucfr bleplofotf nf` spco fs rfi`efotf fxtriùl. Fo fdfbtl, fstl ols ncbf quf f` spco ol pufnf nfsbrcmcrsf blo uoi d`fbgi lrncoirci yi quf sc ceihcoiels quf fsi d`fbgi tcfof bleplofotfs buyls vi`lrfs slo chui`fs i +9 l -9 fo bui`qucfr

Dchuri =: Vo vfbtlr quf tcfof bleplofotfs chui`fs i +9 fo nls ncrfbbclofs pfrpfoncbu`irfs tcfof uoi bleplofotf chui` i =  i `l `irhl nf uoi ncrfbbcòo cotfrefnci. Fstl ols eufstri quf ol fs plscm`f dlreirsf uoi ceihfo cotuctcvi nf` spco blel uo vfbtlr lrncoircl yi quf sc ecncãriels f` spco fo `i ncrfbbcòo cotfrefnci tiemcão lmtfonråiels quf su prlyfbbcòo tlei `ls vi`lrfs +9 l -9.

F` birébtfr blep`fefotircl nf `is bleplofotfs nf` spco i `l `irhl nf trfs ∨

ncrf ncrfbb bbcl clof ofss pfrp pfrpfo fon ncb cbu u`i `irf rfss ( , ,  Z  ) sf pufnf  plofr fo fvcnfobci ioi`czionl `ls rfsu`tinls nf sfbufobcis nf fxpfrcefotls blel f` nfsbrcptl

 

 

3

fo `i Dchuri 9. [lr fjfep`l, suplohiels quf rfi`cziels prcefrl uoi efncbcòo nf `i bleplofotf  Z    nf` spco ti` blel nfsbrcmcels eés irrcmi. Vtc`cziels uo ipiritl blel f` nf `i Dchuri 9 y lmsfrviels quf `is pirtåbu`is sf nfsvåio gibci irrcmi l gibci imijl. Rfhucniefotf, cotrlnubcels `is pirtåbu`is quf ∨

W9=5+9 y W9=5-9. Fstl ol fs slrprfonfotf yi quf W9= sf nfdcof blel f` prlnubtl nf W 9 y W=. Iemls dibtlrfs pufnfo tleir `ls vi`lrfs ¹9 y  plr `l tiotl f` prlnubtl nf f``ls tiemcão sfré chui` i +9 l -9. [lr fjfep`l, plnråiels lmtfofr W9=5-9 blel f` prlnubtl nf W95+9 y W=5-9 l  mcfo blel f` prlnubtl nf W95-9 y W=5+9.

tcfofo Z5+9 (iquf``is quf sf nfsvcirlo gibci irrcmi) y `is cotrlnubcels fo uo ipiritl quf

[frl `i efbéocbi buéotcbi ols ncbf quf `is  prlpcfninfs nf uo scstfei blepufstl ol

ecnf `i bleplofotf nf` spco i `l `irhl nf `i ncrfbbcòo (pfrpfoncbu`ir i  Z  ). ¼Bué` fs f` rfsu`tinl< [ufs mcfo, sc rfpftcels eubgis vfbfs fstf fxpfrcefotl plnfels bleprlmir quf fo `i ectin nf `ls bisls lmtfofels W5+9 (`is  pirtåbu`is sf nfsvåio gibci `i nfrfbgi) y fo `i ltri ectin lmtfofels W5-9 (`is pirtåbu`is sf nfsvåio gibci `i czqucfrni). [lr `l tiotl, blob`ucels quf `i efncbcòo nf `i prlpcfnin W rfi`czini slmrf pirtåbu`is quf tcfofo Z5+9 ni `uhir i rfsu`tinls blep`ftiefotf i`fitlrcls. Fstl fs prfbcsiefotf `l quf eufstri f` birébtfr blep`fefotircl nf `is prlpcfninfs W y Z. I`hl ioé`lhl lburrf blo `i prlpcfnin S (quf fs blep`fefotirci i `is nls iotfrclrfs).

ofbfsirciefotf nfmfo nftfrecoirsf i pirtcrpiri nf efncbclofs slmrf `is pirtfs. [lr fjfep`l, nftfrecoir f` vi`lr nf `i prlpcfnin W9= tfofels `i lpbcòo nf nftfrecoir plr sfpirinl `ls vi`lrfs nf W9  y W=. [frl tiemcão tfofels ltris lpbclofs, plnfels nftfrecoir W9=  sco efncr iemls dibtlrfs plr sfpirinl. [iri fsl giy quf cotfribtuir ncrfbtiefotf blo f` tlnl y ol blo `is  pirtfs. Fstl pufnf sfr ncdåbc` fo `i prébtcbi, slmrf tlnl, buionl f` scstfei blepufstl sf drihefoti oituri`efotf y `is pirtfs vcijio fo ncrfbbclofs ncdfrfotfs. [frl `i efbéocbi buéotcbi ols p`iotfi ol sl`iefotf quf fstl fs  plscm`f scol quf sc `lhriels gibfr`l plnrfels lmsfrvir bleplrtiecfotls euy fxtriùls. [lr fjfep`l, plnråiels nftfrecoir quf f` vi`lr nf `i prlpcfnin ‐bl`fbtcvi― W9=  rfsu`ti sfr W9=5-9.  Oituri`efotf, sc rfpftcels fsti efncbcòo vfrcdcbiråiels quf lmtfofels scfeprf f` ecsel rfsu`tinl: W9=5-9. [frl iglri, sc rfi`cziels efncbclofs nf W9  fo f` prcefr drihefotl, lmsfrviråiels quf `ls vi`lrfs lmtfocnls slo tlti`efotf izirlsls. @l ecsel lburrcråi sc ecncãriels W=. [frl vfrcdcbiråiels quf sc eu`tcp`cbiels `ls vi`lrfs lmtfocnls fo fstis

∨

F. Fotrf`iziecfotl fotrf `is pirtfs nf uo scstfei blepufstl Gisti iquå gfels nfsbrcptl prlpcfninfs slrprfonfotfs nf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi, pfrl tlnivåi nfmfels ioi`czir `i eés slrprfonfotf nf tlnis f``is. Fo fdfbtl, nf ibufrnl i `i efbéocbi buéotcbi `i oituri`fzi nf `ls scstfeis blepufstls fs prlduoniefotf iotc-cotuctcvi. @i dåscbi b`éscbi y f` sfotcnl bleúo concbio quf uoi nfsbrcpbcòo blep`fti nf` scstfei blepufstl fs fqucvi`fotf i uoi nfsbrcpbcòo blep`fti nf bini uoi nf sus bleplofotfs. Rco femirhl fstl fs di`sl fo f` euonl buéotcbl. [lr f` blotrircl, nf ibufrnl i `i efbéocbi buéotcbi fs plscm`f quf uo scstfei blepufstl tfohi sus  prlpcfninfs eéxceiefotf nftfrecoinis, iuoquf `is prlpcfninfs nf bini uoi nf sus  pirtfs sfio blep`ftiefotf i`fitlrcis. i`fitlrcis . ¼Bòel fs fstl< Bloscnfrfels uoi prlpcfnin nf uo scstfei dlreinl plr nls pirtåbu`is. [iri dcjir cnfis, bloscnfrfels `i prlpcfnin W9=5W9  W=   piri uo scstfei nf nls pirtåbu`is nf spco 9/=. Nf ibufrnl i `i efbéocbi buéotcbi fsti prlpcfnin tiemcão pufnf tleir nls vi`lrfs quf slo:

efncbclofs ‐`lbi`fs― f` rfsu`tinl sfråi scfeprf f` ecsel: vfrcdcbiråiels quf W9 W=5-9. Ipf`ionl i uoi eftédlri, `i efbéocbi buéotcbi  pfrectf quf uo lmjftl tfohi uoi prlpcfnin bl`fbtcvi blo uo vi`lr prfbcsl (plr fjfep`l W9=5-9) pfrl quf fo fsf lmjftl blfxcstio tlnivåi nls i`tfroitcvis nréstcbiefotf ncstcotis  piri sus pirtfs: (fo fstf bisl fsis i`tfroitcvis slo (W95+9, W=5-9) y (W95-9,W=5+9)). Buionl uo lmjftl tcfof fstf bleplrtiecfotl nfbcels quf sf fobufotri fo uo ‐fstinl fotrf`izinl― (fo coh`ãs sf utc`czi f` olemrf ‐fotioh`fn stitf―, quf gi ninl `uhir i eés nf uoi trinubbcòo i` fspiùl`). @ls fstinls fotrf`izinls ol tcfofo ocohuoi blotripirtf b`éscbi. Fo fstls fstinls `i cnfotcnin

 

  nf` tlnl fsté pfrdfbtiefotf nfdcocni pfrl `i cnfotcnin nf `is pirtfs fsté eéxceiefotf

9; S9S=5-9. Fstis blrrf`ibclofs slo fxtrfeiniefotf dufrtfs y, blel vfrfels,

conftfrecoini. Nf ibufrnl i Frwco Rbgrôncohfr, uol nf `ls pinrfs nf `i dåscbi buéotcbi, `i fxcstfobci nf` fotrf`iziecfotl fs `i biribtfråstcbi quf gibf quf fsti eitfrci sfi vfrninfriefotf crrfblobc`cim`f blo `i cotucbcòo b`éscbi. Fs ceplrtiotf quf nfsbrcmiels blo eés nfti``f f` fjfep`l eés sfobc``l nf fotrf`iziecfotl. [iri fstl misti blo blep`ftir f` fjfep`l quf ibimiels nf prfsfotir. Bloscnfrfels nls pirtåbu`is nf spco 9/=. ^i` blel `l gcbcels eés irrcmi, nfoltiels i `is bleplofotfs nf` spco nf bini pirtåbu`i fo `is ncrfbbclofs nf `ls fjfs f blel W9, W =, S 9, S=. Rimfels quf `is prlpcfninfs W 9  f S9  slo blep`fefotircis fotrf så y, plr `l tiotl, ol  pufnfo sfr nftfrecoinis sceu`téofiefotf. @l ecsel subfnf blo `is prlpcfninfs W =  f S=. Rco femirhl, `i efbéocbi buéotcbi pfrectf `i fxcstfobci nf fstinls nlonf `is prlpcfninfs

 

 pufnfo utc`czirsf piri prfnfbcr bleplrtiecfotls quf fotrio fo vcl`foti blotrincbbcòo blo `i cotucbcòo b`éscbi.

CCC. F` itiquf dcoi` nf Fcostfco blotri `i efbéocbi buéotcbi Fo 9326 Fcostfco, [lnl`say y ]lsfo (F[])  pum`cbirlo fo f`  [gyscbi` ]fvcfw  ]fvcfw  uo irtåbu`l blo uo tåtu`l prlvlbitcvl fo f` quf prfhuotimio: ‐¼[ufnf bloscnfrirsf quf `i nfsbrcpbcòo buéotcbi nf `i rfi`cnin dåscbi fs blep`fti, `ls rfsu`tinls nf `ls fxpfrcefotls sfréo lpufstls scfeprf quf f`  prcefr y sfhuonl fxpfrcefotinlr ecnio rfspfbtcviefotf `is prlpcfninfs I9- I =, I9- M =, M9- M=, M9- I=  y B9- B=. Fo biemcl, `ls rfsu`tinls sfréo cnãotcbls scfeprf quf `ls fxpfrcefotinlrfs rfi`cbfo `is efncbclofs nf `is  prlpcfninfs I 9- B=, B 9- I=, M 9- B= y B9- M=. F` `fbtlr pufnf bleprlmir quf piri tlnls `ls hfofs fo `ls quf `is trfs costrubbclofs ol sfio cnãotcbis sf vfrcdcbi fstf ecsel rfsu`tinl:

Dchuri >: [iri f` hfo (+9,+9,-9) giy bcobl blodchuribclofs nf `ls nftfbtlrfs quf nio `uhir i quf f` rfsu`tinl rfhcstrinl fo f` @iml-9 sfi ncdfrfotf quf f` rfhcstrinl fo f` @iml-= ecfotris quf giy buitrl blodchuribclofs piri `is bui`fs `ls rfsu`tinls slo cnãotcbls. Fstl sf rfpctf piri tlnls `ls hfofs fo `ls quf `is trfs costrubbclofs ol slo chui`fs.

Fsti prfncbbcòo fs tlti`efotf confpfoncfotf nf `i oituri`fzi nf `is vircim`fs lbu`tis. Fsti blob`uscòo fs tio ceplrtiotf quf efrfbf sfr rfpftcni. [iri tlni tflråi rfi`csti `lbi`  prfnfbcels quf `i prlmimc`cnin []-@  nf quf sf lmtfohio rfsu`tinls ncdfrfotfs nfmf buep`cr `i schucfotf nfschui`nin: []-@(@iml-9 ≫ @iml-=)≦6/35;.6666…

N. F` fxpfrcefotl sfhúo `i efbéocbi buéotcbi 

(=)

 scfeprf giy bcobl blodchuribclofs nf `ls nftfbtlrfs piri `ls quf `ls rfsu`tinls lmtfocnls fo iemls `imlritlrcls slo lpufstls y giy buitrl piri `is bui`fs `ls rfsu`tinls slo cnãotcbls   (rfblrnfels quf sc `is costrubbclofs cnãotcbls slo cnãotcbis fotlobfs `ls rfsu`tinls scfeprf sfréo ncstcotls). Rc `ls fxpfrcefotinlrfs f`chfo i` izir `is blodchuribclofs nf sus nftfbtlrfs, fotlobfs plnfels blob`ucr quf plr `l efols fo 6 nf bini 3 fxpfrcefotls `ls rfsu`tinls sfréo lpufstls.

@i efbéocbi buéotcbi tiemcão rfi`czi uoi  prfncbbcòo piri f` vi`lr nf `i prlmimc`cnin nf quf sf lmtfohio rfsu`tinls ncdfrfotfs fo iemls `imlritlrcls. Fsti prfncbbcòo fs nréstcbiefotf ncdfrfotf nf `i nf `is tflråis rfi`cstis `lbi`fs. Fo fdfbtl, nf ibufrnl i `i efbéocbi buéotcbi `i  prlmimc`cnin nf lmtfofr rfsu`tinls ncstcotls fs: [Buiot(@iml-9 ≫ @iml-=)59/=5;.6

(2)

[iri ``fhir i fsti blob`uscòo fs ofbfsircl utc`czir f` dlrei`csel eitfeétcbl nf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi. Rco femirhl, plnfels gibfr uo cotfotl plr fxp`cbir su lrchfo nf eiofri sfobc``i (f` `fbtlr ol cotfrfsinl fsté covctinl i lectcr `i `fbturi nf fstf pérridl). Rc rfi`cziels efncbclofs subfscvis nf bleplofotfs nf uo spco nf uoi pirtåbu`i fo ncrfbbclofs  pfrpfoncbu`irfs simfels quf, blel `is

 

 

94

 prlyfbbclofs pfrpfoncbu`irfs nf` spco nfdcofo

lmtfonrfels f` vi`lr -9 blo prlmimc`cnin 9/>.

eihoctunfs blep`fefotircis, `ls rfsu`tinls nf `i sfhuoni efncbcòo fstiréo ncstrcmucnls i` izir blo uoi prlmimc`cnin nf` 6;% piri bini uol nf `ls nls vi`lrfs plscm`fs. Fo biemcl, sc rfi`cziels efncbclofs subfscvis fo nls

Fo blob`uscòo sc fo f` @iml-9 sf ecnf I5+9 `i  prlmimc`cnin nf quf `ls rfsu`tinls nf `is efncbclofs rfi`czinis fo f` @iml-= sfio ncstcotis rfsu`ti sfr (9+9/>+9/>)/259/=, quf fs  justiefotf f` rfsu`tinl quf efobcloiels eés irrcmi. ]izloionl nf chui` elnl piri `ls rfstiotfs rfsu`tinls plscm`fs piri `is efncbclofs rfi`czinis fo f` @iml-9 ``fhiels i `i ecsei blob`uscòo y nf fsf elnl nfelstriels `i vi`cnfz nf `i prfncbbcòo buéotcbi fxprfsini eés irrcmi. F` blotristf fotrf `i prfncbbcòo buéotcbi y `i  prfncbbcòo nf bui`qucfr tflråi rfi`csti-`lbi` fs nréstcbl: nf ibufrnl i `i efbéocbi buéotcbi fo `i ectin nf `ls fxpfrcefotls lmtfonrfels rfsu`tinls ncdfrfotfs y fo `i ltri ectin `ls rfsu`tinls sfréo cnãotcbls. Fstl fs coblepitcm`f blo `i prfncbbcòo nf bui`qucfr tflråi rfi`csti `lbi` yi quf nf ibufrnl i tlnis f``is `ls rfsu`tinls nfmfo sfr ncdfrfotfs plr `l efols fo f` 66.6% nf `ls fxpfrcefotls. ¼Yucão tcfof rizòo, `i efbéocbi buéotcbi l `is tflråis rfi`cstis `lbi`fs< [iri ncrcecr fstf nfmitf, nfmfels rfi`czir f` fxpfrcefotl y bleprlmir bui` nf `is nls prfncbbclofs fs `i blrrfbti.

ncrfbbclofs í y , quf dlreio uo éohu`l , `i efbéocbi buéotcbi fstim`fbf quf `i prlmimc`cnin nf quf `ls rfsu`tinls nf iemis efncbclofs sfréo chui`fs fs

 [ ( M 5  I) 5 bls = (η i m / =)   ∨   ∨

Rc `is ncrfbbclofs í y dlreio uo éohu`l nf 9=;º hrinls, blel fo f` bisl nf `i Dchuri >, `i prlmimc`cnin nf quf `ls rfsu`tinls nf nls efncbclofs subfscvis sfio chui`fs fs 9/> (l sfi, fo f` =6% nf `ls bisls lmtfonrfels rfsu`tinls chui`fs y fo f` 86% lmtfonrfels rfsu`tinls ncstcotls8). Blo fstf cohrfncfotf fstiels fo bloncbclofs nf nfnubcr bui` fs `i prfncbbcòo quf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi rfi`czi piri f` fxpfrcefotl ioi`czinl fo `is sfbbclofs iotfrclrfs. [iri bi`bu`ir `i prlmimc`cnin nf quf `ls rfsu`tinls nf` @iml-9 sfio ncdfrfotfs nf `ls nf` @iml-=

tfofels quf ioi`czir tlnls `ls bisls plscm`fs. [rfsfotirfels iquå f` fstuncl nf uol nf f``ls y nfjirfels piri f` `fbtlr cotfrfsinl f` fxiefo nf` rfstl, quf sf rfi`czi blo uo rizloiecfotl scec`ir. Ruplohiels quf fo f` @iml-9 sf ecncò `i prlpcfnin I y sf lmtuvl f` vi`lr +9. Fo fsf bisl simfels quf sc ecncãriels `i prlpcfnin I fo f` @iml-= lmtfonråiels blo bfrtfzi f` vi`lr (-9). Fo blosfbufobci plnfels idcreir quf `i  pirtåbu`i quf sf fobufotri fo f` @iml-= fsté fo f` fstinl nf spco -9 fo `i ncrfbbcòo í. Ols cotfrfsi bi`bu`ir fo fsf bisl bui` fs `i  prlmimc`cnin nf lmtfofr f` vi`lr -9 piri `i ∨

∨

efncbcòo nf `is bleplofotfs í, m l b . [iri fsl  plnfels ioi`czir tlnls `ls bisls plscm`fs. Rc efncels I (`l quf lburrf fo `i tfrbfri pirtf nf `ls bisls) lmtfonrfels f` rfsu`tinl -9 blo  prlmimc`cnin 9. Fo biemcl, sc efncels M l B (`l quf lburrf fo `is rfstiotfs nls tfrbfris  pirtfs nf `ls bisls) plnfels ipf`ir i` rfsu`tinl rf su`tinl quf efobcloiels eés irrcmi y idcreir quf   8

  Fstl sf nfmf i quf f` blsfol nf uo éohu`l nf 4;º fs chui` i 9/=

T. @i vcl`ibcòo nf `is nfschui`ninfs nf Mf`` Nfspuãs nf `ls trimijls nf Mf`` vircls hrupls sf `iozirlo i rfi`czir fxpfrcefotls blel `ls nfsbrcptls fo `i sfbbcòo iotfrclr. Bimf ib`irir quf ocohuol nf fstls hrupls `l gczl blo `i fspfriozi nf nftfbtir vcl`ibclofs i `is  prfncbbclofs buéotcbis. [lr f` blotrircl, i fsi i`turi nf` sch`l WW oincf nunimi quf `i efbéocbi buéotcbi si`nråi icrlsi fo su blodrlotibcòo blotri `is tflråis nf vircim`fs lbu`tis. [iri plnfr rfi`czir fstls fxpfrcefotls duf ofbfsircl supfrir vircls lmstébu`ls tfbol`òhcbls y `ls prcefrls rfsu`tinls fo `ls quf sf nftfbtirlo b`iris vcl`ibclofs i `is nfschui`ninfs nf Mf`` dufrlo lmtfocnls rfbcão fo 937= plr I`ico Ispfbt fo [ircs. F` fxpfrcefotl nf Ispfbt duf uo vfrninfrl tlur nf dlrbf  dlrbf  plr f` quf nfmfråi gibfrsf ibrffnlr i` prfecl Oòmf` nf dåscbi. Duf rfi`czinl utc`czionl pirfs nf dltlofs fotrf`izinls hfofrinls i pirtcr nf` nfbicecfotl

 

 

nf étlels nf Bi`bcl. Buionl fstf tcpl nf étlel nfbif fo uoi bisbini R-[-R fectf nls dltlofs quf tcfofo bisc `i ecsei drfbufobci y quf fstéo fotrf`izinls fo su pl`irczibcòo. Fstf hrinl nf `cmfrtin nf `ls dltlofs sf bleplrti nf eiofri euy scec`ir i` spco nf uoi pirtåbu`i nf spco 9/=. [iri rfi`czir su fxpfrcefotl Ispfbt ol sl`iefotf tuvl quf pfrdfbbcloir su dufotf nf  pirfs nf dltlofs fotrf`izinls (quf piri fsi ãplbi frio tlni uoi olvfnin). Voi vfz  prlnubcnls bini uol nf `ls dltlofs sf ncrchåi gibci uo fxtrfel ncstcotl nf` `imlritlrcl nlonf sf gimåio elotinl nls fstibclofs nf trimijl cnãotcbis quf juhimio f` rl` nf` @iml-9 y f` @iml-= quf efobcloiels eés irrcmi. Fstis fstibclofs blostimio nf uo nftfbtlr quf buep`åi f` pipf` nf` costruefotl nf efncbcòo quf c`ustriels fo `i Dchuri 2. Fo f` fxpfrcefotl, fo bini fstibcòo nf trimijl `ls dltlofs sf foblotrimio blo uo fspfjl quf biemcimi nf lrcfotibcòo nf eiofri izirlsi. [iri bini uoi nf

98

fxihfriniefotf blosfrvinlri. @ls prlm`feis nf` fxpfrcefotl nf Ispfbt frio duoniefoti`efotf nls. [lr uo `inl `ls éohu`ls nf `ls fspfjls ol vircimio nf eiofri tlti`efotf i`fitlrci y plr `l tiotl fri plscm`f ceihcoir i`húo efbiocsel (covfrlsåec` pfrl ceihcoim`f)  plr f` bui` `ls dltlofs d ltlofs puncfrio ‐blospcrir― piri quf f` fxpfrcefotl pirfbcfri divlrfbfr i `i efbéocbi buéotcbi iúo buionl `i tflråi sumyibfotf dufri rfi`csti `lbi`. [lr ltri pirtf, f` tcfepl nf rfspufsti nf `ls nftfbtlrfs fri nfeiscinl `irhl `l bui` triåi ipirfjinis `cectibclofs fo `i scobrloczibcòo nf fvfotls (f` tcfepl nf rfspufsti y f` tcfepl biribtfråstcbl nf `i fecscòo fo bisbini fri blepirim`f). [lr ltri  pirtf, `i miji fdcbcfobci nf `ls nftfbtlrfs lrchcoimi ltrl prlm`fei pltfobci`: ol tlnls `ls fvfotls slo rfhcstrinls y ol giy eiofri nf hiriotczir quf f` sumblojuotl nf fvfotls quf nio `uhir i `i sfùi` efncni sfi uoi eufstri olsfshini nf` tlti`. Rc mcfo pirfbf blep`ftiefotf