Fire extinguisher

JABATAN BANGUNAN UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA SHAH ALAM

BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERING I (BCM 503) ASSIGMENT 1

PREPARED BY :

STUDENT ID

MOHAMAD SAIFUL AZLAN BIN RASHID

2012972205

MUHAMMAD NURIQRAM BIN PUSPA

2012710557

CLASS: AP246 4A

PREPERED FOR: ASSOC. PROF. SR. ZAITON

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ACKNOLEDGEMENT

Assalamualaikum and Alhamdulillah, thank to god, Allah s.w.t, because with his blessing and mercy, this report can be finished with perfection and on time. Firstly, the authors want to say thanks to all individual that involved in helping the authors finished their report and especially to those that have personally encourage their time and energy to help us to finish this task. Especially big thanks to my Lecturer Assoc. Prof. Sr. Zaiton Yaakob. Last but not least, the authors also want to say thanks to the department of building and to both of the authors, and to all our friends that support the authors during our study.Almost thanks to company that had give permission and support while case study on their factory, Nibong Tebal Personnel Care

Sdn. Bhd.The author pray that hopefully Allah can repay all the good deed that they

do to the author Amin.

Yours truly, thank you.

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TABLE OF CONTENT NO

ITEM (EXPERIMENT)

1.0

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

PAGES

1.1. INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 CLASS OF FIRE

1

1.1.2 FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM

1

1.1.3 FIRE EXTINGUISHER TYPES & USES

2

1.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATION 1.2.1General requirement

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1.2.2.Requirement of the portable fire extinguisher– by Malaysian Standard

7

2013 MS 1539: Part 1

1.4.INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE 1.3.1 Inspection (NFPA 10, 4-3.2:)

8

1.3.2 Maintenance

8

1.3.2..1HydrostaticTests

2.0

9

FIXED GASEOUS SYSTEMS 2.1 INTRODUCTION

10

2.2 FM-200

11

2.2.1

INTRODUCTION

11

2.2.2

DESIGN CONSIDERED

11

2.2.3

COMPONENTS

11

2.2.4

PROCEDURE OF INSPECTION AND TESTING

13

2.3 INERGEN

14

2.3.1

INTRODUCTION

14

2.3.2

COMPONENT

14

2.3.3

ECO-CHARACTERISTICS

15

2.3.4

DESIGN AND OPERATION

16

2.3.5

TESTING

16

2.4 HALON

17

ii

3.0

4.0

2.4.1

INTRODUCTION

17

2.4.2

HALON FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM INSPECTION

17

2.4.3

ECO-CHARACTERISTIC

18

2.5 CO2 CARBON DIOXIDE

19

2.5.1

INTRODUCTION

19

2.5.2

COMPONENT

19

2.5.3

SYSTEM TESTING

20

CASE STUDY 3.1 INTRODUCTION

22

CONCLUSION

26

REFERENCE

27

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CHAPTER 1

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER 1.1

INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 Class Of Fire A portable fire extinguisher must contain the type of fire extinguishing agent suitable for the fire it is required to extinguish. It must also be clearly identifiable by colour coding for its intended purpose. (Fred Hall R. G., 2011). Portable Fire Extinguisher (PFE) known as a firstaid fire fighting during the initial outbreak of fire incident to prevent fire into a full scale fire. Government introduce the portable fire extinguisher is very important to all building in Malaysia country doesn’t matter for high-rise building, commercial and residential Fires can be grouped: Class A - organic solids, e.g. wood, paper, cloth. Class B - flammable liquids, e.g. petrol, oil, paint. Class C - flammable gases, e.g. methane, propane, acetylene. Class D - flammable metals, e.g. zinc, aluminium, uranium. Electrical - not specifically classed because it can apply to any of the other classifications. Class F -cooking oil and fat. Extinguisher Agent Water Foam Carbon Dioxide Dry chemicals/powder Wet chemicals Special Powder

Extinguisher Colour Red Red With Cream Band Red with Black Band Red with blue Band Red With Yellow band Red with blue band

Application A A and B B and Electrical A, B, C and Electrical A and F D

1.1.2 FIRE EXTINGUISHING METHODS Fires can be extinguished in one of four ways: 1. By cooling: Water is used to cool the burning material below the temperature at which it starts to burn 2. By smothering: Carbon dioxide (CO2) or foaming agents are used to smother the burning material so that air is excluded 3. By removing the fuel: Fuel can be any combustible material-solid, liquid or gas. In place of usage you require theseelements but definitely in event of fire a means to cut the fuel must be considered for instance “turning off a fuel line.” 4. By disrupting: Interrupting the chemical chain reaction can extinguish the fire.

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1.1.3 FIRE EXTINGUISHER TYPES & USES It is vital to know what type of extinguisher you are using. Using the wrong type of extinguisher for the wrong type of fire can be life-threatening. For example,you spray water on a grease fire, the water will cause the grease to splatter and the fire may spread; similarly, if you dowse live electricalequipment with water, you are putting yourself in danger of electrical shock. Turning offthe electricity will change the status of a Class - C fire to a Class A and/or B fire. The effectiveness of a fire extinguisher on a particular fire depends on the amount and type of agent in the extinguisher. Matching the agent to the fire beginswith an understanding of how fires are classified. There are sixdifferent types of fire extinguishers and are classified by the type of fire on which they can be used. Each extinguisher and extinguishing agent has certain advantages and disadvantages associated with its use and limitations onwhat it can accomplish. 1.1.3.1 Stored-pressure water Extinguishers Suitability: Class - A fires

Diagram 1.1: Stored-pressure water Extinguishers Features:Stored pressure water type extinguishers contain water under pressure and are usually quite large and heavy. Use this type is recommended when burning combustible srequire a cooling and wetting action. Water extinguishers are effective against fires involving: wood, paper, plastic, rubber or textiles. Water extinguisher cannot be uses for a Class -B fire, (flammable liquids), as flammable liquids are lighter than water and will float on the surface of the water. This will simply aid in the spread of the fire. Water extinguisher also cannot be practic on a Class - C fire, (electrical fire), because of that run the risk of receiving an electrical shock. Water is an electrical conductor so as the water spreads out, the chance of electrocution increases. A stored pressure distilled water mist extinguisher is safe to use around energized electrical fires provided that do not place any portion of the extinguisher within ten inches (10") of the electrical source. The misting nozzle provides safety from electric shock and reduces the scattering of burning materials.

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1.1.3.2 Carbon-dioxide (CO2) Extinguishers

Diagram 1.2: Carbon-dioxide (CO2) Extinguishers Suitability: Class - B & C fires Features: The use of CO2 as an extinguishing agent is based on the principle of lowering the percentage of oxygen within the fire area. The fireis extinguished by a reduction of the oxygen content from the normal 21 percent to15 percent. Since CO2 is heavier than air, it has the ability to penetrate into loose material and confined spaces. The rapid expansion of the gas on discharging produces a refrigerating effect, as indicated by the CO2 snow, which has a temperature of minus 79°C (-110°F). This snow turns into gas and in the process absorbs heat from the surrounding atmosphere. Uses: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) extinguishers are used for Class - B and C fires. CO2 extinguishers have an advantage over other extinguishers (e.g. dry chemical type) since the extinguisher do not leave a harmful residue - a good choice for electrical machinery and apparatus, and any situation where water would be damaging to the material after the fire is extinguished. It is however not as effective outdoors as it is indoors due to the effect of wind on the agent. Precautions in Using CO2: The characteristics of carbon dioxide are such that certain precautionary measures are necessary: • So far as safety to life is concerned, CO2, if not breathed in excessive amounts, is not dangerous; however, a concentrated atmosphere inhaled for several minutes will produce suffocation. Inhaling CO2 at concentration above 9 percent can render a person helpless almost immediately. As CO2 design concentrations for fire extinguishing generally exceed 25 percent, it is potentially dangerous for personnel to be in an area protected by a CO2 system. • When carbondioxide (CO2) converts from its liquid state in a fire extinguisher, to its vapour state in the atmosphere, static electricity is created. The hose and horn assembly of the extinguisher is designed to conduct and dissipate this static charge to prevent harm to the operator and the generation of a static electrical spark.The spark will take place if the extinguisher's grounding state is altered during operation; that is, if you place the extinguisher on the ground while operating the unit or if you come into contact with another grounded object while operating the unit. The preferred way to operate this extinguisher is to 3

drag the extinguisher into and out of the fire area while discharging the unit; thusthe extinguisher remains groundedat all time. •CO2is stored in a liquid state under very high pressure; and when discharged, the rapid expansion produces a refrigerating effect to the extent that one may obtain a "burn," or frostbite from coming in contact with a metal part through which the gas has passed. The discharge pressure is so great that it is not uncommon for bits of dry ice to shootout the nozzle. They don't work very well on class-A fires because they may not be able to displace enough oxygen to put the fire out, causing it to re-ignite. 1.1.3.3 Dry chemical Extinguishers

Diagram 1.3: Dry chemical Extinguishers Suitability: Class - A, B and C fires Features:Dry-chemical extinguishers expel a finely powdered dry chemical which, on striking flame, releases many times its volume in non-toxic fire- extinguishing gases similar to CO2. The powder consists principally of bicarbonate of soda which has been chemically processed to make itfree-flowing. The extinguishers contain a cartridge of CO2 or nitrogen (depending on size) to expel the dry chemical. These extinguishers can be used for electrical fires,both in rotating machinery and other equipment. However, the powder remaining after the fire is extinguished is difficult to clean from motor or generator windings. These extinguishers are effective on fires of flammable liquids in vats and pools, spilled fires on floors, or in any situation where the compound stream can be swept across the burning surface.Dry chemica lextinguishers have an advantage over CO2 extinguishers since they leave a non-flammable substance onthe extinguished material, reducing the likelihood of re-ignition. These extinguishers arethe most versatile type of portable extinguishers, effective in Class - A, B and C fires. Use of a dry chemical extinguisher is not affectedby wind like CO2 extinguishing agents. The compact nature of these fire extinguishers,ranging from the 0.9kg domestic model up to the 9kg industrial model,enables themto be utilized in numerous applications.

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1.1.3.4 Multipurpose Extinguishers

Diagram 1.4: Multipurpose extinguisher Suitability: Class - A, B, C & D fires Features:Multipurpose powders fall into three distinct groups: 1.1.3.4.1

BC Type

BC Type: These are based on sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate compounds. These are effective on Class - B (flammable liquid/liquefiable solids) and Class - C (flammable gas) fires. The BC variety leaves a mildly corrosive residue which must be cleaned immediately to prevent any damage tomaterials. Potassium bicarbonate BC Powder (often calledPurple K) is twice more effectivethan sodium bicarbonatepowder. Urea based Potassium Bicarbonate BC Powder (commonly known as Monnex) is still moreeffective. The unique property of Monnex is that withinthe combustion zone, the high temperature causes the powder to explode and break into minute particles giving avery large surface area which affects the extinctionof the flames instantaneously. 1.1.3.4.2

ABC Type

ABC Type: ABC-rated extinguishers, commonly called multi-purpose ortri-Class Extinguishers, are capable of fightingall three classes of fire. These are mixtures of ammonium phosphate and ammoniumsulphate, ground to selected particle sizes and treated with flow promoting and moisture repellent additives. They are acidic in nature and are effective on Class - A (flammable solids), Class - B (flammable liquid/liquefiable solids) and Class - C (flammable gas) fires. They are electrically non-conductive. In addition tothe particle surface extinguishing effect of a Class - B powder, Class - ABC powders have low melting/decomposition points in theorder of 150°C to 180°C. When thesepowders are applied to hot and smouldering surfaces, the particles fuse and swell to form a barrier which excludes oxygen and thereby completes the extinguishing process and prevents re-ignition. Different blends are available, the more ammonium phosphate, the more effective it is. 1.1.3.4.3

D Type (powder)

Class - D: Class -D powder is a special form of fire fighting agent that is used for combustible metal fires. Three main types are in usei. Sodium Chloride for fires involving alkali metals such as sodium and potassium, also zirconium, uranium and powdered aluminium. It extinguishes a metal fire by fusing to form a crust. 5

ii. Copper extinguishing agent specially developed for fighting lithium and lithium alloy fires. The copper compound smothers the fire and provides an excellent heat sink for dissipating heat. iii. Ternary Eutectic Chloride developed specifically for uranium fires works similar to Sodium Chloride. It is extremely toxic. Caution: Although modern powders are non-toxic, the discharge of a powder extinguisher in a confined space can cause a sudden reduction of visibility which may temporarily jeopardize escape, rescue or other emergency action. Where there is a possibility that personnel may be exposed to a dry-chemical discharge, suitable safeguards shall be provided to ensure prompt evacuation of such locations, and also to provide means for prompt rescue of any trapped personnel. The agent is slightly corrosive and may damage sensitive computer/electronic equipment. Sodium Bicarbonate Powders, unless specially treated, are not compatible with foams. The chemical extinguishers have the drawback of often ruining sensitive equipment because it leaves behind the secondary residues. But since the priority is on safety the ABC multi-purpose extinguishers are widely used mainly because it not only reduces any confusion about what to use and where (saving time), but also covers the possibility that, for example, any Class - B fire that spreads from the stove to the curtains (Class - A) can be fought with the same extinguisher. The powder has no cooling properties, one of the reasons it is ineffective against class F fires as although it can extinguish the flame, the heat of the fat will cause immediate flashback. The lack of a securing blanket means there is a re-ignition risk. 1.2

Design Considerations

1.2.1 General requirement Portable Fire Extinguishers Where Portable Fire Extinguishers are required, each building shall provide portable fire extinguishers for fire protection and other hazards being protected. Water-mist extinguishers shall be provided in all exhibit halls.The minimum classification of extinguishers that are required for building protection is 2A-10BC. Portable fire extinguishers provided in building are meant to be used by occupants as a first line defence, in handling fires of limited size. Fire extinguishers shall be conspicuously located in positions where they will be readily accessible and immediately available in the event of fire. They shall be located along the normal paths of egress from a space to an exit. Fire extinguishers provided to deal with special risks shall be sited near the risk concerned, but not too near as to be inaccessible in case of fire. The selection of the most appropriate fire extinguisher depends on the fire hazards anticipated pertaining to occupancies of a building, the effectiveness of the fire extinguisher used on that class of hazard, and the weight of the extinguisher can be handled by occupants. Fire extinguishers shall be located so that no person needs to travel more than 15m to reach an extinguisher. Extinguishers may be mounted on hangers or brackets, on shelves, or in cabinets. Extinguishers shall be mounted so that the top is no more than 5 feet (1.5m) above the floor and the bottom is at least 4 inches (10.2 cm) from the floor. Cabinets may be recessed to minimize the aesthetic impact and the door may be opaque, In this case, the cabinet shall be labeled, “FIRE EXTINGUISHER" with minimum 3/4 -inch (1.91 cm) letters. At no time shall fire extinguisher cabinets be locked. Break-glass type cabinets are not permitted.

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Extinguisher cabinets recessed in fire rated walls are to be listed for such purpose. Extinguishers shall be readily accessible and not hidden from view.

Diagram 1.1: Location of fire extinguisher extinguisher

Diagram of 1.2: height of the

1.2.2. Requirement of the portable fire extinguisher– by Malaysian Standard 2013 MS 1539: Part 1 1.2.2.1 Operational Requirement Safety device should be remove with force between 20 N and 100 N. The energy required to activated the operating devices should be in accordence with this malaysian standard. The discharge of the portable fire extinguisher shall commence within 10 s of the opening of the control valve and the duration shall comform to the appropriate minimum value in table..... the discharge is not less than 90% of the nominal charge of the agent shall be discharge from the extinguisher after continuous discharge including all expelling gas. 1.2.2.2 External corrosion The extinguisher shall be tested and shall comform to operational requirement and extra additional requirement.the extra requirement is unimpaired the all parts of the mechanical operation. the pressure indicator is fitted and shall be remain funtional. The metal of the extinguisher shall be not corrosion. The extinguisher also should meet the funtioning test and burst pressure requirement. 1.2.2.3 Colour And Marking The extinguisher shall be red in colour and shoul be an area between 3% and 10% of the external area of the body coloured canary yellow. The marking of the extinguisher also shall 7

be in such a position that can be clearly read from front when the extinguisher is on its mounting bracket. 1.3

INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE

Portable extinguishers shall be maintained in a fully charged and operable condition, and kept in their designated placed at all times when they are not with a tag for registering inspection date. The tags on which the date are preferred for a lasting record. NFPA 10, 4-3.1 Frequency. Fire extinguishers shall be inspected when initially placed in service and thereafter at approximately 30 -day intervals. Fire extinguishers shall be inspected at more frequent intervals when circumstances require.

1.3.1 Inspection (NFPA 10, 4-3.2:) Inspection is a quick check that an extinguisher is available and will operate. Extinguishers shall be inspected monthly, and the following items shall be checked: i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

v. vi.

The extinguisher shall be in its designated place. The extinguisher cannot be placed at other places. The designated place is calculating followed the rules and requirement. Access to, orvisibility of,the extinguisher shall not be obstructed. No obstructed from any thing such as cupboard that can prevented from accessing the extinguisher The operation instructions on the extinguisher name plate shall be legibleand face outward. The instruction’s use of extinguisher are faced outward to make easy to followed by user. The instruction must be clean from any dust. Any seals or tamper indicators that are broken or missing shall be replaced. Missing indicator are missing or broken must be replaced to ensure the funtionality of the extinguisher. The broken seal or indicator can confusing the user. Any obvious physical damage, corrosion, leakage, or clogged nozzles shall be noted. Pressure-gauge readings when not in the operable range shall be noted.

The date the inspection was performed and the initials of the person performing the inspection shall be recorded. When an inspection reveals that tampering has occurred, or that the extinguisher is damaged, impaired, leaking, under-or overcharged, or has obvious corrosion, the extinguisher shall be subjected to applicable maintenance procedures. NFPA 10, 4-3.4.1 1.3.2 Maintenance NFPA 10, 4-4.1 Frequency: Fire extinguishers shall be subjected to maintenance at intervals of not more than one year, at the time of hydrostatic test, or when specifically indicated by an inspection. *Maintenance procedures shall be performed in accordance with 4 -4.2\

Maintenance is a "through check" of the extinguisher intended to give maximum assurance that an extinguisher will operate effectively and safely. A carbon dioxide extinguisher, for 8

example, can build up a high static charge if it is used when there is a breakdown of the insulation around the discharge horn. This can cause electric shock. Maintenance shall be performed at regular intervals, not more than 1 year apart or when specifically indicated by an inspection. Any extinguishers removed from the premises to be recharged shall be replaced by spare extinguishers during the period they are gone. Refill all extinguishers as soon as they are used. Disposable fire extinguishers can be used only once and must be replaced after one use or 12 years from the date of manufacture. Testing and servicing is usually carried out by a service agency. Certification records include the date of the test, the signature of the person who performed the test and the serial number of the fire extinguisher that was tested. These records should be kept until the extinguisher is hydrostatically retested at the required time interval or until the extinguisher is taken out of service. Stored pressure-dry chemical extinguishers that require a 12-year hydrostatic test will be emptied and subjected to applicable maintenance procedures every 6 years. Dry chemical extinguishers having non-refillable, disposable containers are exempt from the requirement. 1.3.2.1 HydrostaticTests Periodic hydrostatic pressure testing is performed on portable fire extinguishers to evaluate the containers’ strength against unwanted failure. The tests are performed by qualified service technicians in a controlled environment to minimize the risk of injury or damage.If, at anytime, an extinguisher shows evidence of corrosion or mechanical injury, it should be subjected to hydrostatic pressure tests or replaced. In addition, the hydrostatic test intervals for extinguishers listed below should be followed. Extinguishers requiring discharge for hydrostatic testing or refueling should be utilized for demonstration purposes, Hydrostatic testing is performed by filling the container with water or another noncompressible fluid that is compatible with the fire extinguisher container. The pressure is then increased on the container to a specific point as required by the manufacturer or Federal safety standards, and the container is inspected for potential failure points. The pressure must be maintained for at least 30 seconds Extinguisher Type Stored Pressure Water Extinguisher Foam Dry chemical with Stainless Steel shells or soldered brass shells Dry chemical, cartridge operated with mild steel shells Carbon-dioxide

HydrostaticTest Interval (Years) 5 5 5 12 5

Table 1.1: Hydrostatic Test NFPA requires that a permanent record be maintained for each cylinder tested. In addition: i.

ii.

High-pressure cylinders (e.g. carbon dioxide) that pass the hydrostatic test must be stamped with the tester’s identification number and the month and year of the test. Low-pressure cylinders (e.g. dry chemical, wet chemical, pressurized water) that pass the hydrostatic test must have the test information recorded on a metallic label, or similar durable material, affixed to each extinguisher that indicates the month and year the test was performed, the test pressure used, and the initials or 9

name of the personperforming the service and the name of the company they represent.

CHAPTER 2 FIXED GASEOUS SYSTEMS 2.1 INTRODUCTION Fixed gaseous systems are used to protect areas containing a critical equipment such as data processing rooms, telecommunication switches, and process control rooms. There are National Fire Protection (NFPA) standards for fixed gaseous extinguishing systems like NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems, NFPA 12A, Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems, NFPA 17, Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems, NFPA 17A, Standard for Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems, NFPA 750, Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems, NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems. On the fixed gaseous systems, get a some part of systems like typically consists of the agent, agent storage contenders, agent release valve, fire detectors, fire detection system which are wiring control panel, actuation signalling, agent delivery piping and agent dispersion nozzles. There are several type of fixed gaseous systems like, Carbon Dioxide, Halon systems, FM-200, Inergen Gas, Hartindo, and Aerosol.

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2.2 FM-200 2.2.1 INTRODUCTION FM-200 is the extinguishing agent used in Firetrace pre-engineered automatic indirect fire suppression units or a actual name is Heptafluoropropane. It is colourless odourless gas, electrically non-conductive, low in toxicity, leaves no residue, and is an extremely effective fire suppression agent. These units are considered for total flooding applications, using FM200 Clean Agent, in accordance NFPA-2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems. 2.2.2 DESIGN CONSIDERED The pipe work design is critical and must make sure the gas is release in 10 second. Besides that, the quantity of nozzles will be determined by the throw from each nozzle and the maximum quantity gas that can flow through a nozzle. The amount of gas required must be determined form the volume of the protected space. 2.2.3 COMPONENTS FM-200 Cylinder/Valve Assemblies FM-200 is stored in DOT steel cylinders as a liquefied compressed gas, super-pressurized with nitrogen to 150 psig at 70˚F (1,034 KPa @ 21 C). The cylinder/valve assemblies are available in 3 sizes, namely are 3 LB size, 6 LB size, and 12 LB size. Each cylinder is fitted out with a brass valve, a pressure gauge to display cylinder pressure, and a quarter turn ball valve that interfaces with the Firetrace detector tubing. The ball valve must be kept closed at all times when the cylinder is not in service. 11

Cylinder Mounting Bracket A wall mounted painted steel bracket is used to support the cylinder/valve assembly in a vertical position. Each bracket is fitted out with two integral quick-clamp straps. Firetrace Flexible Detector/Actuation Tubing The Firetrace tubing is used as a mixture linear heat detector and unit activation device to cause actuation of the FM-200 agent cylinder. The tubing is fit throughout the hazard volume, with one end connected to the top of the FM-200 cylinder valve. An optional pressure gauge or pressure switch can be linked to the other end of the detector tube to monitor unit pressure or signal unit actuation etc. The detector tubing is heat sensitive and in a fire situation is considered to rupture at any point along the tube when the temperature ranges 212 F (100 C). The rupture of the tube releases the nitrogen pressure causing the FM-200 cylinder valve to actuate, resulting in complete discharge of the FM-200 agent through the nozzles. Discharge Nozzles Discharge nozzles are used to distribute FM-200 agent uniformly throughout the hazard area. Two size nozzles are available. The small nozzle is for use with the 3Lb. size unit only. The medium size nozzle is for use with the 6 Lb. and 12 Lb size units. The nozzles discharge in a 360opattern and are designed to be installed at the top of the hazard in the center of the area being protected. The nozzles are brass with female NPT pipe threads. Pressure Switch A pressure switch is providing as a standard part of the cylinder valve assembly and is connected directly into the pressurized share of the cylinder valve. This pressure switch is used to display unit pressure, unit actuation and or to energize or de-energize electrically operated equipment. Recharge Adapters, FM-200 Cylinder The recharge adapter is installed in one of the cylinder valve discharge ports during the cylinder recharging procedure. The adapter is used for refilling the cylinder with FM-200 agent. Cylinder N2Recharge Adapter The recharge adapter is connected to a Firetrace tubing, and the other end of the tubing is attached to the ball valve, located on top of the cylinder valve, during the charging procedure. 12

The adapter is used to apply nitrogen pressure to internally seat the valve piston, and to super pressurize the FM-200 cylinder with nitrogen. Cylinder Hydrostatic Pressure Test Adapters These adapters are available for use when a cylinder hydrostatic test is required in order to comply with DOT regulations. FM-200 Warning Nameplate The Warning Plate is required to warn personnel not to enter the hazard area during or after discharge. Warning signs shall be provided in a conspicuous location, at the entrance to the protected areas, or in the case of cabinet protection on the front face of the cabinet.

2.2.4 i.

PROCEDURE OF INSPECTION AND TESTING After the system installation has been completed, the complete system shall be checked out, inspected and tested by qualified, trained personnel, in accordance with the manufacturer's recommended procedures and NFPA standards.

ii. After that must do a training requirements. The installing contractor will arrange for operational training to each shift of the owners personnel. Each training session shall contain control panel operation, manual and abort functions, trouble procedures, supervisory procedures, auxiliary functions and emergency procedures. iii. Besides that, to final acceptance, the installing contractor shall offer complete operation and maintenance instruction manuals. All aspects of system operation and maintenance shall be detailed, including piping isometrics, wiring diagrams of all circuits, a written description of the system design, sequence of operation and drawing(s) illustrating control logic and equipment used in the system. Checklists and procedures for emergency situations, troubleshooting techniques, maintenance operations and procedures shall be included in the manual. iv. Upon completion of each system, the installing contractor shall provide four copies of system "As-Built" drawings to the owner. The drawings shall show actual installation details including all equipment locations. For example, control panel, agent container, detectors, alarms, manuals and aborts, as well as piping and conduit routing details. Show all room or facilities modifications, including door and damper installations completed. One copy of reproducible engineering drawings shall be provided reflecting all actual installation details.

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v. At the time "As-Built" drawings and maintenance/operations manuals are submitted, the installing contractor shall submit a test plan describing procedures to be used to test the control system. vi. The tests shall demonstrate that the entire control system functions as designed and intended. All circuits shall be tested. vii. A room pressurization test shall be conducted, in each protected space, to determine the presence of openings which would affect the agent concentration levels viii. Then, the installing contractor shall provide two inspections of each system, installed under this contract, during the one-year warranty period. The first inspection shall be at the six-month interval, and the second inspection at the 12-month interval, after system acceptance. Inspections shall be conducted in accordance with the manufacturer's guidelines and the recommendations of NFPA 2001. Next, documents certifying satisfactory system operation shall be submitted to the owner upon completion of each inspection. ix. All PYRO-CHEM system components furnished and installed under this contract shall be warranted against defects in design, materials and workmanship for the full warranty period which is standard with the manufacturer, but in no case less than one year from the date of system acceptance.

Diagram 2.1: FM 200 2.3 INERGEN 2.3.1 INTRODUCTION INERGEN is a mixture of nitrogen, argon and carbon dioxide, and has been specially developed to provide fire protection for sensitive electrical and electronic instruments and equipment. The system is designed and installed in accordance with the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 2001.

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2.3.2 COMPONENT Cylinders – The cylinders are constructed, tested, and marked in accordance with applicable Department of Transportation (DOT) specifications. As a minimum, the cylinders must meet the requirements of DOT 3AA3000. Cylinder Assembly – The cylinder assembly is of steel assembly with a red standard finish. One size is available. Each cylinder is prepared with a pressure seat-type valve equipped with gauge. The valve is built of forged brass and is attached to the cylinder providing a leak tight seal. Electric Actuator – Electric actuation of an agent cylinder is accomplished by an electric actuator interfaced through an autopulse Control System. This actuator can be used in hazardous environments where the ambient temperature range is between 32 °F and 130 °F (0 °C and 54 °C) Manual or Pneumatic Actuators – Three types of manual actuators are available for lever actuation on the cylinder valve. Manual actuation is accomplished by pulling the hand lever on the actuator. Detection System – The autopulse control system is used where an automatic electronic control system is required to actuate the inergen system. This control system is used to switch a single fixed fire suppression or alarm system based on inputs established from fire detection devices. The detection circuits can be organized by cross, counting, independent or priority-zone (counting) concepts. The control system has been tested to the applicable FCC Rules and Regulations for Class A Computing devices. Nozzles – Nozzles are considered to direct the discharge of Inergen agent using the stored pressure from the cylinders. Nozzles are presented in either 360° or 180° discharge patterns. The system design specifies the nozzle and orifice size to be used for proper flow rate and distribution pattern. The nozzle selection depends on the hazard and location to be protected. Pressure Reducer – The pressure reducer is required in the distribution piping to limit the flow of Inergen agent, thus reducing the agent pressure down stream of the reducer. The pressure reducer contains a stainless steel orifice plate which is drilled to the specific size hole required based on the hydraulic calculation. The orifice plate provides readily visible orifice identification.

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Pipe and Fittings – System manifold piping must be constructed to withstand a minimum pressure of 3000 psi (206.9 bar). Distribution piping downstream from the vent union must be constructed to withstand the maximum downstream pressure as determined by the flow calculation. Limitations – The inergen system must be designed and installed within the guidelines of the manufacturer’s design, installation, operation, inspection, recharge, and maintenance manual. 2.3.3 ECO-CHARACTERISTICS Inergen agent is a mixture of three naturally occurring gases like nitrogen, argon, and carbon dioxide. As inergen agent is derived from gases present in the earth’s atmosphere, it reveals no ozone depleting potential, does not contribute to global warming, nor does it contribute unique chemical species with extended atmospheric lifetimes. Because inergen agent is composed of atmospheric gases, it does not pose the problems of toxicity associated with the chemically derived Halon alternative agents. 2.3.4 DESIGN AND OPERATION As inert fire suppression systems are stored as gas it makes them very flexible allowing us to design systems with multiple banks of cylinders protecting multiple enclosures. This negates the need for individual banks of cylinders for each enclosure. Using directional valves multiple rooms can be piped back to a central bank of cylinders and when a detector detects a fire the correct valve is operated and the gas will be discharged into the correct enclosure. Also cylinders can be stored away from the protected enclosure within a plant room or storage area thereby making more efficient use of operational space. Inert gases work on the principle of reducing the oxygen content within the room from the normal approximately 21% by volume to below 15%, the point at which a fire cannot be sustained. Typically we design to around 12.5% which does not allow the fire to sustain itself but is still safe for up to 10 minutes for people to be present. We would however strongly recommend that everyone evacuates the room before a discharge for health and safety reasons, as a fire has been detected. 2.3.5 TESTING

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Evidence of satisfactory testing for the functioning of all part should be the surveyor satisfaction. Testing schedules should include confirmation of proper functioning of alarms and safety system, valves, leakages, interlocks, flow and gas analysis and vibration level.

Diagram 2.2: Inergen

Diagram 2.3: Inergen 2.4 HALON 2.4.1 INTRODUCTION Halon is a "Clean Agent." The National Fire Protection Association defines, a "Clean Agent" as "an electrically non-conducting, volatile, or gaseous fire extinguishant that does not leave a residue upon evaporation." Halon is a liquefied, compressed gas that stops the spread of fire by chemically disrupting combustion. Halon 1211 (a liquid streaming agent) and Halon 1301 (a gaseous flooding agent) leave no residue and are remarkably safe for human exposure. Halon is rated for class "B" (flammable liquids) and "C" (electrical fires), but it is also effective on class "A" 17

(common combustibles) fires. Halon 1211 and Halon 1301 are low-toxicity, chemically stable compounds that, as long as they remain contained in cylinders, are easily recyclable. Halon is an extraordinarily effective fire extinguishing agent, even at low concentrations. According to the Halon Alternative Research Corporation: "Three things must come together at the same time to start a fire. The first ingredient is fuel (anything that can burn), the second is oxygen (normal breathing air is ample) and the last is an ignition source (high heat can cause a fire even without a spark or open flame). Traditionally, to stop a fire you need to remove one side of the triangle - the ignition, the fuel or the oxygen. Halon adds a fourth dimension to fire fighting - breaking the chain reaction. It stops the fuel, the ignition and the oxygen from dancing together by chemically reacting with them." 2.4.2 HALON FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM INSPECTION Because Halon depletes the ozone layer, the EPA requires strict conformity with NFPA standards on Halon fire suppression systems inspection and maintenance. NFPA 12A standards require that all Halon fire suppression systems be thoroughly inspected, tested and documented for operation by a certified trained technician. During inspection, the quantity of extinguishing agent and the pressure of refillable containers must be checked. If inspection shows at least a five percent loss in net weight or a 10 percent drop in pressure, the system must be refilled or replaced. 2.4.3 ECO-CHARACTERISTIC A key benefit of Halon, as a clean agent, is its ability to extinguish fire without the production of residues that could damage the assets being protected. Halon has been used for fire and explosion protection throughout the 20th century, and remains an integral part of the safety plans in many of today's manufacturing, electronic and aviation companies. Halon protects computer and communication rooms throughout the electronics industry; it has numerous military applications on ships, aircraft and tanks and helps ensure safety on all commercial aircraft. Halons are low-toxicity, chemically stable compounds that have been used for fire and explosion protection from early in the last century. Halon has proven to be an extremely effective fire suppressant. Halon is clean (i.e., leaves no residue) and is remarkably safe for human exposure. Halon is a highly effective agent for firefighting in closed passenger carrying areas

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. Diagram of 2.4: Halon Gas

2.5 CO2 CARBON DIOXIDE 2.5.1 INTRODUCTION Co2 fixed gaseous systems is commonly used for the ships engine rooms, pump rooms, separator rooms, diesel generator rooms and rooms containing electrical and electronic equipment. It has excellent fire-extinguishing capabilities and is relatively inexpensive, but may pose a serious risk to personnel. This because, the primarily extinguishes fires by reducing the available oxygen in the atmosphere. However, co2 fixed gaseous systems has a highly valued for their specific features. For example, co2 fire suppression results in minimal damage. Co2 also not conduct electricity thus leading to a widespread use in on board spaces filled with sensitive and valuable electronic equipment and machinery. 2.5.2 COMPONENT Discharge nozzles A discharge nozzle is a device designed to release the extinguishing agent at a specific rate and design to quickly extinguish a fire. Discharge nozzles must be suitable for the fire it is proposed to extinguisher. The nozzle is designed for total flooding applications. Its bell shape

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and multiple small discharge openings will create a broadly dispersed and diffused discharge pattern to quickly flood an enclosed area with an extinguishing agent. Piping The piping network is considered to properly issue the extinguishing agent to the protected areas. All fire protection systems must have pipes and fittings that are suitable for the expected temperature extremes with good corrosion resistance properties. Control panel The control panel monitors and integrates all components together and controls the audible and visual alarms and discharge functions. When an automatic or manual device is activated it sends a signal to the control panel where, depending on the type of system and hazards. Discharge Alarm or Signaling Devices Each area protected by a fixed extinguishing system must have a distinctive alarm or signal to alert occupants that the system is discharging. These alarms must be able to be heard or seen above ambient noise or light levels. Warning Signs and Safeguards Warning signs must be posted to warn employees in advance about the hazards associated with the extinguishing agent. Hazard warning or caution signs must be posted at the entrance to and inside of areas protected by fixed extinguishing systems which use agents in concentrations known to be hazardous to employee safety and health. In addition to warning signs, the employer must also provide effective safeguards to warn employees when the atmosphere of a protected area remains hazardous to their safety or health as a result of a system discharged. Automatic Fire Detectors Automatic detection devices sense the smoke, heat, or flames from a fire and initiate an alarm. All automatic detection equipment must be approved, installed and maintained.

Automatic detection devices used on a total flooding system must automatically activate the pre-discharge alarm before the system discharges to give employees time to safely exit from the protected area.

Manual Discharge Station A manual discharge station is a device usually mounted on a wall near the emergency exit 20

which will automatically sound an alarm and release the extinguishing agent. If your workplace is equipped with a fixed suppressant system, there must be at least one manual station for each protected area Extinguishing Agent Storage Containers Storage containers hold the extinguishing agent until it is needed and can be high or low pressure cylinders or tanks. These containers can be used to hold specialized fire suppression agents like carbon dioxide or halon to protect special work areas, such as computer rooms, chemical storage, or similar areas. 2.5.3

SYSTEM TESTING

2.5.3.1. Concentration Test After initial installation, rewind, upgrade, or major modification of the unit or CO2 system, a Concentration test should be performed to demonstrate the ability of the air housing and machine to maintain the needed CO2 concentration. This test verifies: i.

Operation of air housing pressure relief devices

ii.

Bearing pressure equalization features

iii.

CO2 concentration achieved

iv.

Time duration that CO2 concentration is maintained after initial and delayed releases

2.5.3.1. Functional Tests A CO2 system functional test must be performed simulating an actual fire using smoke bombs, local heaters, or other methods to test operation of the detectors and sensors. This test should be repeated every 5 years. Although discharge of CO2 is not required during this test, operation of the discharge valve or pneumatic/electrical discharge devices should be verified. Annually, a functional test of the control/protection circuits should be performed. This test must include verification that the unit differential relay would initiate CO2 discharge. Although discharge of CO2 is not required during this test, operation of the discharge valve or pneumatic/ electrical discharge devices should be verified.

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Diagram 2.5: Carbon Dioxide Tank

CHAPTER 3 CASE STUDY 3.1 INTRODUCTION Our case study for fixed gaseous system has been conduct in green building factory, which is located at Nibong Tebal Personal Care Sdn Bhd (228234-U). Lot7278, Jalan Perusahaan 3, Kawasan Perindustrian Parit Buntar. 34200 Parit Buntar, Perak Darul Redzuan. Own by Personnel Care Resources SDn. Bhd. This company are running manufacturing factory that are produced personnel daily care stuff. Such as, tissue, shower span and the others. The factory are employed 167 person to running the manufacturing work processes. The size of the factory are double of the football

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field. That are divided into a few part like store, plant and machineries and administration part. The use of machineries and plant to process the product, the factory used heavy electric current to supply the machine power. To running directly. Because of the usage of power are heavy, the risks of fire are high. The factory are built with power room that are installed fixed gas system to prevent while emergency happen at the factory. The company choose to installed fixed gaseous system use carbon Dioxide(CO2). The maintenance and inspection of the installed extinguisher are running by their own maintenance department. The size of the power room is around 12x 18 feet. The maintenance department cares about the power room because the power are supply is important to their factory.

Picture 3.1: Location of the case study Position of co2 gaseous located Co2 gaseous system is dangerous to human because reducing the available oxygen in the atmosphere. So that the co2 gaseous system located far from working place. The co2 is use in power room for this company. For safety, the safety officer, En. Enrico Syafiq bin Ismail suggest to worker to prevent from passing through the area.

Factor chosen a co2 gaseous system

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Co2 is suitable to located at power room. This is because, co2 gaseous system has excellent fire-extinguishing capabilities and is relatively inexpensive. If compare to other gaseous system, co2 is more capabilities to prevent a wiring and electrical for the power room. Then, co2 have a more cheapest than another gaseous system. Besides that, factor chosen the co2 gaseous system is not conduct electricity thus leading to a widespread use in on board spaces filled with sensitive and valuable electronic equipment and machinery.

Picture 3.2: Nibong Tebal Personnel Care SDN.BHD. Maintenance and inspection plan of the factory by Maintenance Department Good working order and readily available for immediate use is shall be apply to the fixed gas system extinguisher. Maintenance department of the factory carried out the plan of maintenance and inspection due to maintenance and inspection procedures and instruction, required schedules for periodic maintenance and inspection and record of inspections and maintenance that including corrective actions taken to maintain the system in operable condition

Monthly Inspections At least every 30 days a general visual inspection should be made of the overall system condition for obvious signs of damage and should include verification that i.

All stop valves are in the closed position

ii.

All releasing controls are in the proper position and readily accessible for immediate use

iii.

All discharge piping and pneumatic tubing has not been damage.

iv.

All high pressure cylinders are in place and properly secured

v.

The alarm devices are in place and do not appear damaged 24

vi.

The pressure gauge is reading in the normal range

vii.

The liquid level indicator is reading within the proper level

viii.

The manually operated storage tank main service valve is secures in the open position

ix.

The vapour supply line valve is secured in the open position

Annual inspection The following minimum level of maintenance and inspection should be carried out in accordance with the system manufacturer’s instructions and safety precaution: i.

The boundaries of the protected space should be visually inspected to confirm that no modifications have been made to the enclosure that have created uncloseable openings that would render the system ineffective

ii.

All storage containers should be visually inspected for any signs of damage, rust or loose mounting hardware. Cylinders that are leaking, corroded, dented or bulging should be hydrostatically retested or replaced.

iii.

System piping should be visually inspected to check for damage, loose supports and corrosion. Nozzles should be inspected to ensure they have not been obstructed by storage of spare parts or a new installation of structure or machine

iv.

The manifold should be inspected to verify that all flexible discharge hoses and fittings are properly tightened

v.

All entrance doors to the protected space should close properly and should have warning signs, which indicate that the space is protected by a fixed carbon dioxide system and that personnel should evacuate immediately if the alarms sound. All remote releasing controls should be checked for clear operating instructions and indication as to the space served.

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Piture 3.3: Carbon Dioxide gas tank

CHAPTER 4

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we can say that chosen of fire protection is very important in maintain of green environment. All type of chosen of portable fire extinguisher and gaseous system will be effect the environment which is global warming and ozone depletion. Furthermore, using ecological friendly fire protection also can save a soul and People healthy.

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REFERENCES

(2003). Retrieved from http://www.fm200.biz/ (2008). Retrieved from www2.dupont.com Administration, O. S. (2005). Retrieved from www.OSHA.gov BASIC FACTS ABOUT HALON. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.h3rcleanagents.com/ Fred Hall, r. G. (2009). Building Services handbook fifth edition. Burlington: Butterworth - Heinemann. Fred Hall, R. G. (2011). Building Services Handbook sixth edition. Burlington: Butterwoth Heinemann. Institution, S. (2009). FIRE PROTECTION & LIFE SAFETY DESIGN MANUAL. Kempen, M. (2010). Portable Fire Extinguisher . Portable Fire Extinguisher Program Template, 1. NFPA. (2013). NFPA. Retrieved from National Fire Protection Association: http://www.nfpa.org/ OSHA. (2010). OSHA.com.my. Retrieved from Occupitional Safety and Healthy Acedemy: http://www.osha.com.my/v2/ Standart, M. (2012). Department of Standarts Malaysia. Retrieved from Standart Malaysia: http://www.standardsmalaysia.gov.my/

(2003). Retrieved from http://www.fm200.biz/ (2008). Retrieved from www2.dupont.com BASIC FACTS ABOUT HALON. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.h3rcleanagents.com/ Administration, O. S. (2005). Retrieved from www.OSHA.gov

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