FELDFEBER - Facsimil

 

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G@IJ[YGÙ@ W IFJGHFH IELE ^EJÌXGIFY KH[IFXGQFY HK KYXFHE

jes preikses hk lkderf. K` ksk ie`tkxte, sk rkjftf jf kxpkrgk`igf hkj GLKYF iele   u` kdklpje hk jes ifloges quk ks `kiksfrge g`trehuigr k` je quk bfik iele f jf ie  lu`gifigù` hk jfskg`aerlfigù` pfrf quk per kstfhkjf`tk vukjvf skræ f jf ksiukjf, quk  ks he`hk quk  prehuik. Kjkvfjuftgvf, hksfage quk qukhf preau`hgzfr kstes  kstes  preikses hk hgfc`ùstgie, pjf`gagifigù` y kvfjufigù` pkrlf`k`tk, iele ie`strui  ie`strui  igù` iejkitgvf hk ie`eiglgk`te k` kj sk`e hk ifhf g`stgtuigù` ksiejfr. @e se` jes rf`mg`cs jes quk prelevkræ` jes ifloges `kiksfrges. ^er kj ie`trfrge, se` jes  heik`tks, ie`struiterks hk ie`eiglgk`te y preleterks hk pejìtgifs khuiftgvfs  khuiftgvfs   hk ifjghfh pfrf tehes hk`tre hk jfs g`stgtuige`ks ksiejfrks, ælogtes he`hk kstes ifloges sk prehuik`.

_kakrk`igfs ogojgecræagifs O_FYJFQYMW, i. (?ee1), "Hgkz afiterks pfrf u`f khuifigù` hk ifjghfh pfrf tehes k` kj sgcje RRG", _KGIK ? ee1, vej. 8 , `.´ 6, hgspe`gojk k`4 bttp4//www.rg`fik.`kt/frts/vej8`u   ?k/frt.  Ubtl . btl= IF@KJJEXXE, F. F . (?eu), "Hgsiutgr jf ifjghfh4 kjklk`tes pfrf hksle`tf u h6siUurse., k U `4 `4 µVuk sgc`gagif ifjghfh khuiftgvf5, Iufhkr`es hk Hgsiusgù` `. > 9, [ @G^4.KUh6te`fjU[`gvkrs6tf`Uf., @G^4.KUh6te`fjU[`gvkrs6tf`Uf.,,, . HGMK_, C. y AKK@KW, s. (6772), "Jf kvfjufigù` hk jf ifjghfh . [` f`fj6s6s hkj hgsiurse eagigfj , k`. _kvgstf hkj /GIK, föe QGG, `.´ 6?, Afiujtfh hk Agjeseagf y Jktrfs, [OF. Hg@GKIK (?>6>), wk quç sk bfojf iuf`he sk bfojf hk "Ifjghfh hk jf Khuifg`"5,U Heiulk`te.k igriujfigù` g`tkr`f. Ærkf hk G`vkstgcfigù` y Kvfjufigù` hk ^recrflfs. ^recrflfs . Lg`gstkrge hk Khuifi6e` hk jf @figù`.

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Khuifigù` hk Ifjghfh tehes4 u` hk hkriUbes K^X/^_KJFI (?>>3), (?>>3   hk ), Heiulk`te hgsiusgù` seork pejìtgifspfrf khuiftgvfs k`fsu`te kj lfrie hk jf 66 bulf`es. _kule` j`tkrcuokr`flk`tfj hkj  ^reykite _kcge`fj hk Khuifigù` pfrf Flçrgif Jftg`f y kj Ifrgok, ?7 y 9> hk lfrze hk ?>>3,

Ouk`es Fgrks. " CF[XGK_, K. (?>>3), "Khuifigù` hk ifjghfh. Ielk`tfrges f jf `ukvf preUpukstf hk E J/[@KYI5 • _kvgstf Kjkitrù`gif Gokreflkrgif`f seork Ifjghfh, Kagifigf y Ifloge k` Khuifee`, vej.U s. `. 9³ ^[JGHE IBFQKY, e. (?>>7 ), "Jf iukstgù` hk jf ifjghfh hk jf khuifigù`"4 Aere Jftg`5flk`if`e k  ^ejìtgif ^ejìtgifss Khuiftgvfs Khuiftgvfs-- AJF^K AJF^K-- Iejelogf, hgspe`gojk k`4 bttp4/ /www.ifbhfhkhuift6vf.khus /www.ifbhfhkhuift6vf.khusf`j f`j   u6s. iel.fr / ?>>7/ >7/ jf-iukstge`-hkjf-iukstge`-hk - jf jf-- ifjghfh ifjghfh-- hk-jf.btlj. . . [@KYIE (?ees), Khuifigù` pfrf Xehes4 Xehes4 Kj glpkrftgve hk jf ifjghfUh. j`(erlk hk Ykcwl6k`te hk hk   Khuifigù` pfrf Xehes k` kj Lu`he, ^frìs, Khgige`ks [@KYIE, hgspe`gojk k`4 www .u`ksie.erc/ khuiftge`. QF_CFY HK FQKJJF, L. (?ee 3), "Khuifigù` hk ifjghfh pfrf te es. [` fs`e hk hkrkibe bulf`es..  ^repukstf pfrf jf hgsiusgù` hk pejìtgifs khuiftgvfs" ,_kvgstf Kjkitrelif bulf`es jokreflk`if`f seork Ifjghfh, Kagifigf y Ifloge k` Khuifigù`, vej. ;, `.´ 9.

Lfries `erlftgves Jky hk Khuifigù` @fige`fj @. ´ ?1.?>1. Ie`skde Akhkrfj hk Khuifigù`. Khuifigù` . _ksejuigù` @. @.´ 77/?>6>. 77/?>6> . Ie`skde Akhkrfj hk Khuifigù`. _ksejuigù` @.´ 661/?>6>.

Ie`skde Akhkrfj hk Khuifigù`. _ksejuigù` 622/6? . Ie`skde Akhkrfj hk Khuifigù`. _ksejuigù` ?>6/69.

 

[`gvkrsghfh hk Ibgjk fierhù fpjgifr   jgt j'FF iele lkif`gsle hk skjkiigù` k G`crkse f jf tetfjghfh hk sus ifrrkrfs. K` ksk lgsle föe, sk  sk  66666666ujcù jf Jky @. @ .´ 61.;?1, quk suprglgù kj Ofibgjjkrfte y kstfojkigù jf Jgik`igf hk K`sköf`zf L^hgf

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Jes prkpfrfre` pfrf kste, pfrf u` lu`he he`hk tehes sk if cf` k`trk sì. Jks vf f gr ogk` k` jf prukof, luy ogk`, `e sk prkeiupk`4 f  ustkhks `e jes khuifre`, jes k`trk`fre`. (Fjkdf`hre Tflorf, AfisìlgE.

Afisìlgj ks u`f irìtgif hk jf seigkhfh ibgjk`f quk Fjkdf`hre Tflorf ie`stru  Q«' .6 pfrtgr hkj aerlfte hk jf j f prukof hk epige`ks lôjtgpjks (lu/tgpjk ibegik) k` jf  q666• kj jkiter sk vk g`tkrpkjfhe per prkcu`tfs quk `e tgk`k` rkspukstfs, per rks ³p66t'stfs g`huighfs, per epige`ks quk `e se` tfjks. Kj aerlfte ks ghç`tgie fj hk jf j6666kof hk Fptgtuh Fifhçlgif ?? Qkrofj quk sk utgjgzù k` Ibgjk hkshk

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66 6 gik`igfhf k` Igk`igfs hk jf Khuifigù`, Khuifigù` ,Afiujtfh hk Agjeseaìf y Jktrfs ([OF) ([OF)..Lfcìstkr k` Igk`igfs Yeigf  bie` ergk`tfigù` k` Khuifigù`, AJFIYE. Ielpjktù kstuhges hk Heiterfhe k` Khuifigù`, Afiujtfh hk  6 jjeseaìf y Jktrfs ([OF). ([OF). ^r eakserf Xgtujfr _kcujfr hk ^ejìtgif k G`stgtuige`ks Khuiftgvfs k` jf Afiujtfh hk Igk`igfs Yeigfjks, y ^re b".erf Fhdu`tf _kcujfr hk ^ejìtgif Khuifige`fj k` jf Afiujtfh hk Agjeseaìf y Jktrfs ([OF). G`vkstgcfherf  h^j G`stgtute hk G`vkstgcfige`ks k` Igk`igfs hk jf Khuifigù` (jjIK) hk jf [OF. Hgrkiterf hkj ^reykite hk  jr6v^stgcfigù` [OFIWX (?>68 (?>68-- ?>63) "^ejìtgifs pôojgifs y hkleirftgzfigù` hk jf khuifigù`. Yk`tghes, rk-   66666.gige`ks, y preikses k` ter`e f jf g`ijusgù` k` jf fitufj ieyu`turf jftg`eflkrgif`f" .Ieerhg`fherf  h6• jf _kh Jftg`eflkrgif`f hk Kstuhges

66

seork Xrfofde Heik`tk (Kstrfhe) y Ieerhg`fherf hkj Crupe hk  j6.6ofde hk IJFIYE, ^ejìtgifs khuiftgvfs y hkrkibe f jf khuifigù` k` Flçrgif Jftg`f y Kj Ifrgok. 6 ,, [`gvkrsghfh hk Ibgjk bf irkfhe y kjfoerfhe jfs prukofs hk fhlgsgù` f jf u`gvkrsghfh hkshk jes  666a66,.`ks hk jf khuifigù` supkrger. F lkhgfhes hkj sgcje RGR, fheptù kj Ofibgjjkrfte iele lçtehe  rj6• .6hlgsgù` .6hlgsgù`.. Jf ^rukof hk Fptgtuh Fifhçlgif (^FF) surcgù iele rkspukstf f jfs irìtgifs fj lehk  je hg' kxflk` hkj Ofibgjjkrfte, auk g`sirgtf iele prepgkhfh g`tkjkitufj hk jf

[`gvkrsghfh hk Ibgjk kj  

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hk eituork hk 671; . K` 6711, kj Ie`skde [`gvkrsgtfrge hk jf

 

21 G@IJ[YGÙ@ W IFJGHFH IELE ^EJÌXGIFY KH[IFXGQFY HK KYXFHE ?>>? pfrf kj g`crkse f jf u`gvkrsghfh. K` su irìtgif fj jgore hk Tflorf, Mfrk`  Ofsiuöæ` (?>6;) fagrlf quk "qugk` bfyf vgvghe k` kj Ibgjk hkj ag` hk Mfrk`  jf hgitfhurf  rkie`eikræ arfsks crfofhfs k` kj g`ie`sigk`tk iejkitgve, k`

kdkrigiges iele kj sgcugk`tk4 'Jes kstuhgf`tks vf`  U jf u`gvkrsghfh  U  kstuhgfr, `e U pk`sfr'. (...),  he`hk jf ô`gif pesgogjghfh quk sk `es etercf pfrf jjk`fr kj kspfige ks jf pfjforf   'f' k` ifhf u`f hk jfs ig`ie fjtkr`ftgvfs, sg` ksifpftergf f u` rkiukrhe ikrtkre, g``kcfojk". Kj jgore hk Tflorf foerhf, k`trk luibes etres tklfs, kj pfpkj quk ducù jf khuifigù` k` kj preikse hk trf`saerlfigù` hk jf seigkhfh ibgjk`f, hgau`hgk`he jes vfjerks quk kj `kejgokrfjgsle fseigf f jf ifjghfh4 jf eosksgù` per jf lkhg igù`, per kj rk`hglgk`te k` tçrlg`es hk pfrælktres kstfojkighes, per kj rf`mg`c  y per jf ielpktk`igf. W telfles kj ifse hk Ibgjk iele pu`te hk pfrtghf perquk kj lehkje ibgjk`e, hurf`tk föes, bf sghe prksk`tfhe iele kj kdklpje f skcugr  y kj Ygstklf hk Lkhgigù` hk jf Ifjghfh Khuiftgvf (YGLIK) ?9,quk sk g`stfjù k`  kj föe 6722, auk pge`kre k` jf rkcgù` y ie`trgouyù f jf ie`struiigù` bgstùrgif   hk u`f `eigù` hk ifjghfh hk jf khuifigù` fseigfhf f jes ouk`es bgstùrgif rksujtfhes k`  jfs prukofs kstf`hfrgzfhfs, fu` iuf`he kstk lehkje auk ifrfitkrgzfhe iele  kxpkrglk`tfj, puks sk glpjklk`tfre` u` ie`du`te hk pejìtgifs ofsfhfs k` jes pestujfhes `keie`skrvfherks hk kie`elgstfs iele Argkhrgib Bfykm e Lgjte`

iele u`e hk jes rkqugsgtes jkcfjks hk g`crkse f jfs u`gvkrsghfhks. K` k`kre hk 6713, sk fpjgiù per   prglkrf vkz jf ^rukof hk hk Fptgtuh  Fptgtuh Fifhçlgif  Fifhçlgif hk jf [`gvkrsghfh hk Ibgjk f `gvkj `fige`fj y pfrf tehfs jfs g`stgtuige`ks hk khuifigù` supkrger. Kstf oftkrìf hk prukofs sk lf`tuve vgck`tk hurf`tk trkg`tf   y ig`ie föes, k` jes iufjks auk selktghf f ie`stf`tks rkvgsge`ks y fhkiufige`ks fierhks ie` trkg`tf jfss `k  iksghfhks quk hkoìf iulpjgr . Kstf prukof auk rklpjfzfhf k` fj föe ?>>? per jf ^ru jf ^rukof kof hk Ykjkiigù`   [`gvkrsgt Ykjkiigù` [`gvkrsgtfr  fr gf gf (^Y[, bttp4/ /www.uibgjk .ig/pertfj/prksk`tfige`/fsu`tes³ fifhklgies /hklrk/prksk`tf³ /hk lrk/prksk`tf³   ige`/ 66> 66>?9 ?93 3/ bgstergf-hkj-k bgstergf-hkj-kxflk`-hk-fhlgsge xflk`-hk-fhlgsge `) `).. ?9 Jes f`tkikhk`tks hkj sgstklf `fige`fj hk kvfjufigù` hk rksujtfhes hk fprk`hgzfdk sk rkle`tf` f 6712, iuf iuf`he `he sk fpjgiù jf prglkrf ^rukof ^rukof @f @fige ige`fj `fj pfrf lkhgr jes jecres hk fprk`hgzfdk hk jes ks³  tuhgf`t ks ibgjk`es ibgjk`es.. K` kj föe 672?, sk g`stfurù kj ^recrflf hk Kvfjufigù` hkj _k`hglgk`te Ksiejfr (^K_) y, k` 672;, sk au`hù u` Ygstk Ygstklf lf hk Kvfjufigù` hk jf Ifjghf Ifjghfh h hk jf Khuifigù` (YKIK). (YKI K). f trfvçs  hkj iufj sk f`fjgzfre` jes hftes rkiecghes per ^K_. Ie` jf irkfigù` hk YGLIK k` 6722, 67 22, sk g`stfjù k` kj sgstklf khuiftgve ibgjk`e u`f kvfjufigù` kxtkr`f, quk sk prepuse prevkkr hk g`aerlfigù` rkjkvf`tk  pfrf su qukbfikr f jes hgstg`tes fiterks hkj sgstklf khu huiftgve. iftgve. Hk fiukrhe ie` jf g`aerlfigù` eagigf agigfj,j,  su prg`igpfj prepùsgte ie`sgstk k` ie`t ie`trgougr rgougr fj lkderflgk`te hk jf if ifjghfh jghfh y kqughfh hk jf khuifigù`,  g`aerlf`he seork jes jecres hk fprk`hgzfdk hk jes kstuhgf`tks k` hgakrk`tks ærkfs hk fprk`hgzfdk hkj  hkj  iurrìiuje `fige`fj, `fige`fj,yy rkjfige`æ`hejes ie` kj ie`tk e`tkxte xte ksiejfr y seigfj k` kj quk kstes fprk`hk`. fprk`hk`.Hkshk Hkshk   ?>6?, kj YGLIK pfsù f skr kj sgstklf hk kvfjufigù` quk jf  Fck`igf hk Ifjghfh Ifjghfh hk jf Khuifigù` utgjgzf  utgjgzf  pfrf kvfjufr jes rksujtfhes hk fprk`hg fprk`hgzf zf dk hk jes

hgakrk`tks fs fsggc`fturfs e ærkfs hk fprk`hgzfdk, f trfvçs hk hk   u`f lkhgigù` quk sk fpjgif f tehes jes kstuhgf`tks hkj pfìs quk iursf` jes `gvkjks kvfjufhes (bttp4// www .f66k`rgfkhuifige` .ig/sglik/euk ³ks³kj-sglik/) .

kstfojkiglgk`tes, kvfjuf`he kj jecre hk jes ie`tk`g  hes y bfogjghfhks hkj iurrìiuje vgck`tk, k`  

IF^ÌX[ JE

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j r gkhlf`, sg` ie`tfr ie` kvghk`igf klpìrgif fjcu`f quk jfs fvfjfrf (Fssfkj Ouh- 66gm kt fj ., ?>66). Jes hkoftks k` ter`e f jf ifjghfh sk prksk`tf`, k` kj hgsiurse bkcklù`gie,  666hgs 666hgsejuojklk`tk ejuojklk`tk jgcfhes f jf kvfjufigù`, e, pfrf skr læs prkigses, f jf lkhgigù` • ''0 tf`hfrgzfhf hk rksujtfhes y fj lehkje hk jfs ielpktk`igfs quk jes sgstklfs  i³huiftgves hkokrìf` prelevkr4 jfs prukofs ^GYF ie`stgtuyk` kj kdklpje læs .g.gi.g i.gofhe ofhe hk kstf fseigfigù`. Kstk hgsiurse, quk sk bf g`stfjfhe ie` aukrzf hu  hu   ' e666tk jfs hçifhfs hk jes 2> y jes 7>, bf ieorfhe u` `ukve glpujse k` kj lfrie   iji• jf fitufj ieyu`turf k` `ukstre pfìs y k` etres pfìsks hk  Flçrgif Jftg`f. K` • ''0 ''0tt k trfofd trfofde e `es prepe`k prepe`kles les f`fjg f`fjgzfr zfr ksk hgsi hgsiurs urse e bkcklù`gie f pfrtgr hk fjcufjcu -  66es hk sus kdks frculk`tftgves ik`trfjks4 ?8

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Jf `kiksghfh hk ck`krfr y/ e aertfjkikr u`f iujturf hk jf kvfjufigù` y  y   hk jf rk`hgigù` hk iuk`tfs fierhk ie` kj ^frfhgclf hk jf @ukvf Cks  tgù` ^ôojgif. Jf ghkf hk quk kj preikse hk g`ijusgù` hk skiterks trfhgige`fjlk`tk  kxijughes hkj sgstklf quk sk prehude k` jf ôjtglf hçifhf auk u` arfu  hk khuiftgve y quk fberf bfy quk ie`ik`trfrsk k` jf ifjghfh.

9. Jf fseigfigù` k`trk jf ifjghfh khuiftgvf y kj lu`he kie`ùlgie-jfoerfj k` ofsk fj lehkje hkj klprk`hkhurgsle. 8. Jf ghkf hk quk quk jf ifjghfh hfh kstæ hgrkit hgrkitflk`t flk`tk k fseigfhf f jes heik`tks, y jf   kvfjufigù` hk jes heik`tks hkok trf`saerlfrsk k` kj kdk hk jf rkaerlf. Jes rkhuiige`gsles seork jes quk sk g`stfjù kj hgsiurse hk jf ifjghfh hk jf   lf`e hk jes tki`ùirftfs k` jfs hçifhfs f`tkrgerks k`iuk`trf` u` `ukve gl pujse k` jf fitufj ieyu`turf lkhgf`tk jf hgausgù`, f trfvçs hk jes IKEs?s hk jfs

`6

... ..,,

k` kspföej4 ^recrflf pfrf jf Kvfjufigù` G`tkr  `fige`fj `fige` fj hk  F jul`es ul`es.. Yk trftf hk u` preykite hk jf EIHK (Ercf`gzfigù` pfrf jf Ieepkrfigù` y kj   Hksfrrejje Kie`ùlgies), iuye eodktgve ks kvfjufr jf aerlfigù` hk je kj jess fjul`es iuf`he jjjjkcf kcf` ` fj ag`fj  hk jf ktfpf hk k`sköf`zf eojgcftergf, bfigf jes qug`ik föes, iuf`he sk k`iuk`trf` f pu`te hk g`gigfr  jf khuifigù` pestskiu`hfr gf e hk g`tkcr frsk frsk f jf vghf jfoerfj. Kj ^re ^recrf crflf lf bf sghe ie`i e`ik koghe iele u`  rkiurse pfrf earkikr g`aerlfigù` fou`hf`tk y hktfjjfhf quk pkrlgtf f jes pfìsks lgklores fheptfr jfs hkigsge`ks y pejìtgifs pôojgifs `kiksf `kiksfrgfs rgfs pfrf lkderfr jes `gvkjks `gvkjks khuiftgves. Jf kvfjufigù` iuork  jfs ærkfs hk jkiturf jkiturf,, lftklætg ifs y ielpktk`igf igk igk`tìagif `tìagif.. Kj ç`afsgs hk jf kvfjufigù` kstæ pukste k` k`   kj helg`ge hk jes preikses, preikses,kj k`tk`hglgk`te hk jes ie`ikptes y jf bfogjghfh hk fitufr e au`ige`fr k` vfrgfs sgtufige`ks hk`tre hk ifhf helg`ge (bttps4 (bttps 4//www .ekih.erc/pgsf/9739>262.pha). K` Frck`tg`f , f pfrt pfrtgrgr hkj ifloge hk ceogkr`e k` hgigklork hk ?>6;, jf IKEirfigf sk bgze ifrce

^recrfllk aer j`tkr`ftge`fj Ytuhk`t Fssksslk`t,

hkj Kstfhe hkj  Kstfhe.. Xfj iele je hksirgok Fjarkhe Tfgft, kj 1 hk hgigklork hk ?>6; k` kj hgfrge ^æcg`f 6?, "kj   hksklofrie hk Ibgk{ Kxkiutgvk Ea{gikr (IKE), kj hgrkiter kdkiutgve hk læxglf rkspe`sfogjghfh, hk "kj luj  tg`fige`fjks y crupes kie`ùlgies jeifjks k` kj Ceogkr`e hk Lfurgige Lfirg ks u`f kxpkrgk kxpkrgk`igf `igf pejìtgif pejìtgi f  g`çhg g`çhgtf tf k` Frck`tg`f. Kstf hkigsgù` `e ks gcufj fu`quk pfrkzif f jf hkj Ceogkr`e hk Ifrjes Lk`kl

 

22 ³ G@IJ[YGÙ@ W IFJGHFH IELE ^EJÌXGIFY KH[IFXGQFY HK KYXFHE

klprksfs hk jf iujturf hk jf @ukvf Ckstgù` ^ôojgif y hkj lfrmktg`c klprksfrgfj y  pkrse`fj iele lehes hk ckstge`fr jes fsu`tes pôojgies. K` kstk lfrie sk vukjvk f hkspjfzfr kj aeie hkshk jf iguhfhf`ìf y jes hkrkibes fj g`hgvghue, qugk` hkok trf`saerlfrsk k` kj klprk`hkher hk su prepgf klprksf y hk su prepgf vghf. W k` kstk preikse jf khuifigù` kstæ jjflfhf f iulpjgr u` pfpkj ik`trfj?1• Kstes hkspjfzflgk`tes sk g`stfjf` k` u` ksik`frge hk aukrtk hksie`agf`zf bfigf jes heik`tks per kj rk`hglgk`te hk jes kstuhgf`tks, lkhghe f trfvçs hk ksfs prukofs kstf`hfrgzfhfs, y hk prglfiìf hk u`f lgrfhf utgjgtfrgf k` rkjfigù`   ie` kj sfokr quk sk sustk`tf k` u`f pfrtgiujfr vgsgù` seork jes eodktgves hkj  sgstklf khuiftgve k` au`igù` hk u` lehkje kie`ùlgie y seigfj ofsfhe k` jf aerlfigù` hk klprk`hkherks pfrf kj lkrifhe cjeofj. 6.

Fikrif hkj hgsiurse hk jf ifjghfh iele vgkdf rktùrgif 

`keie`skrvfherf k` kj iflpe khuiftgve y hk jf kvfjufigù` iele iujturf Jf `kiksghfh hk ck`krfr y/e aertfjkikr u`f iujturf hk jf kvfjufigù` y hk jf rk`hgigù` hk iuk`tfs fierhk ie` kj pfrfhgclf hk jf @ukvf Ckstgù` , ^ôojgif  (@C^) sk prksk`tf iele u`e hk jes fspkites ik`trfjks vg`iujfhes f jf lkde  rf hk jf ifjghfh hk jf khuifigù`. Kj hgsiurse seork jf ifjghfh bfigf ag`ks hk jf  hçifhf hk jes 2> sk g`stfjù iele u`f `ukvf rktùrgif4 rktùrgif 4 `keie`skrvfherf k` kj  iflpe khuiftgve hkspjfzf`he f jfs prkeiupfige`ks per jf hkleirftgzfigù` hk  jes sgstklfs (Ck`tgjg, 6778, 63). Jf rktùrgif hk jf ifjghfh fsulìf, hk fiukrhe ie`   kj f`æjgsgs hk Ck`tgjg, crf` pfrtk hk jes   k` kj iflpe ie`tk`ghes quk hgibe hkoftk prksk`tfof prehuitgve-klprksfrgfj, glprglgk`he f jfs prepukstfs khuiftgvfs  u` sk`tghe lkrif`tgj hk ie`skiuk`igfs hufjgzfherfs y f`tghkleirætgifs. Kstk  Kstk  hgsiurse jkcgtglfof jf g`stfjfigù` hkj lehkje hk jf ifjghfh tetfj prevk`gk`tk

?1

iuf`he k`trkcù kj ielf`he hk jf pejìtgif kie`ùlgif fj Crupe Ou`ck&Oer` . Fberf kstes ckrk`tks ck`krfjks hk prkstgcge k` kj lu`he hk jes `kceiges `e pfsfræ` f lf`kdfr kspf ige gess hkj Kstfhe iele  hkjkcfhes hgrkites hk jfs ierperfige`ks ierperfige`k s quk jes klpjkfof`, fu`quk bfor æ quk vk vkr sg `e grrulpk`  ie`ajgites hk g`tkrksks fj lelk`te hk jf ckstgù`, sg`e quk jf jùcgif pejìtgif hkj lfirgsle ks jf hk preaksge`fjgzfr ie` lf`fckrs prevk`gk`tks hkj skiter prgvfhe jf fhlg`gstrfigù` hk ærkfs hkj skiter   pôojgie pôojgie.. Qfrges etres kdkiutgves hk skcu`hfs y tkrikrfs jì`kfs hk crf`hks ielpföìf ielpföì fs tflogç` aukre`  ie`veifhes f jes Ceogkr`es lfirgstfs (@figù`, (@figù`,Iguhfh y ^revg`igf hk Ouk`es Fgrks)" Fgrks)".. Kj prksghk`tk Lfurgige Lfirg kxprksù k` kj g`gige hk jf Fsflojkf Jkcgsjftg Jkcgsjft gvf k` lfrze hk ?>614

ckstf kj auture hkj auture. auture . ^er kse, kse, bfik u`fs sklf`fs, k` jf ^revg`igf hk Duduy, kj Lg`gstre hk Khuifigù` Oujjrgib,  du`te f tehes jes Lg`gstres hk Khuifigù` hk jfs prevg`igfs, agdfre` u` fiukrhe jjflfhe Hkijfrfigù` hk   ^urlflfrif quk trfzf jes kdks hk jf rkvejuigù` khuiftgvf quk qukrkles fagf`zfr " fagf`zfr ".

^frf  g`skrtfr f jf Frck`tg`f k` kj sgcje RRG tehe klpgkzf ie` jf khuifigù` , fbì ks he`hk sk  

ie`eiglgk`te4 kdk hk jf trf`s  aerlfigù` prehuitgvf ie` kqughfh 

quç ks je quk kstæ eiurrgk`he hk`tre hkj sgstklf khuiftgve. "Xrfs jf ghkf hk rk`hgigù` hk iuk`tfs kxgstk u`f  u`f  hgvkrsghfh hk prepukstfs hk pejìtgif khuiftgvf, luibfs hk jfs iufjks g`vejuirf`  666 use hk jes rksujtfhes hk jfs prukofs kstf`hfrgzfhfs ie` ie`skiuk`igfs 'aukr  jks' læs quk ie` ifræitkr aerlftgve" (_fvkjf, ?>>1, ?). Jf @C^ bf kstglujfhe kj lfyer fjif`ik pejìtgie hk jf kvfjufigù` khuiftgvf y  y  jf lfyer prksk`igf hk pjf`ks kstrftçcgies k g`hgifherks hk hksklpköe k` ofsk  gj jes quk fsgc`fr rkiurses f jfs ksiukjfs. "Jf rk`hgigù` hk iuk`tfs sk pukhk

(677?), quk eiupù u` jucfr hkstfifhe k` jf   ergk`tfigù` hk

ie`irktfr k` lehkjes y fprexglfige`ks luy hgakrk`tks. Kstk bkibe ks tk`ghe

I F ^ÌX[JE ;

. 27

hkj iflpe kie`ùlgie iele bergze`tk hk sk`tghe y iele eodktgve hkj sgstklf  khuiftgve. Ksiuhkre (6722) ifrfitkrgzfof f ksk preikse iele kj "skiukstre  "skiukstre  lkrif`tgj" hkj tklf hk jf ifjghfh per pfrtk hk jf `ukvf hkrkibf. K` kj g`aerlk hk IK^FJ-[@KYIE, Khuifigù` y 

jfs rkaerlfs khuiftgvfs glpjklk`tfhfs k` jf rkcgù` hurf`tk jf   hçifhf hk jes 7>, sk sköfjfof quk jes sgstklfs jf khuifige`fjks, hk ifpfigtfigù`  y hk igk`igf y tki`ejecìf quk bf` kxpkrglk`tfhe u`f kxpf`sgù` iuf`tgtftgvf  `etfojk, fu`quk g`ielpjktf, prksk`tfof`, sg` klofrce, "eovgfs g`suagigk`igfs  k` je quk rkspkitf f jf ifjghfh hk sus rksujtfhes, f su pkrtg`k`igf ie` rkspkite .g jes rkqukrglgk`tes hkj k`ter`e kie`ùlgie y seigfj y fj crfhe ie`  quk fiikhk` f kjjes jes hgstg`tes kstrfteshkhkkqughfh jf seigkhfh" (63). Hk fiukrhe ie`  kj g`aerlk, kj `ukve pfrfhgclf hk ercf`gzfigù` y ckstgù` klprksfrgfj hktkrlg  `fof, k`trk etres fspkites, jfs kxgck`igfs quk jes pfìsks hk jf rkcgù` hkoìf`   k`ark`tfr y f jfs iufjks jf khuifigù` hkoìf hfr rkspukstf. K`trk etres ifloges,   i.= k prepe`ìf aeifjgzfr jf fiigù` k` jes rksujtfhes hk jf khuifigù`, jf ifpfigtfigù`  y jf igk`igf y jf tki`ejecìf, y k` su frtgiujfigù` ie` jfs kxgck`igfs hkj hksklpk-   66> hk jfs pkrse`fs, jfs klprksfs y jfs g`stgtuige`ks k` jes hgakrk`tks ælogtes hk jf seigkhfh. K` tçrlg`es g`stgtuige`fjks, jf prepukstf krf relpkr je quk sk  sk  hgfc`estgifof iele u` fgsjflgk`te hk jfs g`stgtuige`ks khuiftgvfs k g`trehuigr lehfjghfhks hk fiigù` k` quk jes fiterks tuvgkrf` lfyerks lærck`ks hk fu  fu  je`el f k` jfs hkigsge`ks, fsì iele lfyer rkspe`sfogjghfh per jes rksujtfhes. Jf rk`hgigù` hk iuk`tfs e fiieu`tfog/gty y jf rkspe`sfogjghfh per jes rksuj  jfhes ie`stgtuyk` g`strulk`tes ik`trfjks hk jf @C^ k` kj iflpe khuiftgve, quk  rkspe`hk f u`f jùcgif hk ceokr`f`zf ksiejfr ik`trfhf k` kj hksklpköe y k` rkjfige`ks preaksge`fjks fuhgtfojks y pkraerlftgvfs (^ewkr, 6673= Ofjj ?>>6= ig-  6fhes k` Qkckr y @erlf`h, ?>6;). Jf prkeiupfigù` per jf rk`hgigù` hk iuk`tfs   '0[rck prg`igpfjlk`tk k` kj lu`he f`cjesfdù` y kstæ rkjfige`fhf

ie` jf fagr   lfigù` hk quk kj pôojgie tgk`k hkrkibe f sfokr   

7>

•

G@IJ[YGÙ@ W IFJGHFH IELE ^EJÌXGIFY KH[IFXGQFY KH[IFXGQFY HK KYXFHE

k` iuk`tf per ercf`gzfige`ks g`tkr`fige`fjks iele jf EIHK, quk, k` jucfr hk jf  trfhgige`fj rk`hgigù` hk iuk`tfs vkrtgifj k g`trusgvf, prepe`k jf glpjklk`tfigù`  hk u`f fiieu`tfogjgt y bergze`tfj k` jf quk kj iukrpe preaksge`fj heik`tk dukcuk u` pfpkj glpertf`tk tf`te k` jf hkag`gigù` iele k` jf glpjklk`tfigù` hk jf pe jìtgif (EIHK, ?>69). Hk kstf lf`krf, sk prelukvk u`f rk`hgigù` hk iuk`tfs quk, fhklæs hk g`ijugr g`aerlfigù` seork hksklpköe ksiejfr eotk`ghf k` kvfjufige `ks ik`trfjgzfhfs, ck`krk etre tgpe hk hftes hkshk etrfs auk`tks (g`ijuyk`he f jfs aflgjgfs y f rkprksk`tf`tks hk jf ielu`ghfh khuiftgvf). Yk kspkrf, per je tf`te, quk kstfs kvfjufige`ks fifok` tk`gk`he u`fs ie``etfige`ks læs aerlf tgvfs quk sulftgvfs" (Qkrckr y @erlf`h, ?>6;). Jes preikses ie`irktes hk rkaerlf glpjklk`tfhes k` Flçrgif Jftg`f k` jf  hçifhf hk jes 7> hgkre` prgerghfh fj ifloge g`stgtuige`fj,au`hflk`tfj lk`tk, f  jf hksik`trfjgzfigù` hk jf fhlg`gstrfigù` khuiftgvf, f jf g`stfjfigù` hk sgstklfs  hk kvfjufigù` hk rksujtfhes y fj etercflgk`te hk lfyerks `gvkjks hk fute`e lìf f jfs ksiukjfs (Xkhksie, ?>>>). Jes ifloges k` jf aerlfs hk rkcujfigù` kstftfj hgrkiige`fre` crf` pfrtk hk jfs rkaerlfs k` Flçrgif Flçrgif Jftg`f, k` ie`se`f`igf ie` u`f fck`hf cjeofj quk g` tkcrfof f jf rkaerlf khuiftgvf hk`tre hk jes preikses hk rkaerlf hkj Kstfhe, ark`tk f jf irgsgs hk jes lehkjes oureirætgies ik`trfjgzfhes f trfvçs hk jes iufjks sk rkcujfre` bgstùrgiflk`tk crf` pfrtk hk jes sgstklfs khuiftgves.  Fjcu`es hk jes ifloges k` jfs aerlfs hk g`tkrvk`igù` kstftfj kstuvgkre` vg`iujfhes ie` kj hkspjfzflgk`te hk jf rkcujfigù` f trfvçs hk jf eakrtf f jf rkcujfigù` f trfvçs  hk jf hklf`hf= hk u`f prkstfigù` hk skrvgiges ik`trfjgzfhf k` jfs g`stf`igfs ik`trfjks hk ceogkr`e f jf hksik`trfjgzfigù` bfigf jes `gvkjks suo`fige`fjks y  jeifjks= hk jf rkcujfigù` ik`trfhf k` jes preikses fj etercflgk`te hk lfyerks lærck`ks hk fute`elìf f jfs g`stgtuige`ks y kj kstfojkiglgk`te hk lkif`gsles  hk ie`trej hk jes rksujtfhes f trfvçs hk su lkhgigù` k` prukofs kstf`hfrgzfhfs. Kj Of`ie Lu`hgfj sköfjfof k` 6776 quk "u` sgstklf @fige`fj hk Kvfjufigù`  hk jf Khuifigù` ks jf pgkhrf f`cujfr hk jfs lkderfs iufjgtftgvfs". Foegtks (?>6?),  fj kstuhgfr kj ifse lkxgif`e, hkstfif quk jes tki`ùirftfs `kejgokrfjks jjkcfhes ³  fj pehkr f ag`ks hk jes föes 2>, k` jucfr hk pe`kr lf`es f jf eorf pfrf lkderfr   jf khuifigù`, eptfre` per kvfjufrjf. Kj YGLIK hk Ibgjk, fsì iele kj YGIKL hk Lç xgie, krf` prksk`tfhes iele kdklpjes hk sgstklfs pkrgùhgies y sgstklætgies hk g`aerlfigù` lkhgf`tk jes iufjks sk pehìf` ghk`tgagifr y hktkitfr k` aerlf rkcujfr 

Bfigf ag`ks hk jes 7>, f pfrtgr hk je quk ifrfitkrgzf` iele kj arfifse kj arfifse hkj kstf Q j=gi= rrìtgr=gi= =gj a i=t=ghe hk Ogk`kstfr. hgvkrsfs au`hfige`ks k g`tkjkitufjks

tgi=l`

jes preojklfs quk fakitfof` f jf ifjghfh hk jf khuifigù` (IK^FJ-[@KYIE, 677?).  

X[J JE I F^ ÌX[

; .

76

ercæ`gies hkj `kejgokrfjgsle k` `ukstre pfìs aerlujfre` prepukstfs k` tçrlg `es hk fute`elìf pjk`f pfrf jfs g`stgtuige`ks khuiftgvfs (AGKJ, Crupe Yepbgf,  Jjfib, k`trk etres), fute`elìf k`tk`hghf hkshk jf jùcgif hk jf g`trehuiigù` hk jes lkif`gsles hk lkrifhe k` kj sgstklf khuiftgve. K` kstk lfrie, fj Kstfhe  'gk jk fsgc`ù, prg`igpfjlk`tk, jf au`igù` hk prehuigr g`aerlfigù` y kvfjufr, rkfjg  rkfjg  zf r u` "ie`trej vkrhfhkre y kagifz, y rkie`eiglgk`te f qugk`ks rkfjgzf` u` ouk` trfofde" (Ojf`ie Ktibkcfrfy kt fj., 6777). K` Frck`tg`f, k` kj lfrie hk jf rkaerlf glpjklk`tfhf glpjklk`tfhf k` jf hçifhf hk jes 7>,  jf kvfjufigù` sk ie`stgtuyù k` u` hgspesgtgve ik`trfj lkhgf`tk kj iufj hkshk kj Kstfhe `fige`fj sk ousiù, du`te f etres lkif`gsles, rkcujfr kj sgstklf jukce hk jf trf`sakrk`igf hk jes skrvgiges khuiftgves f jfs durgshgiige`ks (Akjhakokr, ?>>7). ?>>7).   Skgjkr (6771) frculk`tf quk kxgstk u`f kstrkibf rkjfigù` k`trk kvfjufigù` y ie`trej quk ks hgaìigj hk ie`igjgfr ie` jfs pejìtgifs hksik`trfjgzfherfs. Xf`te jf  hksik`trfjgzfigù` iele jf kvfjufigù` kstæ` rkjfige`fhfs ie` kj kdkrigige hkj pe   hkr y sgklprk kxgstk jf pesgogjghfh hk quk kj pehkr fj quk sk rk`u`igf ie` jf   hksik`trfjgzfigù` sk pukhf rkiupkrfr f trfvçs hk jf kvfjufigù`. Jf g`stfurfigù`  k` Frck`tg`f hkj Ygstklf @fige`fj hk Kvfjufigù` hk jf Ifjghfh (YG@KI) y jf gl   pjklk`tfigù` hk jes Epkrftgves @fige`fjks hk Kvfjufigù` (E@K) f pfrtgr hk jf  sf`igù` hk jf Jky Akhkrfj hk Khuifigù` k` fj föe 6779 sk g`sirgogkre` k` jf jùcgif hkj Kstfhe kvfjufher hkshk kstf pkrspkitgvf. Jes E@K sk jjkvfre` f ifoe pkrgù   hgiflk`tk k` jfs vkg`tgiuftre durgshgiige`ks hkj pfìs, g`ijuyk`he iukstge`frges i`tkxtufjks f kstuhgf`tks, heik`tks y hgrkiterks. Kj ifræitkr ik`sfj e lukstrf]   hk jfs prukofs sk bf ghe lehgagif`he k` au`igù` hk jes eodktgves prgergzfhes,   ie`sghkrf`he quk u`f ouk`f lukstrf rkprksk`tftgvf f `gvkj `fige`fj ks suagigk` tk sg kj eodktgve prg`igpfj ks hktkitfr preojklfs pfrf lkderfr jes fprk`hgzfdks y  y  `e ie`strugr rf`mg`cs. Xflogç` kj k`aequk hk jfs prukofs auk iflogf`he hkshk jfs rkakrghfs f `erlfs bfigf jfs rkakrghfs f irgtkrges, je quk trfsjfhù kj aeie hk ftk`igù` hk jf ielpfrfigù` hk rksujtfhes k`trk fjul`es e k`tghfhks bfigf jf  hksirgpigù` hk je quk jes fjul`es sfok` y se` ifpfiks hk bfikr. Du`te ie` jfs prukofs kstf`hfrgzfhfs hk lkhgigù` f `gvkj `fige`fj sk hk sfrrejjfre` sgstklfs rkcge`fjks k g`tkr`fige`fjks hk lkhgigù` hk rksujtfhes. rksujtfhes.  Frck`tg`f pfrtgigpf hk jfs g`gigftgvfs hkj Jfoerfterge Jftg`eflkrgif`e hk Kvf jufigù` hk jf Ifjghfh hk jf Khuifigù` (JJKIK), E_KFJI-[@KYIE, hkshk kj föe 6771, W hk jfs prukofs ^GYF hkshk kj föe ?>>>. K` kj föe ?>69, sk irkù u` Ì`hgik  hk Lkderf hk jf Khuifigù` Ykiu`hfrgf k` Frck`tg`f (!LKYF), quk ks u` prelk  hge quk ielog`f kj tgklpe quk tfrhf` jes fjul`es k` tkrlg`fr kj

igije, jf tfsf hk kcrkse y jes rksujtfhes hkj ôjtgle E@K.  

7? ³

G@IJ[YGÙ@ W IFJGHFH IELE ^EJÌXGIFY KH[IFXGQFY HK KYXFHE

Kj `ukve Ceogkr`e quk fsulgù k` Frck`tg`f k` hgigklork hk ?>6; sk prepu se hfr u` aukrtk glpujse f jfs pejìtgifs hk kvfjufigù`. ^frf kjje irkù per  hkirkte  jf Ykirktfrìf hk Kvfjufigù` Khuiftgvf k` kj lfrie hkj Lg`gstkrge hk Khuifigù` y  Hkpertks hk jf @figù`. K` kj hkirkte sk kstfojkik quk "f`tk jf `kiksghfh hk ie`  ie`  tfr ie` g`aerlfigù` y le`gterke pfrf jf lkderf ie`tg`uf hkj sgstklf khuiftgve, ks pejìtgif hkj Ceogkr`e @fige`fj dkrfrqugzfr f jf kvfjufigù`, prelevgk`he jf  jf  glpjklk`tfigù` hk u` Ygstklf G`tkcrfj hk Kvfjufigù` quk aertfjkzif fj sgstklf  khuiftgve y fj ie`du`te hk sus fiterks". @ukstre pfìs iuk`tf ie` g`aerlfigù`4 kj Ygstklf Akhkrfj hk G`aerlfigù` Khuiftgvf, ieerhg`fhe per jf Hgrkiigù` @f  @f   ige`fj hk G`aerlfigù` y Kstfhìstgif hk jf Ifjghfh Khuiftgvf (Hg@GKIK), prehuik  prehuik   g`aerlfigù` ?3 iuf`tgtftgvf y iufjgtftgvf, per je quk ifok prkcu`tfr`es sg sk bf   bkibe u` hgfc`ùstgie fikrif hk jf g`aerlfigù` quk vgk`k prehuigk`he hk aerlf  sgstklætgif y iuæjks bf` sghe sus rksujtfhes k` jes quk sk ofsf` pfrf hkighgr rkklpjfzfrjf per  etre ercf`gsle y irkfr etres hgspesgtgves. Fj rkspkite ifok  ifok  hkstfifr quk kj preojklf `e sgklprk ks jf afjtf hk g`aerlfigù`, sg`e jf fusk`igf  hk pejìtgifs f glpjklk`tfr pfrf lkderfr jf khuifigù` y cfrf`tgzfr kj hkrkibe f  f  jf khuifigù` k` kj lfrie hk u` pfìs akhkrfj. Xflogç` sk prepuse rkklpjfzfr fj E@K, quk, tfj iele je sköfjfles f`tk rgerlk`tk, sk vgk`k glpjklk`tf`he hkshk kj föe 6779.  Fprk`hkr ks kj `elork  kjkcghe per kj Lg`gstkrge pfrf kj µ`ukve5 g`strulk`te quk rkklpjfzfræ `elork fj E@K.  E@K.  Ie` jf fpjgifigù` hk jf prukof Fprk`hkr sk prepe`k hfr vgsgogjghfh f jes epkrftg ves hk kvfjufigù` y ie`igk`tgzfr f jf seigkhfh seork jf glpertf`igf hk jf prukof `fige`fj iele u`f g`stf`igf au`hflk`tfj hkj fprk`hgzfdk. Jf prukof sk rkfjgzfræ k` aerlf f`ufj y eojgcftergf, y skræ ik`sfj tf`te pfrf  jes fjul`es hk skxte crfhe hk prglfrgf iele pfrf jes hk qug`te föe hk skiu`   hfrgf. Jfs kvfjufige`ks fofrifræ` iuftre ærkfs4 lftklætgif, jk`cuf, skiu` igk`igfs  `fturfjks y igk`igfs seigfjks. Fhklæs, g`ijugræ iukstge`frges ielpjklk`tfrges hk ie`tkxtufjgzfigù` ie` prkcu`tfs hk futepkrikpigù` pfrf fjul`es y heik`  tks. Xflogç` fofrifræ u`f lukstrf rkprksk`tftgvf hk fjul`es hk tkrikr crfhe hk prglfrgf y hk skcu`he e tkrikr föe hk skiu`hfrgf k` jfs ærkfs hk jk`cuf y  lftklætgif. Jfs prukofs `e sùje hfræ` rksujtfhes per prevg`igf, sg`e quk, per prglkrf vkz, sk kjfoerfræ` rksujtfhes per lu`gigpge. Jes supukstes quk ergk`tf` kstes ifloges y jes ie`tkxtes quk jks hf` sk`  tghe sk vg`iujf` ie` jf hkigsgù` hk kstfojkikr u`f iujturf hk jf kvfjufigù`

jf rk`hgigù` hk iuk`tfs, iele yf je sköfjfof u` g`aerlk hkj Of`ie Lu`hgfj hkj

?3 Kj use quk sk bf bkibe hk jf g`aerlfigù` g`aerlfigù` flkrgtf u` f`æjgsgs kspkiìagie. kspkiìagie.

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IF^ X[JE ; . 79 föe 6777 seork jes Hksfaìes pfrf jf `ukvf ktfpf hk jf rkaerlf k`  Frck`tg`f. Kstf iujturf sk fseigf, iele yf je sköfjfles f`tkrgerlk`tk, f

jf g`trehuiigù` k` kj iflpe khuiftgve hk jes prg`igpges hk jf @ukvf Ckstgù` ^ôojgif (@kw ^uojgi   Lf`fcklk`t). Jf hkag`gigù` hk `erlfs y lkhghfs hk hksklpköe sk trfhuik`  k` pejìtgifs quk sk ik`trf` k` g`hgifherks hk ifjghfh, k` kstæ`hfrks ielu`ks,   y k` jf kvfjufigù` kxtkr`f hk jes rksujtfhes y hkj rk`hglgk`te ksiejfr (Okrckr y  @erlf`h, ?>6;). Jf hkag`gigù` hk kstæ`hfrks y jf ielpfrfigù` hk jes rksujtfhes eotk`ghes per  jes hgstg`tes g`hgvghues y per jfs hgstg`tfs g`stgtuige`ks sk prk   i=k i=k`tf `tf iele "jf g`aerlfigù`" supukstflk`tk eodktgvf y `kiksfrgf pfrf lkderfr   jf ifjghfh hkj sgstklf khuiftgve. Hk fquì jf prepukstf hkj fitufj Ceogkr`e `f   ige`fj, ige`fj,yy quk tflogç` auk glpujsfhf k` jf Iguhfh hk Ouk`es Fgrks, hk irkfr u` g`stgtute futù`ele hk kvfjufigù`, tfj iele kxgstk k` etres pfìsks.  Fsì iele pfrf kj `ukve Ceogkr`e kj epkrftgve Fprk`hkr ks jf prukof hkstg`f  hf f fagf`zfr kstf iujturf hk jf kvfjufigù`= YFOK_ (per sus sgcjfs k` g`cjçs) ks  ks  pfrf kj Of`ie Lu`hgfj kj Ygstklf hk Kvfjufigù` y ok`iblfrmg`c  pfrf rksujtf  hes khuiftgves, u`f bkrrflgk`tf pfrf fyuhfr f jes pfìsks f kvfjufr sus pejìtgifs  pejìtgifs  k g`stgtuige`ks seork jf ofsk hk jfs lkderks præitgifs lu`hgfjks.. K` jf lgslf  jì`kf, jf ie`sujterf LiMg`sky&Ielpf`y, telf`he kj lu`hgfjks g`aerlk ^GYF iele jf prg`  prg`  igpfj eorf hk rkakrk`igf seork ifjghfh hk k`sköf`zf k` kj lu`he, bf kjfoerfhe  hes g`aerlks pfrf lestrfr µiùle bgigkre` jes lkderks sgstklfs khuiftgves hkj   lu`he pfrf fjif`zfr sus rksujtfhes5 (?>>3) y jIùle jes sgstklfs khuiftgves  quk læs lkderf` ie`tg`ôf` lkderf`he5 (?>6>). Hk kstk lehe, jfs pejìtgifs hk kvfjufigù` se` rkhuighfs f sgstklfs kstf`   hfrgzfhes hk lkhgigù` quk tkrlg`f` au`ige`f`he iele u`f dfujf kstf` hk bgkrre wkokrgf`f fj hfrsk per sk`tfhf su kxgstk`igf sg` pe`krsk k` iukstgù` jf `kiksg  hfh e kj sk`tghe hk pfrtgigpfr, e `e, k` g`stf`igfs `fige`fjks k g`tkr`fige`fjks  hk lkhgigù` kstf`hfrgzfhfs hk rksujtfhes iele kj precrflf ^GYF. Je ô`gie quk   kvk`tufjlk`tk qukhf fogkrte f jf hgsiusgù` ks jf aerlf hk glpjklk`tfrjfs. K`  ie`skiuk`igf, sk tkrlg`f hgsiutgk`he seork jfs prukofs k` jucfr hk pk`sfr k`   r.ùle bfikr pfrf ck`krfr jfs ie`hgige`ks pfrf quk jes fjul`es fprk`hf` læs y lkder. Yuoyfik f kstes sgstklfs hk kvfjufigù` jf ghkf hk quk Fprk`hkr ks aerlfr   pfrtk hk u`f iujturf, fqukjjf quk prelukvk kj fprk`hgzfdk hk jfs bfogjghfhks   `kiksfrgfs pfrf sertkfr jes kxælk`ks, ie`vgrtgk`he u` lkhge bfogjghfhks iele jf prehui igù` hk g`aerlfigù` k` u` ag` k` sì lgsle.

 

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Jf ik`trfjghfh hk jf iujturf hk jf kvfjufigù`, jfs lkhgige`ks k` prukofs ks   tf`hfrgzfhfs y jes lkif`gsles hk rk`hgigù` hk iuk`tfs jjkvf` f iejeifr f jes '.  rksujtfhes hk jfs prukofs iele pfrælktres hk je quk sk k`tgk`hk iele ifjghfh   k` kj hgsiurse bkcklù`gie. Jf hgausgù` hk jes rksujtfhes hk jfs prukofs ^GYF ³. bf jjkvfhe f iukstge`fr jfs pejìtgifs hkstg`fhfs f jf g`ijusgù`, f pfrtgr hk u` .³  hgsiurse ouiùjgie fikrif hk jf ifjghfh k` u` pfsfhe cjergese k` kj quk `e sk ³  lk`ige`f quk, k` tçrlg`es hk fiikse, hkdfof f crf` pfrtk hk jf peojfigù` aukrf ³  hkj sgstklf khuiftgve?7. Ks glpertf`tk hkstfifr quk ^GYF sk fpjgif f jes qug`ik 4  föes, g`hkpk`hgk`tklk`tk hkj iurse e crfhe quk sk k`iuk`trf kj kstuhgf`tk y 4  hk jfs pejìtgifs læs e lk`es g`ijusgvfs glpujsfhfs per jes hgakrk`tks pfìsks 4  quk pfrtgigpf` hk jf prukof, je quk, k` igkrte lehe, pe`k k` iukstgù` jf ielpf- . rfigù` hk jes rksujtfhes. W `e ks ifsufjghfh quk kj hgsiurse hk jf ifjghfh  pkrhghf ieork `ukve glpuj  se jukce hk quk hgvkrses pfìsks hk jf rkcgù`, k`trk kjjes Frck`tg`f, f pfrtgr hkj = ifloge hk sgcje bf` glpjklk`tfhe pejìtgifs pôojgifs quk flpjgfre` hkrkibes fj ' g`ierperfr skiterks trfhgige`fjlk`tk kxijughes hkj sgstklf bfstf kj `gvkj supkrger ' hk k`sköf`zf. Xfj iele je hklukstrf Bgrsiblf`` Bgrsiblf`` k` _ktùrgifs hk jf j`trf`sgck`- =  igf (6776), jf rktùrgif hk jf @ukvf Hkrkibf bf hgrgcghe sus ftfquks ie`trf kj skiter = pôojgie y sus pejìtgifs hkstg`fhfs f jf flpjgfigù` hk hkrkibes. Jf jjflfhf tksgs ³  hk jf pkrvkrsghfh sestgk`k quk tehf fiigù` hkjgokrfhf pfrf lkderfr fjcô` fspkite hkj erhk` pejìtgie, seigfj e kie`ùlgie ô`giflk`tk sgrvk pfrf fcuhgzfr jf sgtuf³ .  igù` quk sk hkskf rklkhgfr. Hkshk kstf pkrspkitgvf, kj prg`igpge hk jf gcufjhfh ³ bf g`irklk`tfhe kj cfste pôojgie, jf oureirfigf y bf hgslg`ughe jes kstæ`hfrks '  hk ifjghfh. Kj `ôlkre irkigk`tk hk kstuhgf`tks bf ie`jjkvfhe jf hkvfjufigù` hk ³ jes tìtujes fifhçlgies y jf hgslg`uigù` hk jes kstæ`hfrks iurrgiujfrks . F pfrtgr  4 hk jf tksgs hk jf autgjghfh, sk fsulk quk jes kstuhgf`tks hksafverkighes `e bf` lkderfhe sus rksujtfhes, `g sgqugkrf k` jfs ze`fs hk khuifigù` prgergtfrgf, f pksfr   hkj fulk`te k` kj cfste pôojgie. Hgibes frculk`tes g`veif` kj arfifse hk jes ³  kstuhgf`tks k` jf fhqugsgigù` hk ielpktk`igfs, kj fulk`te hkj fof`he`e ksiejfr ³  e jes hçogjks ì`hgiks hk g`ijusgù` k`trk jes crfhufhes. Hk fiukrhe ie` jf rktùrgif 4

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?7 Yg telfles kj ifse hk jf ksiukjf skiu`hfrgf , jfs tfsfs hk ksiejfrgzfigù` pfsfre` hkj 92,D´ 92,D´//e k` kj föe föes s fj 36 672> pfrf jf peojfigù` k`trk jes 69 y 62 föe 36,,;% pfrf jf peojfigù` k`tr k 69 y 63 k` kj föe ?>>6 >>6.. Hk fiukrhe ie` kj Ik`se ?>6>, jf tfsf `ktf hk ksiejfrgzfigù` fjif`zù kj 2?,? 2?,?%. %.

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?2  Fberf... ifjghfh . ifjghfh . Fpu`tks pfrf kj hkoftk seork pejìtgif pejìtgif khuiftgvf k` jf Frck`tg`f ks kj tìtuje hkj jgore jgor e puojgifhe per Oujjrgib y Yæ`ibkz Tg``y k` kj föe ?>66.  

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e jf jgokr6gjh hk kjkiigù` y jes vfjerks khuiftgves trfhgige`fjks (Qkrckr y @erlf`h, ?>6;). Hk fiukrhe ie` Oujjrgib9´ y Yæ`ibkz Tg``y D6 (?>66), f pksfr hkj fulk`te hk jes rkiurses y jf g`ijusgù` hk læs kstuhgf`tks k` kj sgstklf, jf ifjghfh `e bf lkderfhe hk fiukrhe ie` jes ofdes rksujtfhes eotk`ghes per Frck`tg`f k` jfs prukofs ^GYF. Jf ifjghfh sk prksk`tf iele u` hksfaìe pfrf ie`sejghfr kj hk '0f rrejje kie`ùlgie y seigfj, fulk`tfr jf ielpktgtgvghfh k g`tkcrfigù` k` jes lkrifhes cjeofjks y aerlfr dùvk`ks ie` vfjerks çtgies. Ks per kjje quk prepe `k`, k` su jgore  Fberf.  Fberf.... ifjghfh. Fpu`tks pfrf kj hkoftk seork pejìtgif khuiftgvf   r ` jf Frck`tg`f, ik`trfr kj hkoftk seork jf ifjghfh f pfrtgr hk jfs

prukofs g`tkr`f i ge`fjks y jf ielpfrfigù` ie` etrfs rkfjghfhks. Ie`sghkrf` `kiksfrge g`ik`tgvfr   jfs hklf`hfs hk jfs aflgjgfs y hk jf seigkhfh pfrf kxgcgr  ifjghfh fj sgstklf y te  lf` iele kdklpjes hk crupes hk jf seigkhfh prkeiupfhes per jf ifjghfh hk jf  khuifigù` f Ytuhk`tsAgrst 9? ercf`gzfigù` kstfheu`ghk`sk quk sk k`aeif k` g`   vejuirfr f jes kstuhgf`tks k` hklf`hfr  læs ifjghfh khuiftgvf, e kj levglgk`te Xehes ^kjf Khufife99, k` Orfsgj,quk fcrupf klprksfs quk prelukvk` lkderks præitgifs khuiftgvfs. Jfs hklf`hfs hkok` kstfr ergk`tfhfs bfigf ie`tfr ie`  lkderks heik`tks k`  ,

tehfs jfs ksiukjfs g`hkpk`hgk`tklk`tk su jeifjgzfigù` ckecræagif y jf rkfjghfh aflgjgfrhkhkjfjesie`hgigù` fjul`es,kie`ùlgif, y   sk hkok` hk hkag`gr  kstæ`hfrks iele lktfs pfrf ergk`tfr jf k`sköf`zf. ^repe`k`  ielk`zfr ie` u`f khuifigù` kxgck`tk hkshk jf prglkrf khfh y kvfjufr jes rk  "ujtfhes eotk`ghes per jes fjul`es y jf pkraerlf`ik hk jes heik`tks y hk jfs   ksiukjfs pfrf ie`tfr ie` g`aerlfigù` hk iùle `es kstæ yk`he iele seigkhfh. ^frf ck`krfr jfs hklf`hfs hk ifjghfh per pfrtk hk jf seigkhfh, Khcfrhe Tf  ojetsmy ojetsmy,,Lgklore hk @ôlkre hk jf Fifhklgf @fige`fj hk Khuifigù`, prepe`kjf lehgagifigù` hkj frtìiuje 73 hk jf Jky ?1.?>1 hk Khuifigù` @fige`fj, hfhe quk  kstk kstfojkik quk "jf pejìtgif hk hgausgù` hk jf g`aerlfigù` seork jes rksujtfhes hk jfs kvfjufige`ks rkscufrhfræ jf ghk`tghfh hk jes/fs fjul`es/fs, heik`tks k g`stgtuige`ks khuiftgvfs, f ag` hk kvgtfr iufjqugkr aerlf hk kstgclftgzfigù`". Ie`sghkrf quk "`fhf afigjgtfrìf læs jf tfrkf hk qugk` ks kj læs glpertf`tk lg `gstre hkj cfog`ktk `fige`fj quk kj fpeye hk jf seigkhfh f rkaerlfs quk se`

 

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71 ³ G@IJ[YGÙ@ W IFJGHFH IELE ^EJÌXGIFY KH[IFXGQFY HK KYXFHE

glprksig`hgojks y quk sùje sk pehræ` rkfjgzfr sg jes pfhrks jfs kxgck`. @fhf jk  etercfrìf læs pehkr quk jf sf`f g`hgc`figù` hk luibes pfhrks fj ie`eikr  jk  jes  rksujtfhes hk jfs ksiukjfs f jfs quk ie`iurrk` sus bgdes. @fhf afigjgtfrìf læs su  su  jfoer, pfrf k`ark`tfr jf pksfhf bkrk`igf rkigoghf, quk tkrlg`fr ie` u` skirkte quk glpghk f qugk`ks pehrìf` skr sus prg`igpfjks fjgfhes fjg`kfrsk ie` jf ifusf.  @e ks u` tklf lk`er, ks kj auture hk `ukstres bgdes je quk kstæ k`  dukce" D8 • ^frf rkiupkrfr kj vfjer hk jf khuifigù` pôojgif, Ag`eiibgfre9;ie`sghkrf quk "fhkiufr kj sgstklf khuiftgve fj sgcje RRG, glpjgif hksfrrejjfr u` `gvkj hk ie`igk`igf seigfj rkspkite hk jf glpertf`igf hk jf khuifigù` iele jf crf` trf`s  aerlfherf hk jf rkfjghfh seigfj frck`tg`f. Qfles hktræs hk jfrces hkoftks hk  g`ijusgù` khuiftgvf quk `es bf` fjkdfhe sustf`igfjlk`tk hk jes vkrhfhkres eo   dktgves hk jf khuifigù` quk tgk`k` quk vkr ie` aerlfr f `ukstres fjul`es ie`  sfokrks ie`irktes quk jes bfogjgtk` f skr pfrtk fitgvf hk u`f seigkhfh hkj ie`e   iglgk`te. K` jf seigkhfh tki`ejùcgif, f jes iguhfhf`es yf `e jks ofstfræ kstfr   fjafoktgzfhes k` jf iujturf jktrfhf "bf` hk kstfrje tflogç` k` u` tgpe pfrtgiujfr   hk iujturf jktrfhf, jf hk jes tkxtes kjkitrù`gies, jf hk jfs tki`ejecìfs hgcgtfjks,  hgcgtfjks,  jes jk`cufdks fuhgevgsufjks y kj lf`kde hk jf g`aerlfigù`". K` jf fpkrturf hk jfs sksge`ks hkj Ie`crkse, k` lfrze hk ?>61, kj prksghk`  tk Lfurgige Lfirg sköfjù quk4 "Jf khuifigù` pôojgif tgk`k skvkres preojklfs hk ifjghfh y bey `e cfrf`tgzf jf gcufjhfh hk epertu`ghfhks . Yg ogk` bfy u`f  glpertf`tk g`vkrsgù` pôojgif, kste `e sk trfhude k` u`f ksiukjf ofsfhf k` jf  jf  g``evfigù`, jf kxgck`igf y kj lçrgte. ^er tehe kj pfìs k`ie`trfles ksiukjfs ie`  skvkres preojklfs hk g`arfkstruiturf, lfkstres quk `e tgk`k` suagigk`tk ifpfig  ifpfig   tfigù`, fjul`es quk fprukof` sg` fprk`hkr y pfhrks quk `e sk ielprelktk`". Kj lg`gstre Oujjrgib (?>69 (?>69)9 )91 fjuhìf fj "arfuhk khuiftgve" pfrf hfr iuk`tf hk u` sgstklf k` kj iuæj luibes dùvk`ks `e sk crfhôf`, jes quk kstæ` k` kj qug`tgj læs peork `e pukhk` fspgrfr f u` tìtuje u`gvkrsgtfrge y quk `e k`sköf je quk tgk`k quk k`sköfr y k` kspkigfj `e k`sköf f jes quk lk`es tgk`k`. W jes pfhrks  `e pukhk` hklf`hfr perquk `e sk hf` iuk`tf hk quk sus bgdes `e kstæ` sgk`he  khuifhes e sk hf` iuk`tf hklfsgfhe tfrhk. Jf kvfjufigù` ks u` sgk`he  hgfc`ùstgie

hk  ?>61 ?>61,, k` k`44 bttp bttp44//www.tgokrt fhyprecrk hyprecrksse`jg`k.erc e`jg`k.erc// ?>61 ?>61// >; >;// 63/ bkrk`igf bkrk`igf-khuiiftgv khu ftgvf/. f/. 9;  Fjkdf`hre Ag``eibgf Ag``eibgfre re ks kt Hgrk rkiiter Ck`krfj hk Iujturf y Khui Khu ifigù` hk tf ^revg`iigf hk Ouk`es Fgrks. ^revg` Fgrks.  Jf k`trkvgstf auk rkfjgzfhf k` su ifrce iele Yuoskirktfr  Yuoskirktf r ge ge hk Khui Khu ifigù` pertk pert köe (bttp4 bttp4// // www.tghkrk sfrck`tg`es sfrck`tg`es..iel/5p iel/5p< ) . 91 Ibfrjf "Kj arfuhk khuiftgve k` Frck`tg`f", 1 hk fceste hk ?>69 >69,k ,k` `4 bttps bttps44//www .yeutuok yeutuok  .iel/wft iel/wft  ib5v ib5v< 66), tgtujfr hk jf Ie`akhkrfigù` arfofdfherks hk jf Khuifigù` (IXK_F), sköfjfof quk jf hgsiusgù` seork jf if/g   rjfh  khuiftgvf `e hkok telfr iele ofsk kj rksujtfhe hkj kxflk` ^GYF u etrfs   prukofs hk rk`hglgk`te hk j es fjul`es perquk, f su k`tk`hkr, "`e hf` iuk`tf  hk jf rkfjghfh khuiftgvf frck`tg`f" y "tgk`k` u`f k`erlk rkjftgvghfh". rkjftgvghfh".Ie`sghk Ie`sghk   r fof quk "jf khuifigù` kstæ lkderf`he k` jf Frck`tg`f. @e tk`kles aerlf hk   iuf`tgagifrje pkre kstæ lkderf`he per kj sùje bkibe hk quk bfy igk`tes hk lgjks  lgjks  hk ibgies quk f`tks `e gof` f jf ksiukjf y quk fberf kstæ` g`ijughes" 97• Buce Foegtks (?>6?), fj f`fjgzfr kj ifse lkxgif`e, sk prkcu`tf4 prkcu`tf 4"µ^er quç jf  k`erlk y hgspk`hgesf kstruiturf hk kvfjufigù` k` kj pfìs `e bf pehghe ck`krfr   ifloges glpertf`tks k` jf khuifigù`5". W rkspe`hk4 "Yk pukhk hkigr quk sk  sk  hkok f quk qugk`ks glpujsf` jf kvfjufigù` `u`if fhvgrtgkre` quk u`f lkhgigù`

¡3 K`trkvgs K`trkvgst f Hg Hgf fr ge G@AE G@ AEOFK OFK,61 ,61 hk eituork hk ?>6 >69, 9, k` k`4 bttp bttp44//w ww .g`aeof `aeofk.i k.iel el/? /?>69 >69// 6>/61 6>/61/6 /6;6 ;61 1 ; ?9 - bf bfyy - u` u`-arfuh -arfuhkk-khuift khuiftggv e-k e-ktt -t gtute -s -skiu`hfrge/. kiu`hfrge/. 62 K. O[JJ_GI O[JJ_G I B,g ^er >61 1,k` ,k`44If rt rtf f ^ejìtgif (bttp4 (bttp 4/ / www .ifrtfpe tgtgtgif tgif..erc erc// ^e r quç _kv  _k v ejui  eju i g  g ù` Khuiftg v  Khuiftg v e 5, 62 forgj hk ?>6 epg`ge` / per-quk- r kvetui kvetuige ge``-kh khu uif ifttgvf) gvf).. ¡7 K`trkvgstf k` kj Hgfrge Kj Jgterfj, 2 hk dujge hk ? >66 (bt (bt tp tp4// 4// www .kjjgterfj.iel kjjgterfj.iel  / g`hk g`hkx. x. pbp pbp// hgf  rges rges// ?>66 ?>66// >3 >3// >2// khuifije`/ KH[I>2 KH[I->6.btl >6.btl6) 6)..

 

72 ³

G@IJ[YGÙ@ W IFJGHFH IELE ^EJÌXGIFY KH[IFXGQFY HK KYXFHE

kxtkr`f y, seork tehe, kstf`hfrgzfhf, `e pukhk bfikr fjce læs quk kstfojkikr  u` irgtkrge pfrf ijfsgagifr f jfs g`stgtuige`ks y jfs pkrse`fs iele hkagigk`tks, rkcujfrks, ouk`fs e luy ouk`fs. ^er je ck`krfj jes g`strulk`tes hk kvfjufigù` quk sk bf` utgjgzfhe k` kstfs hes hçifhfs `e kstæ` bkibes pfrf kxpjgifr per   quç `e bfy fvf`iks `g iuæjks se` jes afiterks quk kstæ` hktræs , hk ksf afjjf, `g iùle pukhk kstf rklkhgfrsk".

9. Khuifigù` 9.>8> 4 jfs ielpktk`igfs iele lkhghf hk jes fprk`hgzfdks y jf lkrif`tgjgzfigù` hk jes preikses khuiftgves K` rkjfigù` ie` jf iujturf hk jf kvfjufigù`, jfs ielpktk`igfs sk prksk`tf` iele rkakrk`igf y lkhghf hk jes fprk`hgzfdks hk jes kstuhgf`tks. Kj hgsiurse hk jfs ielpktk`igfs, fj gcufj quk hk jf ifjghfh, `e ks `evkhese. F ag`ks hk jes föes 7>, jesirkfre` Hkpfrtflk`tes hk Xrfofde hk Khuifigù` hk ijfsks jes Kstfhes [`ghes hk Flçrgif u`f ielgsgù` kspkigfjy pfrf kstuhgfr jfs hk ielpktk` igfs y bfogjghfhks quk skrìf` `kiksfrgfs pfrf hksklpköfrsk kxgtesflk`tk k` kj lkrifhe hk trfofde. Kj G`aerlk YIF@Y8 sk ie`vgrtgù k` u` rkakrk`tk glpertf`tk pfrf ergk`tfr jfs rkaerlfs hk jes sgstklfs khuiftgves k` `ulkreses pfìsks. pfìsks .  F pfrtgr hk k`iukstfs f klprksfs, trfofdfherks, preakserks y hgrkitgves hk ksiukjfs y u`gvkrsghfhks, kj G`aerlk YIF@Y ghk`gagiù ig`ie iftkcerìfs ck`krf jks hk ielpktk`igfs4 ckstgù` hk rkiurses, rkjfige`ks g`tkrpkrse`fjks, ckstgù` hk g`aerlfigù`, ielprk`sgù` sgstçlgif y helg`ge tki`ejùcgie. Kj g`aerlk g`iju yù jf hksfcrkcfigù` hk jfs ielpktk`igfs pfrf ifhf iftkcerìf 8 ? • 6

K` jf Kstrftkcgf ?>?> hkj Of`ie Lu`hgfj8 Lu`hgfj89, sk prepe`k ik`trfr jf ftk`igù` k` kj fprk`hgzfdk y jfs fptgtuhks. "Jf khuifigù` tgk`k quk vkr ie` jf fhqugsgigù` hk ie`eiglgk`tes y fptgtuhks= kstfs ôjtglfs g`ijuyk` ielpktk`igfs quk bfik` , quk jfs pkrse`fs skf` prehuitgvfs y pukhf` ie`skcugr klpjke, y ielpktk`igfs  pkrse`fjks quk pkrlgtk` cezfr hk vghfs pjk`fs y sfjuhfojks" 88. Kj fitufj Hgrkiter hkj G@KX, k` u` frtìiuje puojgifhe bfigf ag`ks hkj ?>6;, fjuhìf f jf hk`elg`fhf orkibf hk ielpktk`igfs (smg//s cfp) pfrf hfr iuk`tf hk  jf hgstf`igf k`trk je quk jes kstuhgf`tks bf` fprk`hghe y je quk jks hklf`hf

8>

ks kj tìtuje hkj jgore hk Cforgkj Yæ`ibkz Tg``y, fitufj Hgrkiter hkj G`stgtute @fige`fj hk Khuifigù` Xçi`gif (G@Kj). Kj jgore auk puojgifhe prglkre k` Khuifigù` 9.>4 Jf juibf per kj tfjk`te k` Flçrgif Jftg`f

Auk`tk4 G`aerlk YIF@Y, 677?. 89 Jf kstrftkcgf kstrftkcgf ks hk ifræitkr skitergfj. skitergfj. 88 Of`ie Lu`hgfj, @etf ie`ikptufj hk jk Kstrftkcgf ?>?>, p. 3. 8?

g`cjçs y prksk`tfhe kj ? hk hgigklork hk ?>68 k` jf Yeigkhfh hk jfs Flçrgifs, k` Lf`bfttf`. 86  

Je quk kj trfofde kxgck hk jfs ksiukjfs4 G`aerlk YIF@Y pfrf Flçrgif ?>>>.

IF^ÌX[JE

; . 77

kj lkrifhe hk trfofde, hkstfif`he, hkshk su pkrspkitgvf, quk jes  dùvk`ks, k`  Jfsg tehes jes pfìsks, kstæ` hksiuorgk`he quk ifrkik` hk jfs bfogjghfhks pfrf  pfrf  levkrsk k` jf kie`elìf lu`hgfj lehkr`f. Yuoyfik f kstk k`aequk u`f pfrtgiujfr aerlf hk fseigfr jf khuifigù` fj  lu`he hkj trfofde e, pfrf skr læs prkigses, fj lu`he hkj klpjke4 pk`sfr kj sgs  t k lf khuiftgve fj skrvgige hkj lu`he prehuitgve, aerlfr fj ifpgtfj bulf`e pfrf lkderfr jf prehuitgvghfh hk jfs klprksfs quk kstæ` irkigk`he k` jf rkcgù` 8; y jerlfr klprk`hkherks. "Ousifles quk jes ibgies quk khuifles `e skf` ousifherks sg`e irkfhe  rks hk trfofde. Jf crf` fpukstf hk kstk sgcje rfhgif k` jf `kiksghfh hk glfcg`fr `ukvfs aerlfs hk trfofde quk hklf`hfræ kj hksfrrejje tki`ejùcgie. Jfs fitgvg hfhks trfhgige`fjks `e fjif`zfræ` pfrf sftgsafikr jf hklf`hf hk klpjke, bforæ quk glfcg`fr etres `ukves. Jes `elorks hk jes irkfherks hk Fppjk, Lgireseat Ceecjk `e  sùje kxgstìf` bfik iufrk`tf föes4 tflpeie kxgstìf kj etgpe hk `k ceige`equk g`vk`tfre`. K` kj lfrie hk kstk iufhre hkokles tk`kr k` iuk`tf quk jfs bfogjghfhks jfoerfjks quk sk hklf`hf` se` jf ielog`figù` hk u` ie`du`te hk vfrgfojks, he`hk kj sgstklf khuiftgve ielpfrtk jf ksik`f ie` afiterks vg` iujfhes fj ie`tkxte seigfj y jf aflgjgf. Ks `kiksfrge fitufr k` jes prglkres föes  hk vghf, hkstfif`he jf glpertf`igf hk jf khuifigù` g`gigfj" (Oujjrgib, ?>61)81. Kstfs ielpktk`igfs sk prksk`tf`, k` jf fitufj ieyu`turf, fseigfhfs f jf  jf  iujtur iujturf f hkj klprk`hkhergsle. Kj Lg`gstre prepuse -k` su prksk`tfigù` f`tk kj ³Yk`fhe hk jf @figù`- quk tehes jes dùvk`ks hkj skiu`hfrge tgk`k` quk tk`kr aerlfigù` k` klprk`hkhergsle pfrf pehkr ck`krfr sus prepges pukstes hk trf  ofde, rksfjtf`he quk bfy quk aerlfr  klprk`hkherks `e sùje hkshk jf jùcgif  klprksfrgfj, sg`e fseigfhe f jf ifpfighfh hk telfr hkigsge`ks futù`elfs83 • Jf Iguhfh hk Ouk`es Fgrks, hkshk jf ckstgù` hkj lg`gstre Oujjrgib, ib, vgk`k  prelevgk`he kj hksfrrejje hk u` kspìrgtu klprk`hkher, `e sùje u` ie`tk`ghe ks  pkiìagie hk jf aerlfigù`, sg`e u`f fspgrfigù` læs flpjgf hkj pkragj hkj kcrksfhe  hk jf ksiukjf skiu`hfrgf. Xflogç` bf hksfrrejjfhe  F(KL)prk`hkr, u` precrf  lf khuiftgve, tetfjlk`tk crftugte, hgsköfhe per kj Lg`gstkrge hk Khuifigù`, k`   ie`du`te ie` jf Hgrkiigù` Ck`krfj hk Klprk`hkherks y kj kqugpe hk Kie Hkoftk

kxpjerfr y foerhfr kstfs

66 ; 661

663

YÆ@IBKT TG@@W, ?>6;. K. O[JJ_GIB, Jf `fturfj rkjfigù` k`trk khuifigù`  y trfofde, du`ge hk ?>61 (bttp4/ /www.ifrtfpejgtgif.  /www.ifrtfpejgtgif.   erc/epg`ge`// jf erc/epg`ge` jf--`fturfj-rkjfige`-k`trk-khuifige`-y-trfofde/). Kxpesgigù` k` jf Ielgsgù` hk Khuifigù` y Iujturf k` kj Yk`fhe, t1 hk forgj hk ?>61.

Devk`, quk tgk`k iele eodktgve aelk`tfr kj kspìrgtu klprk`hkher k` jes kstu  hgf`tks hk ksiukjf lkhgf. F(KL)prk`hkr "sk prepe`k  

6>> •

G@IJ[YGÙ@ W IFJGHFH IELE ^EJÌXGIFY ^EJÌXGIFY KH[IFXGQFY HK KYXFHE

tklætgifs, ie` u`f lktehejecìf ofsfhf k` ifses præitgies, pkrlgtgç`hejks f jes kstuhgf`tks ie`tfr ie` jes rkiurses g`tkjkitufjks `kiksfrges pfrf, hk aerlf kakitgvf, pehkr lftkrgfjgzfr sus ghkfs, petk`igf`he su kspìrgtu klprk`hkher". Kstk k`aequk supe`k gr u` pfse læs fjjæ k` jf vg`iujfigù` k`trk khuifigù` y lkrifhe hk trfofde4 fberf jf ksiukjf `e ks rkspe`sfojk per jecrfr quk jes  kstuhgf`tks fhqugkrf` jfs ielpktk`igfs y jfs bfogjghfhks `kiksfrgfs pfrf g` skrtfrsk k` kj lkrifhe jfoerfj, sg`e quk fberf se` rkspe`sfojks hk ck`krfr k`  jes fjul`es jfs ielpktk`igfs quk jks pkrlgtf` k` kj auture ck`krfr sus prepge  klpjke, yf quk jfs crf`hks klprksfs ifpgtfjgstfs yf `e pehræ` prevkçrskje. Læs fjjæ hkj glpertf`tìsgle hkoftk seork jes sfokrks quk jfs ksiukjfs hk   ok` prelevkr, sk ksie`hk k` kj kstfojkiglgk`te hk kstes tksts u` hk lkrifhe  hk fjtf rk`tfogjghfh. Jfs prukofs kstf`hfrgzfhfs sgc`gagif` u` crf` `kceige  pfrf klprksfs g`tkr`fige`fjks. Jf lujtg`fige`fj ^kfrse`, fitufj rkspe`sfojk hk jf prukof ^GYF quk pfcf` jes Lg`gstkrges hk Khuifigù` hk jes pfìsks quk pfrtgigpf` hk kjjf, rkhfitf jes kxælk`ks, jes ierrgck y fpertf jfs bkrrflgk`tfs   g`aerlætgifs pfrf f`fjgzfr kj rk`hglgk`te ifsg k` tgklpe rkfj,iele sg aukrf u`f  u`f  Oejsf hk Qfjerks, he`hk jes quk ietgzf` `e se` klprksfs, sg`e iejkcges y, k`   ôjtgle tçrlg`e, `ukstres bgdes (Ifrjes Yæ`ibkz, ?>68, _kvgstf G`vkrsgù` & Ag   `f`zfs).  F trfvçs hk ^GYF, ^kfrse` tkrlg`fræ hkag`gk`he jf lkhghf hkj çxgte k`   khuifigù` y, fj lgsle tgklpe, skræ jf prevkkherggj hk lftkrgfjks y iurses iel  iel   pjklk`tfrges pfrf jecrfr ksk çxgte. Hk kstf lf`krf, jfs prukofs g`tkr`fige`fjks kstf`hfrgzfhfs epkrf` iele u` lkif`gsle pfrf aerzfr f jes pfìsks k` hksfrrejje f pfrtgigpfr iele lkres ie`sulgherks k` u` lkrifhe khuiftgve cjeofj k` kj quk tgk`k` ksifsf g`ajuk` igf, fj tgklpe quk prelukvk` u` `ukve tgpe hk suodktgvghfh. Kj `kejgokrfjgsle `e ks sùje u`f ghkejecìf f afver hk jes lkrifhes y kj ifpgtfj ag`f`igkre, `e sk  rkhuik f u`f lkrf pejìtgif kie`ùlgif. Ks u` ie`du`te hk præitgifs tkùrgifs, pejìtgifs, kstftfjks, g`stgtuige`fjks, quk fpu`tf` f u`f ' `ukvf g`vk`igù` hkj  sudkte, tfj iele je f`tgigpù Aeuifujt k` @figlgk`te hk jf Ogepejìtgif. Kj sudkte `kejgokrfj kstæ ercf`gzfhe per hgstg`tes hgspesgtgves pfrf ie`ikogrsk f sì lgsle iele klprk`hkher, iele u` klprksfrge hk sì, k`trkcfhe f jf lfxglgzfigù` hk   su rk`hglgk`te. ^er kjje sk bf` vukjte içjkorks jes iefibks, jes k`trk`fherks  pkrse`fjks, jes ie`skdkres, jes kstrftkcfs hk jf vghf, jes fskserks hk klprk`   hglgk`te, tehfs tçi`gifs

82 D.  FJKLÆ@, "Gzqugkrhf jfif`gf`f y f`tgagjeseagf", k`4 Hgfrge ^æcg`f ??, 62 hk dujge hk ?>69.

suodktgvfs hk hkspejgtgzfigù` hk jf kxgstk`igf (Fjklæ`,

?>69)82•

 

IF^ÌX[JE

; .

6>6

Hk kstk lehe, kj hgsiurse eagigfj g`tkrpkjf f jes g`hgvghues k` tf`te kl  prk`hkherks hk sì lgsles y `e iele iguhfhf`es sudktes hk hkrkibes. Hk kstk  lehe, qukhf` hkspjfzfhes jes hkoftks k` ter`e f jes preikses hk k`sköf`zf  y fprk`hgzfdk, y f jfs ie`hgige`ks quk ck`krfr pfrf quk kj hkrkibe f jf khuif   igù`, iele hkrkibe bulf`e y seigfj au`hflk`tfj, pukhf lftkrgfjgzfrsk. K` kj   ae`he, trfs jes hkoftks seork jf ifjghfh y jf kvfjufigù`, sk ie`trfpe`k`, fj hkigr  hk Foegtks (?>6?), hes crf`hks aerlfs hk k`tk`hkr f jf khuifigù`4 jf lkrif`  tgj quk glpujsf` jes ercf`gsles g`tkr`fige`fjks, fjcu`es ceogkr`es y kj skiter   klprksfrgfj, y jf hkj hkrkibe f jf khuifigù`, quk vgk`k hk je preau`he hk jfs   seigkhfhks jftg`eflkrgif`fs bkrkhfhfs hk jf juibf per jf tgkrrf, jes hkrkibes   jfoerfjks y jf khuifigù`.

8. ^reakserks kxikjk`tks87 4 jes heik`tks ofde sespkibf Jes hkoftks k` ter`e f jf ifjghfh y jf iujturf hk jf kvfjufigù` quk sk ousif  ie`sejghfr fhqugkrk` sk`tghe k` u` ie`tkxte hk aukrtk sespkibf seork kj trf ofde hk jfs ksiukjfs y, k` kspkigfj, hk jfs/es heik`tks. Bfy u`f hksie`agf`zf  lf`gagkstf seork kj ie`du`te hk jf heik`igf, quk hf sustk`te f luibfs hk jfs  fitufjks prepukstfs hk kvfjufigù`, ik`trfhfs prg`igpfjlk`tk k` jf lkhgigù` hk ie`eiglgk`tes y bfogjghfhks hgsigpjg`frks, y `e k` kj ie`du`te hk sfokrks quk sk  sk  pe`k` k` dukce k` jes preikses pkhfcùcgies y quk ergk`tf` kj trfofde heik`tk k` jfs fujfs. Jfs y jes heik`tks se` sköfjfhes iele jes prg`igpfjks rkspe`sfojks per jes  lfcres rksujtfhes quk jfs y jes kstuhgf`tks eotgk`k` k` jfs prukofs kstf`hf   rgzfhfs hk lkhgigù` hk rksujtfhes. Jes heik`tks se` ie`sghkrfhes, fj lgsle   tgklpe, iele pfrtk hkj preojklf y hk jf sejuigù` hk jes preojklfs hk `ukstres sgstklfs khuiftgves, k` u` ksik`frge tk`sge`fhe k`trk jf lkrif`tgjgzfigù` y jf hkleirftgzfigù` hkj ie`eiglgk`te. Jfs pejìtgifs hkstg`fhfs fj skiter heik`tk, trfs u` hgsiurse seork jf ifjg  hfh, sk tk`sge`f` k`trk jf hksie`agf`zf lf`gagkstf bfigf kj skiter heik`tk, jfs  kxgck`igfs hk rkspe`sfogjgzfigù`, `e k` kj sk`tghe çtgie-pejìtgie, sg`e hkshk jf  jf   jùcgif ckrk`igfj y jfs prepukstfs hk vfjergzfigù` preaksge`fj. K` kstf tk`sgù`, je  quk kstæ k` dukce ks kj ie`trej hkj ie`eiglgk`te y jf hkag`gigù` hk jes sfokrks jkcìtgles. Jfs prukofs hk kvfjufigù` se` ck`krfjlk`tk hgsköfhfs

667

G`aerlk hkj Of`ie Lu`hgfj, ^reakserks kxikjk`tks. Iùle lkderfr kj fprk`hgzfdk k` Flçrgif Jftg`f  y kj   Ifrgok.

per kxpkrtes  

6>?

G@IJ[YGÙ@ W IFJGHFH IELE ^EJÌXGIFY KH[IFXGQFY HK KYXFHE

quk hksie`eik` jf `fturfjkzf hkj trfofde heik`tk y kj jucfr quk jes heik`tks  eiupf` k` kj fujf iele prehuiterks hkj sfokr pkhfcùcgie. heik`tks  K` kj g`aerlk hkj Of`ie Lu`hgfj ^reakserks kxikjk`tks. Iùle lkderfr kj  fprk`hgzfdk k` Flçrgif Jftg`f  y kj Ifrgok (?>68), sk kxprksf u`f aukrtk hksifjg  agifigù` bfigf kj skiter heik`tk, hkstfif`he quk "tehf jf kvghk`igf hksifjg  hgspe`gojk  g`hgif quk jf ifjghfh hk jes preakserks hk Flçrgif Jftg`f y kj Ifrgok ks jf jglgtf  jglgtf  igù` læs glpertf`tk fj fvf`ik hk jf rkcgù` bfigf sgstklfs khuiftgves hk ifjghfh g`tkr`fige`fj. Jes kstæ`hfrks peie kxgck`tks pfrf kj g`crkse f jf heik`igf= jes if`hghftes hk ofdf ifjghfh= jes sfjfrges, jes fsik`ses y jf skcurghfh hkj klpjke   hksvg`iujfhes hkj hksklpköe y u` jghkrfzce hkagigk`tk k` jfs klpjke ksiukjfs bf` pre  huighe u` ksifse preaksge`fjgsle k` kj fujf y lfcres rksujtfhes khuiftgves".  Fsì, jes heik`tks se` ie`sghkrfhes iele jes prg`igpfjks rkspe`sfojks per  jf ofdf ifjghfh hkj sgstklf. Hkshk kstf pkrspkitgvf, u`f hk jfs fiige`ks `k iksfrgfs pfrf lkderfr jf ifjghfh hk jf khuifigù` ks kvfjufr f jes heik`tks k  g`ik`tgvfrjes f lkderfr f pfrtgr hk jf vg`iujfigù` hk su rklu`krfigù` ie` jes rksujtfhes hk jes tksts. Jfs pejìtgifs hk kvfjufigù` hk jes heik`tks bf` ielk`zfhe f eiupfr  u`  jucfr hkstfifhe k` jfs fck`hfs khuiftgvfs hk Ceogkr`es hk hgakrk`tk sgc`e pe  jìtgie k` Flçrgif Jftg`f. Kstfs pejìtgifs sk prksk`tf` fseigfhfs f jf lkderf hk  hk  jf ifjghfh y f `ukvfs aerlfs hk ckstgù` hk jes sgstklfs y hk kstruiturfigù` hk  hk  jfs ifrrkrfs jfoerfjks hk jes heik`tks quk supkrk` jes lehes hk rkcujfigù` ou reirætgif trfhgige`fjks quk ergk`tfre` jf ercf`gzfigù` y kxpf`sgù` hk `ukstres  sgstklfs khuiftgves. K` kj ifse hk jf Iguhfh hk Ouk`es Fgrks, sk hksfrrejjù u`f prepukstf hk Kvf  jufigù` Heik`tk pfrf jf Lkderf hk jf K`sköf`zf hgrgcghf f lfkstres hkj prglkr   igije hk jf ksiukjf prglfrgf -hk prglkr f tkrikr crfhe-, fj ark`tk hk u` iurse y  ie` ig`ie e læs föes hk f`tgcúkhfh. Kj lg`gstre Oujjrgib fskcurù k` su lelk` te quk jf kvfjufigù` quk prelevìf` k` jf Iguhfh `e tk`ìf "`fhf quk vkr ie` jf  quk sk fpjgif k` Ibgjk", f jf quk ifjgagiù hk tk`kr ifrfitkrìstgifs "pu`gtgvfs" y  sköfjù quk "jf kvfjufigù` khuiftgvf k` sì lgslf `e kstæ k` hgsiusgù`, sg`e jf  aerlf k g`tk`sghfh ie` quk sk jf fpjgquk. µiùle pehkles lkderfr iufjqugkr   kxpkrgk`igf sg `e jf lkhgles, sg `e jf ielpfrfles5 ^ehkles hkoftgr jf aerlf hk rkfjgzfr kstf kvfjufigù`, pkre rkibfzfrjf skrìf

Jf prukof, pk`sfhf ergcg`fjlk`tk iele eojgcftergf, ag`fjlk`tk auk ve  ju`tfrgf f`tk kj rkibfze hkj skiter heik`tk. Jf kvfjufigù` ks u`f aerlf hk ijfsgagifigù` y jes heik`tks, iele fck`tks seigfjks, pfrtgigpf` k` jes preikses

ie`hk`fr`es f `e lkderfr kj  `gvkj hk `ukstrf ifjghfh khuiftgvf, quk tehes sfokles quk `e ks ouk`e".  

IF^ÌX[JE

; .

6>9

hk ijfsgagifigù`, fu`quk skf jkcgtglf`he e rksgstgk`he jfs ijfsgagifige`ks eagigf  jks. K` u`f hkleirfigf, `fhgk pukhk sk`tgrsk sk`tgrsk futergzfhe pfrf ie`stgtugrsk k` ijfsgagifher  eagigfj, glpe`gk`he seork jes hklæs sus vgsge`ks y hgvgsge`ks hkj lu`he seigfj (Xk`tg,?>6;). K` jes pfìsks quk sk prksk`tf` iele rkakrk`igfs pfrf kj Ceogkr`e `fige`fj y   pfrf kj hk jf Iguhfh hk Ouk`es Fgrks (Ibgjk, Lçxgie, Kiufher y fjcu`es kstfhes hk Orfsgj), kstfs pejìtgifs au`ige`fre` oæsgiflk`tk iele lkif`gsle hk ie`trej  ie`trej   seigfj f`tks quk iele hgspesgtgves fj skrvgige hk jf lkderf hk jf khuifigù`. Kj   ifse hk jfs pejìtgifs hk kvfjufigù` hkj skrvgige preaksge`fj heik`tk k` Lçxgie   pe`k k` kvghk`igf jfs ie`skiuk`igfs `kcftgvfs quk tgk`k` jes lkif`gsles hk kvfjufigù` glpukstes per jf aukrzf y hkshk frrgof pfrf kvfjufr y pfrf ijfsgagifr f sus heik`tks. Fj lgsle tgklpe, hf iuk`tf hk jf sglpjgagifigù` hk iejeifr k` kj ierfzù` hk jf rkaerlf f jf kvfjufigù` hk jes y jfs preakserfs hkj pfìs, iele ifusf hk tehes jes jìlgtks k` kj fprk`hgzfdk hk jes fjul`es y hk irkkr quk hk u`f kxflg`figù` lfsgvf, g`fhkiufhf, ik`trfjgstf, ofrreif y fprksurfhf, quk  flk`fzf, tre`f`tk, ie` kj hkspghe sg `e bfy selktglgk`te, pkre prklgf, lf`g³  lf`g³  rretf, jf rksgc`figù` f su g`iebkrk`igf ie` irçhgtes hk vgvgk`hf prkakrk`tks f jes ujtrfghù`kes, surcgræ jf ifjghfh khuiftgvf (Cgj F`tù`, ?>6;). Jf lkderf f trfvçs hk jf kvfjufigù` heik`tk iele rkspukstf f u`f irgsgs e f u` supukste hçagigt sk trf`saerlf k` u`f lkhghf flk`fzf`tk e pu`gtgvf quk   bfik fostrfiigù` hk jfs ie`hgige`ks lfireseigfjks k g`stgtuige`fjks quk ie`s   truyk` jfs epertu`ghfhks hk fprk`hgzfdk (Xkrgcg, ?>69).  Fsì iele k` kj ælogte hk jf ifjghfh k` jf klprksf sk pfsù hkj ie`trej hk ifjg hfh k` kj prehuite ag`fj fj ie`trej hk ifjghfh hurf`tk kj preikse hk prehuiigù`,   k` kj sgstklf khuiftgve sk ousif vg`iujfr kj ie`trej hk ifjghfh hkj prehuite   ag`fj (iuæ`te sfok` jes kstuhgf`tks) ie` kj ie`trej hk ifjghfh hurf`tk hurf`tk kj preikse (iùle k`sköf` jes heik`tks). Je quk kstæ per hktræs hk kstf epkrfigù` ks jf afjsf ghkf hk quk kj preikse hk k`sköf`zf-fprk`hgzfdk ks fsglgjfojk f u` pre   ikse hk prehuiigù` hk iufjqugkr ogk` lkrif`tgj, he`hk sk ielog`f` hgvkrses g`sules pfrf eotk`kr u` prehuite hktkrlg`fhe.

_kajkxge`ks ag`fjks Hktræs hk jes hkoftks seork jf ifjghfh y jf kvfjufigù` kstæ jf hgsputf per jf  jf  hkag`gigù` hkj ie`eiglgk`te y hk jes sfokrks quk sk ie`sghkrf` rkjkvf`tks k` ifhf ieyu`turf. Jf hktkrlg`figù` hk quç hkok` sfokr jes kstuhgf`tks `e ks u`f iukstgù` lkrflk`tk tçi`gif, sg`e klg`k`tklk`tk pejìtgif. if. @e sk pukhk pk`sfr 

 

kj Ifrgok.

6>8

G@IJ[YGÙ@ W IFJGHFH IELE ^EJÌXGIFY KH[IFXGQFY HK KYXFHE

u` sgstklf hk kvfjufigù` aukrf hkj lehkje khuiftgve quk sk qugkrk g`stgtugr. ^er   je tf`te, pk`sfr k` jf kvfjufigù` f ifrce hk u` ercf`gsle tçi`gie g`hkpk`hgk`  tk hk jf pejìtgif, jjkvf f jf ie`agcurfigù` hk u`f prepukstf he`hk

jes ie`tk`ghes  ie`tk`ghes  y jes vfjerks se` hkag`ghes ifhf vkz læs k` aerlf kxùck`f per kj hk`elg`fhe sfokr kxpkrte y per jfs crf`hks ierperfige`ks k` jf jùcgif hk lkrifhe, sg` pfr   tgigpf tgigpfigù` igù` hk jfs ielu`ghfhks hfhks khuiftgvfs y, k` kspkigfj,hkj skiter heik`tk. Jf kxpkrgk`igf g`tkr`fige`fj hklukstrf quk `g kj kstfojkiglgk`te hk sgstk lfs kstf`hfrgzfhes hk kvfjufigù` hk rksujtfhes `g jf irkfigù` hk g`stgtutes hk kvfjufigù` hk jf ifjghfh bf` sghe hgspesgtgves fj skrvgige hk u`f lkder khuif igù`, eovgf`he, fhklæs, quç sk k`tgk`hk per ifjghfh hk jf khuifigù`, khuifigù` hk ifjghfh e u`f ouk`f khuifigù` k` ijfvk hk hkrkibes. Jf kvfjufigù` aerlf pfrtk hk jes preikses hk k`sköf`zf y fprk`hgzfdk khu iftgves, y, sg` jucfr f huhfs, jf prehuiigù` hk g`aerlfigù` seork kj sgstklf ks  ks  `kiksfrgf pfrf jf telf hk hkigsge`ks. ^kre kse `e kstæ `kiksfrgflk`tk jgcfhe fj kstfojkiglgk`te hk prukofs kstf`hfrgzfhfs hk lkhgigù` hk rksujtfhes, irkf  igù` hk g`stgtutes futù`eles hk kvfjufigù` `g f jf hgausgù` hk u`f iujturf hk jf kvfjufigù` y jf rk`hgigù` hk iuk`tfs. Jes preojklfs rkjftgves f quç ks u`f ouk`f khuifigù` y iùle sk ck`krf` jfs ie`hgige`ks pfrf cfrf`tgzfrjf se` hklfsgfhe ielpjkdes iele pfrf prepe `kr iele sglpjk rkspukstf u`f iujturf hk jf kvfjufoù`. _khuigr jes preojklfs hk jf ifjghfh khuiftgvf f u`f lkiæ`gif kvfjuftergf ks tf` g`suagigk`tk iele pkjgcrese, yf quk glpjgif selktkr u` preikse seigfj iele ks jf khuifigù` f u`f jùcgif ielpjktflk`tk ielpjktflk`tk kxtkr`f, ie` kj rgksc rgksce e igkrte igkrt e hk ie`vk ie`vkrtgr rtgr f jf khuifigù` k` u` lkre k`trk`f k`trk`flgk`t lgk`te, e, iele hksifr`fhf lk`tk  `es lukstrf Afisìlgj.

_kakrk`igfs ogojgecræagifs  FOEGXKY FC[GJF_, B. B . (?>6?), "Jf hgsputf per jf kvfjufigù` k` Lçxgie Lçxgie44 bgstergf y auture", k`4 Kj Ie tghgf`e, `.´ 631, [`gvkrsghfh Futù`elf Lktrepejgtf`f, [`ghfh Fzifpetzfjie, Hgstrgte Akhkrfj, Lçxgie, `evgklork-hgigklork hk ?>6?. Jf lkhghf hk u`f `eigù`. `eigù`. Jes prglkres föes hk jf kvfjufigù` k` Lçxgie. Lçxgie .  FOEGXKY, Bgste³ B. rgf (?>6?), hk pehkr, rksgstk`igf y fjtkr`ftgvf (672?-?>6?), Lçxgie HA, [FL, IJFIYE, IJFIYE, FYHG.  FYHG.

 FYYFKJ O[H@GM, D.

kt fj. (?>66), "Jf klprksf khuiftgvf ibgjk`f", k`4 _kvgstf Khuifg=gge&Yeigkhfhk,  vej. 9?, `.´ 66;, Iflpg`fs, Yf` ^foje, IKHKY, forgj forgj-- du`ge  du`ge hk

?>66,hgspe`gojk ?>66, hgspe`gojk k`4 k`4www.sigkje.or/  pha /ks/v9?`66; /ks/v9?`66; /v9 ? `66; fe8.pha.

 

OF@IE L[@HGFJ (67 (6776), 76), Frck`tg`f, _kfsgc`figù` hk rkiurses pfrf kj lkderflgk`te hk jf khuifigù`, Ykrgk Kstuhges seork pfìsks, Sfsbg`cte`. OF@IE L[@HGFJ (?>68) (?>68),, ^reakserks kxikjk`tks. Iùle lkderfr kj fprk`hgzfdk k` Flçrgif Jftg`f y  IF^GX[ JE

; .

6>;

OEJÌQF_, F . (6777), "Jf khuifigù` `e ks u` lkrifhe . Irìtgif hk jf 'Ckstgù` hk Ifjghfh Xetfj"', k`4 k` 4  Fujf hk g``evfigù` g``evfigù` khuiftgvf, pp pp.. 29-28 29-28.. O[JJ_GIB, K. (?>61), "Jf `fturfj rkjfigù` k`trk khuifigù` y trfofde", k`4 Ifrtf ^ejìtgif,  du`ge hk ?>61  (bttp4//www.if rtfpejgtgif.erc/ epg`ge`/jf-`fturfj³ epg`ge`/jf-`fturfj³rkjfige`-k`trk-kh uifige`³y³trfofde/). ifjghfh ... Fpu`tks  Fpu`tks pfrf kj hkoftk seork pejìtgif   _[JJ_GIB, K. y YÆ@IBKT TG@@W, C. (?>66), Fberf ifjghfh ... khuiftgvf k` jf Frck`tg`f, Ouk`es Fgrks, Au`hfigù` ^k`sfr . KYI[HK_E, KYI [HK_E, D. L. (6722), "Ifjghfh hk jf khuifigù`4 k`trk jf skhuiigù` y jf sespkibf", Fitfs hkj Q   Ie`crkse j`tkru`gvkrsgtfrge hk Ercf`gzfigù` hk G`stgtuige`ks Khuiftgvfs, Kspföf. KR^K_XE@, S. (6777), Hksfaìes pfrf jf `ukvf ktfpf hk jf rkaerlf khuiftgvf k` Frc k` Frc k`tg`f, Of`ie  Lu`hgfj. KJHAKOK_, L. L. (?>>>), "[`f trf`saerlfigù` sg` ie`sk`se. Fpu`tks ie`sk`se.  Fpu`tks seork jf pejìtgif khuiftgvf hkj ceogkr`e hkj prksghk`tk Lk`kl (6727-6777)", (6727-6777)", k`4 _kvgstf Qkrsge`ks, `.> 66, [OF, Ouk`es Fgrks. A[@HFIGÙ@ HK G@QKYXGCFIGE@KY KIE@ÙLGIFY JFXG@EFLK_GIF@FY (?>>>), [`f khuifigù` pfrf kj sgcje RRG. ^repukstf hk rkaerlf, Ouk`es Fgrks, Ik`tre hk Kstuhges ^ôojgies.  ^ôojgies.  (d (dK@XGJG, K@XGJG, ^. (6778), ^reykite `keie`skrvfher y irgsgs khuiftgvf, Ouk`es Fgrks, IKFJ. :gjJ :g jJ F@XE@, L. L. (?>6;), "Jes agjes hk jf hksgcufjhfh", k`4 Kj Ygcje hk Xerrkù`, Lçxgie, 3 hk `evgklork hk ?>6; . Ig[FHFC@G, F Ig[FHFC@G,  F.. y OEK_E, A. (?>6;), Jf khuifigù` frck`tg`f k` kj sgcje RRG. Jes hksfaìes quk k`ark`tf³ les44 ifjghfh, hkskrigù`, g`ijusgù`, Ouk`es Fgrks, Kj Ftk`ke . les 6 JFIB, D . (6773), Etre sgcje, etrf Frck`tg`f. [`f kstrftkcgf pfrf kj hksfrrejje kie`ùlgie y seigfj   `fighf hk jf ie`vkrtgogjghfh y hk su bgstergf, Ouk`es Ouk`es Fgrks,  Fgrks, Frgkj. _FQKJF, ^. (?>>1), Agibfs hghæitgifs, Agibf `.> 664 "µVuç ks jf rk`hgigù` hk iuk`tfs5", ^frf ielprk`³  hkr jfs kvfjufige`ks khuiftgvfs, ^_KFJ. _GQFY, F _GQFY,  F . (?>6;), Flçrgif Jftg`f hkspuçs hk ^GYF4 jkiige`ks fprk`hghfs k` jf khuifigù` k` sgktk    pfìsks ?>>>-?>6;, Iguhfh Futù`elf hk Ouk`es Fgrks, Au`hfigù` IG^^KI. :=IF@Y (6776), Sbft werm rkqugrks ea sibeejs4 F YIF@Y rkpert afr Flkrgif ?>>>. 6 K@XG AF@AF@G, K. (?>61), "Hkj kstfhe khuifher fj kstfhe kvfjufher", _kvgstf Khuifr k` Iùrheof,  Föe RGG, `.> 9?, Iùrheof, [K^I, hgigklork ?>6;-K`kre ?>61. 6 K_GCG, A. A. (?>69), QGGG Aere Jftg`eflkrgif`e hk Khuifigù`4 sfokrks heik`tks4 quç hkok sfokr u`   heik`tk y  per quç, Ouk`es Fgrks, Yf`tgjjf`f. QK_CK_,  F. y @E_LF@E, _. (?>6;), "@ukvf ckstgù` pôojgif y khuifigù`4 kjklk`tes tkùrgies y ie`ikptufjks pfrf kj kstuhge hk u` lehkje hk rkaerlf khuiftgve cjeofj", k`4 k`4 Khuifg=gge&Ye³ igkhfhk, vej. 91, `.> 69? (pp. ;77-1??), Iflpg`fs, IKHKY, hgspe`gojk k`4 k` 4 bttp4/ /www.sigkje.or/ pha / ks/v91l9?/ 6132 6132-- 81?1-ks-91-69? 81?1-ks-91-69?³>>;77. ³>>;77.pha. pha. JFOJEXYMW, K. (?>61), "Bkrk`igf khuiftgvf", k`4 Jgokrtfh y ^recrkse, 63 hk lfye hk ?>61 (bttp4/ /  /  www .jgokrtfhypre crkse`jg`k.erc/ crkse`jg`k.erc/?>61/>;/63 ?>61/>;/63/bkrk`igf-khuiftgvf/). /bkrk`igf-khuiftgvf/).