Fichas Micologia

 

LQIOIAFN\WIOHLI\H\ Fn lrioiafnstiohlishs, tnoahèc licilhgn lioi lrioiohlishs, ds ucn hc`dllhüc `ûcbhln, rnrn, sualutîcdn lrüchln, ilnshicngn pir trnuonthsois i hcilufnlhüc gd micbis gdonthîldis Wnxicüohlnodctd dstd brupi gd micbis sic lfnsh`hlngis dc fn lfnsd Nslioyldtds, irgdc Lmndtitmyrhnfds, `nohfhn Mdrpitrhlmhdffnldnd. Mdr pitrhlmhdffnldnd. NBDCWD HC@DLLHI\I          

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@icsdlndn pdgrisih Lfngispirhuo lnrrhich Umhnfipmirn vdrrulisn Qmhcilfnghdffn nqunspdrsn @icsdlndn liopnltn

DUHGDOHIFIBÏN          

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Lisoipifhtn Wriphlnf y suatriphlnf; @icsdlndn pdgrisih Dc`drodgng ilupnlhicnf Onslufhci ζo gd ghîodtri, rnoh`hlngns, brnc lncthgng gd `irons lilihgds y anlhfnrds. Untibdchn; Hchlhn gd oncdrn dcgübdcn, yn qud pdrtdcdldc n fn ohlriahitn gd fn ailn, èstis hclrdodctnc dc licghlhicds gd ncndriahishs qud sd bdcdrnc n pnrthr gd dxtrnllhicds gdctnfds, lnrhds, lhrubïns, trnuonthsois, dtl. \d dxthdcgd pir licthböhgng, y gdspuès sd ghsdohcn mnlhn fis pufoicds pir nsphrnlhüc. Fn vnrhdgng hctdsthcnf sd irhbhcn pir fn gdbfulhüc gdf nlthciohldti, y sd onch`hdstn gdspuès gd nfbucn hctdrvdclhüc quhrûrbhln n chvdf nagiohcnf. On Onch`dstnlhicds ch`dstnlhicds lfïchlns Mny ghvdrsns vnrhdgngds lfïchlns gd nlthciohlishs. ➡ 

Lèrvhli-`nlhnf. ➡  Wirîlhln i pufoicnr.

➡ 

 Nagiohcnf i hfdildlnf. ➡  Uèfvhli-utdrhcn. ➡  Ohsldfîcdn.

➡ 

Lutîcdn prhonrhn. ➡  Ldrdarnf. ➡  Ghsdohcngn.

 Nl th ci oh li sh s l èrv hl i-` i-`nlh nlh nf Fn oîs `rdludctd (24%). \d prdsdctn dc fn oncgïaufn. Luncgi hchlhnc dc df onxhfnr supdrhir, pudgdc n`dltnr sdcis pnrncnsnfds y mudsis gdf lrîcdi, `ironcgi nasldsis ldrdarnfds.   ldrdarnfds. LNQNLWDQH[NGN   pir nuodcti gd vifuodc, gd`ironlhüc gd fn rdbhüc y fdshicds LNQNLWDQH[NGN  `hstufhzngns, df ontdrhnf purufdcti qud licthdcd ‖brncis‟: ‖brncis‟ : luncgi ds lrüchli, sd n`dltn df mudsi dc `iron gd pdrhisthths y istdiohdfhths.  Nl th ci oh li sh s t ir irîlh îlh ln i pu fo ic nr >5%. Whdcd gis `nsds; >) suanbugn, >5%. suanbugn, fn hc`dllhüc pufoicnr sd onch`hdstn lic piln `hdard, tis ghslrdtn y dxpdltirnlhüc mhnfhcn mhnfhcn 1) fn `nsd lrüchln, lrüchln , dxhstd gd `hdard licstnctd, ghn`irdshs cilturcn, tis lic dxpdltirnlhüc oulipurufdctn i sncbuhcifdctn, hctdcsi gifir pfdurnf, ghscdn: df ntnqud nf dstngi bdcdrnf ds sdvdri, lnrnltdrhzngi pir nghcnohn, nstdchn y brnc pèrghgn gd pdsi. Uigrïn dxtdcgdrsd n fn pnrdg tirîlhln y gnr fdshicds `hstufisns dc phdf phdf,, fn nlthciohlishs sd dxthdcgd gd fis pufoicds mnlhn fn phdf y df ohldtion n fn hcvdrsn.  Nl th ci oh li sh s na gi oh ohcnf cnf

 

4 y >4% sd onch`hdstn n chvdf hctdsthcnf, siard tigi pistdrhir n onchpufnlhüc quhrûrbhln, i luncgi mny pdr`irnlhüc gd fn pnrdg nagiohcnf. \d onch`hdstn lioi ucn onsn hrrdbufnr n fn pnfpnlhüc.  Nl th ci oh li sh s p èfv èfvhl hl i-u i-utdr tdr hc n 1--1% gd fis lnsis y fns oîs hopirtnctds.-  hopirtnctds.-   Nl th ci oh li sh s l ut îcdn prh p rh onr hn Fn onyirïn gd fis lnsis sd prdsdctnc lic nuodcti gd vifuodc, fdshicds `hstufhzngns lic ontdrhnf sdripurufdcti gicgd sd filnfhznc fis brncis. Dc lnsis lrüchlis, sd onch`hdstnc lic fdshicds vdrrubisns, dc ilnshicds dxi`ïthlns.  Nl th ci oh li sh s g hs doh cngn.cng n.- \d pudgd dxtdcgdr n tigns fns vïsldrns, dc pnrthlufnr dc pnlhdctds hcoucisuprhohgis.  hcoucisuprhohgis.   Nl th ci oh li sh s l drdarnf drda rnf \d prdsdctn pir ghsdohcnlhüc. Ds lrüchli y fn onch`dstnlhüc oîs `rdludctd sic fis nasldsis ldrdarnfds. Df nasldsi lnsh shdoprd ds ûchli, dclnpsufngi, uchfilufnr i oufthfilufnr,   filnfhzngi dc pnrthlufnr dc füaufis `rictnf y tdopirnf. Fis sïctions oufthfilufnr, gdpdcgdc gd fn filnfhznlhüc d hclfuydc gè`hlht cdurifübhli `ilnf d mhpdrtdcshüc hctrnlrncdnf. Ghnbcüsthli gh`drdclhnf  Nl th ci oh li sh s lèr vh li -`nl hnf ;   ohldtion, fhc`ions, istdiohdfhths, `ïstufns gdctnrhns, tufnrdohn. ln; t  tuadrlufishs, uadrlufishs, ohldtion tirnlipufoicn tirnlipufoicnr, r, cilnrghishs. cilnrghishs.  Nl th ci oh li sh s t ir îlh ln;  Nl th ci oh li sh s na gi oh ohcnf cnf ;  npdcghlhths, cdipfnshns, nohahnshs. nohahnshs.  Nl th ci oh li sh s p èfv èfvhl hl i-u i-utdr tdr hc n; n; doanrnzi  doanrnzi dltüphli, quhstd ivîrhli riti, ghvdrthlufhths.  Nl th ci oh li sh s l ut îcdn; îcdn;  ohldtion, aitrhiohlishs, dspiritrhlishs. dspiritrhlishs.  Nl th ci oh li sh s g df \CL; cdipfnshns ldrdarnfds, lhsthldrlishs, tixipfnsoishs. tixipfnsoishs. Ghnbcüsthli; Dxnodc ghrdlti y `riths, lufthvis, ahipshns, rnghibrn`ïns y tioibrn`ïns, gdtdrohcnlhüc gd ncthludrpis, prudans ULQ. Wrntnohdcti;  Udchlhfhcn prilnïchln n prilnïchln n gishs gd =55 555 T/gïn, pir 75 gïns nprix: sd rdliohdcgn liopfdtnr df trntnohdcti lic pdchlhfhcn adczntïchln adczntïchln n  n gishs gd > 155 555 T/sdoncn \d pudgdc uthfhznr suf`nodtixnzif \uf`nodtixhphrhgnzhcn, > \uf`nodtixhphrhgnzhcn,  > b/gïn.

trhodtiprho   trhodtiprho 

(755/=5

Wdtrnlhlfhcn, lfhcgnohlhcn, lfirnc`dchlif, ohcilhlfhcn, ld`nfispirhcns ld`nfispirhcns Gdsarhgnohdcti y grdcnkd quhrûrbhli, gdad nliopnþnrsd lic quhohitdrnphn.

ob/gïn).

 

MHNFIMH@IOHLI\H\

MHNFIMH@IOHLI\H\ Ohlishs lnusngns pir micbis mhnfhcis qud prdsdctnc mh`ns sdptngns dc fis tdkhgis. Dc lhdr lhdrtn tnss il ilns nshi hicd cdss uc ucis is pi pili liss gd dsis dsis ir irbn bnch chso sois is pu pudg dgdc dc pr prig igul ulhr hr dc dc`d `dro rodg dgng ng mu muon oncn cn,,  pnrthlufnrodctd gd thpi ipirtuchstn. Fn onyirïn gd fis bècdris hcvifulrngis dc dstns hc`dllhicds  prdsdctnc fn ohson oir`ifibïn dc fis tdkhgis y priguldc fn ohson rdspudstn pntifü pntifübhln. bhln.

DWHIFIBÏN Hc Hclf lfuy uydd mi micb cbis is ip ipir irtu tuch chst stns ns tn tnfd fdss li lioi oi;;   \ldgispirhuo, \ldgispirhuo,   @usnrhuo, @usnrhuo,   Udchlhffhuo, Udchlhffhuo,   \lipufnrhipshs, \lipufnrhipshs, \nrilfnghuo,,  Nlrdoichuo \nrilfnghuo  Nlrdoichuo,,  Lmrysispirhuo  Lmrysispirhuo,,  Adnuvdrhn  Adnuvdrhn y  y Undlhfioylds  Undlhfioylds..

GHNBCÜ\WHLI OHLIFÜBHLI Dxnodc ohlrislüphli gdf ontdrhnf lfïchli; lic nzuf gd fnlti`dcif d JIM nf 15 %; \d iasdrvnc `hfnodctis `ûcbhlis mhnfhcis y tnahlngis. Lufthv Luf thvis; is; sd dopfdn dopfdnc c fis usunfd usunfdss pnrn pnrn nhs nhsfno fnohdc hdcti ti bdcdrn bdcdrnff gd micbis micbis;; \na \naiur iurnug nug shc ncthah ncthahüth üthlis lis i nghlhicngi gd lfirnc`dchlif, ci nsï lic lhlfimdxhohgn qud pudgd hcmhahrfis. Unrn ntrhauhr n uci gd dstis micbis ipirtuchstns fn dthifibïn gd ucn dc`drodgng ds cdldsnrhi; ◉ ◉ ◉

  Iasdrvnlhüc gdf micbi micbi dc df dxnodc ghrdlti y/i lifirnlhicds lifirnlhicds gdf ontdrhnf lfïchli.   Qdpdthgi nhsfnohdcti gdf ohsoi micbi micbi n pnrthr pnrthr gd fn fdshüc.   Lirrdfnlhüc dctrd fns iasdrvnlhicds ohlrislüphlns gd fis ontdrhnfds lfïchlis y df micbi nhsfngi dc fis odghis gd lufthvi.

HC@DLLHICD\ LNT\NGN\ UIQ   @usnrhuo  @usnrhuo  ds uc bècdri gd micbis gd ghstrhaulhüc uchvdrsnf, uahluis y lic brnc hopirtnclhn dlicüohln  @usnrhuo ds yn qud sic mnahtunfds `htipntübdcis. Dc ilnshicds lnusnc hc`dllhicds dc df pnlhdctd cironf (qudrnthths, ichlio ich liohli hlishs, shs, dtl.). dtl.). \hc doanr doanrbi, bi, lngn lngn vdz sd gdslrh gdslrhadc adc oîs hc` hc`dll dllhic hicds ds brnvds brnvds dc fis pnlhdctd pnlhdctdss hcoucigdprhohgis, gd nmï qud su hopirtnclhn mnyn lrdlhgi dxpicdclhnfodctd.

ONCH@D\WNLHICD\ ONCH@D\W NLHICD\ LFÏCHLN\ Hc`dllhicds rdfnlhicngns lic ludrpis dxtrnþis ^udrnthths.  \d pudg pudgdd prigulhr prigulhr trns fn lifichznlhü lifichznlhüc c gd fdctds gd lictnlti, lictnlti, pir lichghi lichghiss ndrisifhzngis ndrisifhzngis dc noahdctds pnrthlufnr noahdctds pnrthlufnrodctd odctd lictnohcng lictnohcngis, is, i pir trnuonthsois trnuonthsois lic rnons gd îraifds i pfnctns. pfnctns. Itris `n `nlti ltird rdss gd rhds rhdsbi bi sic sic pn pnti tifi fibï bïns ns pr prdv dvhn hnss dc fn lü lürc rcdn dn y trnt trntno nohd hdct ctis is tüph tüphli liss li lic c li lirt rthl hlih ihgd gdss i ncthahüthlis. Fn hc`dllhüc pudgd pribrdsnr mnstn ffdbnr n lnusnr ucn dcgi`tnfohths, fi qud dcsioardld df  pricüsthli.

Hc`dllhicds gd uc süfi ürbnci Ichliohlishs. Ichliohlish s. \d lnrnltdrhzn lnrnltdrhzn pir fn npnrhlhüc npnrhlhüc gd onclmns afnclns dc fn ansd gd fn uþn qud sd dxthdcgdc dxthdcgdc mnlhn df dxtrdoi fhard, pughdcgi ilnshicnr ipnlhgng titnf gd fn uþn, dcbrisnohdcti gd su airgd y, sh  pribrdsn, gdstrullhüc gd ucn pnrtd i fn titnfhgng gd fn ohson. Uhdf. \d dstnafdld pir hcilufnlhüc ghrdltn i pir ghsdohcnlhüc sncbuïcdn. Fns fdshicds sic ouy vnrhngns d hclfuydc brncufions, ûfldrns, cdlrishs, qudrntishs lic drhtdon, cügufis sualutîcdis hcgurngis lic zicn gd cdlrishs ldctrnf y ohldtions. Mudsi y nrthlufnlhicds. Fis lnsis gdslrhtis tuvhdric lioi pudrtn gd dctrngn uc trnuonthsoi lic i shc `rnlturn dxpudstn.

Hc`dllhüc ghsdohcngn \upicd fn n`dltnlhüc gd gis i oîs ürbncis ci licthbuis, pnrdldc oîs `rdludctds dc èpilns mûodgns,

 

gdahgi n qud df nhrd y fn ffuvhn gdahgi ffuvhn sic uc oètigi d`hlnz gd ghsdohcnlhüc ghsdohcnlhüc gd fis lichghis. lichghis. Df odlnchsoi gd ngquhshlhüc gd fn hc`dllhüc dc ilnshicds ds gdslicilhgi. Dstns hc`dllhicds ilurrdc prhclhpnfodctd dc  pnlhdctds lic dc`drodgngds mdontifübhlns, dc trntnohdcti quhohitdrîphli y dc trnspfnctngis gd odgufn üsdn. Lioi dc itrns hc`dllhicds `ûcbhlns df prhclhpnf `nltir gd rhdsbi ds fn cdutripdchn.

Onch`dstnlh Onch` dstnlhicds icds lfïchl lfïchlns. ns.  Df lungri lungri lfîshli lfîshli ds df gd uc pnlhdctd lic `hdard `hdard pdrshstdctd, pdrshstdctd, pri`ucgnodc pri`ucgnodctd td cdutripèchli, qud ci rdspicgd nf trntnohdcti ncthahüthli gd nopfhi dspdltri. Fn hc`dllhüc pudgd n`dltnr n lu lunf nfqu quhd hdrr ür ürbn bnci ci,, sh shdc dcgi gi fi fiss oîs oîs `rdl `rdlud udct ctds ds pu pufo foüc üc,, rhþü rhþüc, c, an anzi zi,, mïbn mïbngi gi,, odgu odgufn fn üs üsdn dn,, trnl trnlti ti bnstri bns trihct hctdst dsthcn hcnf, f, sdcis sdcis onxhfn onxhfnrds rds lic i shc n`dltn n`dltnlhü lhüc c rhcild rhcildrda rdarnf rnf,, dcgi`t dcgi`tnfo nfohth hthss i ohi ohishth shths. s. Tcn lnrnltdrïsthln ffnonthvn ds fn dxhstdclhn prdvhn i licliohtnctd gd fdshicds lutîcdns dc fns dxtrdohgngds y dc fn lnrn. Dstns fdshicds dstîc prdsdctds dc oîs gd fns gis tdrldrns pnrtds gd fis pnlhdctds, y sd lnrnltdrhzn lnrnl tdrhznc c pir cügufis cügufis sualutîcdis sualutîcdis drhtdontisis drhtdontisis oûfth oûfthpfds, pfds, oîlufns oîlufns y pîpufns drhtdon drhtdontisns, tisns, lic cdlrishs ldctrnf pribrdshvn. GHNBCÜ\WHLI OHLIFÜBHLI @usnrhuo ds uc bècdri ouy gh`ïlhf gd hgdcth`hlnr, siard tigi lic rdfnlhü rdfnlhüc c n fn dspdlhd, y bdcdrnfodctd mny qud rdlurrhr n fnairntirhis dspdlhnfhzngis. Uudgdc nhsfnrsd n pnrthr gd lunfquhdrn gd fis ürbncis qud n`dltn;  phdf, lürcdn, dsputi, mudsi, sncbrd, dtl. Fn ahipshn ahipshn pnrn df dstughi mhstifübhli gdad hclfu hclfuhr hr gh`drdctds îrdns gd fn fds fdshüc hüc,, y sh ds gd phdf phdf tionr tionr zicns zicns supdr` supdr`hlh hlhnfd nfdss y pri`uc pri`ucgns gns pnrn hct hctdct dctnr nr gh` gh`drd drdclh clhnr nr dctrd dctrd lifichznlhüc d hc`dllhüc. Dc fns prdpnrnlhicds dopfdngns pnrn fn iasdrvnlhüc ohlrislüphln gd fis ontdrhnfds lfïchlis sd iasdrvnc mh`ns sdptngns, gd < n = ´o gd nclmi, oîs i odcis rnoh`hlngns, `rdludctdodctd dc îcbufi gd 74» y lic ucn zicn zicn gd licstr licstrhll hllhüc hüc gicgd gicgd dodrb dodrbdd fn rnoh`h rnoh`hlnl lnlhüc hüc.. Wh Whdcd dcdc c tdcgdc tdcgdclhn lhn n fn hcvnshü hcvnshüc c vnsluf vnslufnr nr,, irhbhcncgi trioaishs y cdlrishs thsufnr. Df ghnbcüsthli dthifübhli rdquhdrd df lufthvi gd fns oudstrns y df nhsfnohdcti gdf micbi pnrn prildgdr n su hgdcth`hlnlhüc.

Dspdlhds;   @. @. ixyspiruo, ixyspiruo, @. sifnch, sifnch, @. vdrthlhffih vdrthlhffihgds, gds, @. ghodruo, ghodruo, @. lmfnoygisp lmfnoygispiruo iruo,, dtl. Nfbucns Nfbucns dspdlhds thdcdc uc dstngi sdxunf rdlicilhgi gdctri gd fis bècdris Bhaadrdffn i Cdltrhn. Lnrnltdrïsthlns tnxicüohlns prhonrhns gd hgdcth`hlnlhüc Dc odghis mnahtunfds fns lifichns prdsdctnc uc lrdlhohdcti rîphgi (=-8 lo gd ghîodtri dc ucn sdoncn). Df lifir qud gdsnrriffnc gdpdcgd gd fn dspdlhd y pudgd sdr afncqudlhci, lrdon, ncnrnckngi, risn, rikhzi,  pûrpurn, dtl. Df ohldfhi nèrdi sudfd sdr naucgnctd y gd nspdlti nfbig nfbigicisi. icisi. Fis odghis gd lufthvi uthfhzngis mnahtunfodctd sic; Nbnr pntntn gdxtrisn (NUG), nbnr cutrhdctd shctèthli (\CN), dtl. Lèfufns lichghübdcns; `hîfhgds shopfds i rnoh`hlngns, n odcugi `hcns y n`hfngns i lic `iron gd aitdffn. Fis lichghis pudgdc snfhr gd uc süfi irh`hlhi i gd vnrhis. Onlrilichghis, lic `iron gd lncin, mhnfhcis mhnfhc is y sdptngis. sdptngis. Fn lèfufn nphlnf nphlnf ds nfnrbngn y fn ansnf thdcd `iron gd phd. \d priguldc priguldc dc suldshüc suldshüc  ansïpdtn n pnrthr gd fns oici`hîfhgds. Wnoahèc Wnoahèc pudgdc sdr prigulhgis prigulhgis dc dspirigiquhis, qud p pudgdc udgdc tdcdr  oici`hîfhgds i pifh`hîfhgds.

Lnrnltdrïsthlns oir`ifübhlns ohlrislüphlns gdf bècdri @usnrhuo. Fns dspdlhds hopfhlngns lic onyir `rdludclhn dc fns hc`dllhicds filnfhzngns y ghsdohcngns sd gdslrhadc n licthcunlhüc.

@usnrhuo sifnch Ds uc micbi micbi lisoip lisoipifh ifhtn tn y lnusn lnusn hc` hc`dll dllhic hicds ds supdr` supdr`hlh hlhnfd nfdss (qu (qudrn drntht thths, hs, ich ichlio liohli hlishs shs), ), fil filnfh nfhzng zngns ns (dcgi`tnfohths, shcushths) y ghsdohcngns. Dc df odghi NUG df lrdlhohdcti ds rîphgi. Fn lifichn prdsdctn uc nspdlti fhsi y nfbigicisi gd lifir afncli brhsîldi, lrdon, ilrd i risn pûrpurn. Bdcdrnfodctd df rdvdrsi ci ds lifirdngi i ds gd lifir lrdon pîfhgi. Fis ohlrilichghis sic naucgnctds y ivihgds.

@usnrhuo ixyspiruo \d trntn gd uc micbi gd ghstrhaulhüc uchvdrsnf. \d nïsfn lioi snpri`hti gdf sudfi y gd cuodrisns pfnctns (ldrdnfds,dlicüohlns. sikn, nfbigüc, pntntns, onczncns, dtl.). Lioi `htipntübdci lnusn Dc brncgds  pèrghgns Dc pfîtncis, df mioardldaiffn, pudgd lnusnr qudrnthths, hc`dllhicds hc`dllhicds lutîcdns y ghsdohcngns. NUG  prdsdctn uc lrdlhohdcti rîphgi. Nf prhclhphi fn lifichn ds fhsn y nfbigicisn. nfbigicisn. Lic df thdopi tion uc llifir  ifir 

 

 afncli i snfoüc pîfhgi, thþècgisd thþècgisd gd pûrpurn dc su zicn lldctrnf. dctrnf. Df rdvdrsi ds pûrpurn i nz nzuf uf isluri.

@usnrhuo vdrthlhffhihgds Ds uc micbi lisoipifhtn, pdri lic lhdrti prdgiohchi dc zicns triphlnfds y suatriphlnfds. Lioi fis gis nctdrh nct drhird irdss pudgd pudgd lnusnr lnusnr qudrnt qudrnthths hths,, dcgi`t dcgi`tnfo nfohth hths, s, hc` hc`dll dllhic hicds ds lutîcd lutîcdns ns y dc ilnshi ilnshicds cds hc` hc`dll dllhic hicds ds ghsdohcngns. Df lrdlhohdcti dc NUG ds rîphgi lic naucgnctd ohldfhi nèrdi nfbigicisi, gd lifir afncli n risn snfoüc qud sd thþd gd lifir nzufngi i pûrpurn dc pilis gïns.

HC@DLLHICD\ LNT\NGN\ UIQ \lipufnrhipshs Fns dspdlhds gd \lipufnrhipshs sic snpri`htis lioucds gdf sudfi qud mnc shgi nhsfngns gd ucn nopfhn vnrhdgng gd sustrntis dc tigi df oucgi. Pnrhns dspdlhds dspdlhds mnc shgi hcvifulrng hcvifulrngns ns dc ichliohlish ichliohlishss i ohlishs ohlishs pufoicnrd pufoicnrds, s, y mnc shgi nsilhngns rdlhdctdodctd lic hc`dllhicds hcvnshvns. Fis irbnchsois pdrtdcdlhdctds n dstd bècdri mnc shgi nsilhngis lic df bècdri tdfdioir`i Ohlrinslus.

Dspdlhds; \. ardvhlnufhs, \. aruopthh, \. nlrdoichuo, \. nspdrufn, \. `fnvn, \. `usln y \. jichcbhh. ONCH@D\WNLHICD\ ONCH@D\W NLHICD\ LFÏCHLN\ Ichliohlishs. Uriguldc ucn hcvnshüc nlthvn gd fn fîohcn ucbudnf pir prdsdctnr vdrgngdrn lnpnlhgng qudrnthcifïthln. Fns fdshicds sd lnrnltdrhznc pir uc nuodcti gd dspdsir y gd`ironlhüc ucbudnf, ngdoîs gd  prdsdctnr ucn lifirnlhüc nonrhffdcti islurn. Fn dspdlhd oîs `rdludctd ds \. ardvhlnufhs, nucqud tnoahèc sd mnc nhsfngi nhsfngi lioi lioi nbdctd nbdctdss gd ichlio ichlioili ilishs; shs; \. nlrdoich nlrdoichuo, uo, \. nspdru nspdrufn, fn, \. `fn `fnvn, vn, \. `usln `usln y \. jichcbhh. Itris lungris lfïchlis. \. ardvhlnufhs sd mn nhsfngi rnrnodctd lioi nbdctd gd qudrnthths ohlüthln, fdshicds lutîcdns y sualutîcdns, d hc`dllhicds hcvnshvns dc pnlhdctds hcouciliopriodthgis. \. aruopthh sd mn dclictrngi lioi hcvnsir pufoicnr dc pnlhdctds lic gd`hlhdclhns dc fn hcouchgng odghngn pir lèfufns.

GHNBCÜ\WHLI OHLIFÜBHLI Dc df dxnodc ghrdlti sd iasdrvnc `hfnodctis `ûcbhlis tnahlngis. Fis lufthvis gdsnrriffnc dc uc pdrïigi gd 4 n 2 gïns iatdchècgi iatdchècgisd sd lifichns lifichns gd lifir afncli, adhbd, adhbd, onrrüc i cdbri, gd nspdlti ntdr ntdrlhipd lhipdfngi fngi i  pufvdrufdcti. Fis lichghü`iris sic drdltis, lirtis, n odcugi rnoh`hlngis. Fns lèfufns lichghübdcns sic ncdfhgds nopufh`irods n lhfïcgrhlns. Fis lichghis sic ds`èrhlis, ivihgnfds, lfnvngis, lic ansd truclngn,  pnrdg fhsn n vdrrulisn ghspudstis dc lngdcns lngdcns ansïpdtns, sdlns, mhnfhcns n onrrüc pîfhgi. \. ard ardvhlnu vhlnufhs fhs   prdsdctn prdsdctn lifichns lifichns pufvdrufdc pufvdrufdctns tns gd lifir adhbd isluri. Ohlrioir`ifibü Ohlrioir`ifibübhlno bhlnodctd dctd sd iasdrv ias drvnc nc ncèfhg ncèfhgds ds sifhtnr sifhtnrhns hns i nbrupn nbrupngns gns siard siard mh` mh`ns ns hcgh`d hcgh`drdc rdclhn lhngns gns,, sic lhf lhfïcg ïcgrhl rhlns ns lic fn ansd ansd dcsnclmngn, gd 8-14 x 1,4-5-15 brngisL y 15-75 brngisL N`rhln Nshn; hcghn Nodrhln; Odxhli, Pdcdzudfn, Lifioahn, Arnshf, nrbdcthcn, Buntdonfn, Df snfvngir

LIOI \D IAWHDCDC Lictnlti lic thdrrn, gdtrhtis vdbdtnfds, pfnctns Lutncdn; trnuonthsois, dsphcns, nsthffns, phdgrns, oirgdgurns \dxi onslufhci 7;> sdxi onslufhci (df dstrübdci fi pritdbdc) Dgng; 5%) uchfntdrnf y nshoètrhli

 

Hcgifiri nf hchlhn (prurhti nf narhrsd fns `hstufns). Gifir fdshicds istdifhthlns i hc`dllhicds anltdrhncns siard nbrdbngns. Nuodcti gd vifuodc y gd`ironlhüc gd fn f n rdbhüc. Fdshicds cigufnrds `hstufhngns, nchffi lücvdxi i gdprhohgi, dxugngi `hfnctd i sdripurufdcti lic ‖brncis‟ ohlrislüphli ohlrislüphliss i vhshafds

ons gd 5%

Brncis gd thpi Cilnrghn \pp;  sic brncis ohlrilh`icngis, gd nprixhnongnodctd 45->45 ohlrns gd tnonþi lifir afncli nonrhffdcti gd `iron oufthiaufngn, gd nspdlti nrrhþicngi

Brncis gd Nlthciongurn Ongurnd;  \ic ohlrish`icngis, vhshafds n shopfd vhstn gd > y 4oo, gd lifir afncli nonrhffdcti, gd `iron rdgicgn hrrdbufnr y gd licshstdclhn afncgn. Nf ohlrisliphi sd iasdrvnc fiaufngis y dc nfbucns pnrtds gd su pdrh`drhn thdcdc `fdlis.

Brncis gd Nlthciongurn Udffdthdrh; Udffdthdrh;  \ic ohlrish`icngis, fis brncis ohgdc dctrd 45 y >45 ohlrns, oh lrns, thdcdc uc lifir lnrnltdrïsthli riki i riki lirnf, gd `iron rdgicgn i nbrupngn: ci pisddc lfnvns ch `fdlis.

Brncis gd \trdptioylds \ionfhdcshs;  ohlrish`icngis ohgdc dctrd 5.4 y >oo gd lifir afncli brhsîldi gd `iron rdgicgn gd licshstdclhn gurn, gdahgi n qud pisdd uc ldodcti qud nbfuthcn nf ohldfhi

Brncis Duohldthlis cdbris;  ons `rdludctd dc odxhli y fns dspdlhds sic; Ongurdffn oyldtionths, O brhsdn y Dxipmhnfn Kdncsdfodh. @irongis pir ohldfhi onlrish`icngi gd 5.4 n 4oo `iron hrrdbufnr lifir cdbri i ln`dlhti

Brncis dulhodthlis afnclis; ons `rdludctd dc odxhli y fns f ns dspdlhds sic; Usdugnffdslmdrhn aiyghh, fis brncis dstîc `irongis pir ohldfhi onlrish`icngi, mhnfhci, sic gd tnonþi brncgd gd 5.4 n 4 ghns n tdopdrnturn noahdctd

 

AHIU\HN\ Brncis gd Cilnrghn \p;  fns trds dspdlhds sd onch`dstnc gd fn ohson oncdrn, fis brncis sic oufthiaufngis, ansü`hfis dc fn pdrh`drhn nf tdþhrsd fhbdrnodctd lic mdoitixhfhcn (vhifdtn) y Dishci`hfis nf ldctri risn

Brncis gd N. ongurnd;  sic brncgds, thdcdc n`hchgng pir fn mdontixhfhcn, sd thþdc gd lifir fhfn i vhifdtn hctdcsi, nucqud ci gd oncdrn uch`irod, qudgncgi df ldctri pnfhgi gdahgi n qud df brnci ds tnc brncgd qud ci nflnczn n pdcdtrnrfi

 

Brncis gd N. Udffdthdrh; brncgds, n`hchgng pir mdontixhfhcn, hctdcsnodctd ansü`hfis, sd lnrnltdrhzn pir qud gdkn dspnlhis i mdcghgurns gncgi nspdlti gd pfnti riti, ci prdsdctnc ldodcti ch `fdlis.

Brncis gd \. sionfhdcshs; brncgds sd thþdc pili gd mdontixhfhcn, licshstdclhn gurn, nf lirtd gdkn ucn honbdc shohfnr n rdancngn gd pnpn

QNGHIBQN@HN\ X WIOIBQN@ÏN\ \ic hcghspdcsnafds pnrn hcghlnr df brngi gd n`dllhic isdn.Dstn pdrohtd fn odghlhüc gd îrdns îr dns gd n`dllhic y filnfhznlhüc gd gnþi dspdlh`hli (Phsldrnf y vnslufnr)

 

WQNWNOHDCWI NLWHCIOHLDWION\ D\WI GTQNCWD >4-1> ghns nucqud sd pudgd prificbnr n 55-155 ob/ghn ghnohcigh`dchfsuf`icn, ons suf`nodtixnzif trhodtiprho n gishs gd 755-=5 n =55->05ob pir ghn rdspdlthvnodctd. Dstd sd gdad prificbnr pir nþis, pnrn dsti gdad mnadr uc lictrif lfïchli y gd fnairntirhi Itri qud subhdric ds \uf`nodtixhphrhgnzhcn n gishs gd 455 ob/ghn. Dc fis lnsis qud ci rdspicgnc n suf`ns i bdcdrd nftdrnlhicds dc ffis is pnlhdctds sd pudgdc dopfdnr dstrdptiohlhcn >b/ghn: lfi`nzhohcn >55ob/ghn, hsichnlhgn b-ghn ons \OW (suf`nodtixnzif trhodtiprho) 755-=55 ob/ghn dstis pir pdrhigis gd >4 ghns

DTOHLDWION\ Fis odkirds rdsuftngis sd iathdcd lic Nc`itdrhlhcn A n gishs gd 4-

WQHLMI\UIQICI\H\ Gd`hchlhüc  

Ds ucn hc`dllhüc ipirtuchstn lnusngn micbis fdvngurh`irods gdf bècdri

Wrhlmispiric, qud priguldc fdshicds supdr`hlhnfds lutîcdns y ghsdohcngns.

Wnoahèc sic rdspicsnafds gd uc lungri nfèrbhli ahdc gd`hchgi qud ds fn cduoichths  pir mhpdrsdcshahfhgng thpi dsthvnf (\MU).

Dthifibïn   

Gurnctd oulmi thdopi Wrhlmispiric Wrhlmispiric adhbdfhh `ud df pntübdci oîs shbch`hlnthvi shbch`hlnthvi gdf bècdri Wrhlmispiric.. W. lutncduo mn Wrhlmispiric lutncduo mn shgi `rdludctdodctd uthfhzngi lioi shcüchoi gd W. adhbdfhh. adhbdfhh. N pnrthr gdf nþi >881 fn tnxicioïn gdf bècdri Wrhlmispiric Wrhlmispiric   `ud rdvhsngn pir ghsthctis nutirds (Budmi y lif, >881 y \ubhtn y lif, >884) qud ghdric lioi li oi rdsuftngi fn rdlfnsh`hlnlhüc gdf bècdri dc 14 dspdlhds.

Lfnsh`hlnlhüc tnxicüohln gdf bècdri Wrhlmispiric spp  

\h ahdc ci sd mn gdtdltngi rdprigullhüc sdxungn ds ouy prianafd qud df dstngi  pdr`dlti gd Wrhlmispiric  Wrhlmispiric  pdrtdcdzln pdrtdcdzln n fn suaghvhshüc Anshghioylithcn, pir fn brnc n`hchgng gdf bècdri lic dstn suaghvhshüc.

Qdhci; @ucbh Ghvhshüc; Anshghioylitn \uaghvhshüc; Anshghioylithcn Irgdc; \pirhghnfds @nohfhn; \pirhghiaifnldnd Bècdri; Wrhlmispiric

 

WQHLMI\UIQICI\H\-1

Lungris lfïchlis y lnusns prdghspicdctds}

 

\ic nbdctds lnusnfds gd phdgrn afncln, hc`dllhicds supdr`hlhnfds d hcvnshvns. Fis `nltirds qud pudgdc prdghspicdr n uc pnlhdctd n su`rhr hc`dllhicds ghsdohcngns hclfuydc; quhohitdrnphn lhtitüxhln (qud hcguld brncufilhtipdchn), dc`drodgngds mdontifübhlns onfhbcns, qudongurns dxtdcsns, trntnohdcti prificbngi lic lirthlistdrihgds, lhrubïns vnfvufnrds, trncspfnctds, ghîfhshs pdrhticdnf, shgn, dtl.

 

Uhdgrn afncln; dc dstn hc`dllhüc sd vdc n`dltngis fis pdfis gd ludri lnadffugi y

 puahs (odcis `rdludctdodctd gd anran y ahbitd).  

Fdshicds supdr`hlhnfds; sic shohfnrds n fns prigulhgns pir Lncghgn Lncghgn   dc pfhdbuds,

nucqud sic oulmi odcis `rdludctds. Wnoahèc pudgdc npnrdldr fdshicds lutîcdns 1», lioi onch`dstnlhüc gd ucn hc`dllhüc ghsdohcngn.  

Hc`dllhüc hcvnshvn i ghsdohcngn ; ds ucn n`dllhüc rnrn pdri dc fis ûfthois nþis mn

hgi licshgdrnafdodctd dc nuodcti gdahgi n fn onyir siardvhgn gd dstis pnlhdctds.

Onch`dstnlhicds lfïchlns;  Ds

ucn

hc`dllhüc

qud

pribrdsn

rîphgnodctd

dc

pnlhdctds

sdvdrnodctd

hcouciliopriodthgis prigulhdcgi cduoicïn, mdpnthths, dcld`nfhths, `ucbudohns, sdpthldohns, hc`dllhicds lutîcdns sdvdrns, dcgilnrghths, pdrhtichths nsilhngns lic ghîfhshs  pdrhticdnf.

Ghnbcüsthli ohlifübhli;

 

Ontdrhnfds;; pdfis, dslnons gd phdf, sncbrd, Ontdrhnfds sn cbrd, dsputi, FAN, ah ahipshn, ipshn, dtl. dtl .

 

Dxnodc ghrdlti; ghrdlti; Udfis; lic JIM 15% sd iasdrvn ucn vnhcn hrrdbufnr nfrdgdgir gdf pdfi, qud licthdcd ucn trnon gd lèfufns rdgicgdngns u ivihgds i vihgds gd nprixhongnodctd

1x0-= ´o (nrtrilichghns) y qud pudgdc prdsdctnr aritds (nrtriafnstilichghns).

 

WQHLMI\UIQICI\H\-<

 

Urudans liopfdodctnrhns; 

fn prudan gd fn urdnsn ds pishthvn pnrn df bècdri. Fn gh`drdclhnlhüc gd dspdlhds sd ffdvn n lnai n trnvès t rnvès gd prudans gd Nuxicibrnon y [hoibrnon (sic ci i gèahfodctd `drodctnthvis), uthfhzncgi fis shstdons NUH 15 i HG -1m, ds dxpdrhodctnf pilis rdpirtds pdri lic audcn y rîphgn rdspudstns

  

MH\WIUFN\OI\H\ Nbdctd lnusnf;  lnusnf; Mhs Mh s tipf tipfnson nson lnpsufntuo lnpsufntuo  Lnrnltdrïsthlns ohlrislüphlns;

Dc`drodgng y pntibdchn; Ds ucn dc`drodgng pufoicnr y mdontübdcn. Fn hc`dllhüc sd priguld trns fn hcmnfnlhüc gd lichghis (dspirns prigulhgns pir fn `iron ohldfhi gdf micbi) prdsdctds dc df sudfi i df pifvi lictnohcngi lictnohc ngi lic gdpishlhicds gd nvds i ourlhèfnbis. Onch`dstnlhicds lfïchlns;

  Fn mhstipfnsoishs prhonrhn nbugn  ds uc sïcgriod qud sd onch`hdstn lic  `hdard, tis, ohnfbhns, gifir



 gd hctdcshgng vnrhnafd. tirîlhli y onfdstnr bdcdrnf  gd

  Fn mhstipfnsoishs lnvhtnrhn lrüchln sd lnrnltdrhzn pir fdshicds pufoicnrds oulmns, sd nsdodknc n ucn



tuadrlufishs lnvhtnrhn. Fns onch`dstnlhicds licshstdc dc tis y ghscdn pribrdshvns, ci sd ghsdohcn.

  Fn mhstipfnsoishs ghsdohcngn pribrdshvn sd



lnrnltdrhzn pir df liopriohsi gdf shstdon rdthlufidcgitdfhnf, lic mdpntidspfdciodbnfhn, ngdcipntïns, liopriohsi gd fn oègufn üsdn y, dc ilnshicds, ûfldrns aulnfds i ghbdsthvns.

Ghnbcüsthli;  Ghnbcüsthli; 

  Mhstifibïn y lufthvis



  Hcvdsthbnlhüc gd nctïbdci



 



Tc fnvngi ariclinfvdifnr i ucn ahipshn thsufnr pnrn iatdcdr oudstrns lic df `hc gd rdnfhznr dxîodcds mhstifübhlis: tnoahèc tnoahèc gdadc hcghlnrsd prudans sdrifübhlns, urilufthvi, mdoilufthvi y lufthvi gd dsputi

Ghnbcüsthli gh`drdclhnf; Wuadrlufishs pufoicnr: Cduoicïns vhrnfds y anltdrhncns: `harishs pufoicnr gh`usn: lillhghiohlishs Wrntnohdcti; Fn mhstipfnsoishs prhonrhn nbugn ci rdquhdrd ncthohlüthlis. \nfvi qud ci odkird sd hcghlnc 155 ob gd htrnlicnzif pir vïn irnf < vdlds nf gïn gurnctd < gïns, y gdspuès > vdz nf gïn gurnctd 0 n >1 sdoncns.  

Fn mhstipfnsoishs lnvhtnrhn lrüchln sd trntn lic htrnlicnzif 155 ob pir vïn irnf < vdlds nf gïn gurnctd < gïns, y fudbi > i 1 vdlds nf gïn gurnctd >1 n 17 odsds. Dc fn mhstipfnsoishs ghsdohcngn brnvd, df trntnohdcti gd dfdllhüc ds nc`itdrhlhcn A fhpisionf dc gishs gd < ob/jb pir vïn hctrnvdcisn > vdz nf gïn, i nc`itdrhlhcn A dc gishs gd 5,4 n > ob/jb pir vïn hctrnvdcisn > vdz nf gïn gurnctd 1 sdoncns i mnstn qud df pnlhdctd dstè lfïchlnodctd dstnafd.

 

D\UIQIWQHLI\H\ Fn dspiritrhlishs ds ucn hc`dllhüc `ûcbhln, bdcdrnfodctd gd fn phdf, privilngn pir uc micbi ohlrislüphli ffnongi \piritmrhx slmdcljhh. DUHGDOHIFIBÏN

Ghstrhaulhüc bdibrî`hln; Df `ili irhbhcnf `ud dc Qilmdstdr, Ohccdsitn, DTN: sd

iasdrvn dc @firhgn, Ldctrinoèrhln, Lifioahn, Pdcdzudfn, Dlungir, shbud fn lirghffdrn gd fis Ncgds gd Udrû mnstn Aifhvhn, sur gd Arnshf y Trubuny. N prhclhphis gdf shbfi `ud ouy `rdludctd dc @rnclhn, miy ds dxldplhicnf dc Duripn. Urdgiohcn dc Î`rhln gdf \ur, Knpüc y Noèrhln dc fn zicn hctdrtriphln hctdrtriphlnf.f. Df onyir cûodri gd lnsis sd mn iasdrvngi dc Cirtdnoèrhln. Mîahtnt y `udctd gd hc`dllhüc; Mnahtnc dc lfhons tdopfngis y mûodgis, dc tdopdrnturn tdopdrntu rn gd 15-14µL. \u muodgng rdfnthvn supdrhir n 85%. Ilupnlhüc; Lnopdshcis, nons gd lnsn, lufthvngirds y vdcgdgirds gd `firds, lnzngirds, ohcdris, pdslngirds. Pïn gd dctrngn; Hcbrdsi gdf nbdctd ds fn lutîcdn, n trnvès gd trnuonthsoi trnuonthsoiss y dxlirhnlhicds. Udrhigi gd hcluanlhüc; @fultûn dctrd ucn sdoncn y uc ods. \dxi y dgng; Urdgiohchi dc df sdxi `dodchci, Dgng dslifnr (4->4 nþis), Nguftis  küvdcds (>0-0-55 ob/gïn, lioahcngn lic trhodtiprho 4 ob/jb/gïn pir PI. Ntivnluicn 245 ob gis vdlds nf gïn PI.

OTLIQOHLI\H\

Nbdctd lnusnf; Micbis Oulirnfds; Qmhzipus, Fhlmtmdhohn, Oulir, Qmhzioulir. Dthipntibdchn; ilnshicngn pir Bfiodrioydtds, brupi gd micbis ndriahis y `hfnodctisis, ouy

gh`ucghgis y snpri`htis gd sudfis mûodgis lic nfti lictdchgi gd chtrübdci y nfhodctis lioi df pnc y vdbdtnfds dc gdsliopishlhüc. Fns dspirns sd ngquhdrdc pir hcmnfnlhüc dc uc noahdctd ldrrngi i pudgdc nsphrnrsd n pnrthr gd ucn filnfhznlhüc rhcildrdarnf, sic lnpnlds gd g d dvnghr fis odlnchsois gd gd`dcsn gd fns vïns rdsphrntirhns supdrhirds, pudgdc pdcdtrnr nf tuai ghbdsthvi pir hcbdsthüc. hcbdsthüc . Lungri lfïchli; ds ucn dc`drodgng nbugn y oirtnf, lnsh cucln sd ghnbcisthln dc vhgn. \ïction oîs

lioûc ds fn `hdard. Fns onch`dstnlhicds lfïchlns gdpdcgdc gd fn vïn gd dctrngn gdf micbi, sd pudgdc gnr: Qhcildrdarnf; hchlhn dc df pnfngnr, `nrhcbd i sdcis pnrncnsnfds, sd pudgd

dxtdcgdr pir fis brncgds vnsis y cdrvhis. N`dltn fn cnrhz, ikis, ldrdari y odchcbds. Uufoicnr; ds rnrn, dstî nsilhngn n pnlhdctds cdutripèchlis, lic fduldohn, fhc`ions i \x ohdfighspfîshlis. \d prdsdctn `hdard, aricquhths,

ariclicduoicïn, doaifhn i lnvhtnlhüc pufoicnr. Bnstrihctdsthcnf; rdfnlhicngn lic trnstircis gd onfnasirlhüc y lifhths

nodahncn. Uudgd mnadr ufldrnlhüc y trioaishs gd fn oulisn dsi`îbhln, bîstrhln i hctdsthcnf, qud priviln pdrhtichths d ïfdi pnrnfhthli. Lutîcdn; ds rnrn, n`dltn n pnlhdctd lic nftdrnlhüc hcouchtnrhn, lioûc dc

oukdrds lic pritdshs ononrhns.

Ghnbcüsthli; dxnodc ghrdlti y dstughi mhstipntifübhli, df lufthvi gd`hcd df bècdri y fn dspdlhd gdf nbdctd lnusnf.

 

Dxnodc ghrdlti; dsputi, oulisn cnsnf, tdkhgi cdlrüthli, fhquhgi gd fnvngi ariclinfvdifnr, nsphrngi gd sdcis pnrncnsnfds. \d iasdrvnc `hfnodctis mhnfhcis, ldcilhthlis i ouy pili sdptngis, fnrbis y nclmis gd >5 n 15 uo, lic lictircis hrrdbufnrds y pnrdgds brudsns. Lifichns dfdvngns, luardc tign fn supdr`hlhd gdf odghi gd lufthvi.

Qmhzipus spp;

Gn lifichns gd lrdlhohdcti rîphgi, nfbigicisns, nf prhclhphi afnclns y fudbi brhsîldns brhs îldns i nonrhffdctns, qud luardc fn supdr`hlhd gdf nbnr. \d lnrnltdrhzn lnrnltd rhzn pir fn prdsdclhn gd dstificds y rhzihgds ouy phbodctngis, nsï lioi pir dspirncbhü`iris nhsfngis i dc brupis qud cnldc gd oncdrn ghrdltn gd fis cugis y dstîc dc fn pnrtd ipudstn n fis rhzihgds. Df dspirncbhi pir fi bdcdrnf ds bfiaisi lic npü`hshs y lifuodfn ouy onrlngis: gdspuès gd fn riturn, fn npü`hshs y fn lifuodfn sd lifnpsnc dc `iron gd sioarhffn i sioardri lmhci: fns dspirncbhispirns sic bfiaisns u ivihgds, mhnfhcns i gd lifir ln`è. Ghnbcüsthli gh`drdclhnf;

         

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Qhcidslfdrion 

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Fhc`ion 

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Ohlianltdrhishs lutîcd ufldrisn 

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Nspdrbhfishs pufoicnr 

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Nodahnshs hctdsthcnf 

Wrntnohdcti; 

`îronli aîshli ds nc`itdrhlhcn A, > n >.4 ob/ ghn, y sd licthcun pir 1 i < sdoncns. Jdtilicnzif 755 ob.

 

@dimhliohlishs \hcichohn; gdonthiohlishs, lfngispirhishs ldrdarnf, lutîcdn y quhstd ohlüthli Nbdctd lnusnf;  Fns `dimh`iohlishs pudgdc dstnr lnusngns pir cuodrisns dspdlhds gd micbis gdonthîldis phbodctngis lic odfnchcn, gd lifir isluri, lioi Ahpifnrhs, Lfngipmhnfipmirn, Lfngispirhuo, Dxipmhnfn, Dxipmhnfn, @icsdlndn, Umhnfipmirn, Ilmricishs, Qmhcilfnghdffn y Rncbhdffn. Dthipntibdchn;  sd prdsdctn lic `rdludclhn dc oudstrns gd tdkhgi tdþhgns t dþhgns lic fn lifirnlhüc licvdclhicnf gd mdontixhfhcn y dishcn, gicgd sd prdsdctnc lioi mh`ns tnahlngns i lèfufns shohfnrds n fdvngurns nonrricngns, gngi qud rd`fdknc su nfti lictdchgi gd odfnchcn. Fn thclhüc gd Onssic-@ictncn pnrn odfnchcn lic`hron su prdsdclhn. Fn `dimh`iohlishs sd ghsthcbud g hsthcbud gd fn lrioiafnstiohlishs y df ohldtion  pir fn nusdclhn gd mnffnzbis mhstipntifübhlis mhsti pntifübhlis dspdlï`hlis tnfds lioi ludrpis dslfdrüt dslfdrüthlis hlis i brncis dc df tdkhgi. Lfnsh`hlnlhüc; lfnsh`hln dc luntri lntdbirïns, supdr`hlhnf, sualutîcdn, ldrdarnf y ghsdohcngn i shstèohln. Lungri lfïchli \updr`hlhnf; @iron oîs lioûc, lic`hcngn nf dstrnti lürcdi, lürcdi , sd lnrnltdrhzngn pir cügufis `hrods, guris, ngmdrdctds. \ualutîcdi; Nasldsis i quhstds gdf tdkhgi ldfufnr sualutîcdi sdlucgnrhi n hcilufnlhüc trnuoîthln. Dxhstdc gis `irons gd prdsdctnlhüc.

  ^uhstd ohlüthli;  ilurrd sdoncns n odsds gdspuès gd uc trnuon, oîs `rdludctd dc

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hcouciliopdtdctds. Fns fdshicds npnrdldc lioi uc cügufi sualutîcdi sifhtnrhi nshctioîthli i odcis lioûcodctd lioi pfnlns i oûfthpfds cügufis drhtdontisis.   \ualutîcdn cigufnr ghsdohcngn; odcis `rdludctd qud fn nctdrhir, ilurrd onyirodctd dc hcoucisuprhohgis. Bdcdrnfodctd dophdzn lic ucn fdshüc dc girsi gd onci, fudbi dxtrdohgngds qud fudbi sd ghsdohcn. Hchlhn lioi pîpufn, fudbi cügufis ûchlis i oûfthpfds lic`fudctds gd nspdlti vdrrubisi i brncufiontisi, ilnshicnfodctd priguld prurhti y gifir.

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@dimh`iohlishs ldrdarnf; fi oîs lioûc ds qud sd onch`hdstd lioi nasldsi ldrdarnf ûchli, tnoahèc sd mn gdslrhti odchcbhths, dcld`nfhths, ohdfhdths i nrnlcihghths Fis pnlhdctds rd`hdrdc ld`nfdn, licvufshicds,

`hdard, gè`hlht cdurifübhli y lnoahis dc df li opirtnohdcti. opirtnohdcti. \udfdc lic`ucghrsd lic cdipfnshns, nasldsis ldrdarnfds @dimh`iohlishs ghsdohcngn; ds fn onch`dstnlhüc oîs rnrn, prdgiohcnctdodctd gd hcoucisuprhohgis. N gh`drdclhn gd itrns hc`dllhicds `ûcbhlns ghsdohcngns, dc fn `dimh`iohlishs fis mdoilufthvis sic  pishthvis dc df 25 % gd lnsis. Df >> % gd lnsis sd nliopnþnc gd dishci`hfhn. Fn oirtnfhgng pudgd sdr tnc nftn lioi 25 %  Ghnbcüsthli gh`drdclhnf; lrioiafnstiohlishs, dspiritrhlishs y fdhsmonchnshs ghsdohcngns Fnairntirhi; nsphrngi ghrdlti gd fn sdlrdlhüc lic nbukn i tion gd ahipshn, ddxnodc xnodc ghrdlti lic JIM nf 15% y lufthvis dc nbnr \naiurnug i pnpn gdxtrisn, ahipshn, rnghifibïn dc nasldsis ldrdarnfds Uricüsthli; fn piln rdspudstn n trntnohdctis trnt nohdctis licvdclhicnfds, mnldc qud fn ghsdohcnlhüc pudgn sdr rîphgn. Fn oirtnfhgng vnrïn dc odcis gd uc >5 % pnrn lnsis filnfhzngis lutîcdis, mnstn uc 45-25 % pnrn ldrdarnfds y ghsdohcngis

Wrntnohdcti; virhlicnzif, pisnlicnzif d htrnlicnzif thdcdc nlthvhgng lictrn dstd micbi