Filo Platelmintos

 

Sbevcrseaoa Bohedbol [card Wuez Iolld @ohultoa ac Hecbheos Gedløiehos Cshuclo [rd`csedbol ac Gedldiæo

@ELD [LOQCLFEBQDX

Ebtcirobtcs> 

Gozïb Orho Ndså Aoræd

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Fdbtcbcird Cspebd Icdric Wehorad

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Wofercz Posqucz Noefc @robheshd Hehld> 7;7?-E (EEE Hehld)

Oseiboturo>  ^ddldiæo Icbcrol  Oseiboturo> Adhcbtc> Clso Adhcbtc>  Clso Pedlcto Obiuld ac Olvo

 

E.

EBQWDASHHEØB Sb plotclfebtd cs ub driobesfd horcbtc ac vårtcgros tofgeåb hdbdhead

hdb cl bdfgrc ac iusobd plobd quc tecbc lo horohtcræsteho ac scr ohcldfoad prdtøstdfd y treglïstehd. Lo foydr portc ac cstc hlob cs porïsetd y mcrfo`rdaeto, y bd pdscc be oporotd rcsperotdred be herhulotdred. [dr dtro portc, moy quc acher  quc fuhmos ac los vcebtc fel cspchecs ac plotclfebtds bd hucbtob hdb oporotd aeic aeicst stev evd d be tecb tecbcb cb obd, obd, yo qu quc c cl tu tugd gd ae aeic icst stev evd d `ubh `ubhed edbo bo hd hdfd fd ho hove veao aoa a iostrdvoshulor. Lds plotclfebtds suclcb mogetor ofgecbtcs `luveolcs, forebds y tcrrcstrcs mþfcads. Cb `ubheøb ac sus portehuloreaoacs, oacfïs, pucacb scifcbtorsc cb huotrd hloscs> lds turgcloreds (Qurgclloreo), lds fdbdiåbcds (Fdbdicbco), lds hcstdads (Hcstdao) y lds trcfotdads (Qrcfotdao). Cstds trcs þltefds hdbnubtds sdb porïsetds y horchcb ac hogczo. Qdads lds plotclfebtds hdb cxhcpheøb ac lds turgcloreds (adbac sc cbildgob los ploboreos) sdb porïsetds. Qdads lds trcfotdads y hcstdads sdb cbadporïsetds y lds fdbdicbcds hucbtob tofgeåb hdb cspchecs chtdporïsetos. Lds fdbdicbcds porosetob prebhepolfcbtc o pchcs y ob`egeds, trcfotdads y hcstdads o tdad tepd ac obefolcs, tofgeåb o lds scrcs mufobds. Lo hlosc Qurgclloreo cs lo þbeho ebd`cbsevo, sdb iusobds legrcs, forebds d ac oi oiuo uo aulh aulhc c oubq oubquc uc pu puca cacb cb veve veverr cb tetecr crro ro>> cb gd gdsq squc ucss trd trdpe peho holc lcss hd hdb b mufcaoa mosto lo soturoheøb. Hdfd vcrcfds rcsperob pdr ae`useøb o trovås acl tciufcbtd, y pdr tobtd, rcquecrcb mïgetots adbac cxesto oiuo d oltds bevclcs ac mufcaoa. Lds turgcloreds tecbcb veao legrc, sdb horbævdrds y hovob poro gushor  hdfeao. Lds fdbdiåbcds sdb porïsetds ac pchcs y ob`egeds, fecbtros quc lds

 

hcstdads y lds trcfotdads pucacb vever cb aevcrsds fofæ`crds, ebhluycbad cl mdfgrc. Xu hehld vetol cs acsac ld fïs sefplc poro lds plotclfebtds ac veao legrc mosto mos to ld fïs hdfplc hdfplcnd nd cb lds plotcl plotclfeb febtds tds po porïs rïsetd etdss quc tecbcb tecbcb fþ fþltep lteplcs lcs mdspcaoadrcs. Sb cncfpld cs cl trcfotdad Aehrdhdcleuf acbaretehuf quc cs ub porïsetd mogetuol ac rufeobtcs pcrd quc dhosedbolfcbtc pucac posor ol scr  mufobd. Csto cspchec hucbto hdb ads mdspcaoadrcs prcveds (horohdlcs y mdrfebios) obtcs ac llcior ol þltefd quc scræob lds rufeobtcs. Hdfd dgnctevd icbcrol tcbcfds> Wchdbdhcr los cspchecs rcprcscbtotevos ac los hloscs acl `eld plotclfebtds. U hdfd dgnctevd cspchæ`ehd> Ae`crcbheor lds øriobds ac `enoheøb ac los cspchecs porïsetos.

E.

FOQCWEOLCX U FÅQDADX> Lds fotcreolcs usoads y lo fctdadldiæo oplehoao cb lo prcscbtc prïhteho

tecbcb hdfd `eb, hdfprcbacr lo efpdrtobheo acl @eld [lotclfebtds. [oro clld sc rcvesø cl cquepd fultefcaeo y veacds rc`creads ol tcfo, cbtrcioaos pdr lo adhcbtc, oacfïs ac aevcrsds eb`drfcs hecbtæ`ehds y lïfebos hdrrcspdbaecbtcs ol tcfo.

EE.

WCXSLQOADX

OHQEPEAOA ?> Ebvcsteiuc cb `ucbtcs gegledirï`ehos y rcpdrtc hdb efïicbcs ubo ploboreo ebaehobad los portcs.

 

Cb lo hlosc turgcloreo cxestcb ubos 8;;; cspchecs: mcrfo`rdaetos, feacb cbtrc 3 y 33 ff ac ldbietua: oliubos cspchecs trdpeholcs olhobzob 3; hf. Cstos hreoturos prcscbtob cstruhturos quc `ubhedbob hdfd øriobds scbsdreolcs tolcs hdfd lds dhclds  quc sdld pcrhegcb ae`crcbheos cbtrc luz y sdfgro, d lds

cstotdhetds quc servcb poro cl cquelegred. Oacfïs prcscbtob ubo þbeho ogcrturo llof llofoa oao o gdho setu setuoa oao o cb lo feto fetoa a ac acll hu hucr crpd pd cb pd pdse sehe heøb øb vc vcbt btro rol.l. Lu Luci cid d hdbtebþo hdbte bþo ubo `or llciob iobad ad o ub ebt `orebi ebicc llc ebtcst cstebd ebd olid rofe`ehoad. [rcscbtob ub oporot rotd cxhrctdr prdtdbc`reaeol  hdb hdb hålu hålulo loss `lof `lofæi æicr cros os qu quc c `ubh `ubhed edbo bo `ubaofcbtolfcbtc hdfd ub sestcfo dsfdrrciuloadr. Los hålulos `lofæicros sdb ubos hålulos irobacs heleoaos quc hdbchtob ubos hålulos acl hucrpd hdb cl cxtcredr iroheos o ub pcqucÿd hdbauhtd. Qecbcb ubo portc adbac cstï cl bþhlcd y cb su `drfo tecbcb ubo prdychheøb cb `drfo ac hdpo. Lo zdbo ac lo gdho ac

lo hdpo cstï heleoao, y huobad lds heleds sc fucvcb rchucraob o ubo llofo, ac omæ cl bdfgrc.

 

OHQEPEAOA 7> Ebvcsteiuc cb `ucbtcs gegledirï`ehos y rcpdrtc hdb efïicbcs dtrds iåbcrds ac Fdbdicbcds ebaehobad los portcs.

 

Lds fdbdicbcds sdb gïsehofcbtc gelotcrolcs, oubquc pucacb prcscbtor  ubo osefctræo porheol, quc ebvdluhro prebhepolfcbtc ol dpestdmoptdr. Cl hucrpd pucac sugaeveaersc cb rcieøb hc`ïleho (obtcredr o lo `orebic), trdbhd (hucrpd

 

prdpeofcbtc aehmd) y dpestdmoptdr. Lo supcr`ehec adrsol acl hucrpd cs hdbvcxo y lo vcbtrol høbhovo. Cl hucrpd cs usuolfcbtc ebhdldrd d iresïhcd, oubquc lds mucv mu cvds ds,, ørio øriobd bdss eb ebtc tcrb rbds ds y cl olef olefcb cbtd td eb ebic icre read ad lc pu puca cacb cb hd hdb` b`cr crer er ub ubo o opor op orec ecbh bheo eo rdnez rdnezo, o, of ofor orelellc lcbt bto o d po pora rauz uzho ho.. Lo Loss cs cstr truh uhtu turo ross ac `en `enoh oheø eøb b ol mdspcaoadr sdb> [rdmoptdrcs> Cstruhturos quc sc cbhucbtrob cb cl cxtrcfd obtcredr acl hucrpd hucrp d quc ebtcrv ebtcrvecb ecbcb cb cb lo `eno `enoheø heøb b ol md mdspc spcaoa aoadr dr y ole olefc fcbto btoheø heøb, b, cs cstïb tïb hdbstetueads pdr cstruhturos fushulorcs y/d ilobaulorcs . Cb fuhmos cspchecs ac fd fdbdi bdicbc cbcds ds lds prd prdmo moptd ptdrcs rcs cs cstïb tïb `dr `drfo foads ads pdr ilïbau ilïbaulos los hc` hc`ïle ïlehos hos ubeh ub ehcl clul ulor orcs cs qu quc c legc legcro rob b su sust stob obhe heos os oa oamc mcse sevo voss o trov trovås ås ac hd hdba bauh uhtd tdss

ebaeveauolcs. Ssuolfcbtc sc pucacb cbhdbtror 7 o = porcs ac cstos ilïbaulos aespu aes pucst cstds ds sefåtr sefåtreho ehofcb fcbtc tc o ofgds ofgds loa loads ds ac lo gdho gdho (Aohty (Aohtyldi ldiyru yruss spp spp., ., Iyrdao Iyrd aoht htyl ylus us sp spp. p.,, Qm Qmou oufo fotd tdhd hdty tylc lc spp. spp.). ). Xe ge gecb cb cl dpes dpestd tdmo mopt ptdr dr cs lo cstruh cst ruhtur turo o pre prebhe bhepol pol ac sun sunche cheøb øb ol mds mdspc pcaoa aoadr, dr, cst cstos os ilï ilïbau baulos los `ohele `oheletob tob cl fdvefecbtd ac lds mclfebtds cbtrc lds `elofcbtds grobqueolcs, sunctïbadsc y legcrïbadsc oltcrboaofcbtc lds cxtrcfds obtcredr y pdstcredr. Dtros cspchecs tecbcb ub por ac surhds pdhd prd`ubads ugehoads sefåtrehofcbtc o ofgds loads ac lo gdho, quc ohtþob ac fobcro sefelor o ubo vcbtdso y cb lds quc acscfgdhob los ilïbaulos oamcsevos (Betzshmeo spp.). Cbtrc lds prdmoptdrcs ac boturolczo fushulor, cxestc ubo irob vorecaoa ac `drfos y aespdseheøb> ubo þbeho vcbtdso drol rdacobad lo gdho, hdb aestebtds iroads ac fushulorezoheøb (Holehdtylc spp., [dlystdfo spp., Wondbhmdhdtylc spp.), ads vcbtdsos obtcredrcs o ofgds loads ac lo gdho (Cbhdtyllogc spp., Qrestdfo spp.) d ads vcbtdsos guholcs cfgcgeaos cb los porcacs acl cfguad guhol d prc`orebic (Fehrdhdtylc spp., Drgdhdtylc spp.). Cl dpestdmoptdr cs cl øriobd prebhepol ac suncheøb ol

 

mdspcaoadr, sc cbhucbtro cb cl cxtrcfd pdstcredr acl hucrpd, pcrd pucac cxtc cx tcba bacr crsc sc ub ubo o aest aestob obhe heo o hd hdbs bsea eacr crog oglc lc o ld lo lori rid d acl acl trdbh trdbhd d se secb cbad ad ub ubo o hdbtebuoheøb acl fesfd, d cstor hdb`eboad ol cxtrcfd pdstcredr acl hucrpd. Cb oliubo oli uboss cspche cspchecs cs sc cbhucb cbhucbtro tro `ucrtc `ucrtcfcb fcbtc tc acl aclefet efetoa oad d ac acll huc hucrpd rpd pd pdrr ub pcaþbhuld. Cstc øriobd prcscbto ubo irob voreogeleaoa fdr`dløieho quc sc cbhucbtro rclohedboao prebhepolfcbtc hdb cl seted ac eb`chheøb.

OHQEPEAOA 8> Ebvcsteiuc cb `ucbtcs gegledirï`ehos y rcpdrtc hdb efïicbcs dtrds iåbcrds ac lo hlosc aeicbco c ebaequc sus portcs.

IÅBCWD AEHWDHDCLESF> MDX[CAOADWCX AC@EBEQEPDX

  Ld cbhdbt cbhdbtrof rofds ds cb rufeob rufeobtcs tcs ad adfås fåsteh tehds ds y sol solvon voncs. cs. Cb oli oliubo uboss dhose dh osedb dbcs cs sc mo acs acshre hretd td su dgs dgscrv crvohe oheøb øb cb dtr dtros os cs cspch pchecs ecs hdfd hdfd hcr hcrad, ad, hogol ho golld, ld, hdbcnd hdbcnd,, sec secbad bad cl hre hrehct hctd d lo csp cspch chec ec ac log logdro drotdr tdred ed fïs rch rchcpt cptevd evd.. Qofgeåb pucac o`chtor ol mdfgrc, oubquc sc troto ac hosd fuy rords. MDX[CAOADWCX EBQCWFCAEOWEDX Hucbto hdb ads mdspcaoadrcs ebtcrfcaeoreds> -M.E. ?¾> Horohdl Qcrrcstrc ([ucac trotorsc tr otorsc ac aestebtds iåbcrds). M.E. 7¾> Mdrfeios acl I. @drfeho.  LDHOLE^OHEØB  Cb lds hdbauhtds geleorcs y lo vcsæhulo geleor.  AEXQWEGSHEØB ICDIWÏ@EHO

 

 Fubaeol. CX[CHEC (Aehrdhdcleuf acbaretehuf)

[OWQCX> o) Pc Pcbt btds dsos os>> Hucb Hucbto to hdb hdb ad adss vc vcbt btds dsos os,, vc vcbt btds dso o drol drol y vc vcbt btro roll d ohctïguld. g) Ebtcstebd> O lo gdho, lc seiuc lo `orebic, cl csø`oid y ads hecids, quc bd sc cbhucbtrob rofe`ehoads. h)Qcst h)Q cstæhu æhulds lds>> Xc cbhucb cbhucbtro trob b setuoa setuoads ds act actrïs rïs ac lo vcb vcbtds tdso o vcb vcbtro trol,l, aespucstds cb tïbacf. a) Dvored> Csto aespucstd ebfcaeotofcbtc actrïs ac lds tcstæhulds. Qobtd cl dvored hdfd lds tcstæhulds sdb ldguloads. c) Þtcrd> Hdb bufcrdsos rofe`ehohedbcs, dhupo tdao lo fetoa pdstcredr  acl trcfotdad. `) Ilïbaulos Petcløicbos> Xdb foriebolcs, sc setþob cb cl tcrhed fcaed. IÅBCWD HLDBDWHMEX>

 

Cspchec (Hldbdrhmes sebcbses)

Cstc porïsetd cs `rchucbtc cb Hmebo, sc cstefo quc eb`chto ?7; felldbcs ac pcrsdbos y cxestcb zdbos adbac lo toso ac fdrgeleaoa pucac llcior o 8?%8, sdgrc tdad cb los ïrcos hcrhobos o lo hdsto. Fuhmos ac los eb`chhedbcs pucacb scr osebtdfïtehos d prcscbtor fobe`cstohedbcs ac dgstruhheøb y aelotoheøb ac lds hdbauhtds geleorcs, hdlobietes y cb oliubds hosds hdlobiedhorhebdfo. [OWQCX>

 

IÅBCWD D[EXQMDWHMEX> Xc horohtcrezo pdr cl ospchtd ac lds tcstæhulds, ac hdbtdrbd ldguload.  Oirupo aevcrsos cspchecs, ac horïhtcr zddbøtehd, huyds mdspcaoadrc mdspcaoadrcss ac`ebetevds sdb fofæ`crds ehteø`oids> iotds y kpcrrds. O`chtob o felldbcs ac pcrsdbos y cs `rchucbtc cb Oseo, Qurquæo, Wuseo y Hcbtrdcurdpo.

Cspchec (Dpestmdrhmes `clebcus)

 

Dpestmdrhmes `clebcus cs ub trcfotdad porïsetd quc eb`chto cl mæioad ac lds fofæ`crds. Cl prefcr muåspca ebtcrfcaed acl porïsetd sdb lds horohdlcs ac oiuo oiu o au aulhc lhc Get Getmyb mybeo eo eb`lot eb`loto o (se (sebø bøbef befd d Hdaec Hdaecllo llo eb`lot eb`loto), o), Get Getmyb mybeo eo trd trdshm shmcle cleee y Getmybeo lcohmee. Cl sciubad muåspca sdb pchcs ac oiuo aulhc quc sc eb`chtob huobad ebiecrcb lds horohdlcs. Cl muåspca ac`ebetevd sdb fofæ`crds hdfd cl mdfgrc d cl iotd quc oaquecrcb lo eb`chheøb ol hdfcr pcshoad hruad d pdhd hdheboad. [OWQCX>

OHQEPEAOA 1> Ebvcsteiuc `ucbtcs gegledirï`ehos y rcpdrtc hdb efïicbcs dtrds iåbcrds ac lo hlosc cb Håstdao c ebaequc sus portcs. IÅBCWD MUFCLD[XEX>

 

Xdb porïsetds ac rdcadrcs y acl mdfgrc, oubquc cxestcb dtros fuhmos cspchecs quc tecbcb hdfd mdspcaoadrcs ac`ebetevds o bufcrdsds vcrtcgroads supcredrcs, sdgrc tdad ovcs. Xc cbhucbtrob cb zdbos tcfploaos d trdpeholcs. Cspchec (Myfcbdlcpes bobo)

[OWQCX> Cl oaultd hdbdhead hdfd tcbeo cbobo, cs ub hcstdad `ele`drfc huyo ldbietua voreo ac 7-1 hf y su obhmuro llcio o ? ff. Cl cshølcx cs aefebutd quc pdscc ub rdstcld fuy hdbtrïhtel hdb`drfoad cbtrc 77-8; iobhmds omdrquelloads. Lds obellds scxuolfcbtc foaurds tecbcb 8 tcstæhulds vdlufebdsds, lds obellds irïveads cstïb dhupoads hose pdr hdfplctd pdr ub þtcrd sohhe`drfc llcbd ac mucvds.

 

IÅBCWD AE[ULEAESF>

Cstc iåbcrd sc horohtcrezo pdrquc los prdiløteacs irïveaos prcscbtob ads pdrds. Cb su hehld cvdlutevd prcscbto ae`crcbtcs ctopos ac acsorrdlld, cl mucv mu cvd d cb los los lorv lorvos os ac puli pulios os y pe pedn dnds ds (mds (mdspc pcac acrd rdss eb ebtc tcrf rfca caeo eore reds ds), ), hestehcrhdeac d `osc lorvoreo cb los pulios oaultos, y `osc oaulto d tcbeo cb lds obefolcs eb`chtoads (mdspcacrds ac`ebetevds).

 

Cspchec (Aepyleaeuf hobebuf)

[OWQCX> Qecbc sefctræo gelotcrol y cstï `drfoad pdr trcs scifcbtds> cl cshølcx d hogczo: cl huclld, scifcbtd quc icbcro cl rcstd acl driobesfd, y cl hucrpd, quc cstï hdbstetuead pdr scifcbtds acbdfeboads prdiløteacs y quc cb su hdbnubtd sc acbdfebob cstrøgeld. Los prdiløteacs scfcnob ubo hoacbo ac “irobds ac orrdz “d “pcpos ac zopolld‖ d “scfellos ac hologozo‖.

IÅBCWD FSLQEHC[X> Los cspchecs ac cstc iåbcrd cb cstoad oaultd sdb fuy scfcnobtcs o los ac Qocbeo, puaecbad ae`crcbheorsc hdb gosc cb los l os aefcbsedbcs ac lds iobhmds rdstclorc rdstcl orcss y cb los horoht horohtcræ cræste stehos hos ac lds øriobd øriobdss rcp rcprda rdauht uhtdrc drcs. s. Xc mo mob b rciestroad huotrd cspchecs hdfd porïsetds acl mdfgrc cb cstoad lorvored> F. fultehcps, F. screoles, F. ildfcrotus y F. groube.

 

Cspchec (Fultehcps screoles)

[OWQCX> [rcscb [rc scbto to ub csh cshølc ølcxx ild ildgds gdsd d prdves prdvestd td ac huo huotrd trd vcb vcbtds tdsos os dvo dvolcs lcs y rdstcl rds tcld d orfoa orfoad d hdb 70-87 70-87 iobhm iobhmds ds ac ae`crc ae`crcbtc btc tof tofoÿd oÿd aes aespuc pucstd stdss cb 7 hdrdbos: lds fïs pcqucÿds feacb ;.;9=-;.?7; ff ac lorid y lds foydrcs ;.?83 - ;.?93 ff: cstrøgeld ac 7;-97 hf ac ldbietua: prdiløteacs irïveaos prcscbtobad 7;-73 rofos utcrebos.

IÅBCWD CHMEBDHDHHSX> Cstc Cs tc iåbc iåbcrd rd ld hd hdb` b`dr drfo fob b iuso iusobd bdss ac pd pdhd hd tofo tofoÿd ÿd,, ub ubds ds pd pdhd hdss felæfctrds ac ldbietua. Acbtrd ac cstc iåbcrd sc mo eacbte`ehoad hebhd cspchecs quc o`chtob o irob hobteaoa ac obefolcs adfåstehds y solvoncs. Lo cspchec

 

fïs efpdrtobtc cs Chmebdhdhhu Chmebdhdhhus s irobuldsus (tcbeo acl pcrrd) quc sc fobtecbc cb ub hehld pcrrd-dvcno y houso lo foydræo ac lds hosds ac meaoteadses mufobo.

Cspchec (Chmebdhdhhus irobuldsus)

[OWQCX> Xu hucrpd cstï `drfoad pdr ub cshølcx d hogczo y 8 d 1 obellds d prdiløteacs. Cl cshølcx tecbc vcbtdsos y ub rdstcld hdb iobhmds y lo þltefo prdiløteac cs fïs lorid quc obhmd y cs irïvead. Lo lorvo u dbhds`cro ac Chmebdhdhhus irobuldsus irobuldsus feac oprdxefoaofcbtc 7-9 ff. ac lorid.

 

HSCXQEDBOWED ?. Acsh Acshre rego go gr grcv cvcf cfcb cbtc tc lo cstr cstruh uhtu turo ro acl acl op opor orot otd d aeic aeicst stev evd d ac ub turgclored trehlïaead (ploboreo). Los ploboreos sdb acprcaoadrcs ac pcqucÿds obefolcs, pdr cbac su sestcfo aeicstevd hdbsto ac ubo þbeho ogcrturo (gdho), setuoao cb lo fetoa acl hucrpd cb pdseheøb vcbtrol, `orebic c ebtcstebd fïs d fcbds rofe`ehoad, cstobad mogetuolfcbtc ouscbtc cl obd.

7. Cb quå quå hdbs hdbses estc tc cl dpes dpesto topt ptdr dr,, quå quå dr drio iobe besf sfds ds ld pr prcs cscb cbto to y qu quåå `ubheøb hufplc Cl dp dpes estm tmop optd tdrr cs cl ør ørio iobd bd ac `e`eno nohe heøb øb ac ld ldss fdbd fdbdiå iåbc bcds ds y sc cbhucbtro cb lo portc pdstcredr ac tdads cstds driobesfds. Cstc dpestmoptdr cs cl ør ørio iobd bd ac ubeø ubeøb b y cs ac veto vetoll ef efpd pdrt rtob obhe heo o po poro ro oy oyua uaor or o qu quc c cs cstd tdss chtdporïsetds pcrfobczhob ubeads o su ob`etreøb. Cstc tepd ac plotclfebtds tofgeåb sdb porïsetds, oubquc bdrfolfcbtc cxtcrbds y ac cspchecs ac pchcs y ob`egeds. Lo foydræo sdb gostobtc pcqucÿds, acsac oliubos fehros mosto ub por ac hcbtæfctrds.

8. Wcpdrtc Wcpdrtc oac oacfïs fïs ac los cs cstuaeo tuaeoaos, aos, cspchec cspchecss ac plotcl plotclfebtd febtdss porïse porïsetds tds acl mdfgrc.

 

Lo eb`c eb`chh hheø eøb b pd pdrr Qo Qocb cbeo eo os oseo eoteteho ho sc lelefe feto to o Os Oseo eo y sc prda prdauh uhc c prebhepolfcbtc cb Hmebo, Qoewïb, Ebadbcseo, Qoelobaeo, Hdrco acl Xur, Ebaeo y lds poæscs oayohcbtcs. Lds hcrads sdb lds muåspcacs ebtcrfcaeoreds ac Qocbeo oseoteho . Lds scrcs mufobds sc eb`chtob ol ebicrer hestehcrhds (lorvos) cb horbc ac hcrad hruao d fol hdheao. Acspuås ac lo ebicsteøb, lds hestehcrhds foaurob cb

iusobds oaultds cb cl ebtcstebd aclioad ac lds scrcs mufobds. Bd cstï hlord se Qocbeo Qocbeo oseoteho oseoteho puca pucac c houso housorr hestehcrh hestehcrhdses dses cb cl scr  mufobd. Lo hestehcrhdses cs ubo eb`chheøb pdr lorvos quc sc acsorrdllo acspuås ac lo ebicsteøb ac mucvds cxhrctoads cb los mchcs mufobos.

Xæbtdf Xæb tdfos os Qocbeo Qocbeo oseote oseoteho ho

prd prdvdh vdho o eb` eb`chh chheøb eøb ebtcs ebtcsteb tebol. ol. Lds scr scrcs cs

mufobds mufo bds eb`chtoad eb`chtoadss pdr iusobds oau oaultds ltds ac Qocbeo Qocbeo oseoteho bd prcsc prcscbtob btob sæ sæbt btdf dfos os d tecb tecbcb cb sæ sæbt btdf dfos os io iost strd rdeb ebtc tcst steb ebol olcs cs lc lcvc vcs. s. [u [uca cacb cb dg dgsc scrv rvor  or  prdiløteacs (scifcbtds ac lo tcbeo) cb sus mchcs.

1. Elustrc Elustrc hehld hehldss ac veao ac ac ub fdbdicb fdbdicbcd, cd, aeicbcd aeicbcd y hhåstda åstdacc HEHLD AC PEAO FDBDICBCD

 

HEHLD AC PEAO AEICBCD

 

HEHLD AC PEAO HÅXQDAC

EEE.

AEXHSXEØB Cb cl pr prcs cscb cbtc tc eb eb`d `drf rfc c tr trot otof ofds ds oh ohcr crho ho acl acl `el `eld d [l [lot otcl clfe febt btds ds,, ld ldss

obefolcs pcrtcbchecbtcs o cstc `eld sdb treglïstehds tre glïstehds ohcldfoads hdb tepd ac veao ohtevd y sefctræo gelotcrol: ebehed ac hc`olezoheøb y ac hdbhcbtroheøb acl sestcfo bcrvedsd bcrved sd (se (sestc stcfo fo bcr bcrved vedsd sd drt drtdid didbo bol). l). Xdb mcr mcrfo` fo`rda rdaeto etoss pd pdrqu rquc c tec tecbcb bcb øriobds rcprdauhtdrcs tobtd foshulebds hdfd `cfcbebds. Xc rcprdauhcb ac `drfo scxuol y oscxuol. Lo `chubaoheøb cs ebtcrbo y pucacb tcbcr acsorrdlld aerchtd d ebaerchtd. Lo foydræo ac lds plotclfebtds tecbcb veao porïseto, cs acher, bchcsetob vever acbtrd acl driobesfd ac ub muåspca, fecbtros quc ubds pdhds sdb ac veao legrc. Xciþb lds rcsultoads ac bucstrd eb`drfc hdbseacrofds quc cs ac irob efpdrtobheo cl cstuaed ac lds obefolcs pcrtcbchecbtcs ol `eld plotclfebtds, poro bucstro `drfoheøb ohoaåfeho, acgead o quc su veao poroseto efpleho quc scob

 

ac hu huea eaoa oad d sobe sobeto tore red, d, pu pucs cstd td qu quc c fuhm fuhmds ds ac cs cstd tdss drio driobe besf sfds ds o`ch o`chto tob b obefolcs adfåstehds c ebhlusd pucacb prdvdhor aoÿds fuy efpdrtobtcs cb lo solua acl scr mufobd. Sb pu pub btd o acgo goteterr (ae aesh shus useø eøb b) cb cl quc tdad tdadss hd hdbh bhdr drao aof fds futuof fut uofcbt cbtc c tro tross lo rcvese rcveseøb øb geg gegled ledirï irï`eh `eho o cs quc: quc: lds plotcl plotclfeb febtds tds tof tofgeå geåb b acbdfeboads iusobds oploboads, cstïb ugehoads cb cl iroad ac driobezoheøb ac ørio øriobd bdss y se sest stcf cfos os,, sc horo horoht htcr crez ezob ob pd pdrr pd pdsc sccr cr se sest stcf cfo o rcpr rcprda dauh uhtd tdr  r  hdfplcnd, tofgeåb su fcaed ac cxhrcheøb sdb prdtdbc`reaeds y sdb obefolcs prdtdstdfds.

EP.

HDBHLSXEØB

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Wchdbdhefds o lds cncfplorcs acl `eleld d plo lottclfeb ebttd prcscbtobad lo loss horohtcræstehos ac treglïstehds, sefplcs, prefetevds y prcscbtor sefctræo gel gelotc otcrol rol.. Oac Oacfïs fïs ac ebt ebtcst cstebd ebd rof rofe`eh e`ehoad oad poro poro opr oprdvc dvchmo hmorr fcn fcndr dr lds butrecbtcs. Cs osæ quc sc hdbseacrob cl orquctepd hdb cl huol sc mob ead `drfobad lds fctozddoreds prdtdstdfoads.

7.

[u [uae aefd fdss ae` ae`cr crcb cbhe heor or llds ds ør ørio iobd bdss a ac c `eno `enohe heøb øb cb cb Fdbd Fdbdic icbc bco o prc prcsc scbt btob obad ad prdmoptdr, dpestmoptdr `drfoad ac vcbtdsos, iobhmds, cspebos y pebzos. Qrcfotdao oliubos vchcs oporchcb ads vcbtdsos d ofgos pucacb cstor  ouscbtcs, ubo vcbtdso obtcredr u drol, rdaco o lo gdho y ubo vcbtdso

 

vcbtr vc btrol. ol. [d [drr þlt þltefd efd Hcstda Hcstdao o tecbc tecbc ubo hog hogczo czo acb acbdfe dfeboa boao o csh cshølc ølcxx adtoao ac øriobds poro lo `enoheøb hdfd vcbtdsos, gdtreos, iobhmds.

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Hdstos, I. (7;7?). Lds plotclfebtds> horohtcræstehos y hlose`ehoheøb. Dgtcbead ac Hecbheo y Gedldiæo> mttps>//hecbheoygedldieo.hdf/tepd-plotclfebto/ Iel Wched, L. (7;?0). [lotclfebtds, eb`drfoheøb y horohtcræstehos. Dgtcbead ac [oroaoes

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