Fiber Optic t

Fiber Optics Presentation

NCC View Deck National Transmission Corporation Quezon Ave. Diliman, Quezon City November 9, 2007

Table of Contents A. Morning Schedule 1.

Int ntrroduction to Fib ibe er Optics

2.

Fiber Optic Principle

3.

Fiber Op Optic Cables

4.

Transmission Systems

5.

OLT LTE E (O (Opt ptic ical al Lin Line e Ter Term min inal al Eq Equi uipm pmen ent) t)

6.

Fibe Fi berr Opt Optic ic Eq Equi uipm pmen entt and and Te Test st In Inst stru rume ment nts s

7.

Fiber Optic Accessories

8.

Fiber Op Optic Sp Splicing

Table of Contents B. Afternoon Schedule Practical Demonstration • Fusion Splicing •

OTDR Reading

•

Power Measurement

•

Signal Detection

•

Others

Introduction to Fiber Optics What is Fiber Optics?

• Transmitting communication signals over hair-thin strands of  glass or plastic • Not a "new" technology • Concept a century old • Used commercially for  the last 25 years

Introduction to Fiber Optics History of Fiber Optics 1870 – John Tyndall’s Experiment 1880 – William Wheeling: “Piping light” Alexander Graham Bell: Photophone 1950’s – Fiberscope 1957 – Use of Laser  1962 – Semiconductor Laser  1970 – Corning developed glass fiber with less than 20dB/km attenuation

John Tyndall’s Experiment

Fiber Optic Applications Applications

1. Telecommunications 2. SCADA 3. Protection 4. LAN applications 5. CA CATV TV - for for vide video, o, voi voice ce an and d Inte Intern rnet et co conn nnec ecti tion ons s 6. Se Secu curit rity y - clo close sedd-cir circu cuit it TV an and d int intrus rusio ion n sen senso sors rs 7. Military

Principle of Light Velocity, Wavelength, and Frequency of Light

λ = V V : Velocity of light f  V = 3x10E8 m/sec (speed of light in free space)

f : Frequency λ : Wavelength (m) Wavelength for Optical Communication: Short Wavelength : 850 nm Long Wavelength : 1300 – 1550 nm

Refraction of Light

N

i=R

n = sin i sin r 

Incident Light i

R

Medium A Medium B

Reflected Light

n : Index of Refraction

O

i : Incidence Angle

r  Refracted Light

r : Refractive Angle N : Normal Line O : Incident Point

Optical Transmission Frequency Spectrum above 300MHz

Radio

Optical

Wavelength λ 100 cm

10 cm

10 mm

1 mm

100 µm

10 µm

Microwave

1 µm     e        l       b       i      s        i       V

Infrared Milli Millime metri tric c Subm Submill illim imetr etric ic

z H M 0 0 3

z H G 1

z H G 0 1

z H G 0 3

z H G 0 0 1

z H G 0 0 3

z H T 1

Frequency f 

z H T 0 1

z H T 0 0 1

z H T 0 0 0 1

Bands for fiber optic transmission

Optical Transmission

First Window 810 - 850 nm (3 dB/km loss) Second Window 1220 - 1340 nm (0.5 dB/km loss) Third Window 1540 - 1610 nm (0.2 dB/km loss) Fourth Window 1625 nm Optical Fiber Attenuation versus Wavelength

t CHARACTERISTICS OPTICAL FIBER Fiber Description

i

Standard Zero Dispersion Unshifted-Single Mode (ZDUSSM) fiber or ITU G.652

Mode Mode fiel field d Diam Diamet eter er (nom (nomin inal al))

9.3± 9.3±0. 0.5 5 μm

Core Diameter

10μm ±1 μm

Cladding Design

Step index

Clad Diameter

125 μm ± 2 μm

Coating Diameter

Approx. 0.25mm

Attenuation Coefficient

At 1300 nm

Temp Dependence nce (Max)

Cont ontinuous 90° 90°C

Cutoff Wa Wavelength

Less than 1300nm

Bend Performance

≤0.1 Db

Proof Test level

0.7%

Cladding Non-circularity

Not more than 2%

0.4 dB/km

At 1550 nm

0.25 dB/km

Inst nstanta ntaneo neous 200 200°C

Optical Communication System Basic Elements of a Fiber Optic System

TRANSMITTER

SIGNAL – ELECTRICITY CONVERTER

ELECTRICITY  – LIGHT CONVERTER

RECEIVER OPTICAL FIBER CABLE

LIGHT – ELECTRICITY CONVERTER

ELECTRICITY  – SIGNAL CONVERTER

Optical Communication System Types of Optical Fiber 

1. Single Mode 2. Multimode a. Step Index (S.I.) b. Graded Index (G.I.)

Types of Fiber

Distribution of  Refractive Index

n1

n1

n2

n2

Core Diameter 

Cladding Diameter 

10µm

50µm

50µm

125µm

125µm

125µm

Single Mode Fiber 

Multimode Fiber  (Step Index)

Multimode Fiber  (Graded Index)

Types of Fiber Single Mode Fiber  CLADDING

CORE

AXIAL MODE ONLY

Types of Fiber Multimode Fiber (Step Index) CLADDING

CORE

Refractive Index

AXIAL MODE (Shortest Path)

HIGH ORDER MODE (Longer Path)

LOW ORDER MODE (Shorter Path)

Types of Fiber Multimode Fiber (Graded Index) CLADDING LOWER INDEX

CORE

HIGH INDEX LOWER INDEX

AXIAL MODE

MERIDIONAL MODE

Optical Transmission

Transmitting End

Receiving End

1 km

Ray of Light Pi : Input Power 

Ray of Light Po : Output Power 

Transmission Characteristics Factors Which Cause Optical Fiber Loss

1. Absorption Loss 2. Scattering Loss 3. Emitting Loss 4. Connecting Loss 5. Coupling Loss

Comparison With Metallic Cables A. Advantages of Optical Fiber Cables

1. Small Size and Lightweight 2. Wide Transmission Band 3. No Crosstalk 4. Electrical Is Isolation 5. Low Attenuation 6. High Resistance to Heat 7. Security

This single fiber can carry more communications than the giant copper  cable!

Advantages of Optical Fiber Cables

• Fiber is the least expensive, most reliable method for high speed and/or long distance communication. • While we already transmit signals at Gigabits per second speeds, we have only started to utilize the potential bandwidth of fiber.

Comparison With Metallic Cables B. Disadvantages of Optical Fiber Cables

1. Fragility 2. Lo Loss ss In Incr cre eas ases es Whe hen n Be Bend ndiing Fi Fib ber  3. In Inffra rast stru ruct ctur ure e de dep plo loym ymen entt de dela lay y

Fiber Optic Cables Types of Fiber Optic Cables

1. OPGW OPGW (Opt (Optica icall Fiber Fiber Comp Composi osite te Over Overhea head d Ground Wire) 2. AD ADSS SS (Al (Alll Diel Dielect ectric ric Sel Self-Su f-Suppo pportin rting) g) 3. Ap Appr proa oach ch or Bu Burie ried d Ca Cabl ble e 4. Wr Wrap ap-A -Aro roun und d Ca Cabl ble e

Fiber Optic Cables OPGW (Optical Fiber Composite Overhead Ground Wire) Type of cable that is used in the construction of electric power  transmission and distribution lines. Such cable combines the functions of grounding and communications. The conductive part of the cable serves to bond adjacent towers to earth ground, and shields the high-voltage conductors from lightning strikes. The optical fibers within the cable can be used for high-speed telecommunication.

Fiber Optic Cables Cross-section of Optical Fiber Unit (OPGW 24 Fibers) Aluminum-Clad Steel Wire Aluminum Pipe

Heat Resistant Wrapping Heat Resistant Sheath

Strength Member 

Optical Fiber Unit

Optical Fiber 

Fiber Optic Cables Cross-section of Optical Fiber Unit (OPGW 12 Fibers) Aluminum-Clad Steel Wire

Heat Resistant Wrapping

Aluminum Pipe

Strength Member 

Optical Fiber Unit

Optical Fiber 

Fiber Optic Cables OPGW (Optical Fiber Composite Overhead Ground Wire)

Fiber Optic Cables ADSS (All Dielectric Self-Supporting) Designed and constructed with non-metallic components, that is designed for aerial applications and does not require a separate cable messenger.

Fiber Optic Cables Cross-section of Optical Fiber Unit (ADSS 36 Fibers)

Fiber Optic Cables ADSS (All Dielectric Self-Supporting)

Fiber Optic Cables Approach or Buried Cable A kind of communicatio communications ns cable which is especially designed to be installed underground without any kind of extra covering, sheathing, or piping to protect it. Typically used in connecting the OPGW from the switchyard to the station.

Fiber Optic Cables Tension Type

Fiber Optic Cables Tension Type

Fiber Optic Cables Suspension Type

Fiber Optic Cables Suspension Type

Fiber Optic Accessories Cable Accessories

Fiber Optic Accessories Cable Accessories

Transmission Systems Multiplexing -

Transmission of information from one or more source to one or  more destination over the same transmission medium.

Governing Standards ITU-T -

Telecommunication Standardization Sector of  Telecommunication the International Telecommunications Union (Formerly CCITT)

ANSI -

American National Standard Institute

ETSI -

European Telecommunication Telecommunication Standard Institute

Transmission Systems 3 Methods of Multiplexing

FDM -

Frequency Division Multiplexing

TDM -

Time Division Multiplexing

WDM -

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Asynchronous Transmissio Transmission n Systems Basic TDM Principle Using PAM

1 2 3 4

A B C D

I II III IV

1 A I 2 B II 3 C III 4 D IV

Asynchronous Transmissio Transmission n Systems European Standard E1 Frame

CH 1

CH2

CH3

CH4

CH5

CH6

CH31

2.O48 MBit/s

32 Channels Frame 256 Bits Frame

x

8 Bits

=

256 Bits/Frame

=

2.048 MBit/sec

Channel x

8000 Frames sec

CH32

PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (PDH) PDH Hierarchies DS1

DS2

DS3

1,544 kbit/s

6,312 kbit/s

44,736 kbit/s

x4

x 24 DS0

x7

American Standard

64 kbit/s

x 30

E1

E4

E16

E64

2,048 kbit/s

8,448 kbit/s

34,368 kbit/s

139,264 kbit/s

x4

x4 European Standard

x4

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) SONET -

Synchronous Optical Network

STS

-

Synchronous Transport Signal

OC

-

Optical Carrier 

SONET Hierarchy OC-1/STS-1

51.84 Mbit/s

STM-0 or STM-1/3

OC-3/STS-3

155.52 Mbit/s

STM-1

OC-12/STS-12

622.08 Mbit/s

STM-4

OC-48/STS-48

2488.32 Mbit/s

STM-16

OC-192/STS-192

9953.28 Mbit/s

STM-32

Synchronous Transmission Systems Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

Process based on using a single optical fiber to carry many different wavelengths of light simultaneously without mutual interference.

Synchronous Transmission Systems Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) ( DWDM) The higher number  of wavelengths has led to the name DWDM. The lasers must be of very specific wavelengths and the DWDM demultiplexers must be capable of  distinguishing each wavelength without crosstalk.

Fiber Optic Communication Setup

Fiber Optic Communication Setup Optical Line Terminal Equipment (OLTE) Equipment where the fiber is terminated to complete the link from one station to another. Provides the channels used for telephony, SCADA, Protection functions, LAN applications and other  telecommunicaton services. The Nortel TN-4XE

Fiber Optic Communication Setup Nortel TN-4XE Tx Fiber Optic

Rx

Telephony

120Ω Tributary (Electrical)

STM-4 Optical Aggregate DXC

Rx

32 E1 capacity

1 E1

8 E1 capacity

1 E1

NEMCA/ EXLAN/ PHLC3 DXC

SCADA

Tx

UNIDA 431 DXC

LOMIF (Electrical)

DXC

Protection

MDF

DXC – Digital Cross-Connect

UNIDA 432

MDF – Main Distribution Frame

FOX 515 Multiplexer 

Synchronous Transmissio Transmission n Systems

Synchronous Transmission Systems

Synchronous Transmission Systems

Synchronous Transmission Systems

Synchronous Transmission Systems

Synchronous Transmission Systems

Fiber Optic Equipment Equipment and Test Instruments

1. OTD OTDR R (Op (Optic tical al Tim Time e Dom Domain ain Re Refle flecto ctome meter ter)) 2. Po Powe werr Mete Meterr and and La Lase serr Sou Sourc rce e 3. Op Opti tica call Fi Fibe berr Sco Scope pe 4. Talk Set 5. Fu Fusi sion on Spl plic ice er  6. Splicing Kit

Equipment and Test Instruments OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer)

Used to monitor the distance, losses and fiber optic breaks.

Equipment and Test Instruments OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer)

Equipment and Test Instruments Remote OTDR

Equipment is on 24-hour  operation and monitors different fiber  links. It can be remotely accessed via LAN.

Equipment and Test Instruments Power Meter and Laser Source

Measures the optical power  from the end of the fiber by employing a laser source on one end.

Equipment and Test Instruments Optical Fiber Scope

Used to inspect the end surface of a connector  for flaws or dirt.

Equipment and Test Instruments Talk Set

Utilizes spare fiber for  communication during installation and maintenance.

Equipment and Test Instruments Fusion Splicer 

Splices fibers by fusing or  welding them, typically by electrical arc.

Equipment and Test Instruments Splicing Kit

Specialized tools used for  preparation for  fiber optic splicing.

Equipment and Test Instruments Splicing Kit

Equipment and Test Instruments Splicing Kit

Fiber Optic Accessories Fiber Optic Accessories

1. Splice Bo Box 2. Organizer  3. FOD FODP P (Fib (Fiber er Opti Optic c Dist Distribu ributio tion n Panel Panel)) 4. Ca Cabl ble e Ac Acce cess ssor orie ies s

Fiber Optic Accessories Splice Box

Enclosure for  protection of  spliced fiber  optic cables.

Fiber Optic Accessories Organizer 

Tray for  organizing fiber  optic splices.

Fiber Optic Accessories FODP (Fiber Optic Distribution Panel)

Where the outside cable (i.e. approach cable) is terminated and distributed indoors into individual slots.

Fiber Optic Accessories FODP (Fiber Optic Distribution Panel)

Fiber Optic Connectors Fiber Optic Connectors and Patch Cords

Fiber Optic Connectors Fiber Optic Connectors and Patch Cords

Fiber Optic Connectors Fiber Optic Connectors and Patch Cords

Fiber Optic Splicing Fusion Splicing Method

1. Stripping 2. Cleaving 3. Fusion Process 4. Protection

Fiber Optic Splicing Fusion Splicing Method Stripping Strip all the external sheathing of the cable until the bare fiber is exposed. Expose about 1.5 inches and clean with lint-free wipes and denatured alcohol. It will “squeak” when it is clean.

Fiber Optic Splicing Fusion Splicing Method Cleaving Put the heat shrink tube on to one of the ends and cleave the fibers using a precision cleaving tool. It is important that the ends are smooth and perpendicular to get a good splice.

Fiber Optic Splicing Fusion Splicing Method Fusion Process Once the fiber ends are prepared, they are placed carefully in the fusion splicer. Press the button and the machine takes care of the rest of  the fusion process automatically.

Fiber Optic Splicing Fusion Splicing Method Fusion Process

Fiber Optic Splicing Fusion Splicing Method Fusion Process

Fiber Optic Splicing Fusion Splicing Method Fusion Process

Fiber Optic Splicing Fusion Splicing Method Protection The heat shrink tube is slid into place and the whole assembly is put into the built-in oven on the fusion splicer to shrink the tube on to the splice. The tube gives physical protection to the splice.

Fiber Optic Splicing Fusion Splicing Method Protection Further protection is provided by placing the splices in the organizing tray.

Fiber Optic Splicing Fusion Splicing Method Protection Once all of the fibers have been joined, the whole tray is then fixed into a splice box which protects the cable  joint as a whole and the cable clamps are then tightened to prevent any external forces from pulling on the splices.

Luzon Fiber Optic Network 

Visayas Fiber Optic Network 

End Slide

THANK YOU!

Fiber Optic System Section TTSD/STD/SO