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Gk`sulik Ic`s l Giåuhce Alsqucte

Mciaer k rlei

Wkorl k hkgual`tårck orescilcrk gk`tlapkrï`lk

 

Wuaårck

La ousge hk rlei E`ks 3:4 k hkgual`tårck ne`fe vcscocichehl Xl`hä`gces Xl`hä `gces hk hkgual`tårck gk`tlapkrï`lk gk`tlapkrï`lk Gk`trepk`tks gka k hkgual`tårck akhlr`k Zrlsl`îe he l`trlvcste E koslrveîçk l k tlapk Hkgual`tårck l eutkrrlprlsl`teîçk Hkgual`tårck l aáhce4 gk`mrk`tks, hcåiknks Hkgual`tårck Hk gual`tårck suodltcvk l l`seck máiacgk máiacgk Hcspksctcvks hkgual`tecs, hcspksctcvks ertástcgks Hcspksctcvks l `kves mkraes euhckvcsuecs Caenla l grl`îe  E`lxk4  Mcials hkgual`tecs orescilcrks ie`îehks ie`îehks `k gc`lae (hl 533= e ?::>)  @ktes  _lmlrä`gces ocoicknråmcges

 

Grãhctks cgk`knråmcgks  Enrehlgcal`tks

 

La ousge hk rlei

Zkr qul k hkgual`tårck tla etreáhk ua c`tlrlssl grlsgl`tl hl rleiczehkrls, grátcgks l plsqucsehkrls hl gc`lae l gk`qucstehk uae perglie plqul`e aes gk`schlråvli hk pôoicgk qul mrlqul`te es seies hl lxcocîçk `k Oresci; Mkrauiehe hl hcmlrl`tls ae`lcres, lste qulstçk pecre `k er. Lie lgke ua c`tlrlssl rlvcnkrehk plie pråtcge hkgual`tei, qul pkhl slr gk`stetehk plik eual`tk hl mcials prkhuzchks `e ôitcae hãgehe, e grceîçk hl mlstcvecs lsplgceial`tl hlhcgehks e lsse akheichehl hl gc`lae, e eapiceîçk hl lhctecs pôoicgks l kutres mkraes hl mkal`tk ê rleiczeîçk hl mcials hkgual`tecs l e prlsl`îe grlsgl`tl ‗ alsak qul ec`he c`setcsmet÷rce ‗ hl hkgual`tårcks c`hlpl`hl`tls `e tlilvcsçk orescilcre. Xeaoãa sçk c`hcgetcvks hlssl c`tlrlssl ks gursks qul sl lspeifea plik peás c`tlcrk, k eual`tk hl puoicgeîüls, ks hloetls skorl hkgual`tårcks la l`gk`trks l slac`årcks l e hcsgussçk la tkr`k hl `kvks alcks hl lxcocîçk l hcstrcoucîçk. Lssl lstehk hl gkcses `çk sl rlstrc`nl ek Oresci. Ks sc`ecs he mkrîe hk hkgual`tårck gk`tlapkrï`lk sçk etã aecs gk`scstl`tls la peásls he Lurkpe ‗ `e Mre`îe, pertcguieral`tl ‗, `ks Lstehks \`chks, Ge`ehå, Depçk, Csreli, l`trl kutrks. Ã capkrte`tl `kter ec`he qul k c`tlrlssl pkr caenl`s ’rlecs‑ teapkugk sl icacte ek geapk hk hkgual`tårck4 perlgl gkrrlspk`hlr e uae etreîçk gehe vlz aeckr plik ’rlei‑ la hcvlrses mkraes hl lxprlssçk ertástcges l achcåtcges. Zertl scn`cmcgetcve hes mcgîüls gc`laetknråmcges l alsak tlilvcscves tla c`vlstchk la uae lstãtcge hl tlkr hkgual`tei, l sçk lxprlsscves es ehepteîüls hl rlietks ictlrårcks gude aetãrce sçk sctueîüls rlecs. Ks tlildkr`ecs l prknreaes hl verclhehls `çk sl icactea aecs ês caenl`s lståvlcs l ola l`quehrehes, utcicze`hk la auctes gkolrtures pie`ks-slquä`gces trlachks l caenl`s hl oecxe queichehl rlncstrehes pkr acgrkgïalres, gïalres hl vcnciï`gce, eaehkres l hl tlilmk`ls gliuierls, ousge`hk caprcacr ‗ ec`he qul hl ae`lcre icactehe l ’hkalstcgehe‑ ‗ ua ’lmlctk hl rleichehl‑ ê esslpsce lstãtcge qul caplreve `k tlildkr`eicsak etã

 

k c`ágck hks e`ks 3:. Ks rleicty sfkws  sfkws  susgctea qulstüls qul etc`nla e pråtcge hkgual`tei, c`hene`hk hcrlte ku c`hcrlteal`tl sues mrk`tlcres, pksscocichehls l icactls. Ã teaoãa gehe vlz aecs gkaua lxpkr caenl`s hkgual`tecs la neilrces l auslus `e mkrae hl vchlkc`steieîüls. La suae, es prkhuîüls euhckvcsuecs qul gcrguiea `e tlilvcsçk, `k gc`lae, `e c`tlr`lt, `ksgliuierls, lspeîks sçk hl ertl gk`tlapkrï`le, la hcspksctcvks a÷vlcs gkak tlilmk`ls etrevlssehes pkr caenl`s ’rlecs‑ hl hcmlrl`tls tcpks (vckil`tes, oe`ecs, prktenk`czehes pkr glilorchehls ku e`ø`caks), gepturehes pkr gïalres hl mkraetks hcvlrsks. Hlsnestl hes mkraes euhckvcsuecs lsteolilgches; Xl`tetcves hl rlvcteiczer ua lsplgtehkr l`tlhcehk e qula ã prlgcsk kmlrlglr uae hksl aeckr hl ’rleichehl‑ pere qulorer e c`hcmlrl`îe; Ae`lcres hl setcsmezlr k hlsldk ’vkylur‑ hk pôoicgk hl vlr slaprl aecs; Lcs qulstüls qul `ks lstcauiea e rlmiltcr skorl e sctueîçk hk hkgual`tårck `k Oresci l gka es quecs, qulrl`hk ku `çk, k gc`lae hkgual`tei tla fkdl f kdl qul sl hlmrk`ter h lmrk`ter.. K gk`tlxtk l k quehrk eapicehk hk euhckvcsuei orescilcrk sçk gkapilxks l, laokre sl meîea prlsl`tls, `çk slrçk kodltk hcrltk hl `ksse e`åicsl. Lstl l`seck sl etãa ê prkhuîçk c`hlpl`hl`tl hl mcials l váhlks hkgual`tecs `k Oresci e pertcr hl alehks hks e`ks 3:, aes mez orlvls rlguks ês hãgehes e`tlrckrls pere alifkr hcstc`nucr ruptures l gk`tc`uchehls la rlieîçk ek hkgual`tårck rleiczehk `k peás hlshl ks e`ks =:. @kssk lsmkrîk equc mkc k hl rltkaer qulstüls prlsl`tls `e prkhuîçk l `e grátcge ek ik`nk hks ôitcaks e`ks l eokrher kutres qul `ks perlgla capkrte`tls pere hloetlr lsse mkrae hl gc`lae.5 Lssl prkglhcal`tk capicgku lsgkifes hl mcials l eutkrls, l `ks mlz hlcxer prcvcilnceaks hl mkre ua `ôalrk Laokre fede lxglîüls, mcialsgk`schlråvli då lxcochks hl lakores seiesrlgl`tls. ku `e tlilvcsçk, la mu`îçk hl sue gcrguieîçk l aeckr prlsl`îe `k hloetl pôoicgk. Aecs hk qul e  duineal`tks hl veikr, `ksses lsgkifes hl kores gkrrlspk`hla ê tl`tetcve hl chl`tcmcger rlgkrrä`gces, geac`fks rlprlsl`tetcvks l treîks `kvks `lste prkhuîçk.

 

E`ks 3:4 k hkgual`tårck ne`fe vcscocichehl

K mc`ei he hãgehe hl 3: ã lsplgceial`tl aerge`tl pere k hkgual`tårck orescilcrk4 e prkhuîçk hl mcials lstå la mre`gk grlsgcal`tk, einu`s tátuiks gflnea ê tlie nre`hl, e etl`îçk hk pôoicgk l he grátcge ã gehe vlz aeckr. Xräs mcials sl hlstegea la 53334  @÷s qul equc lsteaks pkr v÷s lsplreaks,, hl Aerglik Aesençk, qul etc`nl ua pôoicgk hl  lsplreaks hl  quesl >),  (53>>), la tkr`k hk vli÷rck l l`tlrrk hk pc`tkr Hc Geveige`tc, teivlz k prcalcrk hkgual`tårck lmltcveal`tl suodltcvk hk gc`lae orescilcrk. Gk`nk Gk`nk   l  Hc/Nieuolr  Hc/Nieuolr   sçk mcials lxplrcal`tecs, rlmilxcvks, l`seástcgks2 kores la qul e c`tlrvl`îçk hks gc`lestes ã gl`trei l lxpiágcte, rleiczehes e pertcr hl ua aetlrcei euhckvcsuei fltlrknä`lk, l `es quecs k qul capkrte `çk sçk es ’gkcses‑ prkprceal`tl, aes e rlieîçk qul sl pkhl lsteolilglr l`trl lies. Mcials qul hlcxea gierks ks icactls he rlprlsl`teîçk hkgual`tei l prkpüla `kves mkraes hl rlieîçk gka k lsplgtehkr, aes mkrea c`mliczal`tl auctk pkugk vcstks. E lxcocîçk hl  Hc/Nieuolr  Hc/Nieuolr   ã etã fkdl prkcoche `k Oresci, la mu`îçk hl ua prkglssk akvchk plie meaáice hk pc`tkr. pc`tkr. Ã Geore aergehk pere akrrlr  akrrlr  (53=8/5368), hl Lhuerhk Gkutc`fk, k mcial qul rlô`l, sc`tltcze l c`hcge `kvks geac`fks pere k hkgual`tårck orescilcrk, tre`smkrae`hk-sl la ua ’hcvcskr hl ånues‑, slnu`hk Dle`Gieuhl Olr`erhlt, l`trl k gc`lae akhlr`k hks e`ks =: l >: l k hkgual`tårck hes hãgehes hl 6: l 3:. La vlz hks nre`hls egk`tlgcal`tks l hks nre`hls fkal`s he fcst÷rce orescilcre, ku hl metks l plsskes lxlapierls, k mcial sl kgupe hl lpcs÷hcks mrenal`tårcks, plrsk`enl`s e`ø`caks, equlils qul mkrea lsqulgchks l rlgusehks plie fcst÷rce kmcgcei l plie aáhce. Geore aergehk lmltue aergehk lmltue hlsvcks scn`cmcgetcvks `es mkraes hl sl mezlr hkgual`tårck `k Oresci, aes `çk hlcxe hl hceikner gka hcmlrl`tls lstãtcges hkgual`tecs l he rlpkrtenla tlilvcscve, rltkae`hk einuaes hlies l rlc`vl`te`hk kutres. E fcst÷rce hl Geore Geore ã  ã gk`flgche. C`cgcehk l c`tlrrkapchk la 53=8, plik nkipl acicter, k prkdltk tl`gck`eve gk`ter e tredlt÷rce hk iáhlr geapk`äs Dkçk Zlhrk Xlcxlcre, essessc`ehk e ae`hk hl ietcmu`hcårcks, tl`hk geapk`lsls gkak etkrls hl uae mcgîçk c`spcrehe la ’metks rlecs‑ (e vcôve hl Dkçk Zlhrk, Liczeoltf Xlcxlcre, hlslapl`feve k slu pr÷prck pepli). Uue`hk Gkutc`fk rltkae k mcial `e hãgehe hl 6:, `çk sl trete aecs hl capie`ter ua prkdltk lstãtcgk gkiltcvk, l`nede`hk geapk`lsls l c`tlilgtuecs `uae lxplrcä`gce mc`s hchåtcgks l hlhlprkakîçk he iute geapk`lse. Xrete-slgkaua, enkre hlgka ua c`hcváhuk la ousge kutrks c`hcváhuks.

 

Ks geapk`lsls qul k gc`leste rll`gk`tre lstçk tre`smkraehks plie lxplrcä`gce fcst÷rcge qul vcvlrea, essca gkak k prkdltk hl mcial sl tre`smkraku `ks quesl vc`tl e`ks qul slperea uae mciaenla he kutre, e`ks hl hctehure acicter. Gkutc`fk vkite pere kuvcr ks geapk`lsls l lxpkr e lxplrcä`gce e`tlrckr e ua oeie`îk ‗ ks oeie`îks pkssávlcs, enkre, sçk c`hcvchuecs. Wue pksture la 5365 (que`hk k mcial ã rltkaehk) ã hl hcspk`cocichehl l eolrture pere k l`gk`trk. Xrete-sl hl eorcr e gïalre pere e gkapilxchehl hes rlprlsl`teîüls qul ks geapk`lsls mezla hl sue lxplrcä`gce l hl sue fcst÷rce, auctes vlzls gk`trehct÷rces. K Geore Geore   hl 5368, gl`trehk la l`trlvcstes, ã ua mcial eolrtk, sla glrtlzes. Gkutc`fk epkste `k prkglssk hl mciaenla gkak equlil qul prkhuz egk`tlgcal`tks l plrsk`enl`s2 epkste `k l`gk`trk l`trl qula mciae l qula ã mciaehk gkak lssl`gcei pere tkr`er k hkgual`tårck pkssávli. E l`trlvcste `çk ã aecs scapils hlpkcal`tk `la her e vkz, aes ua hcåiknk mrutk hl plrae`l`tl `lnkgceîçk la qul es vlrsüls hks plrsk`enl`s vçk sl`hk prkhuzches la gk`tetk gka e gïalre. Xrete-sl hl ua mcial qul, pere Csaeci Vevclr,=  l`glrre scaokicgeal`tl k plrákhk ’lstãtcge l c`tlilgtueial`tl aecs hl`sk hk gc`lae orescilcrk‑, aergehk plie trehcîçk hk gc`lae akhlr`k, ertcguie`hk hl mkrae c`vl`tcve l fltlrknä`le e hcal`sçk lstãtcge gka es qulstüls pkiátcges `egck`ecs.

@ktes *  Gk`glctk utciczehk pkr Olr`erhlt pere geregtlrczer k tcpk hl gk`struîçk, pliks mcials, hl slus ’kodltks‑, l e rlieîçk hl eitlrchehl prcvcilncehe pkr einu`s hks ?7 hkgual`tårcks qul e`eicsku la slu c`hcspl`såvli lstuhk skorl k akhlr`k hkgual`tårck orescilcrk4 Gc`lestes l caenl`s hk pkvk, pkvk, ie`îehk la 536 gc`laetknråmcge‑.> Lquegck`ehe e kutrks prkglhcal`tks hl eokrhenla l treoeifehe gka rcnkr la ik`nes gkak  Lsteacre  Lsteacre,, e l`trlvcste eperlgl gkak lstretãnce rlgkrrl`tl, hciuáhe la auctks treoeifks rlgl`tls. Ã prkvåvli qul k prcalcrk e gfeaer etl`îçk puoicgeal`tl pere e fcp÷tlsl hl qul ’e l`trlvcste vcrku gegkltl‑ tl`fe schk Dle`-Gieuhl Olr`erhlt, `e slnu`he lhcîçk hl Gc`lestes l caenl`s hk pkvk (?::7). pkvk (?::7). @k ertcnk ’E l`trlvcste‑, ua hks epä`hcgls ek tlxtk krcnc`ei, Olr`erhlt gk`stete k grlsgcal`tk he prkhuîçk hl hkgual`tårcks gc`laetknråmcgks `k Oresci hlshl mc`s hks e`ks 3:, aes ehvlrtl qul tei okka okka   `çk gkrrlspk`hl e ua ’l`rcqulgcal`tk he hreaeturnce l hes lstretãnces `erretcves‑2 ek gk`trårck, fevlrce e rlpltcîçk hl ua ô`cgk ’scstlae‑, oe`eiczehk plik dkr`eicsak tlilvcscvk4 ’@çk sl pl`se aecs la hkgual`tårck sla l`trlvcste, l k aecs hes vlzls hcrcncr uae plrnu`te ek l`trlvcstehk ã gkak icner k pciktk eutkaåtcgk.‑ 6 L`trl es gk`slquä`gces lstãtcges hlssl scstlae lstercea e hkac`ï`gce hk ’vlroeiczåvli‑, e mrege gepegchehl hl koslrveîçk hl sctueîüls rlecs la tre`smkraeîçk, e rlpltcîçk hl uae alsae gk`mcnureîçk lspegcei (equlie tápcge he l`trlvcste), e eusä`gce hl rlieîüls l`trl ks plrsk`enl`s ‗ la mu`îçk hk l`mkqul gl`trehk `e c`tlreîçk l`trl gc`leste l l`trlvcstehk. Olr`erhlt qul tei rlieîçk, pkr tlaåtcges sue vlz, ec`he sl etãa êê hcgktkace koslrve giåsscgeteaoãa sudlctk-kodltk. Hkac`ea rliegck`ehes lxplrcä`gce hk ’kutrk hl giessl‑ l ks gc`lestes tretea slus l`trlvcstehks pkorls hl akhk mltcgfcste l segreiczehk, sla lsteolilglr rlei hcåiknk4 ’Xuhk k qul hcz k pkorl veil. @çk veaks gk`trehczlr k pkorl, qul cssk capicgerce uae gkieokreîçk gka ks alge`csaks hl kprlssçk ‗ l`trlvcstehk pkorl ã ua te`tk segreiczehk.‑3 @lstl gk`tlxtk hl rlpltcîçk, hciucîçk l lsnkteal`tk hl ua akhlik, Olr`erhlt sl hcz aktcvehk pkr mcials qul lvchl`gcea e grcsl hk scstlae hl l`trlvcstes ‗ mcials ’hl l`trlvcste‑ qul lxcola, hl einua akhk, mcssures l tl`süls c`tlr`es e slu prkglhcal`tk gl`trei. Laoilaåtcgk hlsse sctueîçk,

 

pere lil, ã  Ê aernla he caenla, caenla, prcalcrk ik`ne hl Lveihk Akgerzli. @lssl mcial skorl akrehkrls hl rue he gchehl hl Wçk Zeuik, einu`s gicgfäs esskgcehks ek ’scstlae‑ lstçk akociczehks4 l`trlvcstes, prlsl`îe he lqucpl `e caenla l eusä`gce hl `erreîçk kvlr. Ek mc`ei, e aerge`tl eutkgrátcge4 ua hks plrsk`enl`s, hlpkcs hl esscstcr ek mcial la slssçk prkakvche plie lqucpl, akstre-sl hlsgk`tl`tl gka e rlprlsl`teîçk hl sue lxplrcä`gce laprll`hche plik ik`ne. Zere lil, meitku akstrer e sue rktc`e c`vcsávli4 cr hl gese la gese, plhcr gkache, rlglolr fuacifeîüls. Xlrce schk k gesk, pkhlaks pl`ser, hl eoe`hk`er ku aetczer e altkhkiknce gl`trehe la l`trlvcstes, `lssl gesk c`sumcgcl`tl, la prcvciãnck hl uae pksture hl koslrveîçk mciaehe hk gktchce`k.* K grátcgk `çk hlcxe ec`he hl suoic`fer k metk hl qul ’k scstlae hl l`trlvcstes scapicmcge e prkhuîçk l oecxe slus gustks‑, lxpicgcte`hk e rlieîçk l`trl ks alge`csaks hl prkhuîçk euhckvcsuei vcnl`tls, e hkac`ï`gce hl ua prkglhcal`tk l ks rlsuitehks lstãtcgks kotchks.

@ktes * Ek prkdlter k mcial pere ks plrsk`enl`s, Lveihk Akgerzli då prkvkge, la Ê la  Ê aernla he caenla caenla,, rlmilxüls skorl e eprkprceîçk he caenla hk kutrk. Lil hcvlrscmcge lstl qulstck`eal`tk l ousge `kvks l`mkquls la slus hkgual`tårcks pkstlrckrls, qul teaoãa sl veila hk prkglhcal`tk he l`trlvcste. La Hk La  Hk iutk ê iute iute   (?::=), pkr lxlapik, pertl hl uae lxplrcä`gce pls-skei (ã pec hl uae al`c`e pkrtehkre he sá`hrkal hl Hkw`) pere mkgeiczer e lxplrcä`gce hl kutrks pkrtehkrls l meacicerls. Einuaes e`åicsls hltches hks mcials hl Olr`erhlt sl l`gk`trea `k  Hkgoikn  Hkgoikn,, hl Geriks Eiolrtk Aettks.

 

E koslrveîçk l k tlapk

Hl`trl ks mcials hcmlrl`gcecs `lssl gk`tlxtk lstå  @lisk` Mrlcrl Mrlcrl (?::7), hl Dkçk Weiils. Xrete-sl, hl metk, hl ua H hkgual`tårck qul epkste, pere eiãa he c`tlreîçk l he gk`vlrse, `e koslrveîçk hltche hl sctueîüls rlecs, e lxlapik hl kutrks hkgual`tårcks hl Weiils4 te`tk equlils rleiczehks pere e tlilvcsçk ‗ e sãrcl  Mutloki  Mutloki,, la perglrce gka Ertfur Mk`tls, l We`te Gruz (?:::), ua hks prknreaes he sãrcl = fcst÷rces orescilcres, orescilcres, gkhcrcnchk gka Aergks Wå Gkrräe ‗, gkak pere k gc`lae ‗  @lisk` Mrlcrl Mrlcrl  l  L`trletks (?::8). Kpîçk teaoãa prlsl`tl, hl mkraes vercehes, la K gfeaehk hl Hlus (?:::), hl Dksã Dkmmciy,  Meie tu tu   (?::8), hl Nuciflral Gklifk, Dustcîe (?::8), hl Aerce Eunuste _eaks, K gårglrl l e rue  rue  (?::8), hl Icice`e Wuizoegf,  E plsske ã pere k qul `esgl  `esgl  (?::8), hl _kolrtk Olric`lr, ]kgeîçk hk pkhlr (?::: pere es iutes kplrårces hk EOG. ]kgeîçk hk pkhlr, pkhlr, ie`îehk pkugk hlpkcs hks mcials hl Weiils l Gkutc`fk, teaoãa egkape`fe uae geape`fe lilctkrei, aes hl vlrlehkr pere e gchehl hk _ck hl De`lcrk ‗ plrsk`enla al`kr he pkiátcge, pretcgeal`tl e`ø`cak l sla c`tlrlssl achcåtcgk. Lhuerhk Lsgkrli l Dksã Dkmmciy mciaerea hure`tl sltl alsls slcs ge`hchetks pkr hcmlrl`tls pertchks, tkhks lils tl`te`hk uae vene `e Gïaere Au`cgcpei plie prcalcre vlz. E lsgkife hks plrsk`enl`s perlgl tlr ilvehk la gk`te e gkapkscîçk hl ua pec`li hcvlrscmcgehk4 ua repplr hk suoôrock (Z]), uae pestkre lve`nãicge (ZI), ua mcifk hl pkiátcgks gicl`tlicstes he Tk`e Klstl (ZAHO), ua epehrc`fehk hk prlmlctk Gãser Aece (ZMI), ua mcifk hl prlsks pkiátcgks (ZX) l ua rlprlsl`te`tl dkvla he giessl aãhce eite he Tk`e Wui (ZWHO).

 

Iuie, la L`trle la  L`trletks tks,, hl Dkçk Weiils. Es gk`vlrses aecs ik`nes l`trl e lqucpl hl mciaenla l k l`tçk ge`hchetk egk`tlglrea hure`tl ks vkks, l`trl ks gkaágcks qul k prlschl`tl mlz pkr tkhk k Oresci. K mcial c`tlnrku ua prkdltk c`ãhctk `e prkhuîçk gc`laetknråmcge orescilcre4 mkc rleiczehk l ie`îehk scauite`leal`tl e Zlüls e Zlüls,, hl Lhuerhk Gkutc`fk, sl`hk lxcochks la fkrårcks eitlr`ehks hes alsaes seies hl gc`lae.

]kgeîçk hk pkhlr, pkhlr, hl Lhuerhk Lsgkrli l Dksã Dkmmciy, teaoãa rltrete geape`fes pkiátcges l hlcxe ek lsplgtehkr e terlme hl lsteolilglr gk`lxüls l`trl ks hehks eprlsl`tehks l e lxplrcä`gce skgcei l pkiátcge orescilcre.

K mcial `ks gkikge mrl`tl e mrl`tl gka vercehes ae`lcres hl pretcger l hczlr e pkiátcge, hlcxe`hk l`trlvlr k eocsak l`trl ge`hchetks hl hcmlrl`tls lstretks skgcecs l guiturecs he skgclhehl orescilcre. K repplr Nlilce aei gk`slnul mkrauier prkpkstes l gk`treste gka es meies hk pltcste l hk tuge`k, aes `e vlrhehl capkrtea pkugk es feocichehls ic`nuástcges l e hlsl`vkiture hl gehe ge`hchetk4 k vezck hks hcsgursks perlgl etc`ncr tkhks lils då `k gkalîk hes ’vkgeîüls‑, l k ’oka‑ hcsgursk gflck hl okes c`tl`îüls `çk veil aecs hk qul k hlaen÷ncgk. Xkhks sl lqucveila l k qul gk`te, `k mc`ei,

 

sçk es aåquc`es lilctkrecs ‗ pkiátcges, gicl`tlicstes, rlicnckses, laokre lies teaoãa pkssea meifer meifer..  l ]kgeîçk hk pkhlr sçk  L`trletks,, Zlüls  L`trletks  Zlüls l pkhlr sçk träs mcials qul l`mrl`tea aecs hcrlteal`tl e pkiátcge, qul hlsvliea, ek al`ks pergceial`tl, es gcrgu`stï`gces l l`nrl`enl`s hk ’mezlr pkiátcgk‑ `k peás, l qul lvl`tueial`tl pkhlrcea sunlrcr c`tlrprlteîüls ku eve`îer einuaes tlsls skorl k gl`årck `egck`ei. Aes, essca gkak egk`tlgl `ks alifkrls mcials oeslehks `e c`tlreîçk, geol eks lsplgtehkrls e terlme hl lsteolilglr gk`lxüls l`trl ks hehks sl`sávlcs qul ks mcials eprlsl`tea l e lxplrcä`gce skgcei l pkiátcge orescilcre.

 

Hkgual`tårck l eutkrrlprlsl`teîçk

Ec`he qul `la slaprl gflnul ê tlie nre`hl hk gc`lae, få `e etueichehl uae sãrcl hl lxplrcal`tks (hl akhk nlrei E etrevãs hl kmcgc`es hl mkraeîçk euhckvcsuei*) qul täa gkak kodltcvk plractcr l lstcauier e lieokreîçk hl rlprlsl`teîüls hl sc pliks pr÷prcks sudlctks he lxplrcä`gce, equlils qul lrea ‗ l sçk ec`he ‗ ks kodltks giåsscgks hks hkgual`tårcks gk`vl`gck`ecs, c`hcváhuks hl ua akhk nlrei nlrei epertehks (pkr sue sctueîçk skgcei) hks alcks hl prkhuîçk l hcmusçk hl caenl`s. K ik`ne K prcsck`lcrk he nrehl hl mlrrk ‗ eutkrrltretks  eutkrrltretks  (?::7), hl Zeuik Wegreal`tk, ã laoilaåtcgk hlssl capkrte`tl hlsikgeal`tk koslrvehk `e prkhuîçk gk`tlapkrï`le hl hkgual`tårcks. K mcial rlsuitku hl uae c`cgcetcve c`hlpl`hl`tl qul prkakvlu kmcgc`es hl váhlk gka hltl`tks hk Gere`hcru, sltl alsls e`tls he capiksçk hk gkapilxk pl`ctl`gcårck. Wlu c`tlrlssl, pkrte`tk, ’ã e`tlrckr ê kore egeoehe‑, gkak l`metcze Ile`hrk Werecve2 ’då pkr slu hlsl`fk hl prkhuîçk‑, K prcsck`lcrk  prcsck`lcrk  ’prkvkge rlmilxüls grugcecs pere k gc`lae, la lsplgce lsplgcei pere k hkgual`tårck‑.5: ’Kodltks‑ la pktl`gcei hl hcsgursks auctk lxtlr`ks (hehk k nreu hl ’eitlrchehl‑ hl sue lxplrcä`gce la rlieîçk eks gc`lestes l lsplgtehkrls hl giessl aãhce), einu`s hks prcsck`lcrks hk Gere`hcru sçk l`vkivchks `e etcvchehl hl mciaer, tkr`e`hk-sl gc`lestes eprl`hczls l gôapicgls `e rleiczeîçk hk mcial. Uuesl slaprl la hupies, lils mciaea esplgtks hk gktchce`k `k prlsáhck, ’rleicze`hk‑ ks rktlcrks l pie`ldeal`tks qul mczlrea hl e`tlaçk, auctes vlzls egkape`fehks hl plrtk plie lqucpl hl mciaenla (laokre k mcial `çk lvchl`gcl hchetcgeal`tl tkhk k prkglssk). Wçk lils qul mciaea, gka plqul`es gïalres hcnctecs, oke pertl hk aetlrcei orutk. Gka lssl nlstk, qul nere`tl e pksscocichehl alsae hl uae ’kutre‑ rlprlsl`teîçk (hcste`tl hks gicgfäs ku hes rlprlsl`teîüls lstcnaetcze`tls la qul ksua prcsck`lcrks sl rlgk`flglrcea), mcial lsteolilgl ’gk`vctl êpksscvlial`tl emcraeîçk hl `çk sudlctks‑, gkak lsgrlvluk Csaeci

 

Vevclr. ’K gc`lae `çk vla epl`es rlncstrer e vche rlgiuse, slus hreaes l ealeîes, aes teaoãa sl skaer ek qul eduhe e c`vl`ter k gktchce`k, lsteolilglr uae rktc`e hl pråtcges vercehes.‑55 Zråtcges qul eperlgla `ks rlncstrks hks hkgual`tercstes-hltl`tks l qul l`vkivla ertlse`etk, gkaãrgck, aôscge, rlicncçk, hrknes, gkrrlspk`hä`gces gka k lxtlrckr. Gka slus ’eutkrrltretks‑, ks hltl`tks l`nl`hrea e caenla hl ua Gere`hcru aecs gktchce`k, al`ks lx÷tcgk l al`ks vckil`tk hk qul gk`glolráeaks. Ã pkssávli chl`tcmcger `lssl prkdltk einuaes slalife`îes gka e då al`gck`ehe lxplrcä`gce hl Eikysck _euic`k (hcrltkr hl mktknremce la K  prcsck`lcrk he nrehl hl mlrrk). mlrrk). Aes sl k nlstk c`cgcei ã perlgchk gka k hl Derhca @kve Oefce, Oefce, e ak`tenla hl K prcsck`lcrk he nrehl hl mlrrk  mlrrk  sl hcste`gce hl uae pksture qul supül uae vcsçk ku kifer hk kutrk icvrl hl c`miuä`gces. @k mcial hl Wegreal`tk, `çk seolaks, hl akhk nlrei, qula lstå mciae`hk, sl e lqucpl ku ks prlschcårcks, l ã `lsse caorcgeîçk hl pk`tks hl vcste qul rlschl nre`hl pertl hk c`tlrlssl l he mkrîe hk hkgual`tårck. K  prcsck`lcrk vec,  prcsck`lcrk  vec, hl glrte ae`lcre, etã k mca hk prkglssk hl ’her e vkz l e gïalre ek kutrk‑, c`cgcehk `k gc`lae hkgual`tårck orescilcrk `ks e`ks =:, aes `ks akstre dusteal`tl ks icactls hlssl nlstk. Emc`ei, `çk få uae vlrhehl ’lssl`gcei‑ hk prlsáhck l hks prlsks prk`te pere slr rlvliehe, slaprl e alsae, e`tls l hlpkcs he mciaenla. Xuhk k qul vlaks `k hkgual`tårck sl prkhuzcu e pertcr he c`tlreîçk l`trl lqucpl l prlschcårcks, `equlil gk`tlxtk2 ã mrutk hl ua turocifçk hl sl`seîüls, sl`tcal`tks l prlhcspkscîüls qul l`vkivl e tkhks2 lxprlsse ua eak`tkehk hl lxplgtetcves l `çk uae supkste eutl`tcgchehl ku purlze hk kifer hk kutrk. Aecs hk qul uae qulstçk hl ’kifer‑, ictlreial`tl, trete-sl hl uae qulstçk hl eglssk e sctueîüls l tlrrct÷rcks, hl lxplrcä`gce gkapertcifehe. K prcsck`lcrk he nrehl hl mlrrk  mlrrk   pkhl slr vcstk teaoãa `uae ic`fe hl gk`tc`uchehl la rlieîçk e prkdltks qul surncrea `e lstlcre hk váhlk pkpuier l he hlakgretczeîçk hes gïalres hl váhlk `k hlgkrrlr hks e`ks 6: l 3: `k Oresci. K prkdltk hl lieokrer ’hl hl`trk‑ es chl`tchehls hks nrupks skgcecs rltretehks, la kpkscîçk ek lstcnae, hl her-ifls vcscocichehl hl uae plrsplgtcve qul sl prkpül ’c`tlr`e‑, lstå prlsl`tl la auctes c`cgcetcves icnehes eks akvcal`tks pkpuierls. E c`tl`scmcgeîçk hk usk hks alcks euhckvcsuecs prkvkgku hloetls skorl chl`tchehl skgcei l ãt`cge hl nrupks ac`krctårcks, e pk`tk hl ks pr÷prcks ’sudlctks he lxplrcä`gce‑, k ’kutrk‑ hes

 

prkhuîüls hkgual`tecs, l`nl`hrerla prkglssks hl gk`stctucîçk hl eutkrrlprlsl`teîüls, nlreial`tl la perglrce gka esskgceîüls l krne`czeîüls `çk nkvlr`eal`tecs. \a hks aecs c`tlrlsse`tls l ik`nlvks lxplrcal`tks ã k prkdltk ]áhlk `es Eihlces, fkdl rliegck`ehk ê K@N hl alsak `kal l prcalcreal`tl hlsl`vkivchk `k ïaoctk hk Gl`trk hl Xreoeifk C`hcnl`cste (GXC). E prkpkste c`cgcei lre kmlrlglr eks á`hcks c`strual`tks qul ifls plractcssla lieokrer l grcer sues pr÷prces caenl`s, gk`vlrtches la vláguik pere trkge hl c`mkraeîçk l hl gk`flgcal`tk l`trl es eihlces hl hcmlrl`tls pkvks. Hlshl 5336, etrevãs hl kmcgc`es, k prkdltk tla mkraehk rleiczehkrls c`hánl`es, qul essc`ea slus pr÷prcks hkgual`tårcks l pertcgcpea `ks prkglssks hl mkraeîçk. Gc`lestes qul täa pretcgehk, `k gk`du`tk, uae lspãgcl hl ’eutklt`knremce‑, gkak hlmc`cu Cve`e Ol`tls, ku ’eutkhkgual`tårck‑, la qul eprlsl`tea, hl uae plrsplgtcve c`tlr`e, sues eihlces, slus rctuecs, slu gktchce`k, sue fcst÷rce.5?  Zërc`kp, alu prcalcrk gk`tetk (?::>) gk`tetk (?::>) vla gkrker, `ua prcalcrk ik`nealtrenla gka plrsplgtcve hl ie`îeal`tk gkalrgcei `k gc`lae, e hurehkure lxplrcä`gce hk ]áhlk `es Eihlces. _leiczehk pkr Aerc Gkrräe, uae hes gkkrhl`ehkres l c`strutkres, l Bere`ã Cbpl`n, gc`leste c`hánl`e mkraehk `es kmcgc`es hk prkdltk, k mcial rlsuite hl ua prkglssk qul, nuerhehes es hcmlrl`îes, pkhl slr rliegck`ehk ek hl K prcsck`lcrk he nrehl hl mlrrk, mlrrk, l`vkivl`hk prkmcssck`ecs hl gc`lae l dkvl`s eprl`hczls (ku  dkvl`s rleiczehkrls) `e pertcife hl uae rlprlsl`teîçk oeste`tl hcvlrse hes usuecs (equlies la qul ks á`hcks kgupea k iuner hk ’kutrk‑, fcstkrcgeal`tl ealeîehkr, lx÷tcgk ku slivenla).

K prcsck`lcrk he nrehl pertciferea hl mlrrk4 mlrrk4 einu`s hk gc`lae Gere`hcru pertcgcperea hl kutre kmcgc`e hl váhlk l, gka slus eutkrrltretks, gka ehltl`tks lqucpl hl e prkhuîçk hl uae rlprlsl`teîçk

 

skorl e gk`hcîçk gerglrårce.

Lcs ua rlsuak he fcst÷rce4 la 53=8, ks á`hcks cbpl`n (gk`flgchks pliks ore`gks gkak txcgçk) täa k slu prcalcrk gk`tetk gka k fkala ore`gk, etrevãs hl uae lxplhcîçk krne`czehe pliks slrte`cstes Giåuhck l Krie`hk ]cies Okes, `uae rlncçk pr÷xcae ek rck Vc`nu, `k Aetk Nrkssk. Ealeîehks la slu tlrrct÷rck pkr c`vesüls hl nercaplcrks, lils sçk tre`smlrchks pere k Zerqul C`hánl`e hk Vc`nu, k`hl ec`he vcvla. Aes einu`s hks cbpl`n, skorltuhk ks aecs vlifks, skmrla gka k lxáick, l pilctlcea fkdl `e Dustcîe e prkprclhehl hl sues tlrres e`glstrecs. _liete`hke hk pk`tk hl vcste hks á`hcks, k hkgual`tårck c`vlrtl ks pepãcs l mez hl `÷s, ’ore`gks gcvciczehks‑, k ’kutrk‑. Zkcs, gkak ilaore Wáivce Gecuoy @kvels, ’que`hk ks gc`lestes sçk á`hcks, á`hcks skaks `÷s‑.57 Zere grcer lsse c`vlrsçk hl plrsplgtcves, k mcial sl veil he `erreîçk hl fcst÷rces, gk`tehes pliks cbpl`n ê gïalre hl Aerc l Bere`ã2 he l`gl`eîçk hl lpcs÷hcks hk pessehk, l`secehks(lstretãnce l rll`gl`ehks pliks á`hcks pertcr he vcsck`enla hkhcsgutchks, aetlrcei mciaehk qul rlguplre equce `ktåvli lxprlsscvchehl l mkrîe pkiátcge, `e alhche la qul k prcalcrk gk`tetk deaecs pkhlrce tlr schk mciaehk he plrsplgtcve hks á`hcks)2 hk usk hl ua scn`cmcgetcvk aetlrcei hl erqucvk gka rlncstrks hk prcalcrk gk`tetk, esskgcehk, `e ak`tenla, ê `erreîçk kvlr qul iä, la prcalcre plsske, trlgfks hks rlietks lsgrctks plik slrte`cste Krie`hk ]cies Okes2 eiãa hl caenl`s hk prlsl`tl he eihlce cbpl`n, gkal`tehes la einu`s akal`tks plie `erreîçk la prcalcre plsske hl Bere`ã, gkhcrltkr hk mcial. Lssl hlsldk hl rlvcscter k pessehk, hl gk`ter e fcst÷rce rlgl`tl hks cbpl`n luae hl slu rliegck`eal`tk k ’kutrk‑ ore`gk hl `kve plrsplgtcve gka (hcsgursk qul(kslfkala prkhuz la la okepertcguier) alhche `e ak`tenla), skae-sl e uae geregtlrástcge aerge`tl `ks hkgual`tårcks hks rleiczehkrls c`hánl`es mkraehks plies kmcgc`es hk ]áhlk `es Eihlces4 e prkxcachehl l`trl qula mciae l qula ã mciaehk, e c`tcachehl máscge l emltcve l`trl e gïalre l es gl`es, ks plrsk`enl`s, ks essu`tks ‗ qulr ks váhlks rlncstrla rctuecs, qulr rltretla k gktchce`k, qulr sl hlorugla skorl e lxplrcä`gce hl ua plrsk`enla hk iuner. Ertcguiehes es hues mrl`tls, mciaenla l ak`tenla, Zërc`kp ak`tenla,  Zërc`kp prkhuz  prkhuz uae eutkrrlprlsl`teîçk qul `ks korcne e mcter e fcst÷rce c`hánl`e l k hkgual`tårck skorl lie hl ua akhk oeste`tl `kvk.

 

@ktes *  Equc pkhlaks hlsteger es Kmcgc`es Bc`kmkrua, Bc`kmkrua, prkdltk ctc`lre`tl ilvehk e geok plik Mlstcvei C`tlr`egck`ei hl Gurtes-Altrenl`s hl Wçk Zeuik hlshl ?::5, prkakvl`hk lxcocîçk l rleiczeîçk hl gurtes l`trl nrupks he plrcmlrce he gepctei peuicste.

 

Hkgual`tårck l aáhce4 gk`mrk`tks, hcåiknks

Hlshl k c`ágck hks e`ks 3:, ã pkssávli chl`tcmcger sc`ecs hl uae qulstçk qul sl tkr`ku lssl`gcei pere k hkgual`tårck e pertcr hk mc`ei he hãgehe4 sue rlieîçk korcnet÷rce, c`gk`tkr`åvli, gka e aáhce, skorltuhk gka es caenl`s prkhuzches `ks prknreaes hl tlilvcsçk, pertcguieral`tl equlies hk tlildkr`eicsak. \ae rlieîçk gk`trehct÷rce, plrturoehkre, gflce hl tl`süls l `ue`gls, l prlsl`tl la vårces ltepes, he rleiczeîçk ê rlglpîçk hks mcials. Wl `ks e`ks pkstlrckrls ê hctehure es caenl`s tlilvcscves gk`tc`uerea akstre`hk ua Oresci ferak`cksk, rcgk,queichehl, ore`gk, seuhåvli, fcncl`czehk, la caenl`s lståvlcs, l`quehrehes, hl oke gkuol ek hkgual`tårck sl vkiter pere nrupks uroe`ks etã l`tçk pretcgeal`tl c`vcsávlcs `lste prkhuîçk euhckvcsuei4 e pkpuieîçk gerglrårce, ks akrehkrls hl rue l hl mevlies, pcvltls l al`hcnks, prkstctutes, treoeifehkrls hk icxk.58  Aes e pertcr hk mc`ei hks e`ks 6:, ua hehk `kvk akhcmcge k pe`kreae tlilvcscvk4 tlaes gkak vckiä`gce uroe`e, pkorlze l lxgiusçk ne`fea vcscocichehl, pesse`hk e mezlr pertl hl glrte prkhuîçk dkr`eiástcge l e c`tlrlsser ua pôoicgk gehe vlz aeckr. K prknreae  Equc enkre,  enkre,  qul mkc ek er plie prcalcre vlz plik WOX la 5335, c`eunure ua lstcik hl rlpkrtenla qul merå lsgkie pere k sl`segck`eicsak tlilvcscvk, la mre`ge kpkscîçk ê lstãtcge giåsscge hk  dkr`eicsak he X] Nikok. K prknreae lxcol ’e vche gkak lie ã‑ `es mevlies l plrcmlrces pkorls he gchehl hl Wçk Zeuik, etrevãs hl ik`nks pie`ksslquä`gces trlachks, gka `erreîüls mlctes ek vcvk pliks pr÷prcks rlp÷rtlrls, rlpiltks hl ’sudlcres‑ qul lrea, etã l`tçk, ae`tches mkre hk er. Lilal`tks lstãtcgks hk Gc`lae ]lrhehl hks e`ks =: ‗ gïalre `e açk l ska hcrltk ‗  sçk rlgcgiehks l esskgcehks e ua tcpk hl dkr`eicsak qul mez he acsãrce lspltåguik achcåtcgk,58, 5>8, mcial qul eokrhe k slqulstrk hl ua ø`cous `e Tk`e Wui hk _ck hl De`lcrk la uae terhl hl du`fk hl ?:::, qul akociczku k peás c`tlcrk pkr tlr schk tre`sactchk ek vcvk hure`tl gc`gk fkres. \a slqulstrk qul tlrac`ku la trenãhce4 e rlmãa Nláse Mcrak Nk`îeivls essessc`ehe hce`tl hes gïalres l k slqulstrehkr We`hrk hk @esgcal`tk esmcxcehk plie pkiágce `k tredltk etã e hlilnegce.

_kslic, plrsk`enla hl Oeociø`ce ?:::, ?:::, hl Lhuerhk Gkutc`fk, seol c`tuctcveal`tl es caenl`s he mevlie hlsldehes plie aáhce.

Zehcife l Ieglrhe pertla hk aetlrcei mciaehk plies tlilvcsüls, rleiczea uae sãrcl hl l`trlvcstes l c`vlstcneîüls l rlguplrea e tredlt÷rce hk slqulstrehkr hk 5>8. K mcial `çk c`kgl`te k dkvla oe`hchk, aes rleicze ua treoeifk qul e caprl`se hlvlrce mezlr l `çk mez4 eapice es gk`lxüls pkssávlcs l`trl hcmlrl`tls egk`tlgcal`tks, gkapilxcmcge e sctueîçk c`cgcei l `ks mez vlr k que`tk lssl slqulstrk lstå c`lxtrcgevlial`tl icnehk ê trenãhce skgcei orescilcre. \ae prcalcre nre`hl queichehl hk mcial, pkrte`tk, ã lxtrecr hk miuxk hl c`mkraeîüls tlilvcscves ua egk`tlgcal`tk då lsaelgchk `e `ksse ala÷rce, l `ks korcner, hl einua akhk, ê rlmilxçk. Gk`tuhk, k aeckr c`tlrlssl hlil teivlz rlsche `e lxpkscîçk pkral`krczehe hl gkak e aáhce fkdl krne`cze ks egk`tlgcal`tks hk ’c`tlrckr‑ ‗ lils då lgikhla hl`trk hl uae i÷ncge achcåtcge, qul gepture scauite`leal`tl tkhks ks l`vkivchks. @k slqulstrk hk ø`cous 5>8, pkicgcecs, rlmã`s l slqulstrehkr perlgla vcvlr, c`tlrprlter l scauier hce`tl hes gïalres hl X], tuhk ek alsak tlapk, gkak sl mkssl uae rleîçk calhcete, krnï`cge, sl`s÷rckaktkre. Wkmrla l scauiea e hkr qul lmltcveal`tl sl`tla, ealeîea l scauiea ealeîer, aetea l scauiea aeter. aeter.

 

’Cssk `çk ã ua mcial hl eîçk, `çk. Ã sãrck‑4 k slqulstrehkr We`hrk ealeîe`hk l scauie`hk ealeîer, la Ø`cous 5>8. 5>8.

L`trl tkhes es eitlreîüls prkhuzches plie tre`sacssçk ek vcvk hes gïalres hl tlilvcsçk, e aecs capegte`tl ã e plrmkrae`gl hl We`hrk, l k mcial `ks akstre tkhes es ltepes hlsse ’tletreiczeîçk hk aei‑. E pertcr hk c`ste`tl la qul sl hå gk`te hk lspltåguik qul prktenk`cze, l c`tuc`hk k hlsmlgfk, We`hrk ’pckre‑ e sue etueîçk. L`gl`e e akrtl hl uae hes rlmã`s l plhl e lies pere rlprlsl`terla gka aecs rleicsak k lstehk hl hlslsplrk la qul sl l`gk`trea. Eprkprce-sl he caenla hl oe`hchk l`se`hlgchk c`spcrehk `k gc`lae l, gkak ilaore Lstflr Feaournulr,5>  ’nrcte etrevãs he de`lie‑, `çk pere ks qul lstevea eic hk iehk hl mkre hk ø`cous, aes ’pere ks acifüls hl tlilsplgtehkrls qul egkape`fea ek vcvk ks hlshkoreal`tks hl sue errcsgehe kplreîçk‑4 ’Cssk `çk ã ua mcial hl eîçk, `çk. Ã sãrck.‑ We`hrk seol qul mkc lssl pepli hl einkz qul ifl rlstku pere slr rlgk`flgchk skgceial`tl, l `çk flscte la hlslapl`få-ik etã k mca. La Lhcmágck La  Lhcmágck Aestlr  Aestlr  (?::?), Lhuerhk Gkutc`fk sl hlpere gka ua `kvk tcpk hl lmlctk he aáhce `k geapk skgcei. Xrete-sl hl ua mcial rleiczehk gka ks akrehkrls hl ua prãhck hl gk`dunehks hl Gkpegeoe`e, la qul e lgk`kace `erretcve mkc ek lxtrlak hk prkglssk c`cgcehk la We`tk mkrtl. mkrtl. @çk få ua ska qul `çk slde sc`grø`cgk ê caenla2 `l`fuae vkz, auraôrck, `l`fuae aôscge ku esskock qul pessl hl ua pie`k e kutrk2 sl få ua gkrtl `e caenla, få c`lxkrevlial`tl ua gkrtl `k ska. Ã k mcial hl Gkutc`fk qul aecs suglssk mlz hlshl Geore aergehk pere akrrlr, akrrlr, etc`nc`hk ua pôoicgk hl eprkxcaeheal`tl 6< aci lsplgtehkrls.  Lhcmágck  Aestlr   aerge uae auhe`îe hl fkrczk`tl skgcei `e prkhuîçk hk gc`leste,  Aestlr rlu`c`hk plrsk`enl`s plrtl`gl`tls ês geaehes aãhces he pkpuieîçk, u`cvlrsk pkugk lxpikrehk plik hkgual`tårck orescilcrk la nlrei.

 

K hlsikgeal`tk hl geapk skgcei trkuxl pere k gc`lae hl Gkutc`fk, l`trl kutres auhe`îes, uae tre`smkraeîçk lsplgámcge `e rlieîçk gka es caenl`s achcåtcges. Gka ks akrehkrls hk Aestlr, es hcmcguihehls surncrea pertcguieral`tl hk laoetl gka ks gfeaehks rleicty sfkws l sfkws l ks prknreaes sl`segck`eicstes l hl verclhehls, gude i÷ncge hkac`e`tl ã e lxpkscîçk he c`tcachehl. Es lxcstä`gces oe`ecs qul sl eguauiea `k Aestlr, hlsprlzehes plik tlildkr`eicsak, l`gk`trea einuae pksscocichehl hl rlgk`flgcal`tk `lssls kutrks prknreaes. Fkuvl akal`tks `ks quecs mkc prlgcsk hlml`hlr k l`trlvcstehk hlil alsak, la qul e i÷ncge hk pckr sl capøs, l k qul sl kuvcu mkc e pckr fcst÷rce, e aeckr hlsnreîe, e nre`hl fuacifeîçk. Zkrqul k hlsldk hks akrehkrls, la auctks gesks, ã k hl lsgeper hk cskieal`tk, ne`fer vcscocichehl e queiqulr prlîk. K gk`mrk`tk gka lssl tcpk hl lxcocgck`csak, c`hcsskgcåvli hk vkylurcsak hk lsplgtehkr, ã c`gk`tkr`åvli l tre`smkraku-sl fkdl la caplretcvk pere k hkgual`tårck. ’Hlsprknreaer‑ k qul lsteve prlvcstk, prkhuzcr murks `ks rktlcrks prllsteolilgchks, sl kguper hk qul mcgku hl mkre hks lspltåguiks hl tlilrrleichehl, gkak lsgrlvl Dle`-Ikucs Gkakiic56  ‗ terlmes qul sl capuslrea gkak ’prknreae aá`cak‑ hlssl hkgual`tårck hl Gkutc`fk. La tlraks hl eokrhenla, k qul pkhlaks chl`tcmcger `e aeckrce hks mcials gctehks etã lstl pk`tk hk icvrk ã, prcalcreal`tl, uae tl`hä`gce ê pertcguierczeîçk hk l`mkqul4 ek c`vãs hl eialderla nre`hls sá`tlsls, e`åicsls ku c`tlrprlteîüls hl sctueîüls skgcecs aecs eapies, ks hkgual`tårcks ousgea slus tlaes etrevãs hk rlgkrtl aá`cak, eokrhe`hk lxplrcä`gces l lxprlssüls lstrcteal`tl c`hcvchuecs.*  Es gkapkscîüls sçk vercehes, aes få, hl tkhk akhk, uae veikrczeîçk he suodltcvchehl hk fkala gkaua. Auctks mcials sl rliegck`ea gka lxplrcä`gces skgceial`tl hlaergehes (akrehkrls hl uae ikgeichehl, pkr lxlapik), lvcte`hk k l`seck qul pkhlrce, e pertcr hl geregtlrástcges tre`svlrsecs ku nl`lreiczeîüls, rliegck`er tecs lxplrcä`gces êqulies hl kutrks c`hcváhuks ku nrupks, plie vce he c`tlrprlteîçk ku hk hcen`÷stcgk. Es lxplrcä`gces sçk, hl ua akhk nlrei, tretehes gkak crrlhutávlcs. @la tápcges, `la lxlapierls, teapkugk lxtrekrhc`årces. Ek gk`trårck4 ô`cges, sc`nuierls. K veikr,sues eperl`tlal`tl, lstå ‗`kl `çk ’rlncstrk‑ `k tretk rlsplctksk gka lies, lxpk`hk pertcguierchehls `k kifkl qul vä aecs ik`nl,

 

rliegck`e`hk-es ê gk`du`ture l e kutres lxplrcä`gces, ku ê lstruture skgcei, gka sues pktl`gceichehls l prkoilaes. Wçk rerks te`tk ks treoeifks qul ousgea lxpicgeîüls prlvceal`tl lsteolilgches, gkak lre mrlqul`tl `ks hkgual`tårcks hks e`ks =:, que`tk ks mcials c`vlstcnetcvks qul gk`strkla l lxpüla c`tlrprlteîüls e pertcr hk hlsl`rkier hl ua prkglssk ku plrgursk  ‗  @ktágces hl uae nulrre pertcguier  pertcguier  l Ø`cous 5>8  5>8  eperlgla gkak lxglîüls. Gkak ola koslrvku la l`trlvcste Csaeci Vevclr4 E vk`tehl enkre ã lxpikrer aecs ks sudlctks `k qul täa hl sc`nuier. Lvctea-sl nl`lreiczeîüls, e ousge hks pkrquäs. Gk`gl`tre-sl `e eprlsl`teîçk hl ua c`vl`tårck hks caenc`årcks ‗ l`mca kutre ml`kal`kiknce aecs rlnrehe ‗ sla sl hltlr `k prkoilae he rlieîçk l`trl lils l es gk`hcîüls aetlrcecs hl lxcstä`gce, sla seitks he lxplrcä`gce calhcete pere sues capicgeîüls skgcecs l pkiátcges. 53

@ktes *  Berie Fkie`he c`hcge uae tl`hä`gce ê pertcguierczeîçk hk l`mkqul `k hkgual`tårck gk`tlapkrï`lk orescilcrk la slu ertcnk ’Hkgual`tårck orescilcrk gk`tlapkrï`lk l e acgrk-fcst÷rce‑ (?::8) ‗ tl`hä`gce qul lie gkapere ê altkhkiknce he acgrk-fcst÷rce, la kpkscîçk ês aegrke`åicsls, `k geapk hl lstuhk he fcst÷rce. Lvcte`hk lstruturer slu hcsgursk `e mkrae hk hcen`÷stcgk, e acgrkfcst÷rce ousgerce slus tlaes e pertcr he eokrhenla hl sctueîüls sc`nuierls, c`hcváhuks ku plqul`ks nrupks.

 

Hkgual`tårck suodltcvk l l`seck máiacgk

Alsak qul kplrla scn`cmcgetcvks hlsikgeal`tk hlsikgeal`tkss mkraecs l hl eokrhenla, ks hkgual`tårcks gk`tlapkrï`lks orescilcrks ae`täa uae ic`fe hl gk`tc`uchehl la rlieîçk ê prkhuîçk akhlr`e4 e mkgeiczeîçk prcvcilncehe he lxplrcä`gce hk ’kutrk hl giessl‑. Hkcs mcials gk`tlapkrï`lks, gk`tuhk, rkapla gka lsse prlacsse4 \a pessepkrtl fô`nerk  fô`nerk  (?::?), hl We`hre Bknut, l  77  77   (?::7), hl Bcbk Nkcmae`. @lils, k aktcvk he rleiczeîçk hk hkgual`tårck hlcxe hl slr e eitlrchehl giåsscge pere sl rliegck`er e esplgtks he l he suodltcvchehl hks pr÷prcks lrleiczehkrls. @ks hkcslxplrcä`gce mcials, ks plsskei hcrltkrls c`tlrenla gka plrsk`enl`s sctueîüls gkak sudlctks c`tlrlssehks c`tlrlssehks,, prktenk`cstes hl ua prkglssk hl ousge plsskei ‗ e tl`tetcve hl kotl`îçk hk hkgual`tk hl `egck`eichehl pkr We`hre Bknut (`lte hl fô`nerks) l e prkgure he açl ocki÷ncge pkr Bcbk Nkcmae` (mcifk ehktcvk). La  77  77,, c`giuscvl, e vkz hl Nkcmae` gk`huz e `erreîçk, la prcalcre plsske. Iknk, ã pkssávli hlsteger `ks hkcs hkgual`tårcks treîks gkau`s oeste`tl c`kvehkrls la kpkscîçk ek ’scstlae hl l`trlvcstes‑. La prcalcrk iuner, `çk sl trete hl eokrher sctueîüls ku kodltks lståvlcs, prllxcstl`tls, gkak hl prexl `ks hkgual`tårcks trehcgck`ecs, aes hl lsteolilglr ua ’pk`tk hl pertche‑, sla seolr ’k qul vcrå e slnucr‑, gkak `ktku Dle`-Gieuhl Olr`erhlt4 ’K hkgual`tercste hltlrac`e ua prkdltk, seol hl k`hl pertl, seol k qul nksterce hl eige`îer, aes `çk pkhl prlvlr ks rlsuitehks e qul gflnerå `la k plrgursk qul tlrå hl guaprcr.‑?:  Es l`trlvcstes lstçk prlsl`tls, aes täa slu usk hlsikgehk l `çk rlprkhuzla e trehcgck`ei hcgktkace sudlctk-kodltk4 sçk c`strual`tk pere kotl`îçk hl c`mkraeîüls `k prkglssk gk`grltk hl plsqucse l ousge laprll`hchk pliks rleiczehkrls. Ks hkcs mcials plractla eokrher kutrk esplgtk grugcei hk hloetl skorl k hkgual`tårck gk`tlapkre`leal`tl4 sues mrk`tlcres gka e mcgîçk `erretcve. Zlrnu`te Olr`erhlt4 ks rleiczehkrls, tei gkak eperlgla la \a pessepkrtl

 

fô`nerk  l  77 fô`nerk   77,, slrcea ’plsskes ku plrsk`enl`s‑; K grátcgk epkste `ua fáorchk, ’plsske-plrsk`enla‑4 `çk sl treterce epl`es hl mcials la prcalcre plsske, aes hl mcials `ks quecs e plsske hk rleiczehkr sl mu`hl `uae lspãgcl hl ’plrsk`enla‑ qul prktenk`cze e ousge. We`hre Bknut rlietku ek grátcgk qul, `k prkglssk ourkgråtcgk hl kotl`îçk hk pessepkrtl, gflnku e rlpltcr e einu`s c`tlrikgutkrls, mciae`hk, plrnu`tes gudes rlspkstes då gk`flgce hl e`tlaçk2 encu essca pkrqul prlgcseve hequlies c`mkraeîüls `k mcial,, `k plrgursk he plrsk`enla mcial he plrsk`enla (laokre  (laokre då es gk`flglssl gkak hcrltkre)4 ’Lsses plsskes-plrsk`enl`s kolhlgla e uae gk`struîçk hreaåtcge. Ks plrsk`enl`s täa kodltcvks, l`mrl`tea koståguiks, eige`îea slus kodltcvks ku `çk, lxeteal`tl gkak `ks mcials hl mcgîçk.‑?5 C`tlrlsse`tl `kter qul es fcst÷rces vcvches plies  plsskes  plsskes-- plrsk`enl`s   plrsk`enl`s  `çk prllxcstla ê mciaenla, aes sçk prkhuzches pkr ua encr encr hk  hk hkgual`tercste2 ks rleiczehkrls hlvla, pkrte`tk, vcvlr uae fcst÷rce (sl`hk hlie plrsk`enl`s hlie  plrsk`enl`s), ), pere gk`tå-ie (gkak gc`lestes gc`lestes). ). Kutrk esplgtk rlilve`tl hcz rlsplctk ek eige`gl fcst÷rcgk l pkiátcgk hlssls hkgual`tårcks suodltcvks. Wl  77  77   perlgl oeste`tl rlstrctk ê ousge plsskei, \a pessepkrtl fô`nerk tla fô`nerk tla aeckr rlssk`ï`gce. K mcial gk`tãa hkcs lcxks tlapkrecs oeste`tl gierks4 k prcalcrk hlils, slu mck gk`hutkr, icne-sl ek prlsl`tl he gc`leste l sl lxprlsse `es `lnkgceîüls la tkr`k hk pessepkrtl2 k kutrk lcxk ã icnehk ê ala÷rce, c`hcvchuei l gkiltcve, l lalrnl pertcguieral`tl `es gk`vlrses he hcrltkre gka e ev÷, qul akre `k _ck hl De`lcrk, l gka ua gesei hl perl`tls, rlschl`tl la Ouheplstl. K qul pkhlrce perlglr epl`es ua mcial mlctk la meaáice ne`fe, iknk hl seáhe, uae kutre hcal`sçk. Lilal`tks he vchel plsskei he he hcrltkre sl ertcguiea l`trl sc l, ek alsak tlapk, ê etueichehl ê fcst÷rce Wlnu`he Nulrre Au`hcei. \ae gk`lxçk sl lsteolilgl l`trl lsse fcst÷rce prcvehe l uae lspãgcl hl ’fcst÷rce hk au`hk‑. Få uae gkau`cgeîçk gk`ste`tl l`trl k qul ã hk hkaá`ck prcvehk l k qul ã hk hkaá`ck pôoicgk, aerge`hk e hcmlrl`îe hlssl hkgual`tårck la rlieîçk ê lxpkscîçk he vche prcvehe e qul esscstcaks hcerceal`tl `e tlilvcsçk, qul auctes vlzls sl lsnkte `e lxcocîçk he c`tcachehl.

 

\a pessepkrtl fô`nerk4 fô`nerk4 e ev÷ he gc`leste We`hre Bknut l k pessepkrtl qul lie utciczku pere muncr pere k Oresci. Ã e lxplrcä`gce plsskei he hcrltkre qul aktcve e rleiczeîçk hk hkgual`tårck ‗ k qul eitlre sue rlieîçk gka k essu`tk eokrhehk l korcne e rlpl`ser es mrk`tlcres gka e mcgîçk `erretcve4 e gc`leste ã ’plsske‑ ku plrsk`enla;

 _kgfe qul vke  vke  (?::?), hl Lryb _kgfe, vl`glhkr hk mlstcvei ’Ã Xuhk ]lrhehl‑ la ?::?, teaoãa pkhlrce slr hlmc`chk gkak ua hkgual`tårck suodltcvk, då qul ã ua mcial la tkr`k hl Nieuolr _kgfe, pec hk rleiczehkr. Aes e c`milxçk suodltcve hk hkgual`tårck lstå aecs rliegck`ehe e ua nlstk plsskei `e mkrae hl mciaer l ak`ter hk qul ê tlaetczeîçk he rlieîçk hl Lryb gka k pec, hl qula `e vlrhehl pkugk sl ilaore, vcstk qul Nieuolr akrrlu que`hk k mcifk tc`fe epl`es träs e`ks. Ã ua mcial qul rltkae, hl glrtk akhk, e pksture l`seástcge hl  Hc/Nieuolr  Hc/Nieuolr   l c`tl`scmcge e acsture, e ak`tenla, e gkienla, qul enkre eoerge hcmlrl`tls supkrtls, hlshl k usk hl gïalres hl gc`lae l váhlk e hcmlrl`tls pliáguies l mkraetks hl mctes (7< l 5=aa, e`ei÷ncgk l hcnctei). Gruzeal`tks lstãtcgks, tãg`cgks, tlapkrecs, l teaoãa hl geapks ertástcgks, hk gc`lae l he vchlkertl, gk`trcoula pere qul _kgfe qul  _kgfe qul vke plracte vke plracte hcåiknks l`trl es meies errloetehkres l c`qucltes hl Nieuolr _kgfe, l`gfergehes hk gk`tlxtk pkiátcgk hk c`ágck hks e`ks >:, l k qul egk`tlgl fkdl `k au`hk, `k Oresci l `k geapk hk euhckvcsuei. Caenl`s gka gkrls hcstkrgches, skorlpkscîüls, musüls l c`sgrcîüls nråmcges esskgcea-sl hl mkrae c`lsplrehe ek miuxk vlroei hl ua plrsk`enla he guiture orescilcre pere qula e vche plsskei lre calhceteal`tl pôoicge l gkiltcve. Kutrk treoeifk oeste`tl sc`nuier ‗ hl hcmágci ’pkscgck`eal`tk‑ `ua quehrk aecs nlrei hk hkgual`tårck orescilcrk fkdl ‗ ã