FHWA 2011 Bdridge Preservation Guide.pdf
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Bridge Preservation Guide Maintaining a State of Good Repair Using Cost Effective Investment Strategies
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Notice Tis document is disseminated under the sponsorship o the U.S. Department o ransportation in the interest o inormation exchange. Te U.S. U.S. Government assumes no liability or use o o the inormation contained contained in this document. Tis report does not constitute a standard, speci�cation, or regulation.
Quality Assurance Statement
Te Federal Highway Administration provides high-quality inormation to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity o its inormation. FHW FHWA A periodically reviews review s quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement.
FHWA Publication FHWA Pu blication Number: FHW FHWA-HIF-11042 A-HIF-11042 Published Date: August 2011 FHWA Contact or this publication: Anwar S. Ahmad, P.E. elephone: (202) 366-8501
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Contents I. II. III. IV.. IV V.
Introduction Purpose Scope Eligibilityy Eligibilit De�nitions and Related Commentaries Figure 1 – Bridge Action Categories Bridge Preser vation –De�nition Bridge Preser vation Commentar y Preventive Maintenance De�nition Preventive Maintenance Commentar y Cyclical Preventive Maintenance Activities – De�nition Cyclical Preventive Maintenance Activities – Commentary able 1: Examples o Cyclical PM Activities Condition Based Preventive Maintenance Activities – De�nition Condition Based Preventive Maintenance Activities – Commentary Rehabilitation De�nition Rehabilitation Commentary Replacement De�nition Replacement Commentar y Condition State: National Natio nal Bridge Invento Inventory ry (NBI) General Condition Ratings (GCRs) State o Good Repair (SGR) Structurally De�cient (SD) able 2- SD Criter Criteria ia Functionally Obsolete (FO) able 3 FO Criter Criteria ia Sufficiency Rating (SR) VI. Systematic Preventive Maintenance (SPM) Program Figure 2 - Te SPM Process What is Systematic Preventive Maintenance (SPM)? A. Qualiying SPM Program Parameters or use o o Federal-aid Funds SPM Program Parameters Commentar y B. Examples o PM Activities that may extend the lie o bridges Appendix A – National Bridge Invento Inventory ry General Condition Rating Guidance Appendix B- Bridge Element Condition State Guidance Appendix C
2 3 3 3 4 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 12 12 13 14 14 14 15 15 21 25 25
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I. Introduction State departments o transportation and other bridge owners are aced with signi�cant challenges in addressing the Nation’s highway bridge preservation and replacement needs. More than 25 percent o the Nation’s 600,000 bridges are rated as structurally structu rally de�cient or uncti unctionally onally obsolete. More than 30 percent o existing bridges have exceeded their 50-year theore t heoretical tical design lie1 and are in need o various levels o repairs, rehabilitation, or replacement. Tis issue is exacerbated by increasing travel demands, limited unding, and increasing costs o o labor and materials. Tese circumstances have caused most bridge owners to become more reactive than proactive in their approach to managing and addressing their bridge program needs. Bridge stewards and owners need to become, inevitably, more strategic by adopting and implementing systematic processes or bridge preservation as an integral component o their overall management o bridge assets. A successul bridge program seeks a balanced approach to preservation and replacement. Focusing only on replacing de�cient bridges while ignoring preservation needs will be inefficient and cost-prohibitive in the long term. Adopting a “worst “worst �rst” approach approach to managing bridge assets may also yield ineffective results that allows bridges in good condition to deteriorate into the de�cient category which generally is associated with higher costs and other challenges. Te objective o a good bridge preservation program is to employ cost effective strategies strategies and actions to maximize the useul lie o bridges. Applying the appropriate bridge preservation treatments and activities at the appropriate time can extend bridge useul lie at lower lietime cost. Preservation activities ofen cost much less than major reconstruction or replacement activities. Delaying or or orgoing orgoing warranted preservation treatments will result in worsening condition and can escalate the easible treatment or activity rom preservation to replace ment. Te latter will result in extensive work and higher cost. A viable alternative is timely and effective bridge preservation o sound bridges to assure their structural integrity and extend their useul lie beore they require replacement.
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II. Purpose Tis guide provides bridge related de�nitions and corresponding com mentaries, as well as the ramework or a systematic approach to a pre ventive maintena maintenance nce (PM) program. program. Te goal is to provide provide guidance on bridge preservation. Tis guide does not create or coner any any rights or or on any person or operate to bind the bridge owners or bridge operating agencies. Bridge owners or agencies may use an alternative approach i it satis�es the requirements o the applicable statutes and regulations.
III. Scope Tis guide is intended or Federal, State, and local bridge engineers, area engineers, bridge owners, and bridge preservation practitioners. Te success o a viable bridge preservation program will involve these individuals as well as others who support the Federal-aid highway program.
IV. Eligibility Over the last 30 years, the Congress has provided approximately $77.6 billion to the States through the Federal-ai Federal-aid d bridge program. In 2008, Congress renewed emphasis in preservation o our Nation’s bridge inrastructure by changing the name rom the Highway Bridge Re placement and Rehabilitation Program to the Highway Bridge Program (HBP) and adding systematic preventive maintenance (SPM) (SPM)2 as an eligible activity. itle 23, United States Code (U.S.C.), Section 144 makes HBP unds available or highway bridge replacement and rehabilitation based on the development o the ollowing: (1) a bridge inventory (National Bridge Inventory); (2) a classi�cation system (De�ciency Status and Sufficiency Rating); (3) a priority system within the classi�cation sys tem (Sufficiency Rating and Selection List); and (4) a cost evaluation o the replacement and rehabilitation options. Tese unds may be ex pended or replacement, rehabilitation, painting, seismic retro�t, SPM, installation o scour countermeasures and application o anti-icing or de-icing compositions to eligible (i.e., on Selection List) highway bridge projects on and off the FederalFederal-aid aid highways. Additionally, 23 U.S.C. U.S.C. 144(d) allows these unds to be b e expended or seismic retro�t, SPM, and 2
Te SAFEEA-LU echnical echnical Corrections Cor rections Bill was signed signe d into law on June 5, 2008. What was ormerly known as the Highwa Highwayy Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation Program in 23 U.S.C. 144 is now legally known as the Highway Bridge Program (HBP). Te Congress in making this change is placing greater
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scour countermeasures without regard to whether the bridge is eligible or replacement or rehabilitation. Please reer to the FHWA memorandum in Appendix C or additional inormation on the use o Federal-aid unds or preventive maintenance. Te commentary that ollows goes into more detail regarding requirements and the kinds o activities included under each category. Recall that routine maintenance is ineligible or Federal-aid highway unding.
V. De�niti De�nitions ons and Related Commentaries A successul bridge program is based on a strategic, systematic, and balanced approach to managing bridge preservation and replacement needs. Several de�nitions are presented within this section along with commentary. Te de�nitions are offered as a means o establishing clear and consistent terminology or the bridge preservation practitioners.
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Cyclical (Non-Condition Based) Activities
Preventive Maintenance Condition Based Activities
Bridge Preservation Rehabilitation
Bridge Replacement
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Bridge Preservation –De�nition Bridge preservation is de�ned as actions or strategies that prevent, delay or reduce deterioration o bridges or bridge elements, restore the unction o existing bridges, keep bridges in good condition and extend their lie. Preserv Preservation ation actions may be preventive or condition-drive condition-driven. n. 3 Source: FHWA Bridge Preservation Expert Task Group. Bridge Preservation – Commentary Effective bridge preservation actions are intended to delay the need or costly reconstruction or replacement actions by applying preservation strategies and actions on bridges while they are still in good or air con dition and beore the onset o serious deterioration. Bridge preserva tion encompasses preventive maintenance and rehabilitation activities (reer to �gure 1).
An effective bridge preservation program: 1) Employs long-term strategies and practices at the network level to preserve the conditio condition n o bridges and to extend their useul lie; 2) Has sustained and adequate resources and unding sources; and 3) Has adequate tools and processes to ensure that the appropriate appropriate cost effective treatments are applied at the appropriate time.
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Preventive Maintenance – Commentary Bridge owners typically apply PM to elements or components o struc tures with signi�cant remaining useul lie. As a major part o bridge preservation, PM is a strategy o extending useul lie by applying costeffective treatments to sound bridges (good or air condition). Te concept o preventive bridge maintenance suggests that a planned strat egy o cost-effecti cost-effective ve treatments should be perormed to keep bridges in good condition, retard uture deterioration, and avoid large expenses in bridge reconstruction or replacements.
Examples o PM activities may include but are not limited to the ollowing: t #SJEHF XBTIJOH BOE PS DMFBOJOH t 4FBMJOH %FDL +PJOUT t 'BDJMJUBUJOH %SBJOBHF t 4FBMJOH $PODSFUF t 1BJOUJOH 4UFFM t 3FNPWJOH $IBOOFM %FCSJT t 1SPUFDUJOH "HBJOTU 4DPVS t -VCSJDBUJOH #FBSJOHT
Preventive maintenance includes cyclical (non-condition based) and condition-based conditio n-based activities as illustrate illustrated d in �gure 1. Cyclical Preventive Preventive Maintenance Activities – De�nition Activities perormed on a pre-determined interval and aimed to pre
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Examples o cyclical PM activities and commonly used requencies that may be considered by bridge owners or implementation on sound bridges are shown in table 1 below: Cyclical PM Activity Examples
Commonly Used Frequencies (Years)(4)
Wash/clean bridge decks or entire bridge
1 to 2
Install deck overlay on concrete decks such as: -
Thin Thi n bond bonded ed pol polyme ymerr syste system m over overlay layss Asphaltt overla Asphal overlays ys with with water waterpro proof of membr membrane ane Rigid Rig id overl overlays ays such such as as silica silica fume fume and late latex x modi modi ϐ ied ied
10 to 15 10 to 15 20 to 25
Seal concrete decks with waterproo ϐ ing ing penetrating sealant
3 to 5
Zone coat steel beam/girder ends Lubricate bearing devices (4) – Frequencies
10 to 15 2 to 4
are based on FHWA’s knowledge of typical State DOT practices
Table 1: Examples of Cyclical PM Activities
Condition Based Preventive Maintenance Activities – De�nition Activities that are perormed on bridge elements as needed and identi �ed through the bridge inspection process. Condition Based Preventive Maintenance Activities – Commentary Tese activities are typically perormed on a bridge that is in overall good to air condition to restore bridge elements to a state o good repair. Similar to cyclical preventive maintenance activities, the condition based preventive maintenance activities are designed to extend the useul lie o bridges.
Examples o condition based preventive maintenance activities include but are not limited to: Sealing or replacement o leaking joints; Installa tion o deck overlays; Installation o cathodic protection (CP) systems;
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Rehabilitation – Commentary Rehabilitation work can be done on one or multiple elements and/or components. Bridge rehabilitation projects are ofen intended to restore the structural integrity o a bridge and correct major saety deects.
As shown in �gure 1, bridge rehabilitation activities are considered bridge preservation. However unctional improvements such as adding a travel lane or raising vertical underclearance, while ofen is consid ered as rehabilitation are not considered preservation. Bridge rehabilitation projects provide complete or nearly complete restoration o o bridge elements or components. Tese projects projects typically require signi�cant engineering resources or design, a lengthy comple tion schedule, and considerable costs. Most rehabilitation projects in clude repairs to several bridge components but can be limited to bridge deck replacement. Examples o bridge rehabilitation include but are not limited to: Partial or complete deck replacement; Superstructure replacement; Strength ening. Incidental widening is ofen ofen associated with some o these activities. Replacement – De�nition otal replacement o a structurally de�cient or unctionally obsolete bridge with a new acility constructed in the same general traffic cor ridor. A nominal amount o approach approach work, sufficient to connect the new acility to the existing roadway or to return the gradeline to an attainable touchdown point in accordance with good design practice is also eligible. Te replacement structu structure re must must meet the current geomet ric, construction and structural standards required or the types and volume o o projected projected traffic on the acility acility over over its design lie. lie. Source: 23 CFR 650.405(b)(1). Replacement – Commentary
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Condition State A condition state categorizes the nature and extent o damage or dete rioration o a bridge element. Te AASHO Guide Manual or Bridge Element Inspection, �rst edition, 2011, provides detailed inormation on bridge elements and their corresponding condition states. Accord ing to the AASHO guide manual, each bridge element can have our condition states. Te higher the condition state, the higher the sever ity o the damage and/or deterioration. All elements de�ned in the AASHO guide manual have the same general requirements:
1. Standard number o condition states 2. Te condition states are generally comprised o good, air, poor, and severe general descriptions National Bridge Inventory (NBI) General Condition Ratings (GCRs) General condition ratings ratings are used to describe the existing, in-place bridge or culvert as compared to the as-built condition. Te materials used in the bridge are considered as well as the physical condition o the deck, superstru superstructure cture and substru substructure cture components. components. Tis inorma tion is used to determine GCRs on a numerical scale that ranges rom 0 (ailed condition) to 9 (excellent condition) as described in the FHWA
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Structurally De�cient (SD) Bridges are considered SD i signi�cant load carrying elements are ound to be in poor condition due to deterioration and/or damage, or the adequacy o the waterway opening provided by the bridge is deter mined to be extremely insufficient to the point o causing overtopping with intolerable traffic interruptions.
SD is numerically de�ned as ollows: t " CSJEHF DPNQPOFOU EFDL TVQFSTUSVDUVSF TVQFSTUSVDUVSF TVCTUSVDUVSF TVCTUSVDUVSF PS PS culvert) having an NBI general condition rating o a 4 or less (poor condition) or t 4USVDUV 4USVDUVSBM SBM &WBMVBUJPO PS 8BUFSXBZ "EFRVBDZ SBUFE B PS MFTT B bridge with a very low load rating capacity, or a bridge that is sub ject to overtopping with signi�cant or severe traffic delays).
For a structure to be considered SD, one o the ollowing items must be true7: NBI GENERAL CONDITION RATINGS NBI Item#
58
59
60
62
APPRAISAL RATINGS
67
71
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Functionally Obsolete (FO) Bridges are considered FO when the deck geometry, load carrying capacity (comparison o the original design load to the current State legal load), clearance, or approach roadway alignment no longer meet the usual criteria or the system o which it is an integral part. In gen eral, FO means that the bridge was built to standards that are not used today. Examples o characteris characteristics tics leading to an FO classi�cation:
t -PX MPBE DBSSZJOH DBQBDJUZ t -PX XBUFSXBZ BEFRVBDZ t %FDL HFPNFUSZ HFPNFUSZ JOTVďDJFOU JOTVďDJFOU EFDL SPBEXBZ XJEUI t *OTVďDJFOU IPSJ[POUBM BOE WFSUJDBM DMFBSBODFT t 1PPS BQQSPBDI SPBEXBZ BMJHONFOU
For a structure to be considered FO, one o the ollowing items must be true: APPRAISAL RATINGS
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Vertical Underclearance less than current c urrent standards
Sufficiency Rating (SR) Te sufficiency rating ormula provides a method o evaluating high way bridge data by calculating our separate actors to obtain a numeric value which is indicative o bridge sufficiency sufficiency to remain remain in service. Te result o this method is a percentage in which 100 percent would represent an entirely sufficient bridge and zero percent would represent an entirely insufficient or de�cient bridge. Te ormula considers the structural adequacy; unctional obsolescence obsolescence and level o service; ser vice; and essentialityy or public use. Te SR ormula is described in Appendix essentialit Appendix B
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VI. Systematic Preventive Maintenance (SPM) Program
Goals & Measures Performance Evaluation
Plan Implementation
Inventory & Inventory Condition Assesment
Needs Assessment
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An SPM program can also be de�ned as a documented methodology regularly applied to repeatedly achieve a desired outcome or goal. An SPM program may be applied to bridges at the network, highway system, area wide, or region wide basis. A. Qualifying SPM Program Parameters Parameters for use of Federal-aid Funds
23 U.S.C. 144(d) allows HBP unds to be expended or SPM on high way bridges located on public roads regardless o whether a bridge is eligible or replacement or rehabilitation. Additional inormation regarding the use o Federal-aid unds or PM
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SPM Program Parameters Commentary 1. Goals & Objectives – Clearly de�ned goals and objectives or the SPM program. As with any effective bridge management program, an SPM program should have objectives and measurable goals. An example o objective and overall goal that could be considered in adopting an SPM program is shown below.
t Objective: Implement timely preservation treatments on structurally sound bridges, bridges, thereby thereby extending extending their their useul lie. lie. Structurally Structu rally sound may be de�ned as having an overall overall NBI general condition rating o 5 or greater or the deck, superstructure, sub culvert components, AASHO Element Condition
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Strategies for condition-based PM activities:
1. Goal: - Maintain “X” percent o expansion joints in condition state 2 or better. Measure: Percent o o expansion joints in condition state 2 or better.
2. Goal: Maintain “X” percent o coated steel suraces in good condition. Measure: Percent o steel protective coating element in condi better.
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bridge components, the majority o State DOs have also been collecting bridge element inspection data 9. Bridge element data can be very instrumental in the implementation o various aspects o bridge management strategies including bridge preservati preservation. on. 3. Needs Assessment - Documented needs assessment process that outlines how how PM needs are identi�ed, prioritized and pro grammed.
An SPM program should include a needs assessment that describ describes es the bridge owner’s plan or identiying and prioritizing needs. Examples o components o a needs assessment include the ollowing:
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would be repainting a partially ailed paint zone along the beam ends and repairing deterioration on a pier cap located beneath a leaking deck joint without arresting the water leakage onto the superstructure superstruc ture and substru substructure cture elements. In addition to the beam zone painting and repairing the deterioration on the pier cap, sealing or replacing the leaking deck joint is an equally important preservation activity. Further examples will be ound in Section VI.B, but other qualiying activitiess may be presented activitie presented to the FHWA FHWA Division Office or consideration and approval approval on a case-by-case basis. SPM program attributes 5 and 6 discussed below are essential in evaluating the effectiveness o employed PM activities and strategies and the impact
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B. Examples of PM activities that may extend the life of bridges
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Superstructure: 6. CP systems for superstructure elements other than decks - proven
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12. ECE treatment for substructure
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