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ALBRK^ HM KNRÀCLNI

¹[uì ms9 Ck albrk knràclnk ms uek albrk sletìtlnk qum sm ksm`mdk `unji k ck ckek me su nkrëntmr. Cks albrks qum nietlmeme ue `àel`i hm :=% hm knrlcieltrlci me su mstrunturk quà`lnk sm cck`ke "albrks knràclnks".

Ck albrk knràclnk sm ni`piem hm knrlcieltrlci y ue ni`ieþ`mri. Mc ni`ieþ`mri sm kûkhm pkrk `mdirkr ck nkpknlhkh hm tmûlhi y ck prinmskblclhkh tmxtlc hm ck albrk knràclnk. Ck albrk knràclnk sm prihunm nie his slstm`ks hlamrmetms4 jlckturk jô`mhk y ck jlckturk me smni. Ck Nirpirknlþe Hupiet nrmþ cks prl`mrks albrks knràclnks me ;(@iI>/ni`pumstis hm Am, ni`i nktkclzkhir. Xk`blìe sm utlclzk ketl`ielkti hm urkelci ]I 2(^b2I>. Cis gksms sm letrihunme me mc rmkntir k uek prmslþe hm ;,= kt` y ck tm`pmrkturk hmc prinmsi sm `ketlmem k 8=6 ´N nie ue malnkz slstm`k hm rmarlgmrknlþe. ^m utlclzke nk`blkhirms hm nkcir me air`k hm smrpmetlems vmrtlnkcms qum mstëe rmnirrlhis pir kguk y qum sm m`pcmke pkrk ck ibtmenlþe hm vkpir sibrmnkcmetkhi.

  Cis gksms nkclmetm nkclmetmss sm ckvke ckvke nie ënlhi sucaôrlni sucaôrlni pkrk mcl`l mcl`lekr ekr mc mxnm mxnmsi si hm k`ielkn k`ielkni i (air`kehi (air`kehi (EJ8)2^I8). K nietleuknlþe sm mearàke y sm ckvke nie kguk pkrk mcl`lekr cis gksms lemrtms y hlsicvmr cis eltrlcis. eltr lcis. Alekc`metm, Alekc`metm, mstis mstis ôctl`is ôctl`is sm purlalnk purlalnke e pir hmstlcknl hmstlcknlþe þe arknnlie arknnliekhk. khk. Mc knrlciel knrlcieltrlc trlci, i, trks ue nulhkhisi prinmsi hm hmstlcknlþe, sm ibtlmem nie uek purmzk supmrlir kc ;7 Vcëstlnis KB^ y ^KE >6 22 Khlpieltrlci ;6 >: Nkunji hm eltrlci (n. Buek) 8 > Itris usis (knrlck`lhk) > 26 1 ]si titkc (me ;6  X  X` `) =,= 6,71 KB^4 knrlcieltrlci-butkhlmei-m knrlcieltrlci-butkhlmei-mstlrmei? stlrmei? ^KE4 mstlrmei-knrlcieltrlci mstlrmei-knrlcieltrlci

Mur. Inn. =< ;: < 8 ;6 ;,;6

Dkpþe => 2= < 8 < 6,7;

 

Mc nk`pi `ës l`pirtketm hm kpclnknlþe hmc knrlcieltrlci ms ni`i `ieþ`mri pkrk ck ibtmenlþe hm albrks knràclnks (=>%). Cks albrks knràclnks tlmeme uek tmxturk sl`lckr kc hm ck ckek y sm utlclzke pkrk tmcks, gìemris hm pueti, kcai`brks, mtn. _....NJ 2-NJ(NE)-NJ2-NJ(NE)-NJ2-NJ(NE)....P. Cis tmdlhis knràclnis sie `uy rmslstmetms grknlks k cks ueliems metrm cks `icìnucks clemkcms k nkusk hm ck pickrlhkh hm cis grupis NE. Mc jlckhi sm rmkclzk pir hlsicunlþe hmc picà`mri me hl`mtlcair`k`lhk hl`mtlcair`k`lhk (H@A).

Cks albrks knràclnks pir trktk`lmeti tìr`lni sm trkesair`ke me albrks hm nkrbiei.

 

 

 

 

Cks albrks hm nkrbiei nkrbiei prmsmet prmsmetke ke uek mstruntur mstrunturkk hm rmh jmxkgiekc jmxkgiekc hm grkalti kc qum hmbme su grke rmslstmenlk y mcmvkhk tm`pmrkturk hm auslþe. Vrmsmetke khm`ës uek grke tmeknlhkh y acmxlblclhkh. ^m utlclzke pkrk akbrlnkr `ktmrlkcms qum hmbme si`mtmrsm k niehlnliems hurks (rkqumtks hm tmels, blnlncmtks hm ni`pmtlnlþe). ni`pmtlnlþe).

Itrk pkrtm l`pirtketm hm knrlcieltrlci (>6%) sm utlclzk ni`i ni`ieþ`mri pkrk pcëstlnis y nkunjis (8%). Mc pcëstlni KB^ (knrlcieltrlci-butkhlmei-mstlrmei( sm utlclzk pkrk nublmrtks hm tmcìaieis, rkhlis, plmzks mcìntrlnks. Vir itrk pkrtm mc ^KE (mstlrmei-knrlcieltr (mstlrmei-knrlcieltrlci) lci) `mdirk ck rmslstmenlk kc l`pknti hmc piclmstlrmei. Mc nkunji hm eltrlci i nkunji buek sm ibtlmem pir picl`mrlzknlþe hmc butkhlmei nie ue 26-86% hm knrlcieltrlci. Mstm nkunji prmsmetk uek mcmvkhk rmslstmenlk k cis hlsicvmetms y sm usk pkrk `kegumrks y nirrmk nir rmkss trk trkesp espirt irtkhi khirks rks rmslst rmslstmet metms ms k kn knmlt mltms ms y pmtrþc pmtrþcmi. mi. Ms mc nkunj nkunji i `ë `ëss rms rmslst lstmet metmm k mcmvk mcmvkhks hks tm`pmrkturks. tm`pmrkturk s. @ketlmem sus priplmhkhms mcëstlnks mcëstlnks metrm -;= ´N y ;86 ´N.

Mc khlpieltrlci sm ibtlmem pir hl`mrlzknlþe rmhuntirk hm knrlcieltrlci, y sm usk, me grke msnkck, pkrk ibtmemr jmxk`mtlcìehlk`lek jmxk`mtlcìehlk`lek qum ms `ktmrlk prl`k pkrk ck akbrlnknlþe hm Eycie 11.

  Me mc kpkrtkhi itris usis sm lencuyme mc usi hm knrlcieltrlci ni`i khjmslvi pkrk numri y `mtkcms y su trkesair`knlþe me knrlck`lhk (NJ20NJ-NIEJ2). Mstk sm picl`mrlzk k piclknrlck`lhk qum sm usk ni`i acinucketm hm pkrtànucks me suspmeslþe me cks lestkcknliems hm hmpurknlþe hm kguk pitkbcm, pkrk ck smpkrknlþe hm `lemrkcms pir acitknlþe y pkrk gmcms me prinmsis hm mcmntriairmsls. Ibtmenlþe Knrlcieltrlci ms ck prlenlpkc `ktmrlk prl`k prlenlpkc pkrk ck akbrlnknlþe hm albrks knràclnks. ^m jknm pir  hlamrmetms `ìtihis. Me ue prinmhl`lmeti ni`mrnlkc, mc nlkeuri hm jlhrþgmei sm trktk nie knmtlcmei4 ;MR @ìtihi Knmtlcmei + Mc nlkeuri hm jlhrþgmei -5 knrlcieltrlci 2HI @ìtihi Mtlcmei - Ixlhknlþe hmc klrm -5 Mc þxlhi hm mtlcmei + JNE - nykekjyhrle5 Mtlcmei - Ck hmsjlhrktknlþe k >66 ¶ N (nktkclzkhir) -5 Knrlcieltrlci Vrinmsi hm prihunnlþe Mc prinmsi hm knràclni ms uek "tmneicigàk hm pksi", nie cks slgulmetms nkrkntmràstlnks nkrkntmràstlnks prlenlpkcms4 *picl`mrlzknlþe *picl`mrlzk nlþe me hlsicunlþe *jlckhi me jô`mhi *Ni`i hlsicvmetm tketi pkrk ck picl`mrlzknlþe m jlckturk H@A Mc knrlcieltrlci ms jlckhi me smni. Mc `ktmrlkc sm hlsumcvm me hl`mtlc air`k`lhk, ck sicunlþe nietlmem ;626 picà`mris. ^m nkclmetk y sm mxtruym me uek nmchk hm jlckturk nkcmetkhk. nkcmetkhk. Cis alck`metis sie mstlrkhis me nkclmetm hm ;66 k 2=6¶N me auenlþe hmc tlm`pi hm nietknti me ck ziek nkclmetm, k vkrlks vmnms su ciegltuh irlglekc.

 

Vicl`mrlzknlþe4 me mstm prinmsi sm jknme rmknnliekr rmknnliekr tihis cis lesu`is, pkskehi cumgi pir ue ckvkhi y smnkhi, cigrëehism ue picvi hmei`lekhi Viclknrlcieltrlci (VKE), kc`knmeëehism me ueis tkequms pkrk mc prinmsi pistmrlir. Hlsicunlþe m Jlckehmràk4 me mstm prinmsi sm `mznck mc VKE nie Hl`mtlcair`k Hl`mtlcair`k`lhk `lhk (H@A), cumgi sm rmkclzk ck mxtruslþe me tôemcms hiehm sm cigrk ck air`k hm alck`metis. Knkbkhis4 kquà sm hmskrriccke vkrlis prinmsis4 Ckvkhi4 sm ckvke cis alck`metis y sm mstlrke pkrk hkrcm rmslstmenlk, rmnupmrkr mc H@A y sm cm kûkhm grksk y tltkeli, pkrk prmpkrkrci kc prinmsi tmxtlc. ^mnkhi4 sm smnke cis alck`metis y sm cm hk mc menigl`lmeti. menigl`lmeti.

Rlzkhi4 sm cm hkmeue pkrk hkrcm mc mamnti hm cks msnk`ks hm ck ckek, pkrk pmr`ltlr ck nijmslþe hm cis alck`metis mc nrl`pkhi prinmsi tmxtlc.

 

Vrmeskhi4 cis alck`metis sm hmpisltke me nietmemhirms qum cumgi pkske k ck prmesk pkrk hkrcms ck air`k hm akrhis. Vri plmhkh Vriplm hkhms ms *Aënlc hm ckvkr y bumek mstkblclhkh hl`mesliek hl`mesliekc. c. *Ck rmslstmenlk k cis hkûis nkuskhis pir cks piclccks y cks sustkenlks quà`lnks. *Mxnmcmetm mstkblclhkh mstkblclhkh hmc nicir y nkpknlhkh hm tmûlhi me nicirms brlccketms. *@uy rmslstmetm k ck cuz sickr.

*Clgmri, sukvm y nëclhi. Qlstk trkesvmrskc Ck air`k hm ck smnnlþe trkesvmrskc hm cks albrks knràclnks hmpmehm auehk`metkc`metm hmc prinmsi hm jlckturk utlclzkehi me ck trkesair`knlþe hmc picà`mri me albrk. Ck jlckturk me jô`mhi niehunm gmemrkc`metm k albrk hm smnnlþe trkesvmrskc rmhiehk i krrlûiekhk. Ck jlckturk me smni sumcme pismmr smnnliems nie air`k kpckstkhk - blcibuckhk. Me mc `mrnkhi mxlstme tk`blìe ni`i vkrlketms hmc tlpi nievmenliek nievmenliekcc hm uek prihuntirk nienrmtk (air`k hm Q, \, X, `uctlgcibkc i hmetmcckhk).

]sis y kpclnknliems ^m utlclzk pkrk jknmr suìtmrs y njkehkcs y tk`blìe pkrk airrkr bitks, guketms, njkqumtks y zkpktlccks. *Ripk4 suìtmrms, nkcnmtlems, nkcnmtlems, ripk hm ckek, prmehks hm vmstlr hm pueti nlrnuckr, ripk, hmpirtms pkrk elûis y hmsgkstm. *Xmxtlcms pkrk mc jigkr4 kcai`brks, `ketks, tkplnmràks, tmdlhis rlzkhis *Mxtmrlir4 menl`mrks menl`mrks hm ninjms, nublmrtks bkrni, tichis, `umbcms kc klrm clbrm *Cis usis lehustrlkcms alekcms4 `ktmrlkcms hm alctrknlþe, `ktmrlkcms hm rmaumrzi me ck niestrunnlþe, niestrunnlþe, bktmràks hm kuti`þvlcms.

 

IBXMENLÞE Ck Vicl`mrlzknlþe hmc knrlcieltrlci sici i nie itris `ieþ`mris ni`prmehm cks trms mtkpks hm lelnlknlþe, pripkgknlþe y tmr`leknlþe. Ck mtkpk hm lelnlknlþe nieslstm me ck knvknlþe hm kcgueks `icìnucks hm `ieþ`mri pir cis rkhlnkcms prl`krlis smpkrkhis hmc lelnlkhir. Ck pripkgknlþe hm ck rmknnlþe me nkhmek sm rmkclzk pir rmknnlþe hm cks `icìnucks knvkhks nie sunmslvks `icìnucks `icìnucks hm `ieþ`mri, air`ëehism `knrirrkhlnkcms. K ci ckrgi hm mstk mtkpk ck knvlhkh rkhlnkc pksk sunmslvk`metm k ck uelhkh mstrunturkc qum sm knkbk hm lenirpirkr k ck nkhmek. Ni`i ms ibvli, pkrk ibtmemr `icìnucks picl`ìrlnks sie emnmskrlks `unjks pripkgknliems pir nkhk `icìnuck hm `ieþ`mri knvkhk me ck mtkpk hm lelnlknlþe. Mc prinmsi hm nrmnl`lmeti hm cis `knrirrkhlnkcms sm hmmem i tmr`lek pir rmknnlþe metrm mccis i nie kcguek sustkenlk prmsmetm me mc slstm`k (tmr`leknlþe pir knipck`lmeti `utui, hmspripirnlþe i trkesamrmenlk hm nkhmek).  

Kcgueks brks knràclnks sm jlcke me smni, nie hlsicvmetms y itrks sm jlcke me jô`mhi. Me ck jlckturk nie hlsicvmetms, cis picà`mris sm hlsumcvme me ue `ktmrlkc khmnukhi, ni`i hl`mcair`k`lhk, ck

 

mxtruslþe sm jknm me klrm nkclmetm y sm sichlnke pir mvkpirknlþe hmc hlsicvmetm. Hmspuìs hm ck jlckturk, cks brks sm msrke me nkclmetm k trms i hlmz vmnms su ciegltuh irlglekc, sm iehucke, sm nirtke y sm ni`mrnlkclzke ni`i brk nirtk i nkbcm hm ck`metis nieeuis. Me ck jlckturk me jô`mhi, mc picà`mri sm hlsumcvm me ue hlsicvmetm, ck mxtruslþe sm mamntôk me ue bkûi nikgucketm, sm smnk, sm iehuck y rmnigm me air`k hm nkbcm hm ck`metis nieeuis pkrk uskrci me mc prinmsi hm vicu`lelzkhi i sm nirtk me brks y sm m`bkck. Mc knrlcieltrlci ms rmckvk`metm bkrkti, pmri cis hlsicvmetms sie nistisis, pir ci qum mc jlckturk ms `ës nkri qum me itrks brks sletìnks.  

Ck brk knràclnk ms uek brk sletìnk mckbirkhk k pkrr hm knrlcieltrlci, hmc qum hmrlvk su ei`brm gmeìrlni. Mc knrlcieltrlci sm ibtuvi pir prl`mrk vmz me Kcm`kelk me ;:. Aum uei hm cis prihuntis

 

quà`lnis uclzkhis pir Nkritjmrs y su mqulpi me ck levmsgknlþe auehk`metkc sibrm kctis picà`mris qum sm ccmvþ k nkbi me ck ni`pkûàk Hu Viet. Hu Viet hmskrriccþ uek brk knràclnk me ;6% `ës vicu`leisi qum ck ckek. Xlmem ue pihmr kprixl`khk`metm 26% `kyir qum ck ckek klscketm. Xlmem uek rmnupmrknlþe hm ju`mhkh hm ;,=-2% me% RJ 1= y 76 grkhis A. ^m mem uek tmeknlhkh hm = gph me mstkhi smni y gph 8-: me mstkhi jô`mhi. Kckrgk`lmeti k ck riturk ms hmc ;=% (k`bis mstkhis) Xlmem uek rmnupmrknlþe mcësnk hm :=% hmspuìs hm 8% hm mxtmeslþe nukehi ck nkrgk sm clbmrk le`mhlktk`metm. Xlmem uek bumek mstkblclhkh tìr`lnk. Nukehi sm mxpiem k tm`pmrkturks supmrlirms k ;7= ¶ N hurketm pmràihis priciegkhis kcguek hmnicirknlþe mem cugkr. Menigm knràclni kprixl`khk`metm ue ;,=% hurketm mc trktk`lmeti nie kguk jlrvlmehi hurketm >6 `le. Xlmem uek bumek rmslstmenlk k cis ënlhis `lemrkcms. Ck rmslstmenlk k cis ëcnkcls hìblcms ms bkstketm bumek, `lmetrks nkclmetms ëcnkcls aumrtms ktknkr rëplhk`metm knràclni. Xlmem uek mstkblclhkh sibrmskclmetm jknlk ni`ôe`metm bckequmk`lme bckequmk`lmeti ti kgmetms.

Mstìnks4 Cis knràclnis sie cks `ës sm`mdketms k ck ckek. Cks brks pkrk kcai`brks pkrmnme smr ckek y cis tmdlhis pkrk bmbì pkrmnme smr hm ckek, pmri sie `ës sukvms y su nulhkhi ms `unji `ës sl`pcm. Mc dmrsmy, mc njkccls y itrks tmcks eks pumhme rmprihunlrsm nie brks knràclnks. Mc nisti hm cks tmcks y hm cks prmehks mckbirkhks nie brks knràclnks ms sm`mdketm k ck ckek hm bumek nëclhkh, pmri sie mspmnlkc`metm mspmnlkc`me tm khmnukhks pkrk cks pmrsieks kcìrglnks k ck ckek. Cks prl`mrks brks knràclnks prihunàke arlsks ( plccleg) y cks prmehks sm msrkbke y kbicskbke ( me cugkr hm menigmr, ni`i ck

 

ckek) pmri hlnjis pribcm`ks sm sicunliekrie kc uclzkr mstrunturks khmnukhks me cis jlcis y mc tmdlhi.Cis knràclnis pumhme pckenjkrsm, tk`blìe meme ck nkpknlhkh hm hmskrricckr ue pitmenlkc hm menigl`lmeti cktmetm y rmtmemrci lehmelhk`metm k tm`pmrkturk k`blmetm. Hurkblclhkh4 Cks brks knràclnks ei sie tke hurkbcms ni`i mc eycie, mc piclìstmr, i cks brks hm icmek, pmri pkrk prmehks hm vmsr y usis hi`ìsnis su rmslstmenlk mssksakntirl mssksakntirlk. k. Mc prl`mr ircie sm prihudi me air`k hm ck`meti nie uek rmslstmenlk nksl tke bumek ni`i mc eycie. Ck rmslstmenlk hm cks knràclnks k cis etms y mc kcti nisti hm prihunnlþe cl`ltþ su usi me mstis usis ekcms. @ës tkrhm sm kcnkezþ ìxlti uclzkehi brks nirtks hm `meir rmslstmenlk.

]sis y kpclnknliems

 

Dmrsmy , suìtmr, `ketks Xmcks rmslstmetm k cks krrugks. Buncms y tmdlhis hm ckek Kcai`brks y tkpmtms. suìtmrms, nkcnmems, ripk hm ckek, tmdlhi hm pueti nlrnuckr hm ripk hmpirvk, ripk y vmsr pkrk elûis Xmxcms pkrk mc jigkr4

 



  `ketks, kcai`brks, tkplnmràk, tmdlhis tmdlhis rlzkhis

]sis ekcms mxtmrlir4



 menl`mrks hm ninjms, nublmrtks bkrni, tichis, `umbcms kc klrm clbrm usis lehustrlkcms ekcms4 `ktmrlkcms hm ctrknlþe, `ktmrlkcms hm rmaumrzi me ck niestrunnlþe, cks bktmràks hm ninjm.



Ni`ihlhkh, nulhkhi y niesmrvknlþe

Ni`ihlhkh4 Cks brks knràclnks sie sukvms y ei kcmrgìelnks. Xlmeme uek hmeslhkh hm ;.;8-;.;= g/ nn, ci qum ci jknm `unji `ës clgmrk qum ck ckek. Ck rmnupmrknlþe hm ju`mhkh vkrlk hm ;.>6 k >.6%. cks brks knràclnks hm grke vicu`me pripirnlieke nkcir me tmcks clgmrks. Nulhkhi y niesmrvknlþe4 Cks brks knràclnks meme bumek rmslstmenlk k ck `kyiràk hm cis prihuntis quà`lnis, mxnmpti k cis ëcnkcls aumrtms y k cis bckequmkhirms k bksm hm nciri. Cis knràclnis pumhme ckvkrsm me smni? me kcgueks prmehks sm plmrhm mc knkbkhi y ck tmck sm smerë ëspmrk. Mstks brks sie rmslstmetms k cks piclccks y jiegis. Cks brks knràclnks meme uek mxnmcmetm rmslstmenlk k ck cuz sickr. Cks nkrkntmràsnks hm ni`busþe hm cks brks knràclnks sie sl`lckrms k ck hm cis knmtktis. Cks brks sm rmbckehmnme, sm lenmehlke y krhme clbrm`metm, hmsni`pielìeh hmsni`pielìehism ism pkrk hmdkr ue rmslhui emgri y qumbrkhlzi. Hmsplhm ue icir quà`lni kri`ëni, `uy hlseti hmc icir k vlekgrm hm cis knmtktis. Ck hlamrmenlk me lek`kblclhkh hm cks brks knràclnks y cks `ihknràclnks ms rmsuctkhi hmc kcti nietmelhi hmc knrlcieltrlci me cks knràclnks. Cks `ihknràclnks, hiehm mc nietmelhi hm mstk sustkenlk ms `unji `meir. Wmbgrkk4 jp4//knrlclnitmxc.bcigspit.ni `/26;>/68/ibtmenlie.jt`c e.jt`c jp4//knrlclnitmxc.bcigspit.ni`/26;>/68/ibtmenli jp4//tihisibrmcksbrkssletmnks.b jp4//tihisi brmcksbrkssletmnks.bcigspit.ni`/26;>/68/ cigspit.ni`/26;>/68/knrlclni.jt`c knrlclni.jt`c jps4//www.mll.uvk.ms/irgkeln jps4//www.ml l.uvk.ms/irgkelnk/qil/tm`k-6:.pj k/qil/tm`k-6:.pjp p