Final Thesis

AN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH: OIL EXTRACTED FROM MALUNGGAY AS AN ALTERNATIVE VEGETABLE COOKING OIL

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Hotel and Restaurant Management St. Michael’s College Iligan City

In partial fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management

KATHLEEN CLAIRE G. EBAO ANDRELOU BERNARD C. GEMELO NOVA ANDREA B. MONTERONA

October 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Title Page Table of Contents List of Figures

i ii iii

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING Introduction Theoretical Framework Conceptual Framework Statement of the Problem Significance of the Study Scope and Delimitation of the Study Definition of Terms

2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

3

RESEARCH METHOD The Research Design Locale of the Study Respondents of the Study Sampling Procedure Instrument Used Data Gathering Procedure Statistical Treatment of Data

1 2 3-4 5 5-6 6 7 8-10

11 11-12 13 13 13 13 14

LIST OF APPENDICIES Appendix A Letter to the Respondents Appendix B Questionnaire

15 16-18

REFERENCE LIST

19

CURRICULUM VITAE

20-22

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING Introduction In our country today, we are facing the problem of finding alternatives on our daily needs in a way that we can save more money but we would not be risking our health. In this research, we tried to find an alternative to the cooking oil we use today. As we all know, the oil process weep on increasing and all the economic problem is worsening every year. Our intention for this study is for us to be able to find an alternative vegetable oil in more cheaper way to compare to the other vegetable oil sold in the market. Malunggay (moringa oleifera) is a popular plant to known for nutritional value as well as a herbal medicine. Malunggay is a plant that grows in the tropical climates such as the Philippines, India, and Africa. Malunggay is widely used as vegetable ingredient in cooking, as a herbal medicine for a number of illness and other practical uses. The malunggay plant can grow to as high as nine leaflets. Malunggay has white fragrant flowers that produces long pods with three-angled winged seeds. This study will be expected to be finished at the end of the second semester Academic Year 2013-2014.

Theoretical Framework To establish a theory based on the malunggay as an alternative vegetable cooking oil, the theortical concept of determining the distinction between malunggay leaves and vegetable cooking oil in making a cheaper cooking oil is being considered. According to the Essentials of Moringa Oleifera Theory of Dr. Thurber states that there are three domains on determining the distinction between malunggay leaves and vegetable cooking oil in making a cheaper vegetable oil such as: The price, taste and effectiveness. It states that Malunggay or Moringa Oleifera had been a source of health and wellness to people from all walks of life. He defines the three domains in determining the distinction of malunggay and vegetable cooking oil and these are the following.

Price Price sometimes refers to the quantity of payment requested by a seller of goods or services, rather than the eventual payment amount. This requested amount is often called the asking price orselling price. Taste Taste, gustatory perception or gustation is one of the five traditional senses. Taste is the sensation produced when a substance in the mouth reacts chemically with receptors of taste buds. Taste, along with smell olfaction and trigeminal nerve stimulation which also handles touch for texture, also pain and temperature, determine the flavors, the sensory impressions of food or other substances. In relation to the malunggay, its tastes is more bitter than regular vegetable oil.

Effectiveness Effectiveness is the capability of producing a desired result. When something is deemed effective, it means it has an intended or expected outcome, or produces a deep, vivid impression.

Conceptual Framework This research study deals with Malunggay as an alternative vegetable cooking oil This research focus on the independent variables which are the profile of the respondents in the terms of occupation, gender and frequency of vegetable oil consumption and the dependent variables of this study is the comparison between Malunggay as an alternative vegetable cooking oil in terms of price, taste and effectiveness. Once these dimensions are known, the Researchers will come up with a proposed Malunggay as alternative to Vegetable oil.

Respondents Profile in Terms of:   

Occupation Gender Frequency of vegetable oil consumption

Oil Exctracted from Malunggay as an Alternative Vegetable Cooking Oil   

Price Taste Effectiveness

Oil Extracted from Malunggay as an Alternative Vegetable Oil

Figure 1. Research Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the Problem 1.) What is the profile of the respondents in terms of the following? 1.1 gender 1.2 frequency of vegetable oil consumption 1.3 occupation 2.) What is the respondent’s evaluation with regards to the Moringa Oleifera as an alternative vegetable cooking oil. 2.1 Price 2.2 Taste 2.3 Effectiveness 3.) Is there a significant difference between Moringa Oleifra as an alternative vegetable cooking oil in terms of the profle of the respondents?

Null Hypothesis Ho: There is no significant difference between the Moringa Oleifera as an alternative vegetable cooking oil in terms of Fat, Color, and Texture and the respondent’s profile. Significance of the Study The result of this study will provide some insights and information of Moringa Oleifera as an alternative vegetable cooking oil. Community: this study will benefit the community through giving them an idea to earn a living in a cost-efficient way and will lessen their expenses in having a cheaper cooking oil.

Costumers/ Buyers: this study will provide the buyer or customer a cheaper and healthy cooking oil. It also helps lessen their expenses for it only requires malunggay leaves which can be found or even planted at home and is easy to repoduce. Teachers: This study will enable the teachers to generate new ideas and relay vital information about the possible vegetable alternatives that is applicable in making cooking oil. Students: This study will provide students an expertise of reproducing vegetable cooking oil in a cost efficient way. Researches: This study will help researchers to gain more knowledge in their field of study and encourage them to discover and venture new ideas about vegetable cooking oil and its alternatives. Future Researchers: This study will support as a continuing references for the researches who are interested in studying the same field.

Scope and Delimitation This study focuses on determining the distinction between malunggay and vegetable cooking oil in making a cheaper oil in terms of Fat, Color, Texture. It includes 100 buyers from the residents of purok 9, brgy. Buruun. The Data gathering was done mainly through a self constructed questionnaire that was handled out to the respondents in brgy. Buruun, Iligan City. The scope of the study is limited only to the items included and asked in the questionnaire.

Definition of Terms: The following terms are hereby defined to help readers aquire better understanding of terms used in the study. Each is being defined conceptually and operationally: Alternatives: This refers to a proposition or situation offering a choice between two or more things only one of which may be chosen. (Meriam-Webster Dictionary Online). In this study, alternative means another option in having a healthier coffee. Dimensions: The amount or number of things that something affects or influences. (Meriam-Webster Dictionary Online). Distinction: The act of distinguishing; differentiation. (thefreedictionary.com). Economic: Relating to an economy : relating to the process or system by which goods and services are produced, sold, and bought. (Meriam-Webster Dictionaty Online). Monounsaturated Fats: These are fatty acids that have one double bond in the fatty acid chain and all of the remainder of the carbon atoms in the chain are single-bonded. (thefreedictionary.com). Moringa Oliefera: It is the scientific name of Malunggay. It is one of the highly nutritious vegetables. (wikipedia.org). In this study, Moringa Oliefera are used as an alternative to have cheaper and healthier vegetable cooking oil.

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents information, insights and other related literarture that show relationship to the present study. Related Literature The oil extracted from the leaves and seeds of malunggay contains vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, essential amino acids and substantial levels of live chlorophyll that help ensure optimum and balanced health. It has seven times more vitamin C than oranges, four times more vitamin A than carrots, four times more calcium than milk, three times more potassium than bananas, three times more iron than spinach, three times more vitamin E than almonds and two times more protein than yogurt. (Robbie Pangilinan, March 2013) Moringa Oil or Ben oil is obtained by pressing the seeds of Moringa Oilefera Tree. Moringa oil is the most stable oil, which is a good source of behenic acid and is used as a preservative in food industries. It is an excellent salad oil. The Moringa oil is odorless to mild nutty flavor. It is also used as vegetable cooking oil. Due to its high quantities of Oleic Acids (MonoUnsaturated Fatty Acid) is good for sautéing and deep frying. The bright yellow oil with a pleasant taste has been compared in quality with olive oil. It can also be used in dressings. The Moringa oil is clear, sweet and odorless, never becoming rancid. (Dr. Lydia M. Marero, Food and Nutrition Research Institute)

"Malunggay is one of the most useful tropical trees. Its young leaves are commonly cooked and eaten like spinach or used to make soups and salads; its dry seed can be ground to a powder and used for seasoning sauces; its flowers can be eaten after being lightly blanched or raw as a tasty addition to

salad; and the oil content of its kernel is used as lubricant for fine machinery and also as vegetable cooking oil". (Sen. Legarda, August 2013) Related Studies Danny Manayaga, head of Secura International, when we accidentally met last June 12 at the office of People and Advocacy. While waiting for our separate meetings, we got to talk about malunggay. “I just came from giving a briefing on malunggay to the CBCP and PAX, the association of ex-seminarians,” he said. He had an interesting story about his visit to a three-hectare malunggay farm in Cabugao, Ilocos Sur: “Would you believe, he is making 40,000 pesos a week from his malunggay sales!” How can that be? He said it is because he has a steady market that extends as far as Pangasinan among Ilocanos who eat the malunggay pods in their dinengdeng. I still couldn’t believe that a three-hectare malunggay farm would earn so much just from local markets. But our conversation turned to the global markets for malunggay. It was two years ago that I first heard about Danny and Secura International in connection with biotech. I was told that Secura had a patented biotech process for extracting “natural ingredients” of papaya and malunggay, which managed to pass EU standards. The demand was rising, and he was looking for partners who would plant malunggay, and sell him the leaves he needed. His initial projection was that he could absorb the produce of up to 15,000 hectares of malunggay. “How many hectares do you think are planted to malunggay in the whole Philippines?” I asked. Danny said there are around 30,000 hectares, but only in small family-sized farms, like the one in Cabugao. “That is not enough. We need 200,000 hectares,” he added. The reason is the new demand for malunggay oil as a biofuel. Danny said that he has already received a letter of intent from a North American Biofuels Inc. that wants to import oil extracted from the seeds of malunggay, which they call moringa, after its scientific name morigna oleifera.

Malunggay or moringa oil can also be used as cooking oil, but for now the global interest is in its use as biofuel. Since most Filipinos do not eat the seeds, but only the leaves, malunggay can be a source of both food and fuel. “In addition to the oil, we can use the remaining material as animal feed,” Danny said. “But we need to wash it first to remove the bitter taste. But the substance that causes the bitter taste can also be used as a coagulant.” I wondered aloud: “With these multiple potential of malunggay, why is there more hype about jathropa?” Danny’s response was a wry smile. He added a cautionary note on jathropa: “It is supposed to be planted on hilly places. But remember that jathropa is poisonous. When the fruits fall to the ground and are washed by rain into the rivers, they could kill the fish.” “How long does it take for a malunggay plant to bear fruit?” I asked. Just one year, I was told. I had to double check, since it seemed such a short time. I thought of asking my relatives to plant malunggay in Naujan, so I asked further: “How far apart do we plant malunggay?” The answer again surprised me. Malunggay can be planted only a meter apart. That’s why a hectare can have 10,000 malunggay trees. The average seed production is 2 kilos per tree, and Secura’s buying price per kilo can go up to 10 pesos. I did a quick calculation: That’s 200,000 pesos per hectare. Again, I had to double check, since it seems too good to be true. There was just one downer info: Malunggay is sensitive to too much water. That is the other side of its strength, which is its being drought resistant. That’s one more reason to push for a more decisive solution to the periodic flooding in Naujan. Before leaving the office, I picked up the publications of Bionet Pilipinas. One issue had a one-pager on malunggay whose title made me smile:Malunggay, ang Power Gulay. (Edicio Javier, Between Honesty and Hope, 2012)

Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHOD This chapter describes the research dsign, locale of the study, the respondents, sampling procedures, the research instrument used, the data gathering procedures and statistical treatment of data used in this study. Research Design This study made use of the experimental design form of research that will study the Malunggay or Moringa Oleifera as an alternative to vegetable cooking oil in terms of price, taste and effectiveness. This will also determine the profile in terms of occupation, gender and oil consumption. Self-made questionnaire will be used to gather the data and information.

Locale of the Study This study will be conducted in Buru-un, Iligan City. Buru-un is one of the barangay’s in Iligan City, which is part of the Mindanao group of islands. Buru-un is one of the barangay’s which are in the outlying area of Highly urbanized city Iligan City. The highly urbanized city Iligan City with a population of about 308, 046 and its 44 barangays belong to the partly urban areas in the Philippines. While some of the barangays developed modern urban structures, some others, especially those which are seated in the outlying areas, remained rural. By the end of 2007 Buru-un had 12, 041 residents.

Respondents of the Study This study will be conducted among 100 residents in Purok 9, Barangay Buru-un. The vegetable oil users will be chosen as the respondents of this study because they know the quality in determining vegetable oil’s price, taste and effectiveness. Sampling Procedure In this study, the researchers used the Purposive sampling method where the respondents will be purposely identified as parents from ages 21 and above. The sample population is the residents Barangay Buru-un who are vegetable oil user and will witness the Malunggay cooking oil as an alternative to the ordinary vegetable oil. A total of 100 vegetable oil user will be sampled in this study. Research Instrument Used In the process of gathering information, the researchers will use selfmade questionnaire to generate the information about the coffee drinkers in Barangay Buru-un The questionnaire will consist of two parts: the first part is the respondent’s profile in terms of occupation, gender and frequency of vegetable oil consumption. The second part is the description of price, taste and effectiveness. Data Gathering Procedure In conducting data gathering, a cover letter to the respondents will be attached to the survey questionnaire after it will be collected. The data will be thoroughly analyzed, process and tabulated in order to come up with a realistic results to ensure the validity of the study.

Statistical Treatment of Data The following statistical tools were used for the anlaysis of the data are: Frequency. Is a statistical tool which describe a group of information by classifying their different categories and then counting the time a particular observation occurs Percentage. Is used to measure the percentage of the respondents cover in the study. Weighted Mean. Is used to identify the respondents of vegetable oil users price, taste and effectiveness.

APPENDIX A

St. Michael's College Iligan City Higher Education Department

Dear Sir / Madam: Praise be Jesus and Mary! We, the undersigned 3rd year students of Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management of St. Michael's College are currently working on our thesis paper entitled: "Oil Extracted From Malunggay as a Alternative Vegetable Cooking Oil" as a requirement of our course. For this reason, we would like to distribute our questionnaire as our means of attaining the needed information and data. Rest assured that your responses will kept confidential and will be used only for the purpose of this study. We trust you to support this endeavor. Thank you. Respectfully yours, Kathleen Claire G. Ebao Andrelou Bernard C. Gemelo Nova Andrea B. Monterona Noted by: Daryl Glenn B. Pamplona Thesis Adviser

Prof. Emmanuel E. On M.B.E Dean, CHRM

APPENDIX B OIL EXTRACTED FROM MALUNGGAY AS AN ALTERATIVE VEGETABLE COOKING OIL

Questionnaire

Part I. Demographic Profile Direction: Kindly answer the following questions by putting a check mark on the boxes provided:

Name (Optional):

Occupation:

Gender:

Male

Female

Oil Consumption/Day: Once Twice Thrice 4 and above

Part II. Price, Taste, and Effectiveness in Malunggay Vegetable Cooking Oil Direction: Kindly please evaluate what you had observed on the difference between Malunggay Vegetable Cooking Oil and Vegetable Cooking Oil on the rating scale below. Indicators of Malunggay Vegetable Cooking Oil 2.1 Malunggay Vegetable Cooking Oil

Price 1. The product is affordable. 2. The product is cheaper. 3. The product can be seen in the market

Taste 1. The taste is bitter. 2. The taste is like medicine. 3. Tasteless

Effectiveness 1. The product cooks it well. 2. The product doesn’t change the color. 3. The product can be use for several times.

SA

A

D

SD

2.2 Vegetable Cooking Oil

Price 1. The product is affordable. 2. The product is cheaper. 3. The product can be seen in the market

Taste 1. The taste is bitter. 2. The taste is like medicine. 3. Tasteless

Effectiveness 1. The product cooks it well. 2. The product doesn’t change the color. 3. The product can be use for several times.

SA

A

D

SD

REFERENCE LIST Books Javier, E. (2012) Between Honesty and Hope. Makati City, Philippines: Alvinno Publishing House.

Cliffe, Edward (2007) Wonders of Moringa Oleifera. Los Angeles, California: Wayans Publishing Inc.

Tomas, C., Labrado, L., (2008) Malunggay: Health Benefits. Diliman, Quezon City: Asiong Co., Inc.

Internet Sources Keith Fulla (2012) “Malunggay as Vitamin” retrieved from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Malunggay-As-Vitamin-1382269.html

Edcel Bitec (2008) “Malunggay as cooking oil” retrieved from http://www.healthwonders.com/essays/malunggay-as-cooking-oilpage2.html-09838392292

Arnold Talacaz (2011) “Malunggay Health Benefits” retrieved from http://www.livinghealthy.com/entry/Malunggay-Health-Benefits092727128.html

J.I Stanley (2006) “How to grow vegetables by organic method” retrieved from http:/automaticonomy.wordpress.com/2006/12/19/from-the-garden-ofvegetables.html//

Curriculum Vitae

Personal Profile Name: Kathleen Claire G. Ebao Date of Birth: January 20,1995 Place of Birth: Iligan City Civil Status: Single Religion: Roman Catholic Parents: Rene L. Ebao Eleonor G. Ebao Address: Block 1, Lot 2, Phase II Tipanoy Landless, Iligan City Educational Background Primary:

Iligan City Central School Mahayahay, Iligan City 2001-2007

Secondary: Iligan Capitol College Mahayahay, Iligan City 2007-2011 Collegiate: St. Michael’s College Quezon Avenue, Iligan City 2011-Present 3rd Year

Curriculum Vitae

Personal Profile Name: Nova Andrea B. Monterona Date of Birth: November 30, 1994 Place of Birth: Iligan City Civil Status: Single Religion: Roman Catholic Parents: Peter Lance S. Monterona Avelia Victoria B. Monterona Address: Purok 9 Buru-un, Iligan City Educational Background Primary:

Sgt. Miguel Canoy Memorial Central School Buru-un, Iligan City 2001-2007

Secondary: St. Luke’s Academy Valderrama, Antique 2009-2011 Collegiate: St. Michael’s College Quezon Avenue, Iligan City 2011-Present 3rd Year

Curriculum Vitae

Personal Profile Name: Andrelou Bernard C. Gemelo Date of Birth: August 10, 1994 Place of Birth: Iligan City Civil Status: Single Religion: Baptist Parents: Edwin D. Gemelo Nina C. Gemelo Address: 15V Guevarra St. Pag-ibig Cmpd. Tubod, Iligan City Educational Background Primary:

Living Spring Academy Villaverde, Iligan City 2005-2006

Secondary: Lourdes College High School Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City 2006-2009 Collegiate: St. Michael’s College Quezon Avenue, Iligan City 2011-Present 3rd Year