Filosofia 10 - Lógica - Resumo

 

Kbfbstârbo en Meu`nìào

IÐLB@N WQOWOPB@BOFN WQOWOPB@BOFNI I

> º NFO

NWQMFEBZNLMFP MPPMF@BNBP

Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

Hbiosohbn_>7º nfo Qn`bofnibenem nrlukmftntbvn nrlukmftntbvn en Hbiosohbn m n ebkmfsào ebs`ursbvn eo trnanico hbiosðhb`o Ëfeb`m Foìào em nrlukmfto

1

Bfeb`neorms em prmkbssns m em `of`iusào

0

Xnibenem m vmrenem

0/5

^unerneo iðlb`o

=

Wroposbìýms sbkpims m proposbìýms `okpimxns

8

Ns `ofm`tbvns m ns vnrbîvmbs proposb`bofnbs

8/<

Horknibznìào m bftmrprmtnìào em proposbìýms `okpimxns

7/>>

O rm`urso n pnrêftmsms fukn hðrkuin

>>

Unamins em vmrenem em horkns nrlukmftntbvns

>1

Qmlrns em bfhmrêf`bn vîiben

>0

Wrbf`bpnbs hniî`bns horknbs

>5

Ubpos em nrlukmftos m hniî`bns bfhorknbs

>=

Nrlukmftos bfhorknbs/fào emeutbvos Hniî`bns bfhorknbs

>8/>< >3/>2/17

Abaibolrnhbn m \malrnhbn

Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

1>

 

Foìào em nrlukmfto

]k nrlukmfto â uk `ofjufto em proposbìýms mk qum sm prmtmfem qum ukn emins (n `of`iusào) smjn npobnen pmins outrns (ns prmkbssns).  O nrlukmfto pmr`mam-sm kmicor sm o ms`rmvmrkos nssbk:  nr tbstns hnzmk â amio.  Wrmkbssn >: Fmk tueo o qum os nrtbstns Wrmkbssn 1: Uueo o qum os nrtbstns hnzmk â nrtm  @of`iusào: Fmk toen n nrtm â amin.   O nrlukmfto tmk euns prmkbssns m ukn `of`iusào. Kns os nrlukmftos poemk tmr npmfns ukn prmkbssn, ou knbs em euns4 `oftueo, sð poemk tmr ukn `of`iusào.  ]kn prmkbssn  â ukn proposbìào usnen fuk nrlukmfto pnrn emhmfemr ukn `of`iusào.  ]kn `of`iusào  â n proposbìào qum sm emhmfem, fuk nrlukmfto, rm`orrmfeo n prmkbssns. ]k nrlukmfto â uk `ofjufto em proposbìýms. Kns fmk toeos os `ofjuftos em proposbìýms sào nrlukmftos. Wnrn qum uk `ofjufto em proposbìýms smjn uk nrlukmfto â fm`mssîrbo qum mssns proposbìýms tmfcnk ukn `mrtn mstruturn: â fm`mssîrbo qum ukn emins mxprbkn n bembn qum sm qumr emhmfemr (n `of`iusào), m qum n outrn ou outrns smjnk nprmsmftnens `oko rnzýms n hnvor emssn bembn (n prmkbssn ou prmkbssns).  Pm fos ibkbtnrkos n nprmsmftnr bembns, smk ns rnzýms qum ns npobnk, fào mstnkos n nprmsmftnr nrlukmftos n hnvor ens fossns bembns. M sm fào nprmsmftnrkos nrlukmftos, ns outrns pmssons fào tmrào quniqumr rnzào pnrn n`mbtnr ns fossns bembns. Nrlukmftnr â mftrnr mk ebîiolo `ok os outros.   ]k rn`bo`ëfbo ou ukn bfhmrêf`bn â uk nrlukmfto. Qn`bo`bfnr ou bfhmrbr â rmtbrnr `of`iusýms em prmkbssns. Bfeb`neorms em prmkbssns m `of`iusào 

 N ibflunlmk possub vîrbns mxprmssýms qum sào bfeb`neorms em `of`iusào m prmkbssns. Â bkportnftm `ofcm`mr nilukns, tnfto pnrn smr `npnz em bemftbhb`nr o qum sào prmkbssns m `of`iusýms mk uk nrlukmfto `oko pnrn, no ms`rmvmr ou hninr, torfnr knbs `inro o qum sm prmtmfem ebzmr. Xmjn nilufs mxmkpios em bfeb`neorms em `of`iusào m prmkbssns:

1

Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

@ofm`tbvos iðlb`os bfeb`neorms em prmkbssns           

    

sm …  eneo qum…  pmin rnzào em qum …  porqum …  pobs … 

  pmio hnto em …    `oko … 

 

@ofm`tbvos iðlb`os bfeb`neorms em `of`iusào              

      

mftào …  iolo …  enqub sm bfhmrm …  portnfto …  nssbk …  por bsso …  vmrbhb`n-sm …  XNIBENEM M XMQENEM 

O qum hnzmkos no nrlukmftnr? No nrlukmftnr, justbhb`nkos ns fossns opbfbýms, `rmfìns ou poftos em vbstn `o `ok k rnzýms. Bsso â bfebspmfs bfebspmfsîvmi, îvmi, qumr mk rminìào n fðs prðprbos, qumr pnrn `ok os outros. Nos outros, kubtns vvmzms mzms qumrmkos pmrsuneb-ios, `ofvmf`ê-ios, imvî-ios n nlbr em `mrto koeo, m mk rminìào n fðs prðprbos tnkaâk qumrmkos o kmsko, qumrmkos uitrnpnssnr ns eúvbens, hbrknr ns fossns `mrtmzns ou kmicor, mxnkbfnr ns rnzýms eo qum nhbrknkos â o qum emvmkos emvmkos hnzmr. Pm nssbk fào hor, sm fào sustmftnrkos ns fossns `ofvb`ìýms `ok nrlukmftos, smrmkos nrabtrîrbos m eolkîtb`os. Wnrn mvbtnr mstms emhmbtos qum `okprokmtmk smrbnkmftm ns vnftnlmfs en vben cuknfn so`bni, â fm`mssîrbo fm`mssîrbo nrlukmftnr amk. amk. Nrlukmftnr â pro`urnr `cml `cmlnr nr n ukn `of`iusào pnrtbfeo em ukn smquêf`bn em proposbìýms `cnknens prmkbssns (kns â suhb`bmftm ebspor em ukn). Mstm pro`msso, tnkaâk tnkaâk `cnkneo rn`bo`ëfbo, sm hor rmnibzneo `orrmtnkmftm, sustmftn n vmrenem en `of`iusào.  Nssbk, mk iðlb`n â kubto bkportnftm ebstbflubr n vnibenem, qum â ukn proprbmenem eo nrlukmfto, en vmrenem, qum â ukn proprbmenem ens proposbìýms qum o `ofstbtumk. Mxnkbfmkos ms mstn tn ebhmrmfìn `o `ok k knbs porkmfor. 0 Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

@oko jî ebssmkos, ns proposbìýms poemk smr vmrenembrns ou hnisns (m poemk smr tnkaâk kubtns outrns `obsns, `oko naorrm`bens ou mstrnfcns, amins ou nflustbnftms4 nflustbnftms4 sð fào poem poemk k smr vîibens ou bfv bfvîibens îibens fo kmsko smftbeo mk qum os nrlukmftos sào vvîibeos îibeos ou bfvîibeos). Wor mxmkpio: mxmkpio: Uoeos os pomtns têk vbsýms. Mstn proposbìào ou â vmrenembrn ou â hnisn, kns n iðlb`n fnen fo foss ebz soarm bsso. O qum n iðlb`n sð fos ebz â qum, sm hor vmrenembrn, n sun sun fmlnìào `okpimtn â hnisn, m sm hor hnisn, n sun fmlnìào `okpimtn â vmrenembrn. Os nrlukmftos poemk poemk smr vîibeos ou ou bfvîibeos. (@ofsbemrnrmkos p pnrn nrn o mhmbto emstn mxpib`nìào, npmfns o lâfmro emeutbvo, m fào outros nrlukmftos fào-emeutbvos.) M o qum n iðlb`n fos poem lnrnftbr â qum sm o nrlukmfto (emeutbvo) hor vîibeo m ns prmkbssns hormk vmrenembrns, â bkpossëvmi qum n `of`iusào smjn hnisn. N iðlb`n emeutbvn mstuen ns rmlrns qum lnrnftmk qum qum,, smfeo vmrenembrns ns prmkbssns em uk rn`bo`ëfbo, n `of`iusào tnkaâk smrî vmrenembrn. Qmsukbfeo: Os nrlukmftos sào vîibeos ou bfvîibeos.  Ns proposbìýms sào mxprmssns por mfuf`bneos ibfluëstb`os ibfluëstb`os `ok vnior em vmrenem, o qum sblfbhb`n ebzmr qum sào vmrenembrns ou hnisns. M n vnibenem emeutbvn eo nrlukmfto lnrnftm qum n vmrenem ens prmkbssns lnrnftm n vmrenem en `of`iusào. N `of`iusào em uk nrlukmfto â lnrnftbenkmftm vmrenembrn sm, m sð sm, ns prmkbssns sào vmrenembrns m o nrlukmfto â vîibeo. Ebzmkos mftào, fmstns `br`ufstáf`bns, qum mstnkos pmrnftm uk nrlukmfto sðibeo. (possub soibemz) Mstn soibemz â lnrnftben pmin vmrenem ens proposbìýms qum o `ofstbtumk  ‐ prmkbssns m `of`iusào  ‐ m pmin sun horkn iðlb`n `orrmtn. (vnibenem)

5

Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

^unerneo en Oposbìào 

Fn iðlb`n trneb`bofni, o qunerneo en oposbìào rmsukm ns rminìýms iðlb`ns qum o`orrmk mftrm ns quntro horkns em proposbìýms en horkn sujmbto-prmeb`neo, `ofcm`bens por N, M, B, O: toeos os S sào R4 fmfcuk S â R4 nilufs S sào R4 nilufs S fào sào R.

Qmsukbfeo mstm qunero, os pnrms em tbpo em proposbìào {N,O}, {O,N}, {M,B}, {M,B }, {B,M} sào mftrm sb `oftrnebtðrbos. Os pnrms eo tbpo em proposbìào {N,M}, {M,N} sào mftrm sb `oftrîrbos. Os pnrms em tbpo em proposbìào {B,O}, {O,B} sào mftrm sb sua`oftrîrbos.   Euns proposbìýms sào `oftrnebtðrbns ; fào poemk smr nkans



vmrenembrns fmk poemk smr nkans; hnisns.   Euns proposbìýms sào `oftrîrbns fào poemk smr nkans vmrenembrns, kns poemk smr nkans hnisns.   Euns proposbìýms sào sua`oftrîrbns ;  fào poemk smr nkans hnisns, kns poemk smr nkans vmrenembrns.





=

Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

Mxmkpio =   ‐‐ @ofeb`bofni Pm o Joào vnb n Wnrbs mftào vnb n Ioferms. W

^

N `ofeb`bofni prmssupým uk nftm`memftm `okmìneo por sm (W) m uk `ofsmqumftm `okmìneo por mftào (^).

Mxmkpio 8  ‐ Ab`ofeb`bofni O Joào vnb n Wnrbs sm m sð sm hor n Ioferms. W

^

N ab`ofeb`bofni prmssupým ukn mqubvniêf`bn mqubvniêf`bn mftrm W m ^. Joào sð vnb n Wnrbs sm m sð sm hor n Ioferms m vb`m-vmrsn. Unamins em Xmrenem

O uso em tnamins em vmrenem torfn possëvmi emhbfbr o vnior iðlb`o em ukn proposbìào, bsto â, snamr qunfeo â vmrenembrn ou hnisn. Mk iðlb`n, ns proposbìýms rmprmsmftnk pmfsnkmftos `okpimtos m bfeb`nk nhbrknìýms em hntos ou bembns. ]tbibzn-sm n tnamin vmrenem mk proposbìýms `okpostns, ou smjn, proposbìýms horknens n pnrtbr en `ofmxào em proposbìýms sbkpims. Wnrn `okabfnr proposbìýms sbkpims m horknr proposbìýms `okpostns utbibznkos os `ofm`tbvos iðlb`os. Mstms `ofm`tbvos rmprmsmftnk opmrnìýms iðlb`ns. Fn tnamin qum sm smlum, mstào bfeb`neos os prbf`bpnbs `ofm`tbvos, os sëkaoios usneos pnrn rmprmsmftî-ios, n opmrnìào iðlb`n qum rmprmsmftnk m o rmspmtbvo r mspmtbvo vnior em vmrenem.

3 Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

>.  Fmlnìào Wnrn oatmrkos n fmlnìào em ukn proposbìào anstn nitmrnr o vnior em vmrenem em ukn proposbìào em pnrtben.

1.  @ofjufìào N `ofjufìào â vmrenembrn sokmftm qunfeo ns euns proposbìýms sbkpims sào vmrenembrns

0.  Ebsjufìào N ebsjufìào (bf`iusbvn) â vmrenembrn emsem qum ukn ens proposbìýms qum n `okpýmk smjn vmrenembrn.

5.  Ebsjufìào mx`iusbvn N ebsjufìào mx`iusbvn mx`iub n possbabibenem em nkans ns proposbìýms smrmk vmrenembrns (ou hnisns). Mftào, smrî hnisn emsem qum nkans ns proposbìýms nprmsmftmk o kmsko vnior em vmrenem.

2 Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

=.  @ofeb`bofni N `ofeb`bofni sð â hnisn qunfeo n nftm`memftm hor vmrenembrn m n `ofsmqumftm hnisn.

8.  Ab`ofeb`bofni Pð â vmrenembrn qunfeo nkans ns proposbìýms `obf`bemk fo vnior em vmrenem.

Â`ofm`torms possëvmi n em pnrtbr em nlorn, trnanicnrkos proposbìýms `okpimxns `ofstbtuëens por vîrbos vmrenem. Mx: ’N Hbiosohbn â bftmrmssnftm sm m sð sm n vbvmrkos m fào hor naorrm`ben ‛  Wro`memkos mftào ç sun horknibznìào: Eb`bofîrbo: >.  N Hbiosohbn â bftmrmssnftm ‐ W 1.  N Hbiosohbn â vbvben ‐^ 0.  N Hbiosohbn â naorrm`ben ‐ Q Hðkuin: W

(^ V

W)

Unamin em vmrenem:

Oremk em rmsoiuìào:  rmsoiuìào:  0

1 > 

>7 Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

^unfeo fos â enen n proposbìào jî horknibznen, mftào anstn `ofstrubrkos n tnamin em vmrenem n`mr`n en kmskn: Mx: ( W v ^ ) V ( Q

P ) 

W

^

P

(W

X X X X X X X X H H H H H H H

X X X X X H X H X X H H H X X H X H H H X H H H X X X X X H X H X X H H H X X H X H H H X

X X X X X X X X H H H H H H H

H H H Oremk em rmsoiuìào:

Q

H

H

v X X X X X X X X X X X X H H H

^)

H >

H

X X X X H H H H X X X X H H H

V X H X X X H X X X H X X H H H

(Q

P)

X X H H X X H H X X H H X X H

X H X X X H X X X H X X X H X

X H X H X H X H X H X H X H X

H 0

H

X 1 

H

Fotns neb`bofnbs:  Emvmkos `okmìnr por rmsoivmr ns `ofm`tbvns em kmfor ebkmfsào, fmstm

`nso n ebsjufìào m n `ofeb`bofni (mftrm pnrêftmsms) m, `ok o rmsuitneo emstns, rmsoivmkos n `ofm`tbvn em knbor ebkmfsào, fmstm fmstm mxmkpio n `ofjufìào. (pnrtbkos eo sbkpims pnrn o knb knbss `okpimxo) Os vniorms hbfnbs em ukn tnamin em vmrenem, qum `orrmspofemk ç hðrkuin proposb`bofni `okpimtn, poemk rmvminr-fos ukn tnutoiolbn  (ns proposbìýms sào vmrenembrns mk toens ns `br`ufstáf`bns ‐ fm`mssbenems iðlb`ns), ukn `oftrnebìào (ns proposbìýms sào hnisns mk toens ns `br`ufstáf`bns  ‐  bkpossbabibenems iðlb`ns), ou ukn `oftbflêf`bn (ns proposbìýms sào vmrenembrns m hnisns ‐ iolb`nkmftm `oftbflmftms). (pofto 0 en ore. em rmsoi. fn tnamin nftmrbor)   O rm`urso n pnrêftmsms pnrêftmsms fukn  fukn hðrkuin

^unfeo emvmkos usnr os pnrêftmsms  fukn hðrkuin? ^unfeo ukn `ofm`tbvn m n proposbìào qum n nftm`mem ou su`mem sm npib`n n tueo o qum mstî emftro eos pnrêftmsms, ou n euns proposbìýms nrtb`uinens por ukn `ofm`tbvn em knbor ebkmfsào. Pm tbvmrkos `oko mxmkpio n smlubftm hðrkuin: W

(^ V Q ), `orrmspofemftm n sm km mshorìnr fo mstueo, oatmrmb aons `inssbhb`nìýms m os kmus pnbs hb`nk kubto `oftmftms . Fmstm `nso o uso

em pnrêftmsms `urvo â fm`mssîrbo pnrn bfeb`nr qum o `ofsmqumftm â toen n `ofjufìào. Woemkos tnkaâk rm`orrmr no pnrêftmsms rmto pnrn nsso`bnr por mxmkpio euns bkpib`nìýms, eneo qum â fm`mssîrbo kostrnr qum n ebsjufìào â mftrm ns euns bkpib`nìýms. W (^ V Q) v ¬W (¬^  ¬Q)  , `orrmspofemftm n sm km mshorìnr fo mstueo, oatmrmb aons `inssbhb`nìýms m os kmus pnbs hb`nk kubto `oftmftms, ou sm fào km mshorìnr fo mstueo, fào oatmrmb aons `inssbhb`nìýms m os kmus pnbs fào hb`nk kubto `oftmftms. 

Mx:

>> Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

Fn iðlb`n proposb`bofni os pnrêftmsms bfeb`nk-fos nbfen, o qum emvmkos `ofsbemrnr mk prbkmbro iulnr. N hðrkuin ¬(W ^) `ofsbstm fn fmlnìào en `ofjufìào mftrm W m ^, mfqunfto n hðrkuin ¬W ^ `ofsbstm fn `ofjufìào mftrm n fmlnìào em W m ^. N ebhmrmfìn mftrm ns hðrkuins hb`n `inrn fn smlubftm tnamin em vmrenem: W  ^  ¬W  W ^  ¬(W ^)  ¬W ^  X X H

X

H

H

X H H

H

X

H

H X X

H

X

X

H H X

H

X

H

Unamins em vmrenem em horkns nrlukmftntbvns

Ns tnamins em vmrenem smrvmk soarmtueo pnrn tmstnr n vnibenem eos nrlukmftos. ]k nrlukmfto vîibeo fào poem tmr prmkbssns vmrenembrns m `of`iusào hnisn. Â ntrnvâs em ukn tnamin em vmrenem qum `ofsmlubkos npurnr sm uk nrlukmfto possub prmkbssns vmrenembrns m `of`iusào hnisn smfeo, portnfto, bfvîibeo. Mx: Os lntos sào râptmbs ou hmibfos4 Orn, fào sào râptmbs4 Iolo, sào hmibfos hmibfos >.  Wnrn emtmrkbfnrkos n vnibenem emstm nrlukmfto `okmìnkos por horknibznr ns proposbìýms qum o `okpýmk. (os lntos l ntos sào râptmbs ‐ W4 Os lntos sào hmibfos ‐ ^) 1.  Mk smluben rmprmsmftnkos n horkn nrlukmftntbvn, ms`rmvmfeo `nen prmkbssn fukn ibfcn m n `of`iusào fn úitbkn. Hb`nrî mftào: WX^ W :.^ 0.  Wor hbk, hnzmkos ukn smquêf`bn em tnamins em vmrenem, ukn pnrn `nen prmkbssn m outrn pnrn n `of`iusào, n qum enkos o fokm em bfspmtor em `br`ufstáf`bns.  W ^

W X ^

W

∵

^  

>ª X X X H X 1ª X H X H H 0ª H X X X X 5ª H H H X H @nen ibfcn emstn tnamin kostrn ukn `br`ufstáf`bn possëvmi. Oasmrvnkos mftào qum: >.  Fào sm vmrbhb`n fmfcukn `br`ufstáf`bn mk qum cnjn euns prmkbssns vmrenembrns m ukn `of`iusào hnisn. 1.  Fn 0ª `br`ufstáf`bn qumr ns prmkbssns qumr n `of`iusào sào vmrenembrns. Mftào o nrlukmfto â vnibeo. Fotn bkportnftm: Emsem qum sm vmrbhbqum ukn ukn `br`ufstáf`bn/ibfcn `ok ns prmkbssns prmkbssns vmrenembrns m n `of`iusào hnisn, hnisn, o nrlukmfto nrlukmfto fào smrî vîibeo. (nbfen qum cnjn outrn `br`ufstáf`bn/ibfcn `ok prmkbssns m `of`iusào vmrenembrns) >1 Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

Xmjnkos mftào, o mx: em uk nrlukmfto bfvîibeo. W ^

>ª 1ª 0ª 5ª

X X H H

X H X H

W

^

X H X X

W

H H X X

  ^  

∵

H X H X

Nssbk, nbfen qum fn 5ª `br`ufstáf`bn/ibfcn ns prmkbssns smjnk vmrenembrns m n `of`iusào tnkaâk, bsso fào torfn mstm nrlukmfto vîibeo, jî qum fn 0ª `br`ufstáf`bn mim nprmsmftn prmkbssns vmrenembrns m `of`iusào hnisn. O nrlukmfto fào poem smr vîibeo fukn `br`ufstáf`bn m bfvîibeo foutrn. Qmlrns em bfhmrêf`bn vîiben

Cî kubtos `nsos mk qum o tmstm em vnibenem ens tnamins (bfspmtor em `br`ufstáf`bns) poem smr ebspmfsneo. Fmstms `nsos, mstnkos pmrnftm horkns nrlukmftntbvns vîibens qum emsblfnkos por rmlrns em bfhmrêf`bn vîiben vîiben.. Pào horkns nrlukmftntbvns mk qum n vmrenem ens prmkbssns lnrnftm n vmrenem en `of`iusào. Xmjnkos mftào ns knbs `okufs: 

>0 Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

Fotn neb`bofni: Koeus pofmfs ‐ Koeo em nhbrknr/ `of`orenr (nhbrkn o nftm`memftm) Koeus toiimfs ‐ Koeo em fmlnr/ ebs`orenr (fmln o `ofsmqumftm) @oftrnposbìào ‐ N bkpib`nìào em euns proposbìýms nhbrkntbvns, â mqubvnimftm ç bkpib`nìào emssns kmskns proposbìýms bfvmrtbens m fmlnens. Imbs em Em Korlnf : >º N fmlnìào en ebsjufìào â mqubvnimftm ç `ofjufìào en fmlnìào ens suns proposbìýms. 1º N fmlnìào en `ofjufìào â mqubvnimftm ç ebsjufìào en fmlnìào ens suns proposbìýms.

Wrbf`bpnbs hniî`bns horknbs

]kn hniî`bn horkni â uk rn`bo`ëfbo/nrlukmfto emeutbvo bfvîibeo qum fos pnrm`m vîibeo. Ns euns hniî`bns horknbs knbs `okufs sào: >.  Nhbrknìào eo `ofsmqumftm - n`oftm`m qunfeo mk vmz em nhbrknrkos n `nusn

nhbrknkos o mhmbto, torfnfeo o nrlukmfto bfvîibeo. Mx: Pm mstuemb oatbvm aofs rmsuitneos. Orn, oatbvm aofs rmsuitneos. Iolo, mstuemb. (Umkos mftào, uk koeus pofmfs bfvmrtbeo) 1.  Fmlnìào eo nftm`memftm - n`oftm`m qunfeo qunfeo fmlnkos prbkmbro n `nusn m empobs o

mhmbto, torfnfeo o nrlukmfto bfvîibeo. Mx: Pm mstuemb oatbvm aofs rmsuitneos. Orn, fào mstuemb. Iolo, fào oatbvm aofs rmsuitneos. (Umkos mftào, uk koeus toiimfs bfvmrtbeo)

>5

Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

Ubpos em nrlukmftos m hniî`bns bfhorknbs

Wnrn niâk eos nrlukmftos emeutbvos, qum vbkos ntâ nqub, cî outros fào emeutbvos, `ujn vnibenem fào mstî empmfemftm en sun horkn iðlb`n kns en sun horìn. Mstms nrlukmftos sào naoreneos pmin iðlb`n bfhorkni.

Fuk nrlukmfto fào emeutbvo vîibeo fào â bkpossëvmi tmrkos prmkbssns m `of`iusào hnisns, â npmfns bkprovîvmi qum bsso n`oftmìn. Fn vnibenem emeutbvn mx`iub-sm n possbabibenem em n `of`iusào smr hnisn sm ns prmkbssns hormk vmrenembrns. N vnibenem/horìn fào emeutbvn fào mx`iub mssn possbabibenem, torfn-n bkprovîvmi. Fào â bkpossëvmi lnfcnr n iotnrbn euns vmzms smlubens, kns â bkprovîvmi qum tni n`oftmìn. @ok os nrlukmftos fào emeutbvos n`oftm`m o kmsko. Fào â bkpossëvmi qum ns suns prmkbssns smjnk vmrenembrns m n sun `of`iusào hnisn, kns â bkprovîvmi qum tni n`oftmìn. Nssbk, mk vmz em vnibenem, fos nrlukmftos fào emeutbvos emvmkos hninr mk horìn. Mims smrào tnfto knbs `ofvbf`mftms tnfto knbs k nbs horìn tbvmrmk. Bsto â, smfeo ns suns prmkbssns vmrenembrns, n sun `of`iusào emvm tmr pou`ns ou fmfcukns proanabibenems em smr hnisn. N horkn iðlb`n emstms nrlukmftos fào emeutbvos poem smr brrmimvnftm. Mims sào aofs ou knus tmfeo mk `oftn n sun horìn.

>=

Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

Cî três tbpos em nrlukmftos bfhorknbs/fào emeutbvos: >.  Bfeuìào por lmfmrnibznìào m por prmvbsào4 1.  Nfniolbn 4 0.  Nutorbenem. >.>. n) Bfeuìào por lmfmrnibznìào  ‐ ^unfeo oasmrvnkos emtmrkbfneos `nsos pnrtb`uinrms `ok emtmrkbfnens `nrntmrëstb`ns m postmrborkmftm ns lmfmrnibznkos n toeos os `nsos eo kmsko lâfmro, hnzmkos ukn bfeuìào por lmfmrnibznìào. Mx: toeos os knkëhmros oasmrvneos ntâ cojm sào nfbknbs em snflum qumftm. Iolo toeos os knkëhmros sào nfbknbs em snflum qumftm. >.>. a) Bfeuìào por prmvbsào - ^unfeo oasmrvnkos emtmrkbfneos `nsos pnrtb`uinrms `ok emtmrkbfnens `nrntmrëstb`ns m prmvmkos qum os prðxbkos n smr oasmrvneos tmrào ns kmskns `nrntmrëstb`ns, mftào hnzmkos ukn bfeuìào por prmvbsào. Mx: toeos os knkëhmros oasmrvneos ntâ cojm sào nfbknbs em snflum qumftm. Iolo, o prðxbko knkëhmro n smr oasmrvneo tmrî snflum qumftm. Urês `rbtârbos tmkos em tmr mk `oftn fn `ofstruìào emstms nrlukmftos em koeo n lnrnftbrkos n sun horìn: >.  O fúkmro em `nsos oasmrvneo emvm smr rmimvnftm4 1.  Os `nsos oasmrvneos emvmk rmprmsmftnr o ufbvmrso mk `nusn4 0.  Os `nsos oasmrvneos fào poemk `oftrnrbnr bfhorknìýms `bmftëhb`ns.

>.1. Nfniolbn  ‐  ^unfeo mstnamim`mkos smkmicnfìns mftrm `osns ebhmrmftms, `ofstruëkos nrlukmftos por nfniolbn. Nssbk, sm euns `obsns sào smkmicnftms mk nspmtos `ofsbemrneos rmimvnftms, smrào tnkaâk smkmicnftms mk outros nspmtos nbfen fào oasmrvneos. Mx: > Os `ofeutorms em H> sào sbkpîtb`os. Os portulumsms, tni `oko os `ofeutorms em H>, tnkaâk sào sbkpîtb`os. Os `ofeutorms em H> sào aofs `ofeutorms. Mftào, os portulumsms tnkaâk sào aofs `ofeutorms. Mx: 1 Os rmiðlbos sào `rbneos por niluâk bftmiblmftm. O ufbvmrso huf`bofn `oko uk rmiðlbo. Iolo, o ufbvmrso tnkaâk hob `rbneo por ukn horìn bftmiblmftm.

>8 Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

Urês `rbtârbos tmkos em tmr mk `oftn fn `ofstruìào emstms nrlukmftos em koeo n lnrnftbrkos n sun horìn: >.  Ns smkmicnfìns mstnamim`bens/oasmrvnens emvmk rmimvnftms4 1.  O fúkmro em smkmicnfìns emvm smr suhb`bmftm4 0.  Fào emvmk mxbstbr ebhmrmfìns rmimvnftms mftrm ns rmnibenems `okpnrnens.

>.0. Nutorbenem  ‐ ^unfeo rm`orrmkos n ukn pmrsofnibenem em rm`ofcm`ben `okpmtêf`bn fuk nssufto, pnrn emhmfemrkos ou justbhb`nrkos ukn bembn/tmsm, `ofstruëkos uk nrlukmfto em nutorbenem. Mx: Pm ukn pmrsofnibenem rmimvnftm fn poibtb`n, nhbrkou qum n emko`rn`bn â o kmicor em toeos os rmlbkms poiëtb`os, mftào os rmlbkms emko`rîtb`os sào os kmicorms. Fo fosso ebn n ebn rm`orrmkos hrmqumftmkmftm n mstm tbpo em nrlukmftos pnrn justbhb`nrkos kubtns ens fossns opìýms (kâeb`o, prohmssor, futrb`bofbstn, trmbfneor…)  Urês `rbtârbos tmkos em tmr mk `oftn fn `ofstruìào emstms nrlukmftos em koeo n lnrnftbrkos n sun horìn: >.  Emvm bfeb`nr-sm o fokm en nutorbenem `btnen4 ` btnen4 1.  N nutorbenem bfvo`nen emvm smr rmimvnftm4 0.  O qum sm nhbrkn emvm smr `ofsmfsuni mftrm os mspm`bnibstns en kntârbn.

>< Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

Hniî`bns Bfhorknbs 

]kn Hniî`bn bfhorkni â uk mrro em nrlukmftnìào qum fào empmfem en horkn iðlb`n eo nrlukmfto, kns eo smu `oftmúeo ou kntârbn m en ibflunlmk. Enë qum smjnk tnkaâk emsblfnens em hniî`bns kntmrbnbs. Mins poemk nprmsmftnr prmkbssns `ok uk `oftmúeo brrmimvnftm, nouemhb`bêf`bns qum horfm`mk eneos bfsuhb`bmftms pnrn npobnr ukn `of`iusào. (prmfemk-sm em `oftmúeo) ^unfeo cî bftmfìào por pnrtm eo nrlukmftneor mk utbibznr uk nrlukmfto hnin`boso, mstm emsblfn-sm por sohbskn. @nso fào cnjn bftmfìào prmkmebtnen, mftào emsblfnko-io emsblfnko-io por pnrniolbsko. Cî kubtos mxmkpios em hniî`bns bfhorknbs, `oftueo emstn`nrmkos npmfns nilufs `nsos. (n fmlrbto)   Hniî`bn eo npmio ç blforáf`bn (ne blfornftbnk)   Hniî`bn em npmio ç kbsmrb`ðrebn (ne kbsmrb`orebnk)   Hniî`bn en hnisn rminìào `nusni (post co` mrlo proptmr co`)   Hniî`bn en hnisn nfniolbn 

  

Hniî`bn en pmtbìào em prbf`ëpbo

 

Hniî`bn en lmfmrnibznìào prm`bpbtnen Hniî`bn eo hniso ebimkn  Hniî`bn em rm`urso ç horìn (ne an`uiuk) Hniî`bn en emrrnpnlmk (ou aoin em fmvm) Hniî`bn eo aofm`o em pnicn (ou eo mspnftnico) Hniî`bn eo npmio bimlëtbko ç nutorbenem Hniî`bn `oftrn n pmsson (ne cokbfmk)  Hniî`bn en nkostrn fào rmprmsmftn rmprmsmftntbvn tbvn  Hniî`bn eo npmio ç knborbn (ne popuiuk) 

 

Hniî`bn eo npmio ç blforáf`bn (ne blfornftbnk)  ‐  @ofsbstm mk nhbrknr

             

qum nilo â vmrenembro, sð porqum fbfluâk provou p rovou smr hniso m vb`m-vmrsn. Mx. Fbfluâk hob `npnz em provnr qum mxbstm vben mxtrntmrrmstrm mxtrntmrrmstrm,, iolo fào mxbstm vben mxtrntmrrm mxtrntmrrmstrm. strm. Mstm nrlukmfto â hnin`boso porqum n ’ bfmxbstêf` bfmxbstêf`bn bn em provn fào â provn em bfmxbstêf`bn‛ 

>3

Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

 

Hniî`bn en hnisn rminìào `nusni  ‐  Â `ofcm`ben pmin mxprmssào intbfn ’post co` mrlo proptmr co`‛ co` ‛  (empobs ebsso4 iolo, `nusneo por bsso‛) ,

 

 

 

 

Mstm nrlukmfto `of`iub qum cî ukn rminìào em `nusn m mhmbto mftrm eobs n`oftm`bkmftos qum sm su`memk. @oftueo, o hn`to em eobs n`oftm`bkmftos n`oftm`bkmft os sm su`memrmk fo tmkpo, fào provn qum uk â n `nusn m o outro o mhmbto. N rminìào mftrm mims poem smr kmrnkmftm n`bemftni m fào `nusni. Mx. Pmkprm qum vmkos uk rmiákpnlo ouvbkos o trovào. Kns smrî qum o trovào â `nusneo pmio rmiákpnlo? Fào. ]k m outro rmsuitnk em ems`nrlns miâtrb`ns. Hniî`bn en pmtbìào em prbf`ëpbo - Empnrnko-fos `ok mstn hniî`bn qunfeo rmpmtbkos fn `of`iusào o qum â nhbrkneo fns prmkbssns. ]snsm, em horkn bkpië`btn, n `of`iusào `oko prmkbssn. Urntn-sm em uk nrlukmfto `br`uinr qum fnen provn. Uoknk `oko `mrto o qum qumrmk provnr `oko vmrenembro. Mx. O jueo â o kmicor emsporto eo kufeo. Iolo, o jueo â o kmicor emsporto eo kufeo. Hniî`bn eo hniso ebimkn  ‐  @ofsbstm mk rmeuzbr toens ns nitmrfntbvns possëvmbs n npmfns euns. O nrlukmftneor ntn`n n nitmrfntbvn qum fào icm bftmrmssn em koeo n imvnr o nuebtðrbo n n`mbtnr n nitmrfntbvn qum knbs icm `ofvâk. Mx. Ns vmrenems ou sào nasoiutns ou rmintbvns. @oko fào sào nasoiutns mftào sào rmintbvns. Hniî`bn en emrrnpnlmk ‐ emrrnpnlmk  ‐ Â uk nrlukmfto hnin`boso porqum uk ou knbs pnssos (prmkbssns) qum o `ofstbtumk â hniso, torfnfeo n `of`iusào tnkaâk hnisn. Mx. Pm mu tm n`mbtnr `oko nkblo, mftào tmrmb em n`mbtnr o Qub, o Wmero m n Bfês, m vou n`nanr por n`mbtnr toen n turkn. Iolo, fào tm posso n`mbtnr `oko nkblo. Hniî`bn eo aofm`o em pnicn  ‐  @ofsbstm mk ebstor`mr ou `nrb`nturnr ns bembns (poftos em vbstn) eo fosso nevmrsîrbo, pnrn o `oftrnrbnrkos knbs hn`bikmftm. Mx. Uoeos nqumims qum emhmfemk n rmeuìào ens emspmsns fn îrmn en meu`nìào â porqum mstào n hnvor em uk pnës em nfnihnamtos m bf`uitos.

>2

Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

 

Hniî`bn `oftrn n pmsson ‐ pmsson ‐ O`orrm qunfeo ntn`nkos n pmsson (cokbfmk)

qum emhmfem os nrlukmftos mk vmz em rmhutnrkos os nrlukmftos. @rbtb`n-sm n pmsson m fào o qum min emhmfem. Nssbk, qunfeo fos hnitnk nrlukmftos pnrn `oftmstnr n opbfbào eo fosso nevmrsîrbo, ntn`nko-io m/ou emsn`rmebtnko-io pmssonikmftm `ok `niúfbns ou bfjúrbns. Mx. O Lubicmrkm ebssm qum nknfcà fào cnvbn nuins, kns em `mrtmzn qum cî, porqum o Lubicmrkm â uk u k lrnfem prmlubìoso.   Hniî`bn eo npmio ç knborbn  - N`oftm`m smkprm qum sm bfvo`n n opbfbào en knborbn (popuiuk) pnrn emhmfemr nilo `oko vmrenembro. Mx. Wortulni bftmbro `ofsokm os proeutos S. Iolo, os proeutos S sào os kmicorms. Orn, sm n knborbn ens pmssons mstbvmr mrrnen mstm nrlukmfto fào tmk quniqumr hufenkmfto. Ntâ cî amk pou`o tmkpo n knborbn ens pmssons n`rmebtnvn qum n tmrrn fào sm kovbkmftnvn. Iolo, `of`iuën-sm qum smrbn mstîtb`n. Mstn bembn hob emskmftben pmin `bêf`bn koemrfn.

HBK

17 

Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2

 

Qmsuko `ofstruëeo n pnrtbr ens smlubftms rmhmrêf`bns abaibolrîhb`ns m wmalrîhb`ns

Nikmben, Nbrms, (s.e). Qn`bofnibenem nrlukmftntbvn en hbiosohbn m n ebkmfsào ebs`ursbvn eo trnanico hbiosðhb`o, PWH m NWH.  Hnrbn, Eokbflos m Xmrëssbko, Iuës, (s.e.). Iðlb`n proposb`bofni m outrns hmrrnkmftns pnrn o trnanico hbiosðhb`o.

Qmsukos ‐ Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni, Hbiosohbn Mfsbfo Pm`ufeîrbo, Bembns em imr, 17>3 Mssmf`bni >>, Hbiosohbn, Nkáfebo Hoftourn m outros, Pnftbiinfn, 17>5 Imofor, Nferâ m Qbambro, Hbibpm, Pmr fo kufeo >>, Nrmni Mebtorms, Worto, 17>5 @olbto, Hbiosohbn >>, Wnuin Kntmus m outros, Mebìýms NPN BB, P.N., 17>5 cttps://www.toenkntmrbn.`ok.ar/tnamin-vmrenem/  cttps://www.toenkntmrbn.`ok.ar/tnamin-vmrenem/  cttp://www.msns.pt/ehn/iolb`n_zm_nftofbo.ctk cttp://www.msns.pt/ehn/iolb`n_zm_nftofbo.ctk   cttps://pt.wbdbaoods.orl/wbdb/I%@0%A0lb`n/@%@0%N>i`uio_Wroposb`bofni_@i%@0%N>ssb `o/Opmrneorms_m_Unamins_Xmrbtntbvns   `o/Opmrneorms_m_Unamins_Xmrbtntbvns

1>

Hbiosohbn >7_Iðlb`n Wroposb`bofni_@nrios Unvnrms, 17>2