Fijadores de Nivel.

October 8, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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HBDATB]ATIA MJ MI_^A_I]IUA_ JHJO]TAGIOA_ ^TÂO]IOB GA. 5. EI@BMATJ_ MJ GIUJH.

TBFITA MATBMA PZDITIB OAM0 4>;?;?2 OCTI_] OCT I_]IBG IBG TIOBTM TIOBTMA A MZTÂG MZTÂG OAM0 OAM0 4>:?: 4>:?: @BEETBI]L _BGOLJP OBTUB@BHIGA OAM0 4>;>?55 ^rjsjgtbma b0 Igk. OBTHA_ GIÒA.

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Jstumibr jh oafpartbfijgta mj ug oirouita oag miamas y oagmjgsbmarjs. Oagaojr jh eugoiagbfijgta mj has ei`bmarjs mj givjh. Adsjrvbr hbs earfbs mj agmb mj hbs sbhimbs mj ug oirouita ei`bmar. Jstum Jstumibr ibr ha hass miejr miejrjgt jgtjs js ti tipas pas mj ei` ei`brj brjss mj giv givjh jh y su oafpartbfijgta. Adtjgjr y adsjrvbr hbs earfbs mj agmb adtjgimbs krboibs b has ei`bmarjs mj givjh.

FBTOA ]JATIOA  Zgb mj hbs bp bphi hiooboiag oiagjs js prâ prâotio tiobs mj has miam miamas as sjfioa sjf ioagmu gmuota otarjs rjs sag has hhbfb hhbfbmas mas ei`bma ei`bmarjs rjs mj givjh givjh a rjstburbmarjs mj oafpagjgtj oagtigub. Jstas oirouitas dbsbg su eugoiagbfijgta jg hb booiÿg mjh miama, pjra bh oagtrbria quj has hifitbmarjs ga famieiobrâg hb earfb mj agmb mj hb jgtrbmb, siga quj hj bòbmjg b éstb ug mjtjrfigbma givjh mj oarrij oar rijgtj gtj oagtig oagtigub. ub. Jsta Jsta puj pujmj mj sjr gjo gjojsb jsbria ria oubgma oubgma hbs vbriboiagjs mj oarrijgtj bhtjrgb mjdjg pramuoirsj jg targa b ug givjh oagorjta mj oarrijgtj oagtigub. Jxistjg oubtra tipas  dâsioas0 

 par hb sjòbh sjb >, ei`bgma jh givjh mj rjejrjgoib jg ug vbhar pasitiva.

Mjsphbzbr sjòbhjs mj oarrijgtj bhtjrgb bòbmijgma givjhjs mj oarrijgtj oagtigub. 

Ei`bmar gjkbtiva0 jh fbyar givjh bhobgzbma js >, jg atrbs pbhbdrbs mjsphbzb jh givjh mj rjejrjgoib lboib ug vbhar fjgar quj >.

IG]TAMZOOIßG Jh miama js jh jhjfjgta mj oirouita ga higjbh fâs sifphj y eugmbf eug mbfjgt jgtbh. bh. Bh iku ikubh bh quj jh rjsist rjsistar, ar, jh mia miama ma tijgj tijgj mas tjrfigbhjs, pjra b miejrjgoib mj hb rjsistjgoib, quj tijgj ugb rjhboiÿg higjbh jgtrj hb oarrijgtj quj pbsb par jhhb y jh vahtb`j quj bpbrjoj jg sus tjrfigbhjs, jh miama prjsjgtb i-v ga higjbh.

Ei`bmar pasitiva0 lboj quj jh fjgar givjh bhobgzbma



Ei`bmar pasitiva pahbrizbma0  Bòbmj jh jejota mj hb  pahbrizboiÿg mj ugb dbtjræb pumijgma sjr mj mas tipas, sjkðg hb mispasioiÿg mj hb eujgtj mj pahbrizboiÿg0 2.  ^ahbrizbma pasitiva pasitiva00 Mj Mjsp sphb hbzb zb hb sj sjòb òbhh lb lboi oibb givjhjs pasitivas, pjrfbgjoijgma hb sbhimb igohusa jg sus vbharjs fâs db`as par jgoifb mj >.

Zgb mj hbs bphioboiagjs ifpartbgtjs mj has miamas sag has hhbfbmas oirouitas ei`bmarjs mj givjh, ouya eugoiagbfijgta oagsistj oagsi stj jg sufi sufigist gistrbrh rbrhjj ug mjsph mjsphbzbf bzbfijgta ijgta b hb sjòbh mj jg jgtr trbm bmb, b, js jsta ta sj ha hakr krbb bò bòbm bmij ijgm gma a ug gi givj vjhh mj oa oarr rrij ijgt gtjj

4.  ^ahbrizbma gjkbtiva0 gjkbtiva0 Mjsphbzb  Mjsphbzb hb sjòbh lboib ug givjh giv jh fâ fâss pasit pasitiva iva,, pjr pjra a pbrtj pbrtj mjh sjf sjfioi ioioha oha

oagtigub b hb sjòbh mj bhtjrgb. Jg has sistjfbs sistjfbs jhjotrÿ jhjotrÿgioas gioas,, sj utih utihizbg izbg fuolas oiro oirouitas uitas oagearfbmarjs mj agmb a ei`bmarjs mj givjh. Jstas oirouitas trb trbgse gsearf arfbg bg ugb earfb mj agmb agmb jg atr atrb. b. _j jfphjb jfphjbg g jg kjgjrbmarjs mj eugoiagjs utihizbmas pbrb kjgjrbr sjòbhjs mj  prujdb jhéotriobs. Garfbhfjgtj, Garfbhfjgtj, ug asoihbmar kjgjrb ugb agmb oubmrbmb quj sj pbsb par ug igtjkrbmar, oag ha quj rjsuhtb ugb agmb tribgkuhbr. Mjspués, jstb agmb tribgkuhbr sj  pbsb par ug oirouita oagearfbmar mj agmbs ouimbmasbfjgtj misjòbma pbrb pramuoir ugb agmb sigusaimbh y hbs trjs earfbs mj agm agmbb quj qujmbg mbg mis mispag pagidh idhjs js pbrb pbrb jh usu usubri bria. a. _j puj pujmjg mjg jgoagtrbr gufjrasas j`jfphas mj oirouitas oagearfbmarjs mj agmb jg trbgsfisarjs y rjojptarjs mj tjhjvisiÿg a rbmbr.

gjkbtiva mj hb sjòbh mj jgtrbmb Ui sikuj tjgijgma vbharjs gjkbtivas. 

Ei`bma Ei`bmarr gjkbti gjkbtiva va pahbri pahbrizbm zbma0 a0  _j miej miejrj rjgo goib ib mj mjhh  pahbrizbma pasitiva jg hb igvjrsiÿg mjh miama3 jxistjg mas tipas ikubhfjgtj, pahbrizbma pasitiva y pahbrizbma gjkbtiva. Blarb jg bfdas obsas jh mjsphbzbfijgta js lboib vbharjs gjkbtivas.

^brb jstj oirouita, bmjfâs mj miama y rjsistjgoib sj gjojsitb tbfdiég ug oagmjgsbmar. Oafa tama vb b mjpjgmjr mj hb oagstbgtj mj tijfpa ύo, ga jstbrâ mj fâs rjoarmbr quj ύo6TO, js mjoir, jh tijfpa quj tbrmb ug oagmjgsbmar jg obrkbrsj mjpjgmjrâ mj su obpboimbm y mj hb rjsistjgoib b hb quj jsté oagjotbma.

 

HBDATB]ATIA MJ MI_^A_I]IUA_ JHJO]TAGIOA_ ^TÂO]IOB GA. 5. EI@BMATJ_ MJ GIUJH.

BO]IUIMBM _j rjbhiz rjbhizbra brag g ha hass sik sikuij uijgtj gtjss fag fagtb` tb`js, js, mjs mjsori oritas tas par hbs eikurbs 2, 4, ? ,= ,: y 5, pbrb pbrb bgbhizbr jh oafpartbfijgta mj has ei`bmarjs mj givjh. Jg tamas has fagtb`js sj bphioa ugb sjòbh mj jgtrbmb mj 4> SU ppV oag ugb erjoujgoib mj 2 SCLzV. ^brb hbs krbeiobs tafbmbs mjh asoihasoapia0 Ui (tjgsiÿg mj jgtrbmb, bzuh, obgbh 2) y Ua (tjgsiÿg mj sbhimb, ra`b, obgbh 4).

Krbeiob2.4. Tjhboiÿg Ui - Ua ^b ^brb rb js jstj tj ob obsa sa sj vj quj quj hb sj sjòb òbhh mj jg jgtr trbm bmbb suer sueriÿ iÿ ug mjsphbzbfijgta vjrtiobh lboib brridb, lboijgma quj jh fjgar  givjh mj hb sjòbh sjb bpraxifbmbfjgtj ojra, ei`bgma jh givjh mj rjejrjgoib jg ug vbhar pasitiva.

U fbx 64 U  p U fig6> ]jgsiÿg mj jgtrbmb ‟ Ui 

B oag oagti tigub guboiÿ oiÿg g sj prjsjg prjsjgtbg tbg has fagtb` fagtb`js js y has rjsuhtbmas adtjgimas.

Ei`bmar gjkbtiva0 O2

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HBDATB]ATIA MJ MI_^A_I]IUA_ JHJO]TAGIOA_ ^TÂO]IOB GA. 5. EI@BMATJ_ MJ GIUJH.

Krbeiob 4.4 Tjhboiÿg Ui ‟ Ua Jg jstb aobsiÿg aobsiÿg sj vj quj hb sjòbh sjòbh mj jgtrb jgtrbmb mb sueriÿ sueriÿ ug mjsphbzbfijgta vjrtiobh lboib bdb`a, lboijgma quj jh fbyar  givjh mj hb sjòbh sjb bpraxifbmbfjgtj ojra, ei`bgma jh givjh

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mj rjejrjgoib jg ug vbhar gjkbtiva.

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HBDATB]ATIA MJ MI_^A_I]IUA_ JHJO]TAGIOA_ ^TÂO]IOB GA. 5. EI@BMATJ_ MJ GIUJH.

Krbeiob =.4 Tjhboiÿg Ui ‟ Ua Krbeiob :.4 Tjhboiÿg Ui ‟ Ua ^brb jstb agmb hb sjòbh mj jgtrbmb sj vj mjsphbzbmb lboib bdb`a, magmj jh mjsphbzbfijgta jstb mirjotbfjgtj bejotbma  par jh vbhar mj hb pahbrizboiÿg, pahbrizboiÿg, js mjoir par jh vbhar mj hb eujgtj mj oagtigub.

^brb jstb agmb hb sjòbh mj jgtrbmb sj vj mjsphbzbmb gujvbfjgtj lboib bdb`a, magmj jh mjsphbzbfijgta jstb mirjotbfjgtj bejotbma par jh vbhar mj hb pahbrizboiÿg, js mjoir   par jh vbhar mj hb eujgtj mj oagtigub. oagtigub.

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Ei`bmar gjkbtiva pahbrizbma gjkbtivbfjgtj0 U B6 = SUV

Ei`bmar gjkbtiva pahbrizbma pasitivbfjgtj0 U B6 = SUV

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HBDATB]ATIA MJ MI_^A_I]IUA_ JHJO]TAGIOA_ ^TÂO]IOB GA. 5. EI@BMATJ_ MJ GIUJH.

 pbrb bfdas obsas js vjrtiobh, jh prifjra hb mjsphbzb lboib brridb y jh sjkugma lboib bdb`a.  Mispagjfas mj ug ei`bmar mj givjh gjkbtiva

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 pahbrizbma pasitivbfjgt pasitivbfjgtjj jg jh quj U i 6?> U  pp   y

U  B 6? U . Mi Midu du`b `b hb earf earfb b mj ag agmb mb mj sbhi sbhimb mb,, bgatbgma has vbharjs ifpartbgtjs. O 2

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 Tbzagbr par qué hb tjgsiÿg jg has jxtrjfas mjh  oagmjg oag mjgsbm sbmar ar jg ug ei ei`bm `bmar ar mj giv givjh jh pjr pjrfbg fbgjoj joj  prâotiobfjgtj oagstbgtj. oagstbgtj.

_i sj firb jh ei`bmar pasitiva, jg jh prifjr sjfioioha gjkbtiva mjh vahtb`j mj jgtrbmb jh miama sj jgoijgmj. Jh obpboitar mj pahbrimbm mbm mj hb eujgtj eujgtj.. Hikjr Hikjrbfj bfjgtj gtj obrkb b U  p   oag hb pahbri mjspués mjh pioa gjkbtiva jh miama sj bpbkb. Hb oagstbgt oagstbgtjj mj tijfpa ύo6TO sj lboj mjhidjrbmbfjgtj fuola fbyar quj jh  pjriama ] mj hb sjòbh mj jgtrbmb. ^ar jstb rbzÿg jh obpboitar   pjrfbgjoj obsi oafphjtbfjgtj obrkbma murbgtj jh tijfpa mj bpbkbma bpbkb ma mjh miama. Jg prifj prifjrb rb bpraxifbo bpraxifboiÿg iÿg jh obpb obpboita oitar  r  botðb oafa ugb dbtjræb. 4.

±Ouâh js hb miejrj miejrjgoib goib jgtrj jgtrj ug ei`bm ei`bmar ar mj givj givjh  h   pasitiva y uga gjkbtiva1 gjkbtiva1

Hb miejrjgoib quj lby jgtrj has mas ei`bmarjs oagsistj jg jh mjsphbzbfijgta quj hj lbojg b hb sjòbh mj jgtrbmb, bugquj

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ZGIUJT_IMBM IGMZ_]TIBH MJ _BG]BGMJT  Jsoujhb mj Igkjgijræbs Jhéotriob, Jhjotrÿgiob Jhjotrÿgiob y ]jhjoafugioboiag ]jhjoafugioboiagjs js - J¿] ‘^jrejotb oafdigboiÿg jgtrj jgjrkæb j igtjhjota‖

 

HBDATB]ATIA MJ MI_^A_I]IUA_ JHJO]TAGIOA_ ^TÂO]IOB GA. 5. EI@BMATJ_ MJ GIUJH.

hb bfphitum bfphitum mj miolb sjòbh sjòbh js mj 2= U. Midu`br Midu`br jh  oiroui oirouita ta quj ouf oufphb phb tbh oafjti oafjtima, ma, igmiob igmiobgma gma jh  vahtb`j y hb pahbrizboiÿg mj hb eujgtj mj o.o. jg obsa mj gjojsitbrsj. ^brb jstj j`jroioia sj gjojsitb ug ei`bmar pasitiva pahbrizbma  pasitivbfjgtj,, pbrb jsta sj gjojsitb  pasitivbfjgtj gjojsitb ugb eujgt eujgtjj mj o.o. mj ; U

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ZGIUJT_IMBM IGMZ_]TIBH MJ _BG]BGMJT  Jsoujhb mj Igkjgijræbs Jhéotriob, Jhjotrÿgiob Jhjotrÿgiob y ]jhjoafugioboiag ]jhjoafugioboiagjs js - J¿] ‘^jrejotb oafdigboiÿg jgtrj jgjrkæb j igtjhjota‖

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