final_ccna_notes.doc
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CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) Syllabus 1)
Introduction
2)
OSII (O OS (Ope pen n Syst System em Inte Interc rcon onne nect ctio ion) n) Refe Refere renc ncee ode odell
!)
Network "e#ices • • •
$)
Types Types of Communication Cards LAN & WAN Concept
I% Addressin& ' Concepts •
IPv4
•
IPv6 Subneting Superneting ariab!e ariab!e Lengt" Subnet Sc"eme #LS$% And peration
• • • •
)
C"%
*)
IOS +oot up Se,uence • • •
-)
I% Routin& • • • • •
.)
IS 'pgrading (ua! #)ooting%
Static *oute *IP #*outing Information Protoco!% I+*P #Internet +ate,ay *outing Protoco!% -I+*P #-n"ance Internet +ate,ay *outing Protoco!% SP. #pen S"ortest Pat" .irst%
Switc/in& • •
LAN #irtua! Loca! Area Net,or/% STP #Spanning Tree Protoco!%
0)
AC (Access Control ist)
1) 1)
3AN (3 (3iide Area rea Net Netwo work rk)) *outer as a S,itc"
11)
4rame Relay
12)
NA5 ' %A5 Private & Pub!ic
1!) 1!)
3AN 3 AN (3 (3ir irel eles esss oc ocal al Area rea Net Netwo work rk))
1$) 1$)
6OI% 6OI% (6o (6oice ice O#er O#er Inte Intern rnet et %ro %roto toco col) l)
1)
Cablin&
1) In Intr tro odu duccti tion on CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) Cisco Cisco is company name0 in course1 Company may any0 t"ere are many companies i1e1 Cisco0 $otoro!a0 Simons0 $icrosoft0 but configurations are same1 Cisco "as 23 s"ares on infrastructure of IP1 It is said t"at if you send any sma!! information on Internet0 t"is is impossib!e t"at t"is information do not pass t"roug" t"e Cisco (evices1 ur purpose is not reading about any product or any company but on!y ,it" tec"no!ogy1
Certified Practica!!y you /no, ,"at you study1
Associate T"is is a !eve! in t"is !ine1 Associate is t"e first !eve!1
Network ur ,"o!e !ab is around t"e one ,ord i1e1 5Network 1 1 7Connecti#ity of two or more t/an two de#ices so t/at you can communicate wit/ eac/ eac/ ot/er ot/er88 you you can can e9c/ e9c/an& an&ee t/e t/e sour source cess or s/are s/are t/e t/e infor informat matio ion n is calle called d networkin&: 1 It "as t,o parts7 81 Conn Connec ecti tivi vity ty 91 Com Communic unicat atiion $edium may any #copper0 ,ire and ,ave% for t"e connectivity and communication1 Connectivity is due to t"e :ard,are and communication is due to t"e Soft,are1 ;9ample
T"ere is a te!ep"one !ine connected to your "ome te!ep"one set from PTCL e;c"ange1 Is t"is a net,or/< No0 because t"ere is on!y connectivity but not communication1 If an ot"er person ta!/s ,it" you0 it is communication1 :ere t"e bot" parts fu!fi! t"e definition1 No,0 you can say t"e 5Net,or/1
1) In Intr tro odu duccti tion on CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) Cisco Cisco is company name0 in course1 Company may any0 t"ere are many companies i1e1 Cisco0 $otoro!a0 Simons0 $icrosoft0 but configurations are same1 Cisco "as 23 s"ares on infrastructure of IP1 It is said t"at if you send any sma!! information on Internet0 t"is is impossib!e t"at t"is information do not pass t"roug" t"e Cisco (evices1 ur purpose is not reading about any product or any company but on!y ,it" tec"no!ogy1
Certified Practica!!y you /no, ,"at you study1
Associate T"is is a !eve! in t"is !ine1 Associate is t"e first !eve!1
Network ur ,"o!e !ab is around t"e one ,ord i1e1 5Network 1 1 7Connecti#ity of two or more t/an two de#ices so t/at you can communicate wit/ eac/ eac/ ot/er ot/er88 you you can can e9c/ e9c/an& an&ee t/e t/e sour source cess or s/are s/are t/e t/e infor informat matio ion n is calle called d networkin&: 1 It "as t,o parts7 81 Conn Connec ecti tivi vity ty 91 Com Communic unicat atiion $edium may any #copper0 ,ire and ,ave% for t"e connectivity and communication1 Connectivity is due to t"e :ard,are and communication is due to t"e Soft,are1 ;9ample
T"ere is a te!ep"one !ine connected to your "ome te!ep"one set from PTCL e;c"ange1 Is t"is a net,or/< No0 because t"ere is on!y connectivity but not communication1 If an ot"er person ta!/s ,it" you0 it is communication1 :ere t"e bot" parts fu!fi! t"e definition1 No,0 you can say t"e 5Net,or/1
Ans=
In o!d days ,"en a number is dia!ed t"en t"e e;c"ange "ad a mec"anica! arm1 =ou =ou can !isten t"e sound of t"at arm as t"e sound of type,riter on every digits of your number1 )ut t"ere is no sound no, a day0 on!y t"is process is converted into digita!1 )ut t"e signa!s pass t"roug" media as ana!og1
A#oid A#oid 3ron& Concept Conc ept If you use t"e modem in bet,een t"e te!ep"one e;c"ange and your computer0 t"en modem converts t"e ana!og signa!s into digita! to ana!og signa!s0 t/is concept is wron&
odem T"e basic purpose of modem is modu!ation and demodu!ation1
odulation ' "emodulation ;9ample
If you ta/e a page and t"ro, a,ay ,it" fu!! capacity t"en t"is page #Information% ,i!! not trave! more1 )ut if you use a stone covered by paper #Information% t"en t"is paper ,i!! covered !ong distance ,it" "ig" speed1 W"en t"is paper reac"ed to ot"er side0 un,anted information #Stone% is removed to get information #Paper%1 Inse Insert rtio ion n of carr carrie ierr #Sto #Stone ne%% into into info inform rmat atio ion n for for cover coverin ing g !ong !ong dist distan ance ce is ca!! ca!!ed ed 5$odu!ation1 And distraction of carrier un,anted information is ca!!ed 5(emodu!ation1
2) OSI (Open System Interconnection) Reference odel OSI Reference odel Reference T"e ,ord reference a!,ays bet,een t,o t"ings0 t"ere is no reference of on!y a sing!e t"ing1 T"e eye>s reference is ,it" eye and t"e !eg>s reference ,it" !eg1 T"is reference means t"ere is any t,o devices is invo!ved in t"is reference not one device1 SI *eference $ode! is not for a sing!e mac"ine0 t"is mode! is for net,or/s1
OSI SI stands for pen System Interconnection1
Q: Why is it said as Open System, why not as Close System? Ans=
As you /no,0 75/e connecti#ity of two or more t/an two de#ices so t/at t/ey can communicate w/ic/ eac/ ot/er: t"ere is not mentioned t"at medium ,ou!d be copper0 fiber0 micro,aves or radio ,aves for t"e connectivity1 $edia may be anyt"ing for t"e conn ectivity1 ectivity1
T"e ot"er part of t"e definition 5T"e connectivity of t,o or more t"an t,o de#ices devices mean it can be b e a router0 s,itc"0 computer0 modem or any ot"er device1 ;9ample
'sing your Internet0 ,"en you send an emai! or c"at ,it" ot"er by $SN $essenger0 t"ere is not a condition t"at t"ose on!y t"ose peop!e can send emai!s or c"at ,it" eac" ot"er t"at "ad t"e same mac"ines bot" sides1 $ac"ines may be of any vendor i1e1 I)$0 Compa? or (e!!1 =ou can use use any medi media0 a0 any vende vender> r>ss comput computer er and and any any oper operat atin ing g syst system em for for connectivity and s"aring resources1 So it is /no,n as pen i1e1 open for every one1 If t"e SI System ,as as C!ose System t"en it means0 Internet ,i!! use t"e peop!e t"at "ave on!y Compa? mac"ines1 SI $ode! is a Layered Approac" #Structured Approac"%0 ,"ic" is made to understand t"e Internet or net,or/1
ayered Approac/ OR Structured Approac/ If you understand t"e "uman0 t"en you can say t"is is a "uman being0 ,"ic" is divided into structure1 Li/e "ead0 eyes0 nose0 "and mout" etc1 -ac" part of body "as its o,n function1
Ans= ;9ample=
If t"ere is one person is ,or/ing in a company0 t"at person is mar/eting manager0 tec"nica! manager0 receptionist and peon a!so1 T"is sing!e person is responsib!e for a!! ,or/ing of company1 After one year0 t"ere is a visit of C"ief -;ecutive by c"ance0 "e as/ed t"at person about t"e dirtiness of office1 :e rep!ied t"at I "ave been invo!ving in tec"nica! matter0 mar/eting a!! day so I "ave not time1 T"e emp!oyee accepts t"e responsibi!ity of office but "e presents !ogic a!so1 In t"is situation you cannot b!ame on t"e emp!oyee1 n t"e ot"er "and if t"ere is division !i/e7 t"ere are separate emp!oyees on a!! departments i1e1 mar/eting0 tec"nica!0 receptionist and peon1 W"en C"ief -;ecutive came and as/ed t"e peon about t"e dirtiness of office1 T"is is an error by t"e peon not mar/eting or tec"nica! manager1 Company "as no business in t"is ,"o!e year t"is error is by t"e mar/eting manager not peon or receptionist or any ot"er person1 )y using Layered Approac" you can find out t"e errors on accurate !ocation1 If t"ere is not !ayered approac" t"en t"ere is very difficu!t to find out t"e errors and a!so reso!ving t"ese errors1 ;9ample=
'sing Internet0 ,"en you dia! to connect to t"e Internet0 messages may s"o, !i/e T"ere is no dia! tone0 5Inva!id 'ser Name @ Pass Word1 If you see t"e ,ord on!y as 5-rror t"en you cannot find out t"e e;act !ocation of error1 After seeing messages you ,i!! c"ec/ t"e app ropriate !ocation for reso!ving t"e error1
e1g1 if you see 5T"ere is no dia! tone t"en you ,i!! c"ec/ t"e te!ep"one not correct t"e pass,ord1 Net Wor/ers divide t"e Internet t"eory to ma;imum seven !ayers1 T"ey said t"ere are seven !ayers may not be eig"t !ayers but may be si;0 five1 =ou can remember t"e seven !ayers ,it" t"is !ine “All People Seems to Need Data Processing!
Ans=
SI *eference $ode! is made for to t"e point error detection1
OSI Open System Interconnection ayered odel
Ser No * $ ! 2 1
ayers Application ayer %resentation ayer Session ayer 5ransport ayer Network ayer "ata ink ayer %/ysical ayer
=ou can say t"is mode! as 5(ata .!o, C"art1 T"e purpose of t"is mode! to understand t"e f!o, of data on t"e net,or/0 understanding t"e steps during moving t"e data in net,or/1
- Application ayer Computer app!ications !i/e $S Word0 $S -;ce! etc1 If ,e ,ant to c"at on Internet t"en ,e run $S $essenger #,"ic" is App!ication%0 ,it"out opening of any app!ication on your computer you cannot ma/e any ,or/1 T"e first step for doing any ,or/0 to run app!ication1 =ou send :-LL to ot"er computer t"ere is compu!sory t"at same app!ications are running on bot" computers t"at ,ant to communicate1 If t"ere are not running same app!ications on bot" computers t"en t"is :-LL not to be seen on computer screen1
* %resentation ayer ur !anguage is -ng!is" and computer !earns t"at !anguage is mac"ine1 T"is !ayer converts t"e data from one form to anot"er form1 It converts t"e data into mac"ine !anguage1
Session ayer T"is !ayer is most critica! and most conceptua!1 T"is !ayer creates virtua! session1 irtua! Session means to c"ec/ t"e avai!abi!ity of ot"er side1 Sessions are of t,o /inds7 i1 ii1
P"ysica! Session #.irst ,e go and t"e c"ec/ing% irtua! Session #.irst ,e c"ec/ing t"en going%
*emember t"e ,ord :-LL is not for our mac"ine but it is anot"er mac"ine1
;9ample (%/ysical Session)
If you ,ant to go to La"ore from Is!amabad0 t"en t"ere are t,o ,ays1 .irst is t"at you reac"ed at La"ore ,it"out informing t"at person1 W"en you as/ed about t"at person0 you find t"at person is not avai!ab!e1 =ou ,i!! come bac/ by spending patro!0 time ,it"out any progress1 ;9ample (6irtual Session)
If you ca!! t"at person before go to La"ore0 if t"at person is avai!ab!e t"en I ,i!! move0 ot"er,ise I ,i!! not move1 T"e advantage of t"is virtua! session ,as0 you "ave saved t"eir resources1 irtua! Session provides t"e information about t"e ot"er p arty avai!ab!e or not and a!so saving t"e resources1 ;9ample
T"is !ayer norma!!y to be said as +1$1 T"is +1$1 ,ants to move anot"er +1$1 of Company for meeting1 T"ere are seven gates for going0 but on!y one gate from ,"ic" +1$ can go out1 W"en t,o computers connected ,it" eac" ot"er t"en t"is is p"ysica! !ayer1 ;9ample
'sing $SN $essenger0 you ,ant to c"at anot"er person0 if t"at person is avai!ab!e t"en t"e ot"er ,indo, is opened ot"er,ise a message ,i!! disp!ay as 5'ser is not avai!ab!e
$ 5ransport ayer If ot"er mac"ine is avai!ab!e t"en t"is !ayer is responsib!e to transport t"e data on net,or/1 .or t"e transport of data fragmentation is made1 5T"e conversion of data into sma!! pieces is ca!!ed fragmentation or permutation1 -1g1 :-LL is converted as7 :
-
L
L
! Network ayer Its maor function is sorting and distribution1 .or understanding you consider t"is !ayer as a 5Post ffice and *outer as 5Post )o;1 n t"is !ayer a device is used ca!!ed as 5*outer1 T"e pieces of :-LL are sent to a device ca!!ed *outer0 ,"ic" acts as sorting and distribution1 In Post ffice t"ere is sorting is done0 !i/e a!! mai!s of Is!amabad0 La"ore etc1 is separated for t"e distribution to t"eir destinations1 In o!d days ,"en you send a !etter to any one0 ,"ic" is ca!!ed mai!1 T"ere are t,o possibi!ities0 t"e mai! reac"ed at e;act !ocation or do not reac"1
2 "ata ink ayer Logical Link Control
LLC Sub Layer
Network Data Link Ph sical
MAC Sub Layer Media Access Control
T"ere are t,o sub !ayers1
1)
C(o&ical ink Control)
LLC !ayer finis" "ard,are and soft,are dependsies1 ;9ample
If ,e use 5%entium 1 computer and 73indows 0.: one side and 7%entium $ computer and 73indows ?%: ot"er side t"en data speed and operating system c!as" bet,een t,o computer but t"at !ayer finis" t"at prob!em
2)
AC(edia Access Control)
T"ere is $AC address e;ist0 $AC address "ave used many devices !i/e s,itc"es and LAN card1 As you /no, t"at data trave! in form of B & 8 #t"ese are t"e vo!tage !eve! not mat"ematica! and ot"er number %0 every device may contain different vo!tage0 its means t"ere is t"e invo!vement of vo!tage1 If you "ave or D vo!tage and its para!!e! t"ere is !ine of any "ig" vo!tage0 t"en it may "arm your data1 e1g1 (uring ,atc"ing T0 you some time see !ining on your T set0 t"is is ,"y ,it" any "ig" vo!tage1 Same !i/e above0 if t"ere is any data cab!e contains vo!ts but its para!!e! a "ig" D vo!ts is passing t"en it is very possib!e t"at any b it of your data c"anges #i1e1 B to 8%1 ;9ample
(uring t"e c"atting on messenger a person as/ed ,"at is your age0 "e ,rites ans,er 9D and sends1 (uring t"e data trave!ing its on!y one bit c"anges and your information ,i!! be c"anged as 6D1 In rea!ity no any system is so ,ee/0 so to reso!ve t"is prob!em a !ayer is introduced ca!!ed (ata Lin/ Layer1 Its main function is t"e deduction of error1
CRC= (Cyclic Redundancy Code) T"is a!gorit"m is very important and famous1 T"ere may ,ere mista/es ta/e p!ace0 so an error deduction a!gorit"m is made1 It attac"es an a!gorit"m for sending data to t"e ot"er side as it is1
;9ample
If ,e "ave data 9D #D D% and generators of !in/ side are D1 T"at generator ,i!! divide t"e D @ D and remainder ,i!! B1 W"en you send 9D on Internet t"en not on!y 9D is passing but t"e footers #tai!ors% a!so1 (ue to some error t"e ,ord 96 #D D 8% instead of 9D is c"anged0 on t"e ot"er mac"ine t"ere ,i!! be attac"ed a C*C A!gorit"m again to c"ec/ t"e bot" c"ec/sum1 If t"ere is any different t"en t"ere is any error in t"at data ,"ic" you sent1 If t"ere is an error t"en your system #*eceiver% ,i!! not correct t"at error but it ,i!! say to t"e sender to correct1 "etransmission is #aster as compared to error correction!
T"ere are t,o sources for errors7 a% -rrors ,it"in t"e $ac"ine or System #i1e1 Computers0 *outers0 $odems etc% b% -rrors from outside t"e $ac"ine #i1e1 in media ,"en data is sent% According to t"e researc" t"ere is EE probabi!ity of error ,"en data trave!s on $edia1 T"e error in system is very rare0 if may occur t"en system recover or restore from its o,n cac"e1
1 %/ysical ayer= After a!! t"e !ayers e;ist on a cab!e is attac"ed to your computer0 t"is cab!e ,or/s on ,"ic" !eve! is ca!!ed p"ysica! !ayer1 ;9ample
If you ma/e a fi!e and give to a peon for send to anot"er p!ace1 T"e peon ,i!! move p"ysica!!y for t"e de!ivery of t"at fi!e1 T"e ,or/ of peon is to carry t"e data as it is1 Above you sent t"e ,ord :-LL to ot"er mac"ine0 t"is ,ord trave!s on a!! !ayers by se?uence0 but if t"ere is an error bet,een t"e !ayers t"en t"e c"ances of data to be corrupted1
Ans=
T"ere is anot"er (ata Lin/ Layer to t"e ot"er side of Computer1 .rom sender0 t"e a!gorit"m is attac"ed ,it" t"e data and ,i!! re verify by ot"er side1 S,itc"0 NIC Card #LAN Card% ,or/ on (ata Lin/ Layer1
"ata ;ncapsulation Appl i cat i on Pr es ent at i on Se s s i o n
Up pe r L ay e rDa t a
T r a n s p o r t
TCPHea de r Up pe r L ay e rDa t a
I PHeader
Da t a
LL CHea der
Da t a
FCS
MACHeader
Da t a
FCS
0101110101001000010
PDU Segmen t
Ne t wo r k
Packet
Dat aLi nk
Fr ame
Ph ys i c al
Bi t s
$here are all opposite wor%s are done to other side o# machine!
Concept 1 %rotocols 2 @eaders ! ;ncapsulation $ Software
1 %rotocols Protoco! is a same set of ru!es and regu!ations for t"e communication bet,een t,o different mac"ines on t"e same !ayer !eve!1 ;9ample Company 7A:
Company 7+:
81 +1$ #App!ication% 91 Secretary #Session% 1 Peon #P"ysica!%
+1$ #App!ication% Secretary #Session% Peon #P"ysica!%
Accordin& to rules8 is t/ere possible t/at t/e of Company 7A: call to t/e %eon of Company 7+: e#eryday>
)y above definition of Protoco!s0 t"e re!ation of t"ese companies ,i!! as under7
Secretary
Secretary
%eon
%eon
T"e main function of Protoco!s is t"e communication1 &y the de#inition o# Networ%: The connectivity is due to the hardware and the communication is because of the software. %rotocols are software 1 n t"e Internet or net,or/ no any ,or/ is done ,it"out protoco!s1 If t"ere is no protoco! t"en t"ere is no any communication1
2 @eader W"en you ,rite :-LL and send0 t"en t"e data ,i!! move to do,n as Presentation Layer1 n t"is !ayer t"e "eader of presentation !ayer is attac"ed ,it" t"e data1 n one step do,n t"ere is anot"er "eader of session !ayer is attac"ed ,it"0 and so on1 ;9ample
If I ,rite a !etter #(ata% and saved in my dra,s ,it"out any receiver>s address t"en t"is !etter ,i!! not reac" on any destination1 )ecause t"is !etter contains no any address and media #LCS or TCS etc%1 n t"e ot"er "and if t"is !etter contains t"e comp!ete address of receiver and a!so specified t"e courier t"en !etter ,i!! reac" at desired !ocation1 Wit" out "eader data cannot move1 :eader is t"e met"od for communication1 :eader is an over"ead1 ;9ample
T"ere are students in c!ass0 t"ere said t"e students to pass outside t"e c!ass and passing rate of data is one student per one man1 8B students ,i!! pass out in 8B seconds1 )ut if t"ere are 9 bodyguards #as over "eads% ,it" t"ese t"en tota! 89 students0 no, t"ese ,i!! pass in 89 seconds1 T"is time consuming due to t"e over"ead1 W"en you use over"ead on net,or/ t"en it decreases t"e speed1
! ;ncapsulation ;9ample
If t"ere is a patient and you give a ,"ite po,der #medicine% to eat0 t"at patient ,i!! not ta/e because "e does not /no, about t"at medicine so "e refused1 #T"ere is No Communication%1 If "e receives t"at medicine t"en it is said communication is done1 n t"e ot"er "and if I put t"at medicine in a capsu!e #-ncapsu!ation% and I said eat it0 t"en "e ,i!! not eat1 I ,rite t"e name of medicine in 5.renc" on capsu!e t"en "e ,i!! not eat because "e does not understand 5.renc" !anguage1 If I ,rote in -ng!is" i1e1 Amo;i! t"en "e eat immediate!y because "e /no,s and understand t"at !anguage1 #T"ere is communication is done%1 'or the comm(nication same set o# r(les and reg(lations is re)(ired . If one mac"ine /no,s t"e .renc" t"en ot"er mac"ine must /no, t"at !anguage #Protoco!%0 ot"er,ise communication ,i!! not ta/e p!ace1 (ue to t"is Protoco! #!anguage% forces t"e patient to ta/e medicine1
$ Software Protoco!s0 "eaders and encapsu!ation are soft,are1 As you know about Transport Layer, controls the flow of data. Flow control because of the: i1 ii1 iii1 iv1 v1
Connection A,aiting Connection Less TCP Connection riented '(P
4low Control ;9ample
T"e ,ater #(ata% is coming from "and pump #Sender% to a g!ass #*eceiver%0 after a s"ort time t"e g!ass ,i!! fu!! and t"en it ,i!! be overf!o, #Wastage of (ata%1 If you ,ant to reserve t"e ,astage of data t"en you ,i!! "ave to app!y a p"enomenon is ca!!ed f!o, contro!1 T"ere are t,o possibi!ities to contro! t"e f!o, of data7 a% =ou ,i!! stop t"e ,or/ing of "and pump #to decrease t"e speed of sender% b% r you ,i!! start t"e usage of t"e ,ater #to increase t"e speed of receiver% n t"e Internet t"e process of .!o, Contro! is automatic1 n t"e bac/ a process is ,or/ing ca!!ed 5Speed 'ti!iFation ,"ic" means t"at e?ua!iFes t"e speed of sender and receiver1
Connection Oriented Connection Oriented (Reliable) In t"is type of communication0 an ac/no,!edgment receipt is generated1 T"is is s!o, but most re!iab!e1 ;9ample
S!o,7 t"e mac"ine ,i!! not go a"ead ,"enever "e does not understand t"e data1 *e!iab!e7 it is 8BB sure t"at if mac"ine receives t"e information t"en go a"ead0 ot"er,ise not1
Connection Oriented= (Bnreliable) In t"is type of communication0 on!y one time connection confirmation t"en a!,ays data ,i!! be sent1 T"is type of communication !itt!e bit fast t"an connection oriented re!iab!e1
Connection ess= (Bnreliable) In t"is communication0 an ac/no,!edgment receipt is not generated1 It is fast but unre!iab!e1 ;9ample
(uring t"e construction of bui!ding t"ere are some ,or/ers are ,or/ing1 T"e bric/s are coming t"e ,or/er from f!oor to ot"er ,or/er on ground1 (ue to nonGac/no,!edgment0 bric/s /i!! t"e ,or/er on ground but bric/s #(ata% are coming from f!oor1 (ue to t"e absent of ground ,or/er data is !ost1
5C% (5ransmission Control %rotocol) TCP is t"e e;amp!e of Connection riented1
B"% (Bser "ata&ram %rotocol)= '(P is t"e e;amp!e of Connection Less1
!) Network "e#ices T"ere is a !ine of net,or/ devices !i/e :ub0 *epeater0 +enerator0 )ridges0 S,itc"0 $u!tinet S,itc"0 *outers (erouter0 .i;ed .ire,a!! etc1 t"ese are a!! devices inc!uded in your course1 )ut t"e devices t"at are re!ated your course are :ub0 S,itc" and *outer1
1) @B+
A centra! part of any net,or/ is /no,n as :ub1 T"ere is no any abbreviation used for :ub1 :ub is a broadcast device and same data to a!! ports1 :ub ,or/s on P"ysica! Layer1
Subnets are created to !imit t"e scope of broadcast traffic0 to app!y net,or/ security measures0 to separate net,or/ segments by function0 and@or to assist in reso!ving net,or/ congestion prob!ems110 A subnet is usua!!y composed of a net,or/ router0 a s,itc" or "ub0 and at !east one "ost
7Compromise in t/e /ost portion and addition in t/e network portion is called subnettin&: o&ically di#idin& t/e networks
;9ample
A !atter posted ,"ic" address is t"at 5 I5IAE A@;" Cor#it 1$FC ulbar& III 1 A post man ta/es !atter and gives to 5I5IAE A@;":0 !etter reac" t"e correct destination #T"is is one IP Address and communication ,it" defau!t subnet mas/1%
etter Name = ImtiaG A/med Address= Cor#it 1$FC ulbar& III
Cor#it
I5IAE A@;"
)ut t,o same name person 5I5IAE A@;" !eave or ,or/ in corvit t"en !atter cou!d not reac" correct destination and data ,i!! !oss1
etter Name = ImtiaG A/med Address= Cor#it 1$FC ulbar& III
Cor#it
I5IAE A@;"
I5IAE A@;"
T"ere s"ou!d be some addition "ere for save data1 T"en address is t"at 5I5IAE A@;" 5rainin& Section Cor#it 1$FC ulbar& III A post man ta/es !etter and going to Corvit t"en Training Section and gives !etter 5 I5IAE A@;":0 !etter reac"es t"e
etter Name = ImtiaG A/med Address= Cor#it Cor#it 5rannin& Section 1$FC ulbar& III
correct destination #T"is is one IP Address and communication ,it" CustomiFe subnet mas/1%
Cor#it
I5IAE A@;"
@ow muc/ bits subnetin&> Hud&ment of bits table +its
8 9 4 D 6 3 2
4ormula
28 29 2 24 2D 26 23 22
5otal Subnets
9 4 2 86 9 64 892 9D6
CustomiGe Subnet ast table
I5IAE A@;"
Class
1st bit
2nd bit
!rd bit
$t/ bit
t/ bit
*t/ bit
-t/ bit
.t/ bit
A + C Result
@2 @86 @94
@E @83 @9D 12.
@8B @82 @96 102
@88 @8E @93 22$
@89 @9B @92 2$
@8 @98 @9E 2$.
@84 @99 @B 22
@8D @9 @8 2$
+inary 6alue CustomiGed Subnet ast BBBBBBBB 1 B B B B B B B 1 1 B B B B B B 1 1 1 B B B B B 1 1 1 1 B B B B 1 1 1 1 1 B B B 1 1 1 1 1 1 B B 1111111B
-ac" IP poo! in e;c!aimed t"ree t"ings 1) 2) !)
Net I" +roadcast I" ask
Network I" or Net I" And Operation
B AN" B B AN" 8 8 AN" B 8 AN" 8 1 I% Address I% Address
102
1*.
1
1
88BBBBBB
8B8B8BBB
B88BB8BB
Subnet ask
88888888
88888888
88888888
Network I"
11
111
111
Network I"
102
1*.
1
BBBB8B8B BBBBBBBB
Note= It is remember t"at I% Address
8E9181818BB@94
Net I"
8E918181B
+roadcat I" 8E918621819DD ask
9DD19DD19DD1B
#Net I( a!,ays even% #)roadcast I( a!,ays odd%
1) ;9ample of Subnettin& C/iniot ocal Router
Jarac/i Remote Router
a/ore Remote Router
I% Address A#ailable 1021*.1
Ans= *emember t"at t"ese t"ings1
1)
W"at is your c!ass Address
Class C
2)
:o, many net,or/s bits
2$
!)
:o, many remote brunc"es
2
$)
(efau!t subnet $as/
2 2 2 11111111 11111111 11111111
5/at +it Subnet (Subnettin&)
)
:o, many bits barro,s
1
We "ave t,o remote sits t"en ,e see t"at tab!e for subnetting and c"ose bits1
+its
8 9 4 D 6 3 2
4ormula
5otal Subnets
28
9
*)
29 2
1 +it subnettin& ' 2 Subnets A#ailable
8E91 8621 81
4
B BBBBBBBB
2
24
8BBBBBBB 12.
86
2D
OR
9
26
4armula called +lock SiGe 9D6G 892K12.
64
23
892
22
K
9D6
K12.
-)
CustomiFe Subnet $as/
9DD
2%
19DD 19DD 1892
Address and *ange
Net I"
8E91862181B
6alid Ran&e
8E918621818 5o 8E91862181896
+road Cast I"
8E91862181893
8E91862181892
Net I"
8E9186218189E 5o 8E918621819D4
6alid Ran&e
+road Cast I"
0) C Result
5otal Address 12*
5otal Address 12*
8E918621819DD
Subnet $as/ Se!ection @94
@9D 12.
@96 102
F2 ' Subnets ask is 12.
@93 22$
@92 2$
@9E 2$.
@B 22
@8 2$
1) :o, many "osts (22D1 K23) 5otal @osts(12.D2) Bsable @osts(12*)
2) ;9ample of Subnettin& C/iniot ocal Router
a/ore
6e/ari
Jarac/i
Sar od/a
Isalamabad
4aisalabad
H/an&
%es/awar
I% Address A#ailable 1
Ans= *emember t"at t"ese t"ings1
1)
W"at is your c!ass Address
Class A
2)
:o, many net,or/s bits
.
!)
:o, many remote brunc"es
.
$)
(efau!t subnet $as/
2 11111111
)
:o, many bits barro,s
!
5/ese +its Subnet (Subnettin&)
We "ave t,o remote !abs t"en ,e see t"at tab!e for subnetting and c"ose bits1
+its
4ormula
5otal Subnets
28
8
9
29
9
4
2
2
24
4
86
2D
D
9
26
6
64
23
3
892
22
2
*)
! +it subnettin& ' . Subnets A#ailable
9D6
%ossible combination 1
B B B B B B B B B B 8 B B B B B !2 B 8 B B B B B B *$ B 8 8 B B B B B 0* 8 B B B B B B B 12. 8 B 8 B B B B B 1* 8 8 B B B B B B 102 8 8 8 B B B B B 22$
OR 4armula called +lock SiGe 9D6G994K!2 K K!2 K*$ K0* K12. K1* K102 K22$
-)
CustomiFe Subnet $as/
9DD
2%
1994 1B
1B
Address and *ange
Net I"
8B1B1B1B
6alid Ran&e
8B181B1B 5o 8B1 B1B1B
+road Cast I"
8B1 819DD19DD
5otal Address 20-1
Net I"
8B1 91B1B
6alid Ran&e
8B1 1B1B 5o 8B1 691B1B
+road Cast I"
8B1 619DD19DD
Net I"
8B1 641B1B
6alid Ran&e
8B1 6D1B1B 5o 8B1 E41B1B
+road Cast I"
8B1 ED19DD19DD
Net I"
8B1 E61B1B
6alid Ran&e
8B1 E31B1B 5o 8B1 8961B1B
+road Cast I"
8B1 89319DD19DD
Net I"
8B1 8921B1B
6alid Ran&e
8B1 89E1B1B 5o 8B1 8D21B1B
+road Cast I"
8B1 8DE1B1B
Net I"
8B1 86B1B1B
6alid Ran&e
8B1 8681B1B 5o 8B1 8EB1B1B
+road Cast I"
8B1 8E81B1B
Net I"
8B1 8E91B1B
6alid Ran&e
8B1 8E1B1B 5o 8B1 9991B1B
+road Cast I"
8B1 991B1B
Net I"
8B1 9941B1B
6alid Ran&e
8B1 99D1B1B 5o 8B1 9D41B1B
+road Cast I"
0)
8B1 9DD1B1B
Subnet ask Selection
5otal Address 20-1
5otal Address 20-1
5otal Address 20-1
5otal Address 20-1
5otal Address 20-1
5otal Address 20-1
5otal Address 20-1
A Result
@2
@E 12.
@8B 102
@88 22$
@89 2$
@8 2$.
@84 22
@8D 2$
F11 ' Subnets ask is 22$
1) :o, many "osts (294D! K298) 5otal @osts(20-12D2) Bsable @osts(20-1)
!) ;9ample of Subnettin& 5otal Remote +runc/es are 2$. I% Address A#ailable 1-21
Ans= *emember t"at t"ese t"ings1
1)
W"at is your c!ass Address
Class +
2)
:o, many net,or/s bits
1*
!)
:o, many remote brunc"es
2$.
$)
(efau!t subnet $as/
2
2
11111111 11111111 +its
8 9 4 D 6 3 2 E 8B 88
4ormula
28 29 2 2
5otal Subnets
9 4
)
2
We "ave t,o remote !abs t"en ,e see t"at tab!e for subnetting and c"ose bits1
4
2D 26 23 22 2E 2 8B 2 88
86
:o, many bits barro,s
9 64 892 9D6 D89 8B94 9B42
11 +it subnettin& ' 2$. Subnets A#ailable
11
5/ese +its Subnet (Subnettin&)
*)
%ossible combination 1-2
1
BBBBBBBB BBBBBBBB BBBBBBBB BBBBBBBB BBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBB BB8BBBBB B8BBBBBB B88BBBBB 8BBBBBBB
BBBBBBBB BBBBBBBB
8 B 8 B B B B B 1* 8 8 B B B B B B 102
BBBBBBBB BBBBBBB8 BBBBBBB8 BBBBBBB8
888BBBBB BBBBBBBB BB8BBBBB B8BBBBBB
OR 4armula called +lock SiGe 9D6G994K!2 !2 *$ 0* 12. 1* 102 22$ 1 1 !2 1 *$
-)
CustomiFe Subnet $as/
9DD
2%
199D 19DD 1994
Address and *ange
Net I"
83918B1B1B
6alid Ran&e
83918B181B
!2 *$ 0* 12.
22$ 1 1 !2 1 *$
5o 8391 8B1B1B +road Cast I"
8391 8B1819DD
Net I"
8391 8B191B
6alid Ran&e
8391 8B11B 5o 8391 8B1691B
+road Cast I"
0)
5otal Address !
5otal Address !
8391 8B1619DD
Subnet ask Selection
+ Result
@86
@83 12.
@82 102
@8E 22$
@9B 2$
@98 2$.
@99 22
@9 2$
+ Result
@94
@9D 12.
@96 102
@93 22$
@92 2$
@9E 2$.
@B 22
@8 2$
F2' Subnets ask is 222$
1) :o, many "osts (21*D11 K2) 5otal @osts(!2) Bsable @osts(!)
6S(6erable en&t/ Subnet ask)
A 3aste of Space
Q:
When to Use VLSM?
A variab!e !engt" subnet mas/ is a means of a!!ocating IP addressing resources to subnets according to t"eir individua! need rat"er t"an some genera! net,or/G,ide ru!e1 So t"erefore t"e net,or/@"ost division can occur at any bit boundary in t"e address1 )ecause t"e norma! c!ass distinctions are ignored0 t"e ne, system ,as ca!!ed classless routin& 1 T"is !ed to t"e origina! system being ca!!ed0 by bac/Gformation0 classful routin& 1 C!ass!ess routing came into use in t"e mid 8EEBs due to t"e inefficiences of t"e c!assfu! system1
Networking Sche$e Mumbai 192.168.10.64/27
!%
W! 192.168.10.129 an# 1"0
192.168.10.128/"0 W! 192.198.10.1"" an# 1"4
!
!
!
192.168.10.1"2/"0 W! 192.198.10.1"7 an# 1"8
192.168.10.1"6/"0
&!
1!
%an&a'o(e 192.168.10.0/26 S$#ne$ 192.168.10.96/28
;9ample of 6S Address 8E91862181B1
!% Sin&a)o(e 192.168.10.112/28
Subnets
@osts
2
*
2
!2
2
1
2
6 4
&! 1'!.1&%.1.0(!& )* 1'!.1&%.1.&3(!&
6 4
&! 1'!.1&%.1.0(!& )* 1'!.1&%.1.&3(!&
-) I% Routin& ;ncapsulation 5opic
6 4
6 4
We can encapsu!ate interface not router1 T"ere are five statuses1 @ardware %art Indicate
Software %art Indicate
Seria! B@B is up0
!ine protoco! is up
(Communication will accord)
Int in up0
!ine protoco! is down
(No Communication accord)
Int in down
!ine protoco! is up
(No Communication accord)
Int in down
!ine protoco! is down
(No Communication accord)
Int in administrati#ely down
!ine protoco! is down
(No Communication accord)
%rotocol A uniform set of ru!es t"at enab!e t,o devices to connect and transmit data to one anot"er1 Protoco!s determine "o, data are transmitted bet,een computing devices and over net,or/s1 T"ey define issues suc" as error contro! and data compression met"ods1 T"e protoco! determines t"e fo!!o,ing7 type of error c"ec/ing to be used0 data compression met"od #if any%0 "o, t"e sending device ,i!! indicate t"at it "as finis"ed a message and "o, t"e receiving device ,i!! indicate t"at it "as received t"e message1 A!so ca!!ed protoco! is a !anguage1
;ncapsulation %rotocol )y defau!t encapsu!ation protoco! is :(LC(@i&/ le#el "ata ink) 1 We can c"ange protoco! but t"at is in your mind if ,e ,ant to communication bet,een t,o routers t"en bot" protoco!s is same1
A;nable AConfi&ure 5erminal A#config%Interface Serial F A#configGif%;ncapsulation %%% A#configGif% ;9it A#config%;9it AS/ow ;nterface Serial T"en ,e ,i!! see Int in up 0!ine protoco! is down * A%in& 11
( %ackets Send IC %rotocol)
OOOOO
Success rate is B percent #B@D%0 roundGtrip min@avg@ma;9@2@D6 ms T"ere is no communication accord if ,e ,ant communication begun bet,een router t"en ,e fo!!o, t"ese commands1
A;nable AConfi&ure 5erminal A#config%Interface Serial F A#configGif%No ;ncapsulation A#configGif% ;9it A#config%;9it AS/ow Interface Serial F T"en ,e ,i!! see Int in up 0!ine protoco! is up * A%in& 11 OOOOO
Success rate is 8BB percent #D@D%0 roundGtrip min@avg@ma;9@2@D6 ms T"ere is communication started1
If ,e ,ant to administrative!y do,n t"e interface !in/ (Some times administrator /imself down t/e interface t/at is called administrati#ely s/utdown) .or t"at particu!ar ,or/ ,e need t"ese commands1 A;nable AConfi&ure 5erminal A#config%Interface Serial F A#configGif%S/utdown A#configGif% ;9it A#config%;9it AS/ow Interface Serial T"en ,e ,i!! see Seria! B is administrati#ely down 0 !ine protoco! is down * Apin& 11 OOOOO
Success rate is B percent #B@D%0 roundGtrip min@avg@ma;9@2@D6 ms T"ere is no communication accord0 if ,e ,ant communication begun bet,een router t"en ,e go to A;nable AConfi&ure 5erminal A#config%Interface Serial F A#configGif%No S/utdown A#configGif% ;9it A#config%;9it AS/ow Interface Serial F T"en ,e ,i!! see Int in up 0!ine protoco! is up *
A%in& 11 OOOOO
Success rate is 8BB percent #D@D%0 roundGtrip min@avg@ma;9@2@D6 ms T"ere is communication started1
If ,e can not understand t"e prob!em comp!ete!y or ne, on t"e ob1 T"en ,e type t"e 4 commands1 T"ese commands ,i!! magica!!y ,or/ and a!! prob!ems ,i!! so!ve if p"ysica! Layer error not e;ist1 )ecause t"at error is router interna! error1 8%
A#configGif)L No S/utdown
9%
A#configGif)L No ;ncapsulation
%
A#configGif% Jeepali#e
4%
A#configGif% Clock Rate *$
ne important point /eep in your mind c!oc/ rate a!,ays configure in (C- end1 )ecause ,"en ,e connect to t,o routers t"en ,"ic" cab!e ,or/ is one side 5(T- and second side 5(C-1 If ,e configure QC!oc/ rate 64BBB command t"en IS#Internet,or/ing perating System% message t"at 5T"is is (-T end and not configure t"at command and Some IS #Internet,or/ing perating System% accept t"at 5C!oc/ rate 64BBB command on 5(T- end but no ,or/ at a!!1
I% Routin& 5opic %urpose
Comp!etion of routing tab!e #every inte!!igent device "ave tab!e0 *outer 5*outing tab!e S,itc" S,itc"ing tab!e%1*outing tab!e comp!ete ca!!ed convergence A S/ow I% Route T"at command s"o, ip routing tab!e1 C C
1F. is directly connected8 Serial 1021*.1F2$ is directly connected8 4ast;t/ernetF
7C: ,ord mentions t"at system direct!y connected to net,or/1 A pin point is t"at t"ere is on!y s"o, net,or/ I(>s not disp!ay IP address1
T"ere is t,o ,ays to comp!ete routing tab!e1 8% 9%
1)
Static *outing Protoco! (ynamic *outing Protoco!
Static et/od (Static Routin& %rotocol)
We ,i!! define one static route define1 -ntry ,i!! be mentioned c"aracter 7S: in routing tab!e
11
21 Serial F
Serial F
A
+ 1021*.1
1021*.11
4asteat/ernet F
4asteat/ernet F
et/od= issin& ;t/er net
A#config% ip route
21
issin& ;t/er net
A#config% ip route
1021*.11
issin& Subnet ask
2 issin& Subnet ask
222
issin& Router
1 issin& Router
2
A s/ow ip route C S S C
81B1B1B@2 is direct!y connected0 Seria! B 1F. is directly connected8 SerialF 1021*.F2$ M1F #ia 11 8E91862181B@94 is direct!y connected0 .ast-t"ernetB@B
T"is is Static route0 but on!y met"od not practica! in t"ese days1 If 8BB net,or/ t"en ,e add separate 8BB entries t"at is not possib!e no, a days and in routing tab!e entry s"o, ,it" 7S: c"aracter1
1)
"ynamic et/od
T"at is met"od of !atest tec"no!ogy1 T"ere are if ,e comp!ete t"e routing tab!e t"en ,e ,i!! define t"e routing protoco!1 T"ese are given be!o, 8% 9% % 4%
RI% IR% ;IR% OS%4
#*outing Information protoco!% #Interior +ate,ay *outing Protoco!% #-n"anced Interior +ate,ay *outing Protoco!% #pen S"ortest Pat" .irst%
%roperties %rotocol
RI%
IR%
;IR%
OS%4
%rotocol Cate&ory A"
(istance ector 89B
(istance ector 8BB
:ybrid EB@83B
Lin/ State 88B
#Administrative (istance%
eanin&= T"is is preference criteria #if ,e t,o protoco! configure t"en ,"ic" protoco! s"o,s in t"e routing tab!e% %resentation In * I ( Routin& table eanin&= (isp!ay in *outing Tab!e Composite Composite 8% )and Widt" 8% )and Widt" Cost atric :op Count 9% (e!ay 9% (e!ay 8 % *e!iabi!ity % *e!iabi!ity )and ,idt" 4% Loading 4% Loading D% $TN D% $TN eanin&= (ecision Criteria Confi&uration
1)
RI% (Routin& Information protocol) Confi&uration
In t"is protoco! ,e direct!y connected net,or/ advertised 11
12 Serial F
Serial F
A
+ 1021*.1
1021*.11
4asteat/ernet F
4asteat/ernet F
A ;nable A Confi&uration 5erminal A#config% Router RI% A#configGrouter% Network 11 A#configGrouter% Network 1021*.1 A#configGrouter% ;9it A#config% ;9it A S/ow I% Route C C R
8B1B1B1B@2 is direct!y connected0 Seria!B@B 8E918621B1B@94 is direct!y connected0 .ast-t"ernetB@B 1021*.1F2$ M12F1 #ia 128 ==18 SerialF
A %in& 12 OOOOO
Success rate is 8BB percent #D@D%0 roundGtrip min@avg@ma;9@2@D6 Second Router
) ;nable ) Confi&uration 5erminal )#config% Router RI% )#configGrouter% Network 12 )#configGrouter% Network 1021*.11 )#configGrouter% ;9it )#config% ;9it )S/ow I% Route C R C
8B1B1B1B@2 is direct!y connected0 Seria!B@B 1021*.F2$ M12F1 #ia 118 ==28 SerialF 8E91862181B@94 is direct!y connected0 .ast-t"ernetB@B
) pin& 11 OOOOO
Success rate is 8BB percent #D@D%0 roundGtrip min@avg@ma;9@2@D6 7R: c"aracter is representing *IP protoco! entry1 We can c"ec/ IP protoco!
) S/ow I% %rotocols *outing Protoco! is 5rip
!)
IR% (Interior ateway Routin& %rotocol) Confi&uration 11
12 Serial F
Serial F
A
+ 1021*.1
1021*.11
4asteat/ernet F
4asteat/ernet F
A ;nable A Confi&uration 5erminal A#config% Router IR% 1
( Autnums System Number) Same Aadministrative po!icies 'nder "aving same routing po!icies
A#configGrouter% Network 11 A#configGrouter% Network 1021*.1 A#configGrouter% ;9it A#config% ;9it A S/ow I% Route C I C
8B1B1B1B@2 is direct!y connected0 Seria! B@B 1021*. M1F1$-* #ia 128 Serial 1F 8E91862181B@94 is direct!y connected0 .ast-t"ernetB@B
A %in& 12 OOOOO
Success rate is 8BB percent #D@D%0 roundGtrip min@avg@ma;9@2@D6 Second Router
) ;nable ) Confi&uration 5erminal )#config% Router IR% 1
( Autnums System Number) Same Aadministrative po!icies 'nder "aving same routing po!icies
)#configGrouter% Network 12 )#configGrouter% Network 1021*.11 )#configGrouter% ;9it )#config% ;9it ) S/ow I% Route C R C
81B1B1B@2 is direct!y connected0 Seria! B 1021*. M1F1$-* #ia 118 Serial 1F 8E91862181B@94 is direct!y connected0 .ast-t"ernetB@B
) %in& 11 OOOOO
Success rate is 8BB percent #D@D%0 roundGtrip min@avg@ma;9@2@D6
7I: c"aracter is representing I+*P protoco! entry
!)
;IR%(;n/ance Interior ateway Routin& %rotocol)Confi&uration 11
12 Serial F
Serial F
A
+ 1021*.1
1021*.11
4asteat/ernet F
4asteat/ernet F
A ;nable A Confi&uration 5erminal A#config% Router ;IR% 1
( Autnums System Number) Same Aadministrative po!icies 'nder "aving same routing po!icies
A#configGrouter% Network 11 A#configGrouter% Network 1021*.1 A#configGrouter% ;9it A#config% ;9it A S/ow I% Route C C "
8B1B1B1B@2 is direct!y connected0 Seria!B@B 8E918621B1B@94 is direct!y connected0 .ast-t"ernetB@B 1021*.1F2$ M0F21-2$1* #ia 128 ==8 SerialF
A %in& 12 OOOOO
Success rate is 8BB percent #D@D%0 roundGtrip min@avg@ma;9@2@D6 Second Router
) ;nable ) Confi&uration 5erminal )#config% Router ;IR% 1
( Autnums System Number) Same Aadministrative po!icies 'nder "aving same routing po!icies
)#configGrouter% Network 12 )configGrouter% Network 1021*.11 )#configGrouter% ;9it )#config% ;9it ) S/ow I% Route C " C
8B1B1B1B@2 is direct!y connected0 Seria!B@B 1021*.F2$ M0F21-2$1* #ia 118 =1=$28 SerialF 8E91862181B@94 is direct!y connected0 .ast-t"ernetB@B
) %in& 11 OOOOO
Success rate is 8BB percent #D@D%0 roundGtrip min@avg@ma;9@2@D6 7": c"aracter is representing I+*P protoco! entry
$)
OS%4(Open S/ortest %at/ 4irst)Confi&uration
W"at ,as t"e re?uirement of SP.<
W"en ,e configure 5*IP 5I+*P 5 -I+*P or ot"er protoco!s t"en t"ese protoco! run a!! interfaces of t"e router but 5SP. is t"at protoco! run on!y one interface if ,e run1 SP. is very secure protoco!1 If ,e use 5*IP protoco! t"en main disadvantage is t"at after B second put routing tab!e and send for updates#Live environment t"at is very big disadvantage of t"at protoco! because t"ere norma!!y data siFe consist on 8BBB $) and particu!ar ,or/ ,aste 9 and second every updates1%1 In ,or!d 2D use SP. 8 )+P and 9 ot"er1 SP. can be configuring sing!e interface0 sing!e !in/0 sing!e net,or/ and sing!e subnets1 SP. "ave po,ered by dint of 73I"CAR" ASJ: 3/at is 3I"CAR" ASJ> Which of the following network commands , following the 'router ospf 1' command, tells the router to start using OSPF on interfaces whose ip addresses are 10.1.1.1, 10.1.100.1, and 10.1.120.1 !" network 10.1.1.0 2##.0.0.0 area 0 $" network 10.0.0.0 0.2##.2##.0 area 0 %" network 10.0.0.0 2##.0.0.0 area 0 &" network 0.0.0.0 2##.2##.2##.2## area 0
3I"CAR" ASJ Concept
Norma!!y ,e !isten about WIL(CA*( $ASR t"at reverse of S')N-T $ASR1 )ut t"is is ,rong concept1 9DD19DD19DD1B B 1B 1B 19DD
As a ru!e ,rong because t"is is va!id WIL(CA*( $ASR
"efinition of Subnet ask
Subnet $as/ is continue stream of B>s or 8>s1 )ut Wi!dcard $as/ is not same type1
Calculation of ultiple I% 3ildcard ask In "ecimal 4orm
8E9 1 8621 81 8 8E9 1 8621 91 8 8E9 1 8621 1 8 8E9 1 8621 41 8 -
In +inary 4orm
88BBBBBB8B8B8BBB1 BBBBBBB8 88BBBBBB8B8B8BBB1 BBBBBBB8 88BBBBBB8B8B8BBB11BBBBBBB8 88BBBBBB8B8B8BBB1 BBBBBBB8 111
Rule $ust $atc" 1 (on>t Care
Wi!dcard $as/ 8E9 1862 1 8 1 8 B1B131B Sin&le I% 3ildcard ask
8E9 1862 1 8 1 8
Wi!dcard $as/ B1B1B1B
1) OS%4 Sin&le Area Confi&uration
11
12 Serial F
Serial F
A
+ 1021*.1
1021*.11
4asteat/ernet F
4asteat/ernet
A ;nable A Confi&uration 5erminal A#config% Router OS%4 1 #*ange 8 to 6DD% A#configGrouter% Network 11 area A#configGrouter% Network 1021*.1 area A#configGrouter% ;9it A#config% ;9it A S/ow I% Route C C O
8B1B1B1B@2 is direct!y connected0 Seria!B@B 8E918621B1B@94 is direct!y connected0 .ast-t"ernetB@B 1021*.1F2$ M11F* #ia 128 ==1$8 SerialF
A %in& 12 OOOOO
Success rate is 8BB percent #D@D%0 roundGtrip min@avg@ma;9@2@D6 Second Router
) ;nable ) Confi&uration 5erminal )#config%Router OS%4 1 #*ange 8 to 6DD% )#configGrouter% Network 12 area )#configGrouter% Network 1021*.11 area )#configGrouter% ;9it )#config% ;9it ) S/ow I% Route C O C
8B1B1B1B@2 is direct!y connected0 Seria!B@B 1021*.F2$ M11F* #ia 118 ==28 SerialF 8E91862181B@94 is direct!y connected0 .ast-t"ernetB@B
) %in& 11 OOOOO
Success rate is 8BB percent #D@D%0 roundGtrip min@avg@ma;9@2@D6 7O: C"aracter is representing SP. protoco! entry
2) OS%4 ultiple Area confi&uration
11 Serial F
4ast;at/ernetF 1021*.1
12 Serial F 4ast;at/ernet F
A
+ Serial F1 21
1021*.11
1-21*1 4ast;at/ernet F
C Serial F1 22
A ;nable A Confi&uration 5erminal A#config% Router OS%4 1 #*ange 8 to 6DD% A#configGrouter% Network 11 area A#configGrouter% Network 21 area 1 A#configGrouter% Network 1021*.1 area A#configGrouter% ;9it A#config% ;9it A S/ow I% Route
C C O C O
8B1B1B1B@2 is direct!y connected0 Seria!B@B 9B1B1B1B@2 is direct!y connected0 Seria!B@8 1-21*F1* M11F* #ia 228 ==28 SerialF1 8E918621B1B@94 is direct!y connected0 .ast-t"ernetB@B 1021*.1F2$ M11F* #ia 128 =2=!8 SerialF
A %in& 12 OOOOO
Success rate is 8BB percent #D@D%0 roundGtrip min@avg@ma;9@2@D6 A %in& 22 OOOOO
Success rate is 8BB percent #D@D%0 roundGtrip min@avg@ma;9@2@D6
Second Router ) ;nable ) Confi&uration 5erminal )#config% Router OS%4 1 #*ange 8 to 6DD% ) #configGrouter% Network 12 area ) #configGrouter% Network 1021*.11 area ) #configGrouter% ;9it )#config% ;9it ) S/ow I% Route
C O O
8B1B1B1B@2 is direct!y connected0 Seria!B@B IA 2F. M11F12. #ia 118 =!=28 SerialF IA 1-21*F1* M11F120 #ia 118 =!=28 SerialF
C
8E918621B1B@94 88B@6DU via 8B1B1B180 BB7B7B90 Seria!B@B 8E91862181B@94 is direct!y connected0 .ast-t"ernetB@B
) %in& 11 OOOOO
Success rate is 8BB percent #D@D%0 roundGtrip min@avg@ma;9@2@D6 ) %in& 21 OOOOO
Success rate is 8BB percent #D@D%0 roundGtrip min@avg@ma;9@2@D6
5/ird Router C ;nable C Confi&uration 5erminal C#config% Router OS%4 1 #*ange 8 to 6DD% C #configGrouter% Network 22 area 1 C #configGrouter% Network 1-21*1 area 1 C #configGrouter% ;9it C#config% ;9it C S/ow I% Route
O C C O O
IA 1F. M11F12. #ia 218 =22=$08 SerialF1 9B1B1B1B@2 is direct!y connected0 Seria!B@8 8391861B1B@86 is direct!y connected0 .ast-t"ernetB@B IA 1021*.F2$ M11F* #ia 218 =22=$08 SerialF1 IA 1021*.1F2$ M11F120 #ia 218 =22=$08 SerialF1
C %in& 11 OOOOO
Success rate is 8BB percent #D@D%0 roundGtrip min@avg@ma;9@2@D6 C %in& 12 OOOOO
Success rate is 8BB percent #D@D%0 roundGtrip min@avg@ma;9@2@D6
7O A1: c"aracter is representing mu!tip!e area configuration SP. protoco! entry
3/at is t/e difference between +road cast ' flooded cast> .!ooded cast can be a!so mu!ticast1
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