Final Year Report

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DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF SOLAR POWER SYSTEM BY USING HOMER SOFTWARE

by

MOHD RADHI BIN MUSA

Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering

JUN M 11

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Alhamdulillah, praise to Allah s.w.t for His Kindness and Merciful to let me successful finish this final project and report.

My utmost gratitude goes to my supervisor Mr. Tunku Muhammad Nizar bin Tunku Mansor for guidance, valuable advice and very helpful in process finish this project. I¶m also gave this appreciation for Mr. Baharuddin, Mr. Muzaidi and Mr. Norjasmi for real guidance and suggestion to improve this report.

Also thanks for my beloved mom Nik Eshah Nik Mahmood, my father Musa Sulong, my inspiration and beloved wife Hazanal Suzima Hassan, two energetic and motivation sons Irfan, Mu¶iz and coming soon another prince charming for their really moral, spiritual, financial and physical support to make sure completed this project.

Not forget my colleagues Umi, Alif, Azim, Fadhlan, Joe and others for directly and indirectly support thanks a lot may Allah bless all of you.

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I hereby declare that my Final Year Project Thesis is the result of my research work under supervision of Mr. Tunku Muhammad Nizar bin Tunku Mansur. All literature sources used for the writing of this thesis have been adequately referenced.

Name

: MOHD RADHI BIN MUSA

Matrix number

:
1 1D 

Supervisor

: MR TUNKU MUHAMMAD NIZAR B TUNKU MANSOR

Title of thesis

: DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF SOLAR POWER SYSTEM BY USING HOMER SOFTWARE

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Candidate¶s signature: «««««««

Supervisor signature: ««««««««

Date: ««««««««««««««

Date: ««««««««««««««..

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This project report titled Design And Optimization Of Solar Power System by Using Homer Software was prepared and submitted by Mohd Radhi bin Musa (Matrix Number:
1 1D  and has been found satisfactory in terms of scope, quality and presentation as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical System Engineering in Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP.

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Background

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1.M

Overview of Solar Power System

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1.^

Overview of Photovoltaic System

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1.D

Overview of Stand Alone PV System

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1.ü

Overview of HOMER software

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Problem Statements

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Objectives

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Scope of Projects

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Report Outline

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Photovoltaic (PV Power



M.1.1 PV Cell, Module and Array




M.1.M I-V and P-V Curves

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M.1.^ Design Consideration

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Battery

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M.M.1 Battery Storage Capacity

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Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT

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M.^.1 MPPT Systems Work

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M.^.M DC to DC Converter

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M.D

Inverter

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Introduction of HOMER Software

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M.ü.1 History of HOMER Software

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M.ü.M Usage of HOMER Software

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M.ü.^ Simulation with HOMER Software

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Introduction

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Design Calculation

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^.M.1 Selected Site

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^.M.M Climate Information

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^.M.^ Meteorological Data

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Load Analysis

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^.^.1 Estimating the Load

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Design Solar Power System

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System Cost

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^.ü.1 PV Module

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^.ü.M Battery Banks

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^.ü.^ Converter

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^.ü.D Design Capital Cost

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Introduction

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Analysis Component Part

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D.M.1 Load and Temperature Data

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D.M.M Solar Radiation Data

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D.M.^ Wind Speed Data

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Simulation by Using HOMER Software

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Selected Load

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D.^.M Initial Setup

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D.^.^ Simulation Result

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Discussion

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Growth of photovoltaic generation capacity in Malaysia




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Trojan deep cycle lead acid battery characteristics

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Data solar irradiation from internet

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Daily Average Solar Insolation in kWh/mM (MMD

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Electrical performance under STC for Suntech STP 1^ -1M/Tb

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Electrical and mechanicals characteristics for Trojan T-1 ü

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Average daily PV energy produced

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Estimate capital cost for each component

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Solar radiation data at Ulu Pauh, Arau (M X

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Wind speed data at Ulu Pauh, Arau (M X

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Arrangement of PV cell, module and array

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History development of global cumulative PV power installed per region




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P-N junction of PV cell generating electricity



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Equivalent PV electrical circuit

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Current/Power vs. Voltage characteristics at Mü C

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Solar altitude and solar azimuth angles

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Used of bypass diode to mitigate shading

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Effect of temperature to I-V curve

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Stand Alone PV system

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Lead acid battery discharge rate and temperature

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Sine wave output inverter

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Flow chart of the project methodology

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Location Arau in the map

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Location Ulu Pauh, Arau, Perlis

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Humidity and Air Pressure at Ulu Pauh, Arau, Perlis

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Air and Ground Temperature at Ulu Pauh, Arau, Perlis

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Solar radiation and Wind at Ulu Pauh, Arau, Perlis

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Design of PV System for selected load

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Average monthly energy produced and demand

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Interface of HOMER software

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Schematic of hybrid power system

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Primary load inputs

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Characteristics PV inputs

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Characteristics wind turbine inputs

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Characteristics battery inputs

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Characteristics converter inputs

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Characteristics solar resource inputs

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Characteristics wind resources inputs

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Optimization result for given schematic diagram

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Overall results for the schematic diagram given

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Result for costing

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Simulation result for the PV

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Simulation result for the wind turbine

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Simulation result for the battery

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Simulation result for the converter

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Simulation result for electrical part c

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Phototovoltaic

DC

Direct Current

MPP

Maximum Power Point

MPPT

Maximum Power Point Tracker

HOMER

Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables

NOCT

Nominal Operating Cell Temperature

Tcell

Temperature cell

Tamb.

Temperature ambient

SOC

State of Charge

MMD

Malaysian Meteorological Department

MDOD

Maximum Depth of Discharge

kW

kilowatt

kWh

kilowatt hour M

Whr/m

Watt hour / meterM

Voc

Voltage open circuit

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Current short circuit

VM

Voltage maximum

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Current Maximum

VR

Voltage rated

IR

Current rated

ØS

Solar azimuth angle

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Solar altitude angle

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Ampere hourc

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Dalam era kenaikan harga minyak yang melambung tinggi dipasaran maka semua pihak mulai mencari-cari sumber tenaga alternatif. Sumber tenaga alternatif sebenarnya adalah bebas daripada pencemaran, lebih senang diperolehi dan yang paling penting adalah boleh diguna semula. Terlalu banyak contoh sumber alternatif seperti tenaga angin, tenaga geoterma, tenaga air mahupun tenaga solar. Namun begitu tenaga solar boleh diperolehi secara terus daripada pancaran sinaran matahari seperti menggunakan sistem µphotovoltaic¶ ataupun menggunakan konsep pemanasan haba seperti µconcentrating solar power¶. Sistem µphotovoltaic¶ berdikari umumnya mempunyai µMaximum Power Point Tracking¶ (MPPT, bateri, alat kawalan dan penyonsang. Gabungan sistem ini akan membentuk kemampuan yang lebih efektif kepada orang awam di mana sahaja dan di dalam apa jua keadaan. Projek ini akan menggunakan tenaga tidak lebih daripada M

watt di mana objektif utama adalah ianya

berdikari dan sesuai digunakan bersama alatan elektrik yang lain. Pengoptimuman kuasa dan penggunaannya akan dapat dianalisa dan disimulasi oleh analisa beban dan perisian HOMER.

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In an era of high energy prices, many people are looking to use alternative sources of energy. The alternative energy sources are the pollution free, friendly user, their availability is free and can be renewable. From a lot of sources such as wind energy, geothermal energy, hydro energy and solar energy the most useful and accessibility are the solar energy. From the solar power, sunlight can convert to electricity directly using Photovoltaic¶s (PV or indirectly which using Concentrating Solar Power (CSP. This stand alone photovoltaic system mainly consist Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT, batteries bank, controller and inverter. These hybrid systems develop to assure satisfactory performance to people at any where, any situation and any condition. This project solar power system is build to allow power not more than M

watt which main objective was to implement the portable system for flexible

usage and optimization for individual applications. This project also can be determined and analyze by Load Analysis and Homer software.

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2"#, c This chapter focused on Stand Alone Solar Power system and the research of

designing, building, operating and analyzing the system. It also explained on the significances of using HOMER software to analyze, optimize and simulate that system.

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$"$-8c0c#/"c#8"c&.+1c Energy comes in various different forms such as light, heat, electric and other

else. Basically energy is changing from one form to another form. Nowadays there are another ways to get electrical energy more convenient, free pollution, unlimited and renewable like using solar energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy and wind energy. The sun constantly gives the energy carried through the space as electromagnetic radiation. Most of the solar energy that goes through the earth surface is in form of visible light. Actually the earth receives energy in just one hour from the sun more than what is consumed in the whole world for one year. From solar energy it¶s become to the

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solar power by using Photovoltaic (PV. The advantages of solar power are environmental friendly, more independent system and low cost for maintenance.

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$"$-8c0c#+#$#/+-c&.+1c The Photovoltaic (PV actually another name for solar cell which photo means

µlight¶ and voltaic refers to electricity [1]. Meanwhile a group of solar cells are called a solar panel. Fortunately the PV effect was discovered in 1
^ by French physicist Edmond Becquerel [M].

The PV system was less time designing and installing, highly modular static structure, noiseless, high power capability, longer life with little maintenance, charge itself and very light weight. This PV panel made up of a semiconductor material that converts the light into energy. Their concepts are very simple and similarly like p-n junction diode. From the sunlight, solar radiation will strike the PV panel and then the cell at panel will convert solar radian to the Direct Current (DC electricity.

Actually at PV panel cell, the photons of the absorbed sunlight removes the electrons from the atom and then move out automatically filling the holes in that cell. The flow of the electron is equivalent to the amount of ambient light absorbed by the panel cell. This flow of electrons to the load stop when the sunlight provided does not generate enough energy to allow the electrons to break free from their bonds.

Basically one single cell can produces about .ü volt and then they are connected together to form modules (combination of ^X cells. Combination connected of modules can form larger units called arrays as shown by Figure 1.1 below. The system of PV applications comes in three forms; stand alone (off grid, grid connected and hybrid system.

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Figure 1.1: Arrangement of PV Cell, Module and Array [^] (6c

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The stand alone PV system completely independent applications and obviously has been practical by domestic industries such as for the street lighting systems and cost are more effective.cIn order to ensure the supply of the stand alone system with electric power also in the times without radiation such as at night or with very low radiation (strong cloud cover, stand alone systems mostly have an integrated storage system [D].

So this stand alone solar power system is comprised of several units of components such as PV panel, switches, batteries, Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT, inverter and meters. Presently a lot of the stand alone PV systems appliances are used such as solar calculators, solar watches, traffic light or street lighting. Mostly nowadays the rural area and the residential are using the stand alone PV systems. The advantages of the stand alone PV systems is more cheap, easy to installing and transporting meanwhile the disadvantages are it cannot generate high amount of electricity and use a lot of batteries. c c c

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$"$-8c0c#1"c#0+8"c The HOMER energy modeling software is powerful tool for designing hybrid

power systems, which contain a mix of conventional generators, cogeneration, wind turbines, solar photovoltaic, hydropower, batteries, fuel cells, biomass and other inputs [ü]. HOMER software simulates and optimizes stand-alone and grid-connected power 1 c

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systems. This computer model will simplifies the task of evaluating design options for both off-grid and grid-connected power systems for remote, stand alone, and Distributed Generation (DG applications. HOMER's optimization and sensitivity analysis algorithms allow the user to evaluate the economic and technical feasibility of a large number of technology options and to account for uncertainty in technology costs, energy resource availability, and other variables.

HOMER models both conventional and renewable energy technologies consists: ac Power sources including Solar Photovoltaic, Wind Turbine, run of river hydro power, diesel, gasoline and biogas generator, electric utility grid, micro turbine, fuel cell. bc Storage including battery bank, hydrogen, flow batteries and flywheels. cc Loads including daily profiles with seasonal variation, deferrable (water pumping and refrigeration, thermal and efficiency measures.

Engineers and non-professionals like to use HOMER to run simulations of different energy system compare the results and get a realistic projection of their capital and operating expenses. HOMER determines the economic feasibility of a hybrid energy system optimizes the system design and allows users to really understand how hybrid renewable systems work.

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Nowadays when used electrical appliances in several outdoor event there are quiet problem to obtain the power supplies. So it had certain alternatives like a portable generator or tapping from nearest residual power supply.

Even though this method is always done before but it delivered such big problem like short circuit, insufficient power supply and disturbance the people around with unnecessary sound and so many things. For a new solution from renewable energy 1
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which more effective and practical, the Stand Alone Solar Power system have been designed and developed. Meanwhile to make sure that system is reliable and efficient it must analyze and simulate with HOMER software.

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The main objectives to develop this project are: ac To design and develop an optimize solar power system bc To compare between solar energy or wind energy or hybrid system are useful at selected site cc To monitor the performance of this project by using Load Analysis dc To analyze and simulate by using µHOMER software¶ ec To create public awareness about green technology

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This project scope on: ac Designing the solar power system with certain small load such as electrical appliances bc Developing the optimize solar power system which compact, effective and convenient to the public cc Analyzing the performance by using Load Analysis dc Simulating optimization by using µHomer software¶ ec Creating public awareness regarding green technology

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