Fault Tree Analysis

NASA/SP--2000-6111

Fault

Tree Analysis

A Bibliography

National

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July 2000

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NASA/SP--2000-6111

Fault

Tree Analysis

A Bibliography

National

Aeronautics

and

Space Administration NASA

Scientific

Information

July 2000

and Technical

Program

Introduction Fault tree analysis of the best

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for systematically wrong.

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This

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identifying

bibliography

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Thesaurus

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contains

Database.

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of process

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analysis.'

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hazards.

many

in the

are based on the major An abstract

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is included

ways NASA

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citations. Items

are first categorized

categories, categories provides

based

Scope

and

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divided

Guide.

into 76 specific

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and and

any cross-references.

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You may order the NASA

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Table of Contents

Subject

Divisions

Document citations are grouped first by the following category-level Table of Contents.

divisions.

Select

a division

A° Aeronautics

H.

Physics

B, Astronautics

I.

SociaJ

and Information

J,

Space

Sciences

K.

General

C, Chemistry

and MateriaJs

D, Engineering

title to view

the

Sciences

E, Geosciences R

Life Sciences

G° Mathematical

and Computer

Science_,_

ndexes Two indexes are available. You may use the find command under the tools menu while viewing the PDF file for direct match searching on any text string. You may also select either of the two indexes provided

for searching

Subject

Author

AvailabiJity

Information Center Server),

(STI)

subject

terms

and personal

author

names.

index

Document Select

Thesaurus

Index

Term

PersonN

on NASA

Availability Info

Program

for AeroSpace and availability

for important Office

Information and pricing

products (CASI)

information and

services,

for access

information

about

NASA

including

to the NASA

for cited documents.

Scientific

registration CASI

TRS

and with

Technical the NASA

(Technical

Report

Subject

Select

01

Categories

a category

to view the collection

Aeronautics Includes

research

within

the Earth's

of aircraft.

information

02

fans

and

related

to manned

atmosphere.

to space

means

no abstracts

in that category.

topics

Also

and unmanned

includes

in aeronautics

vehicles

aircraft

and the problems

manufacturing,

maintenance,

see categories

02 through

and

09.

of

see 12 Astronautics.

elements

and Heat

passenger and

operations

vehicles, surfaces.

cargo

and

aircraft

and to airport

Utilization

and Surface

Transportation.

Aircraft

Communications

Aircraft Includes aircraft

all stages

For related Surface

with

see also

aircraft and

ground

hardware

stators, 34 Fluid

are covered

operations; specific

in 09 Research

Communications

Transportation

and Safety;

flight

to ground and Support

and Navigation. and

85 Technology

NoA.

and between

air traffic

control. 17

and Tracking,

aircraft;

air navigation

For related Space

information

systems see also 06

Communications;

and 32 Communications

Spacecraft

and Radar.

'_:esting and Performance

of design

Mechanics.

of aircraft

and aircraft

and evaluation,

structures

and aircraft

see also 18 Spacecraft For land transportation

3

Design, vehicles,

and systems.

and flight Testing

Also includes

simulation

technology.

and Performance

see 85 Technology

and 39

Utilization

and

Transportation.

Avionh;s

and Aircraft

Includes

all avionics

intended

for use in aircraft.

and Navigation; Astrionics;

information,

and

and Navigation and

performance,

information,

Structural

of rotors,

in 04 Aircraft

Instrumentation;

Command

Design,

testing,

based);

Aircraft

Communications,

Space

of communication

ground

and

related

Systems

construction

is covered

see also 16

and

aerodynamics

operations;

accidents.

information

(satellite

components

2

air transport

aircraft

For related

Avionics

For

airframe

and Safety

(Air). Air traffic control

all modes

bodies,

Also includes

of turbomachinery.

and

Includes

test

Transfer.

hazards; of

Facilities

flight

and control

Air Transportation safety

For

NoAo

wings,

other

Includes

O6

topics

aerodynamics

Mechanics

05

N.A.

Aerodynamics combinations,

04

cited.

1

For specific

related

Includes

O3

of records

A. Aeronautics

(GenerN)

general

of flight repair

of the Division

Instrumentation

systems,

08 Aircraft

cockpit

For related Stability

and 35 Instrumentation

and cabin

5 display

information, and

Control;

and Photography.

vi

devices;

and

see also 04 Aircraft 19 Spacecraft

flight

instruments

Communications

Instrumentation

and

07

Aircraft

Propulsion

Includes

prime propulsion

compressors;

and

Power

systems and systems components,

and onboard

auxiliary

also 20 Spacecraft Propulsion Production and Conversion.

08

Aircraft

Stability

Includes For

Avionics

09

and Aircraft

Includes water

Subiect Select

12

a category

qualities;

05 Aircraft

piloting;

Design,

Facilities

tubes;

and flight

equipment

and Safety.

AstronaL_tics

flight controls;

Testing

and autopilots.

and Performance

and

aircraft

6

repair

simulators;

and systems.

and overhaul and

aircraft

For airport

facilities

facilities; engine

ground

wind tunnels,

test

stands.

operations

see 14 Ground

of the Division

research

platforms

Support

Systems

and

of records

cited.

B, Astronautics

N.A.

means

no abstracts

in that category.

topics

or objects

For

related

to space

launched

into,

Also includes

specific

topics

exploration,

flight

and manned

or assembled

manufacturing

in astronautics

see 91 Lunar

and unmanned

in, outer

space;

and maintenance

see

categories

and Planetary

Science

13

Includes

of such vehicles through

20.

Includes

and free-flight

Support launch

e.g., mobile

trajectories;

Systems

complexes,

transporters;

and supporting

Facilities

For

and Exploration.

N,A.

powered

Ground

space

and related

Astrodynamics

and

research

[:acilities

and production

and test chambers

equipment.

and orbital

For related

and launching

dynamics.

(Space} facilities;

and simulators. information

7

ground Also

support

includes

see also 09 Research

equipment,

extraterrestrial and Support

(Air).

Launch launch

Also

see 03 Air

6

and equipment.

extraterrestrial

Includes

06

(Genera0

general

or platforms.

bases

see

(Air)

For astronautical

to view the collection

components

15

also

hangars,

Categories

vehicles,

14

and 44 Energy

(Space).

Includes

13

shock

ground

Transportation

information

and Fuels,

Instrumentation.

and

airport

Facilities

see

runways,

tunnels,

includes

For related

28 Propellants

NoAo

handling

and Support

airports,

engines and

plants for aircraft.

and Power,

aircraft

information,

Research

power

e.g., gas turbine

and Control

flight dynamics,

related

5

Vehicles all classes

operations.

Performance;

and

Launch

of launch

vehicles,

Operations

NoAo

launch/space

For related

information

and 20 Spacecraft

Propulsion vii

see also

vehicle

systems,

18 Spacecraft

and Power.

and boosters;

Design,

Testing,

and and

16

Space Transportation Includes

passenger

techniques. Vehicles space

17

and cargo

For related

space

Vehicles,

NoAo

transportation,

information,

and Launch

suits,

and Safety e.g., shuttle

see also 03 Air Transportation

and 18 Spacecraft

see 54 ManSystem

operations;

Technology

Space Communicatkms,

Design,

and space rescue

and Safety

Testing

and 15 Launch

and Performance.

For

and Life Support.

Spacecraft

Communicatkms,

Command

and ]°racking Includes

space

guidance;

and

N_A_ systems

telemetry;

spacecraft

radio

Communications

18

satellites;

as thermal For

life

Design,

information, Mechanics,

19

controlling, vehicles

manufacture, For related

For spaceborne

and Photography;

For spaceborne

astronomical

instruments

Spacecraft main

auxiliary

power

propulsion sources.

systems

Subject Categories Materials

23

a category

Includes chemical For

research

compounds

specific

astrochemistry

topics

Performance,

For related 39

Structural

or processing information,

NoAo

for the purpose data

related

see also

not integral

and

Photography;

other For

of measuring, to the

detecting,

operation

06 Aircraft

to the vehicle

of space

Instrumentation

and

itself see 35 Instrumentation

astronomical spaceborne

instruments telescopes

see 89 and

other

components,

information, Vehicles

of records

e.g.,

topics

in chemistry

cited.

rocket

engines;

see also 07Aircraft and

Launch

and

Propulsion

Operations;

and 44 Energy

C. Chemistry

N.A.

means

spacecraft and Power;

no abstracts

and

in that category.

(Genera0 related

and materials

see category

and

8

of the Division

and Materials

general

and

characteristics.

Support.

and Astrionics

15 Launch

to view the collection

Chemistry

Testing

and stability

and Life

such

and Power

For related

28 Propellants and Fuels; Production and Conversion.

Select

control

and components

see 89 Astronomy.

Propulsion

Includes

systems

and Safety.

telescopes

and

7

Technology

Design,

instruments

Instrumentation

04 Aircraft

and Radar.

spacecraft

or use of devices

recording,

or platforms.

Astronomy,

Aircraft

see also

and

Performance

stations;

Transportation

computing,

Avionics;

20

05

astronavigation

information,

and spacecraft

Ir-_strumentation

the design,

related

see 54 ManSystem

and 16 Space

Spacecraft Includes

also

space

controls;

systems,

see

and

platforms;

and environmental support

For

networks;

and 32 Communications

Testing

space

communications

blackout.

and Navigation

Spacecraft Includes

space

to the composition,

as they relate and

12

materials

90 Astrophysics.

viii

properties,

to aircraft, see

launch

categories

structure,

vehicles, 24

and use of

and spacecraft.

through

29.

For

24

Composite

MateriNs

Includes physical, materials.

25

Inorganic, Includes

and mechanical

analysis,

and

and MetalJic

Includes

physical,

of laminates

and other

composite

Chemistry

and use inorganic

and photochemistry.

and Thermodynamics,

MetNs

properties

Physical

synthesis,

electrochemistry;

Dynamics

26

chemical,

Organic,

the

theory;

12

13

and

organic

For related

For astrochemistry

compounds;

information

see category

combustion

see also 34 Fluid

90 Astrophysics.

Materials

chemical,

N_A.

and mechanical

properties

of metals

and metallic

materials;

and

metallurgy.

27

NonmetalJic Includes

28

physical, textiles,

Composite

Materials.

PropelJants

adhesives,

and

propellants,

igniters

07 Aircraft Production

Propulsion and Power, and Conversion.

For nuclear

application. reduced-gravity Science

Also

their

composite

storage

Physics.

20 Spacecraft

general

of materials,

includes

materials

and handling

For related

Propulsion

and Space

compounds,

the development

environments.

see

see also

and 44 Energy

and processes of space

for research

research

technology,

topics

industrial

or

and compounds

commercialization

in see

Policy.

of records

cited.

N.A.

D. Engineering means

no abstracts

in that category.

(GenerN)

in engineering

24

procedures;

information

and Power,

of materials

For legal aspects

of the Division

to view the collection

Engineering

topics

and oxidizers;

fuels see 73 Nuclear

development

Categories

a category

vacuum

For

lubricants,

NoAo

space-based

84 Law, Political

Includes

materials.

ceramic

elastomers,

Processing

simulated

Subject

of plastics,

NoAo

fuels.

Space

properties

and Fuels

rocket

commercial

31

and mechanical

and aircraft

Includes

Select

N_Ao

chemical,

polymers,

Includes

29

Materials

13 to engineering engineering,

see categories

and applied cryogenics,

32 through ix

39.

physics,

and particular

and fire prevention.

areas

For specific

of

32

Commt:_nications Includes

radar;

radio,

communications Navigation;

for search

Transportation

34

information

lasing

information

Space

microelectronics Operations

and

integrated

and Hardware;

and devices

devices

mass

and

circuitry.

and

For

76 Solid-State

see 32 Communications

and Radar.

NoAo of heat transfer;

transfer

and

boundary

ablation

layer

cooling.

For

flow; related

measuring

NoA.

instruments

and holography.

For aerial

information

and

gauges;

photography

see also 06 Avionics

detectors;

cameras

and

see 43 Earth

Resources

and

and Aircraft

Instrumentation;

Instrumentation.

theory,

N_Ao

laser pumping

and maser

For cases category

maser where

where

amplifiers,

laser materials,

the application

the application

of the laser is treated.

and the or maser

For related

Physics.

Engineering

mechanical the application

category

where

Intelligence,

the

devices

approaches

17 and equipment;

of a device application

or vehicle

to,

and and

machine

or the host vehicle

and Robotics;

AssL._rance

maintainability,

techniques,

outputs.

see also the specific

Artificial

Includes

and

16

Photography

see also 76 Solid-State

Mechanical

QuNity

and

of electrical/electronic

and all forms

fluidics;

For related

of laser

is emphasized

38

Command

Safety,

and Masers

assessment

where

and

and kinematics

sensors;

supplies;

Sensing.

Includes

and

15

and maintainability

equipment

and

and 19 Spacecraft

Includes

Communications,

Transportation

and

Engineering

equipment,

hydraulics;

remote

Lasers

Spacecraft

03 Air

communications;

Communications

and Thermodynamics

instrumentation

Remote

land and global

see also 04 Aircraft

see also 02 Aerodynamics.

photographic

37

test

fluid dynamics

Includes

see

see also 60 Computer

Mechanics

hydrodynamics;

36

rescue

For communications

Includes

35

Communications,

performance,

related

information

Fluid

communications;

information

and EJectrical

components; Physics.

For related and

development,

related

15

and Safety.

Electronics Includes

Radar

wire, and optical

theory.

and 17 Space

Tracking;

33

and

is treated.

and 54 ManSystem

elements

and processes.

is emphasized For

robotics

Technology

see 63 Cybernetics, and Life Support.

Reliability methods

and standardization.

for

For cases

see also the specific

18 reliability

analysis

and

control,

inspection,

39

Structural Includes

Mechanics

structural

weight

analysis;

in structure. Spacecraft

Subiect Select

42

a category

For

applications

Design,

Testing

Geosciences general

categories

42 through

remote products;

cited.

topics

related

geology.

and

and

of earth

N.A.

means

no abstracts

in that category.

sciences,

and the

specific

topics

specific

areas

in geosciences

analysis

Se_:_si_:N

features,

or remote

photogrammetry;

energy waterwave

and

phenomena sensing

information and Power,

Erwironment

and resources

photographs.

For

by aircraft,

see

balloon,

development

of remote

instrumentation

see 35

see

41 e.g.,

systems;

related

to nuclear

also

07 Aircraft

and 28 Propellants

fuel

energy

energy

cells;

and

storage;

production

Propulsion

solar,

and

geothermal,

traditional

see 73 Nuclear

and

Power;

20

Physics.

and Fuels.

Pollution

atmospheric,

water,

power

Spacecraft

NoAo soil, noise,

and thermal

pollution.

Geophysics

NoAo

earth

structure

and dynamics,

ionospheric

and magnetospheric

Meteorology

and Climatology;

Meteorology Includes

of

N°Ao

data and imagery;

aerial

systems,

conversion

For technologies

Includes

18

48.

conversion

Includes

and Performance

stresses

and Photography.

specific

Propulsion

of structures;

and thermal

Eo Geosciences

For other

Includes

related

Testing

to the Earth

and Conversion

generators.

48

Design,

Er_ergy Production

For

responses

NoA°

and Remote

and spacecraft;

windpower,

47

of records

and general

sensing

Instrumentation

46

see 05 Aircraft

dynamic

and mechanical

of the Division

Resources

sensing

and testing; properties;

and Performance.

research

minerology,

Earth

analysis

(Genera[)

petrology,

rocket,

45

design,

and other structural

to view the collection

Includes

44

element fatigue

Categories

Includes

43

40

weather

and

physics;

aeronomy;

and geomagnetism.

and 93 Space

forecasting

and

lower

For related

atmosphere information

studies; see 47

Radiation.

C[imatok:_gy

observation

NoA. and modification.

Oceanography Includes the physical, and marine resources.

upper

NoAo chemical and biological aspects of oceans and seas; ocean dynamics, For related information see also 43 Earth Resources and Remote

Sensing. xi

Subject Select

51

Categories

a category

to view the collection

Life Sciences Includes

55

means

no abstracts

in that category.

related

to plant

and animal

development,

environmental

structure,

conditions.

biology

(non-human);

and maintenance,

For specific

topics

ecology;

of animals

and

in life sciences

see

55.

biological

N°A° and

(weightlessness,

space

the prevention

of adverse

effects

of aerospace

animals

and plants

Behavioral

physiological

radiation,

effects

acceleration,

effects

on those

environments

of

atmospheric

and altitude

environments.

stress)

and

on the human

For psychological

see 53 Behavioral

Science.

space being;

psychological

For the effects

of space

N,A.

factors;

individual

'_echnoJogy factors

clothing.

Aerospace

Medicine..

and group

behavior;

crew training

and evaluation;

and Life Support

engineering;

For

related

bionics,

42

man-machine,

information

see

also

life support,

16 Space

space

suits and

Transportation

and

ExoNology astrobiology;

planetary

environments

biology;

on humans

and extraterrestrial

see 52 Aerospace and behavioral

life. For the biological

medicine;

effects

on animals

of aerospace

environments

G. Mathematical

Select

means

to view the collection

JVlathematic_l specific

general topics

of records

m'_d Computer topics

in these

and overviews

cited.

N.A.

Sciences related

areas see categories

xii

67.

see see

in that category.

(GenerN)

to mathematics

60 through

no abstracts

effects

and plants

Subject Categories of the Division and Computer Sciences

Includes

52

N,A,

51 Life Sciences. For psychological 53 Behavioral Science.

a category

on

research.

human

of aerospace

and

and behavioral

Sciences

protective

Includes

59

flight

see 51 Life Sciences.

Man/System Includes

N.A.

Medicine

and psychiatric

54

topics

and related

52 through

the

Includes

cited.

N°A°

and also the origin,

Aerosp_ce Includes

53

research

in space

categories

52

of records

FoLife Sciences

(GenerN)

general

microbiology; plants

of the Division

43 and computer

science.

For

6O

Computer Includes

Operations

hardware

for computer

see 33 Electronics Artificial

61

Includes

engineering,

computer

65

66

67

systems.

For related

7O

algorithms, to specific

and

specific

applications,

see

processing

Science.

systems.

For computer

For information systems

applied

systems to specific

Intelligence theory,

and Robotics

information

theory,

see also 54 ManSystem

59

machine

learning,

Technology

and expert

and Life Support.

63

differential

and difference

equations,

and numerical

approximation.

and Probability

65

and smoothing;

Monte

Carlo

method;

time series

and analysis;

and

processes.

Systems

Anab/sis

Includes

mathematical

decision

theory;

1FheoreticaJ

and Operations modeling

and game

of systems;

Research network

69

analysis;

mathematical

programming;

theory.

Mathematics

algebra,

functional

N°Ao

analysis,

geometry,

topology

set theory,

group

theory

and and

theory.

Categories

a category

of the Division

to view the collection

Physics Includes

applied

category.

information

data sampling

Includes

Select

and Information

and control

iteration,

Statistics

Subject

routines,

software

Analysis

NumerieN

number

programs,

and distributed

Art#iciN

feedback

stochastic

45

57

see the associated

Includes

Includes

computer For computer

networks

Cybernetics,

Includes

For components see 63 Cybernetics,

Systems

applications,

64

vision

category.

see 82 Documentation

63

and data processing.

For computer

and Software

e.g., CAD/CAM.

also the associated

Includes

firmware

and Robotics.

software

Computer

43

Engineering.

Programming

applications,

62

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Intelligence

Computer

and Hardware

of records

cited.

H, Physics

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means

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(General) general

electrodynamics. instrumentation solar physics

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mechanics, see categories

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90 Astrophysics, xiii

kinetics, 71 through

for geophysics,

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magnetism,

and

77. For related astrophysics

or

71

AcoL._stics Includes

NoAo

sound

Environment Propulsion

72

and

noise

attenuation.

see

also

For

noise

pollution

02 Aerodynamics

and

see

atomic

and molecular

72

structure,

particle

electron

physics

properties,

see 73 Nuclear

and

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Physics.

Physics

Includes

nuclear

For atomic

72

particles;

and reactor

and molecular

physics

45

07 Aircraft

and Power.

For elementary

Nuclear

particle

aircraft

and IVJolecL_Jar Physics

Includes

73

transmission,

For

Propulsion

Atomic

spectra.

generation,

Pollution.

physics

see 77 Physics

theory.

For space

see 72 Atomic

of Elementary

radiation

see 93 Space

and Molecular

Particles

Physics.

and Fields.

Radiation.

For elementary

For nuclear

astrophysics

see 90 Astrophysics.

74

Optics

NoAo

Includes Masers.

75

light phenomena

Plasma

77

For space

Solk:FSt_r_e information

Physics Includes

For lasers

see 36 Lasers

and

plasmas

plasma

fusion.

For

ionospheric

plasmas

condensed

physics,

see also 33 Electronics

of Elementary mechanics;

see

also

Organic

72 Atomic

and Physical

crystallography, and Electrical

ParticJes theoretical and

and

superconductivity.

Engineering

and

and 36 Lasers

physics;

and

Molecular

NoAo

statistical

Physics,

mechanics.

73 Nuclear

81

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Includes

general

Information research

Administr_{#:ion Includes

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of records

Sciences related

cited.

N.A.

and research.

xiv

no abstracts

(GenerN)

to sociology;

_md M_{magement planning

and

25

Chemistry.

means

SociN

For related

Physics,

Select

to view the collection

and Masers.

Fiekts

l, Social and

80

46

For related

Subiect Categories of the Division Information Sciences a category

see

NoA.

matter

quantum

and

see 90 Astrophysics.

Physics

information Inorganic,

devices.

NoAo

magnetohydrodynamics

Geophysics.

Includes

of optical

Physics

Includes

76

and the theory

educational

in that category.

NoAo programs

and curricula.

73

82

DocL._mentation Includes

information

writing;

graphic

Programming

83

For related

88

89

a category

see 61

technical Computer

Policy

Space

NoAo

international

44

and Surface

technology

transfer;

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Space

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Includes

general

Production

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Conversion.

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NoAo and mass

16 Space

For

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Transportation technology

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is treated.

of the Division

do Space

N.A.

means

Sciences

no abstracts

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NoAo

(Genera0

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Sciences

urban

Transportation

see 03 Air Transportation

Energy

see also the category

topics

see categories

related

to the natural

89 through

space

sciences.

For specific

topics

73

observations x-ray,

of celestial ultraviolet,

bodies,

astronomical

and infrared

instruments

astronomy;

and techniques;

radio,

and astrometry.

Astrophysics Includes gases

in

93.

Astronomy

gamma-ray,

91

technology;

documentation

N_A_

law and policy;

to view the collection

Includes

90

and

UtiJization

Categories

Space

and retrieval

computer

studies.

law; space

information

and

applications

Select

storage

For

policy.

aerospace

Safety,

NoAo

AnaJysis

Science

T__chnology Includes

information

micrography.

and Cost

aviation

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Science

and Software.

PoliticaJ

Law,

Subject

and

cost effectiveness

Includes:

85

information

management;

arts;

Economics Includes

84

and

NoAo

cosmology;

celestial

mechanics;

space plasmas;

and interstellar

and interplanetary

and dust.

Lunar

and

Planetary

Includes

planetology;

and lunar flights.

Science

selenology;

For spacecraft

and

meteorites; design

ExNoratior_ comets;

or space

NoAo

and manned

stations

and unmanned

see 18 Spacecraft

Design,

planetary Testing

and Performance.

92

Solar Includes 93 Space

Physics solar activity,

NoAo solar flares,

solar radiation

Radiation.

xv

and sunspots.

For related

information

see

93

Sp_ce R_di_tion Includes

cosmic

of radiation

NoAo

radiation;

on plants

and inner

and animals

and outer

Earth

see 52 Aerospace

radiation Medicine.

belts.

For biological

For theory

effects

see 73 Nuclear

Physics.

Subiect Select

99

Categories

a category

of the Division

to view the collection

of records

cited.

K. Generam

N.A.

means

no abstracts

in that category.

GeneraJ Includes

74 aeronautical,

pertinent

reports

programs

such

Satellite

(ERTS),

too

astronautical, broad

as Apollo,

and space

science

for categorization; Gemini,

and Skylab;

NASA

and Mercury appropriations

xvi

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Earth

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Document The mission

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in a report

at the

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but not distributed

xxii

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if you wish; AeroSpace

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Typical

0 O O O 19 O

t9 19

Report Citation

and Abstract

1997_)0_)11_26 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA USA Water "l_mne| Flow Vis_alizathm Study Thr_gh Pos_stz]! (ff 12 Nove_ P_anform Shapes Gatlin, Gregory M., NASA Langley Research Center, USA Neuhart, Dan H., Lockheed Engineering and Sciences Co., USA; Mar. 1996; 130p; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): RTOP 505-68-70-04 Report No(s): NASA-TM-4663; NAS 1.15:4663; L-17418; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A07, Hardcopy; A02, Microfiche To determine the flow field characteristics of 12 planform geometries, a flow visualization investigation was conducted in the Langley 16- by 24-Inch Water Tunnel. Concepts studied included flat plate representations of diamond wings, twin bodies, double wings, cutout wing configurations, and serrated forebodies. The off-surface flow patterns were identified by injecting colored dyes from the model surface into the free-stream flow. These dyes generally were injected so that the localized vortical flow patterns were visualized. Photographs were obtained for angles of attack ranging from 10' to 50', and all investigations were conducted at a test section speed of 0.25 ft per sec. Results from the investigation indicate that the formation of strong vortices on highly swept forebodies can improve poststall lift characteristics; however, the asymmetric bursting of these vortices could produce substantial control problems. A wing cutout was found to significantly alter the position of the forebody vortex on the wing by shifting the vortex inboard. Serrated forebodies were found to effectively generate multiple vortices over the configuration. Vortices from 65' swept forebody serrations tended to roll together, while vortices from 40' swept serrations were more effective in generating additional lift caused by their more independent nature. Author Water Tunnel Configurations

Tests;

Flow

Visualization;

Flow

Distribution;

Key 1. 2.

Document Title

ID Number;

Corporate

3. 4.

Author(s) and Affiliation(s) Publication Date

5. 6. 7. 8.

Contract/Grant Number(s) Report Number(s); Availability Abstract Abstract Author

9.

Subject Terms

Source

and Price Codes

xxiv

Free

Flow;

Planforms;

Wing

Profiles;

Aerodynamic

FAULT

TREE

A Special Bibfiography

ANALYSIS from the NASA Scientific

and Technical

Information

(STI) Program JULY 2000

01 AERONAUTICS(GENERAL)

Includes general research topics related to manned and unmanned aircraft and the problems of flight within the Earth's atmosphere. Also includes manufacturing, maintenance, and repair of aircraft. For specific topics in aeronautics see categories 02 through 09. For information related to space vehicles see 12 Astronautics.

19850008446

McDonnell

Aircraft

Co., Saint Louis, MO, USA

--_vion:_c_;fau_t tree an_ys_ and artifieal i_lte_/igence fer _t_we a_reraft ma_tena_ee Harris, M. E., McDonnell Aircraft Co., USA; Snodgrass, T. D., McDonnell Aircraft Co., USA; AGARD Design for Tactical Avionics Maintainability; Oct 1, 1984, pp. 12 p; In English; See also N85-16731 08-01; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy; A03, Microfiche The avionics

fault tree analyzer

(AFTA) was developed

as an interim

support

tool for the Navy prior to attainment

of total

organic support capability, and as an alternate method of support to reduce life cycle/cost for F/A-18 foreign military sales. With the transformation of the AFTA concept from ground support equipment to avionics, a quantitative improvement in life cycle costs will be obtained through the application of artificial intelligence (AT) techniques. The AI is expected to see applications to practical problems in many disciplines; and one of which is the implementation of military fault diagnostic systems. A smart BIT was developed which will reduce false alarms, identify intermittent failures, and improve fault isolation to the lowest possible element by AI technique. Increasing density of computer memory, modularly designed avionic functions and the use of very large scale, and high speed integrated devices will allow future aircraft to fly with the AFTA function. Ramifications such as eliminating the need for intermediate avionic repair facilities, increased aircraft operational readiness, decrease in aircraft recurring costs, and a reduction in spares investment are discussed. The AFTA concept, life cycle cost advantages, and the implementation of artificial intelligence in future avionic designs relative to improved reliability and maintainability are summarized. E.A.K. Aircraft

Maintenance;

Artificial

Intelligence;

Avionics;

Fault Trees

:199_ 00326 _7 Aging Army aircraft Neri, Lewis, U.S. Army, Aviation

Systems

Command,

Corpus, USA; Jan 1, 1990; 10p; In English;

46th; AHS, Annual

Forum,

May 21-23, 1990, Washington, DC, USA; See also A91-17201; Copyright; Avail: Issuing Activity Reliability-centered maintenance is a broadbased management and system engineering program that emphasizes a preventive approach to maintenance. Corrosion detection and prevention are principal concerns in this program which utilizes an analytical approach based on fault tree analysis to facilitate development of improved airframe condition evaluation/aircraft analytical corrosion evaluation and preshop analysis. The U.S. Army Depot Engineering and Reliability Centered Maintenance Support Office is also investigating ion implantation and plasma chemical vapor deposition techniques to determine their feasiblity for prevention of corrosion. AIAA Aging

(Materials);

Corrosion

Prevention;

Military

Aircraft;

Military

Technology;

Structural

Failure

03 AIR TRANSPORTATION

AND SAFETY

Includes passenger and cargo air transport operations; aircraft ground operations; flight safety and hazards; and aircraft accidents. Systems and hardware specific to ground operations of aircraft and to airport construction are covered in 09 Research and Support Facilities (Air). Air traffic control is covered in 04 Aircraft Communications and Navigation. For related information see also 16 Space Transportation and Safety, and 85 Technology Utilization and Surface Transportation.

119950004035 Rolls-Royce Ltd., Industrial and Marine Gas Turbines., Coventry, West Midlands, UK The _lppfic_ltim_ o_° aerospace sa_*._' and refi_lb_fity amllysis teehnh_ues to high speed marine tnmsport Moore, T. C., Rolls-Royce Ltd., UK; Wilkinson, B., Rolls-Royce Ltd., UK; May 7, 1992; 14p; In English; Safety for High Speed Passenger Craft: The Way Ahead, 7-8 May 1992, London, UK Report No.(s): PNR-91071; Copyright; Avail: Issuing Activity (European Space Agency (ESA)), Unavall. Microfiche; Limited Reproducibility: More than 20% of this document may be affected by microfiche quality The application of aerospace safety and reliability techniques to high speed marine craft is discussed, taking into account the following: why failures occur; how safety is demonstrated; what is gained from safety and reliability analyses; the techniques used; and the cost of such analyses. It is concluded that the application of aerospace safety and reliability techniques in their entirety to high speed marine craft would impose an unnecessary burden both in terms of the time scales, complexity of the task, and the associated costs involved. The judicious use of Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), coupled with a Failure Mode Effect Significance Analysis (FMESA) study at a functional rather than at a component level, can provide a cost effective means of demonstrating objectively the safety and reliability levels of a high speed marine craft. This is of vital importance to an industry where the individual craft design production levels are unlikely to be high when compared with the aircraft industry. The use of PC (Personal Computer) based FMEA and FTA software could further reduce the cost, particularly the 'first time' cost. ESA Air Transportation;

Failure

Analysis;

Fault Trees; Marine Transportation

19980160660 lmp/eme_tafion of a_ h_tegrated sa_°ety-program - The MI)-90 znt_skid system Redgate, Marianne L., Douglas Aircraft Co., USA; McKelvey, Michael H., Douglas Aircraft Co., USA; Jolly, Carolyn L., Douglas Aircraft Co., USA; 1994, pp. 52-58; In English; Copyright; Avail: Aeroplus Dispatch At Douglas Aircraft Company (DAC), an integrated safety program is comprised of four major analyses, each of which is intended to provide design requirements and results that satisfy DAC, FAA, and Joint Aviation Administration requirements to maximize safety for the airplane, the flying public, and the public-at-large. These four analyses are: functional hazard analysis, system failure mode and effects analysis, fault tree analysis, and zonal analysis. Every new or major-modified system designed for DAC's latest airplane, the MD-90, incorporates an integrated safety program. One such system, the antiskid system, has repeatedly used the integrated safety program as a primary design tool and is a particularly satisfying example of what DAC calls 'Design for Safety'. Author (AIAA) Aircraft Safety; Systems Integration; Failure Modes; Fault Trees; Aircraft Design

199g0207345 Safety assessment of aireraR mou_lted systems Trotta, Luigi, Alenia Aerospazio, Italy; Buffardi, Riccardo, Alenia Aerospazio, Italy; Querzoli, Rodolfo, Alenia Aerospazio, Italy; Sep. 1998; In English Report No.(s): ICAS Paper 98-6,7,3; Copyright; Avail: Aeroplus Dispatch This contribution highlights methodology to assess the safety aspects of military aircraft systems, a part of a fly-by-wire A/C. The correlations between FMECA and Safety Assessment will be shown to identify all possible hazards caused by single failures. A tool using fault tree analysis approach, to assess from a quantitative and qualitative point of view the discovered hazards, identifies the minimal cut sets and critical items in the system configuration. Zonal hazard analysis is used to show how to identify the hazards due to the physical location of the system components and the possible effects due to component failures, disadvantageous operating conditions, maintenance errors, and environment induced faults. Software safety assessment is performed to analyze and assess the safety of the software configuration items of a system and ensure that a risk classification is allocated appropriate to the severity of hazard which could be caused by a software error. These results lead to a definition of

2

the critical areas and the possible requirements. Author (AIAA) Military

Aircraft;

Aircraft

corrective

actions, providing

Safety; Fly by Wire Control;

a compliance

statement

Fault Trees; Software

_99g02_0315 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY USA ()_ the safety of aircraft system,s: A case study Martinez_Guridi, G., Brookhaven National Lab., USA; Hall,

for system qualification

Development

R. E., Brookhaven

and airworthiness

Tools

National

Lab.,

USA;

Fullwood,

R. R.,

Brookhaven National Lab., USA; May 14, 1997; 45p; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DE-AC02-76CH-00016; 95-G-039 Report No.(s): BNL-64946; DE98-002766; No Copyright; Avail: Issuing Activity (Natl Technical Information Service (NTIS)), Hardcopy, Microfiche An airplane is a highly engineered system incorporating control- and feedback-loops which often, and realistically, are non-linear because the equations describing such feedback contain products of state variables, trigonometric or square-root functions, or other types of non-linear terms. The feedback provided by the pilot (crew) of the airplane also is typically non-linear because it has the same mathematical characteristics. An airplane is designed with systems to prevent and mitigate undesired events. If an undesired triggering event occurs, an accident may process in different ways depending on the effectiveness of such systems. In addition, the progression of some accidents requires that the operating crew take corrective action(s), which may modify the configuration of some systems. The safety assessment of an aircraft system typically is carried out using ARP (Aerospace Recommended Practice) 4761 (SAE, 1995) methods, such as Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA). Such methods may be called static because they model an aircraft system on its nominal configuration during a mission time, but they do not incorporate the action(s) taken by the operating crew, nor the dynamic behavior (non-linearities) of the system (airplane) as a function of time. Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA), also known as Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA), has been applied to highly engineered systems, such as aircraft and nuclear power plants. PSA encompasses a wide variety of methods, including event tree analysis (ETA), FTA, and common-cause analysis, among others. PSA should not be confused with ARP 4761's proposed PSSA (Preliminary System Safety Assessment); as its name implies, PSSA is a preliminary assessment at the system level consisting of FTA and FMEA. DOE Failure

Analysis;

Safety Factors;

Feedback

Control;

Aeronautics

05 AIRCRAFT

DESIGN,

TESTING

AND PERFORMANCE

Includes all stages of design of aircraft and aircraft structures and systems. Also includes aircraft testing, performance, and evaluation, and aircraft and flight simulation technology. For related information, see also 18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance and 39 Structural Mechanics. For land transportation vehicles, see 85 Technology Utilization and Surface Transportation.

:19720011367 University of Southern California, Inst. of Aerospace Safety and Management., Los Angeles, CA, USA A_a/ytieal techniques for effective ma_ntena_lee Hall, D. S., University of Southern California, USA; Holt, E. L., University of Southern California, USA; Jan 1, 1971; 14p; In English; 7th; Ann. Intern. Aviation Maintenance Symp., 7-9 Dec. 1971, Oklahoma City; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy; A01, Microfiche Systems analysis techniques are applied to aircraft maintenance to achieve aviation safety. The failure mode analysis method is discussed along with the fault tree analysis method. It is concluded: (1) The maintenance manager needs to know how to make decisions and that these decisions affect the safety and efficiency of his operation. (2) Many of these decisions can be made in advance when time or other pressure is not a factor. (3) Greater knowledge of the implications of a decision is available to the individual who approaches each problem systematically. (4) Systematic and analytical decision making is within the capability of today's maintenance activity. CASI Aircraft

Maintenance;

Aircraft

Safety; Failure

Analysis;

Systems

Analysis

19760057 _60 Seeking _i_are-free systems Merkling, R.E.,USAF, USA;Air Activity The need for developing and costs. Fault tree analysis AIAA Accident

Prevention;

University

Review;

failure-free

systems

is described

and applied

Aircraft Accidents;

Aug 1, 1976; 27, pp. July-Aug;

for USAF aircraft is advocated,

Fail-Safe

to fire threat and prevention

Systems;

In English; 1976, p. 41-50; Avail: Issuing

with figures relating

major aircraft accidents

on fighter aircraft.

Fighter Aircraft; Fire Prevention

1989OO59099 Probabiiistie a_alysis of aircraft structure Zielinski, Paul A., Boeing Military Airplane

Co., USA; Jan 1, 1989; 6p; In English;

Annual

Reliability

and Maintainability

Symposium, Jan. 24-26, 1989, Atlanta, GA, USA; See also A89-46451 20-38; Copyright; Avail: Issuing Activity Probabilistic structural mechanics (PSM) has been promoted for use in the design of products. The author presents the practical methods for applying PSM to critical aircraft component fanlt-tree analysis. The B-1B Common Strategic Rotary Launcher (CSRL) fault-tree analysis is used as a demonstative example of mechanical component failure probabilities calculated using PSM. The CSRL components per flight hour, material properties, AIAA Aircraft

Structures;

Failure

demonstrate how this methodology accounts and stress analysis or structural test results.

Analysis;

Fault Trees; Probability

Theory;

for aircraft limit loads, limit load exceedances

Stress Analysis;

Structural

Reliability

19980117945 The service

reliability

a_mlysis

_i_r the brake

_n_t _ff a certain

m_del

Fu, Changan, Air Force Aero College No. 2, China; Wang, Yuanda, English; Copyright; Avail: Aeroplus Dispatch

aircraft

Air Force Aero College

No. 2, China;

1995, pp. 79-82;

In

When aircraft of certain models land and the pilots brake, the service tire skidding and tire blowout are frequently occurring faults, endangering the landing safety. After having investigated and analyzed such incidents, the departments concerned think the fault is mainly caused by the improper brake operation when the aircraft lands. Using the fault tree analysis method, the paper first discusses the causes which result in severe tire skidding and blowout when the aircraft is braked, then presents some factors which the pilots and the ground crew should pay attention to in the actual use and maintenance work. Finally, improvements in the structure of the decelostat are proposed. Author (AIAA) Service Life; Reliability Analysis; Aircraft Brakes; Aircraft

19980139

Models;

Fault Trees; Skidding

_ 58

Heavy transport aircraft reliability study Chiesa, S., Torino, Politecnico, Italy; Gianotti, R, Torino, Politecnico, 682-690; In English; Copyright; Avail: AIAA Dispatch

Italy; Maggiore,

R, Torino,

Politecnico,

Italy;

1996, pp.

The analysis of safety and reliability is of primary importance during the design of a modern, large complex aircraft. On the other other hand, the intrinsic complexity of large, multiple-redundant systems usually impose severe limitations on both the depth and the extension of this analysis. In this work, a computer program for the reliability analysis of a generic system is presented, underlining the advantages of a computer-based approach to the problem. The philosophy which stands behind such an approach consists of a tailoring of well-known Failure Modes and Effect Analysis and Fault Tree Analysis techniques. The results of the automatic analysis include symbolic and sensitivity analysis. Author (AIAA) Transport

4

Aircraft;

Aircraft

evaluation

Reliability;

Aircraft

of fault and functional

Design;

Expert

trees, minimal-paths

Systems;

Fault Trees

and minimal

cut sets determination,

AVIONICS

06 AND AIRCRAFT

INSTRUMENTATION

Includes all stages of design of aircraft and aircraft structures and systems. Also includes aircraft testing, performance, and evaluation, and aircraft and flight simulation technology. For related information, see also 18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance and 39 Structural Mechanics. For land transportation vehicles, see 85 Technology Utilization and Surface Transportation.

19940034825 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA A quantitative a_a_ys_s (_f the Flg flight eontro_ system Doyle, Stacy A., Duke Univ., USA; Dugan, Joanne B., Virginia Univ., USA; Patterson Hine, Ann, NASA Ames Research Center, USA; In: AIAA Computing in Aerospace Conference, 9th, San Diego, CA, Oct. 19-21, 1993, Technical Papers. Pt. 1 (A94-11401 01-62); 1993, pp. 668-675.; In English; See also A94-11401 Contract(s)/Grant(s): NCA2-617 Report No.(s): AIAA PAPER 93-4574; Copyright; Avail: Issuing Activity This paper presents an informal quantitative analysis of the F18 flight control system (FCS). The analysis technique combines a coverage model with a fault tree model, to demonstrate the method's extensive capabilities, we replace the fault tree with a digraph model of the F18 FCS, the only model available to us. The substitution shows that while digraphs have primarily been used for qualitative analysis, they can also be used for quantitative analysis. Based on our assumptions and the particular failure rates assigned to the F18 FCS components, we show that coverage does have a significant effect on the system's reliability and thus it is important to include coverage in the reliability analysis. Control Systems Design; F-18 Aircraft; Failure Modes; Fault Trees; Flight Control; Reliability Analysis

19980147707 Dynamic

fault

tree analysis

fl_r the Digital FlyqSy-W_re

Flight

Contrail

System

Yao, Yiping, Beijing Univ. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China; Yang, Xiaojun, Beijing Univ. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China; Li, Peiqiong, Beijing Univ. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China; 1996, pp. 479-484; In English; Copyright; Avail: AIAA Dispatch The Digital Fly-By-Wire (FBW) FCS is designed to a achieve high level of reliability, and frequently employs high level of redundancy. The dynamic redundancy employed in the FBW system can realize complex fault and error diagnosis, recovery, and reconfignration. It is very difficult to analyze the reliability of the FBW system by traditional methods, such as fault tree analysis (FTA) or network analysis. This paper describes dynamic fanlt-tree modeling techniques for handling these difficulties and provides a Markov chain generation modeling method for converting the dynamic fault tree to the Markov chain. The software failure of the FBW system can also be considered in the model. An example of a quadruple FBW redundant system and a Markov state transition chain software package is given. Author (AIAA) Fault Trees; Fly by Wire Control; Digital Systems; Dynamic Models

AIRCRAFT

07 PROPULSION

AND POWER

Includes prime propulsion systems and systems components, e.g., gas turbine engines and compressors; and onboard auxiliary power plants for aircraft. For related information see also 20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Power, 28 Propellants and Fuels, and 44 Energy Production and Conversion.

19800072732 Science Applications, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA Fm_lt tree analysis for reliability prediction of gas turMne type power plants_ Volume 2: Appendixes Final R_Tort Kelly, J. E., Science Applications, Inc., USA; Erdmann, R. C., Science Applications, Inc., USA; Gilbert, K., Science Applications, Inc., USA; Jun 1, 1978; 85p; In English; Sponsored by EPRI Report No.(s): EPRI-AF-811-VOL-2-APP; Avail: CASI; A05, Hardcopy, Microfiche No abstract. Electric

Power Plants; Fault Trees; Gas Turbines;

Performance

Prediction;

Systems

Analysis

19950004033 Rolls-Royce Ltd.,Industrial andMarineGasTurbines., Coventry, WestMidlands, UK Thereliabilityofaero-derived marinegas turbines Moore, Tim C., Rolls-Royce Ltd., UK; Wilkinson, Craft Conference, Jan. 1992, London, UK

Brian, Rolls-Royce

Ltd., UK; Jan l, 1992; 17p; In English; High Speed Surface

Report No.(s): PNR-90982; Copyright; Avail: Issuing Activity (European Space Agency (ESA)), Unavall. Microfiche; Limited Reproducibility: More than 20% of this document may be affected by microfiche quality An overview of work carried out to assess the safety and reliability of the Marine Spey, a marine propulsion gas turbine unit, is reported. The question of the limit of safety inherent in reliability of an aeroengine is considered. Failure probabilities are defined both qualitatively and quantitatively, and it is shown how the combination of failure effect category and probability rank defines the risk level. Means of assessing the capability of a design to comply to the reliability standards are addressed. These can take the form of a Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA), Failure Mode Effect Criticality Analysis (FMECA), or a Failure Mode Effect Systems Analysis (EMESA). The latter investigates the significance of a system or subsystem failure on the operation of the overall plant. The use of FMESA studies on aero derived marine gas turbines is considered, and the safety and reliability in fast ferries is discussed. Modem FEA techniques, which include the Fault Tree Analysis (ETA) used to assess safety, control and protection system reliability, are considered. ESA Engine Design;

Engine Failure; Failure

Analysis;

Gas Turbine

Engines; Marine Propulsion;

Reliability;

System Failures

09 RESEARCH

AND SUPPORT

FACILITIES

(AIR)

Includes airports, runways, hangars, and aircraft repair and overhaul facilities/wind tunnels, water tunnels, and shock tubes/flight simulators; and aircraft engine test stands. Also includes airport ground equipment and systems. For airport ground operations see 03 Air Transportation and SafeO/.For astronautical facilities see 14 Ground Support Systems and Facilities (Space). 19840068890 Minority Enterprise Service Associates, Large-coil_test facility face, t-tree a_mlysis May 31, 1982; 168p; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DE-AC01-81ER-52074 Report No.(s): DE83-002783; No abstract. Cryogenics;

DOE/ER-52074-T1;

Fault Trees; Parameter

Identification;

Orem, UT, USA

Avail: CASI; A08, Hardcopy,

Microfiche

Safety; Systems

19690031585 Battelle Northwest Labs., Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA, USA Preliminary fa_dt tree analysis for the FFTF Mc Laughlin, M. A., Battelle Northwest Labs., USA; May 1, 1969; 37p; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): AT/45-1/- 1830 Report No.(s): BNWL-874; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy; A01, Microfiche Preliminary fault tree analysis for FFTF CASI Failure

Analysis;

Nuclear Research

and Test Reactors;

Reactor

Safety;

Trees (Mathematics)

12 ASTRONAUTICS

(GENERAL)

Includes general research topics related to space flight and manned and unmanned space vehicles, platforms or objects launched into, or assembled in, outer space; and related components and equipment. Also includes manufacturing and maintenance of such vehicles or platforms. For specific topics in astronautics see categories 13 through 20. For extraterrestrial exploration, see 91 Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration. 19920073157 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Maki_g the H_bWe Space Te|escope servici_g mission safe Bahr, N. J., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA; Depalo, S. V., Hemandez English Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAS5-30917

6

Engineering,

Inc., USA; Aug l, 1992; 12p; In

Report No.(s):IAFPAPER 92-0380; Copyright; Avail:Issuing Activity Theimplementation oftheHSTsystem safety program isdetailed. Numerous safety analyses areconducted through various phases ofdesign, test,andfabrication, andresults arepresented toNASAmanagement fordiscussion duringdedicated safety reviews. Attention isgiventothesystem safety assessment andriskanalysis methodologies used, i.e.,hazard analysis, faulttree analysis, andfailuremodes andeffects analysis, andtohowtheyarecoupled withengineering andtestanalysis fora'synergistic picture'ofthesystem. Some preliminary safety analysis results, showing therelationship between hazard identification, control orabatement, andfinallycontrol verification, arepresented asexamples ofthissafety process. AIAA FlightSafety; Hubble Space Telescope; NASASpace Programs; OrbitalServicing; Space Shuttle Missions 14 GROUND

SUPPORT

SYSTEMS

AND FACILITIES

(SPACE)

Includes launch complexes, research and production facilities; ground support equipment, e.g., mobile transporters; and test chambers and simulators. Also includes extraterrestrial bases and supporting equipment. For related information see also 09 Research and Support Facilities (Air). 99g0_73949 Dynamic rca/4_mc _'ad_oscopy o:f Space Shuttle reusable _(_l_d rocket motor durirlg static fir_ng Rogerson, D. J., U.S. Navy, Naval Air Warfare Center, USA; Jul. 1995; In English Report No.(s): AIAA Paper 95-2727; Copyright; Avail: Aeroplus Dispatch In 1993, engineers were tasked to investigate the cause of the pressure perturbations occurring in the Reusable Solid Rocket Motor (RSRM) following the deviation in the predicted pressure trace in STS-54. An initial fault tree analysis indicated that the most probable source for pressure perturbation in the RSRM was the expulsion of aluminum oxide slag accumulated between the submerged portion of the nozzle and the motor aft dome. Three static firings were completed using real-time radioscopy (RTR). The dynamic data from the RTR system, in conjunction with data from other instrumentation, strongly supported slag expulsion as the primary cause for pressure perturbations in the RSRM. Author (AIAA) Real Time Operation; Space Shuttles; Solid Propellant Rocket Engines; Rocket Firing; Reusable Rocket Engines; X Ray Imagery

18 SPACECRAFT

DESIGN,

TESTING

AND PERFORMANCE

Includes satellites; space platforms; space stations; spacecraft systems and components such as thermal and environmental controls; and spacecraft control and stability characteristics. For life support systems, see 54 Man/System Technology and Life Support. For related information, see also 05 Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance, 39 Structural Mechanics, and 16 Space Transportation and Safety. 19930016042 NASA, Washington, DC, USA 3k_thered S_teH_tc System Cont_ngency h_vesfigafio_ Bo_rd Final Rep_rg Nov 6, 1992; 51p; In English Report No.(s): NASA-TM-108704; NAS 1.15:108704; Avail: CASI; A04, Hardcopy; A01, Microfiche The Tethered Satellite System (TSS-1) was launched aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-46) on July 31, 1992. During the attempted on-orbit operations, the Tethered Satellite System failed to deploy successfully beyond 256 meters. The satellite was retrieved successfully and was returned on August 6, 1992. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Associate Administrator for Space Flight formed the Tethered Satellite System (TSS-1) Contingency Investigation Board on August 12, 1992. The TSS-1 Contingency Investigation Board was asked to review the anomalies which occurred, to determine the probable cause, and to recommend corrective measures to prevent recurrence. The board was supported by the TSS Systems Working group as identified in MSFC-TSS-11-90, 'Tethered Satellite System (TSS) Contingency Plan'. The board identified five anomalies for investigation: initial failure to retract the U2 umbilical; initial failure to flyaway; unplanned tether deployment stop at 179 meters; unplanned tether deployment stop at 256 meters; and failure to move tether in either direction at 224 meters. Initial observations of the returned flight hardware revealed evidence of mechanical interference by a bolt with the level wind mechanism travel as well as a helical shaped wrap of tether which indicated that the tether had been unwound from the reel beyond the travel by the level wind mechanism. Examination of the detailed mission events from flight data and mission logs related to the initial

failuretoflyaway andthefailuretomove ineither direction at224meters, together withknownpreflight concerns regarding slack tether, focused theassessment ofthese anomalies ontheuppertethercontrolmechanism. Afterthesecond meeting, theboard requested theworkinggrouptocomplete andvalidate adetailed integrated mission sequence tofocusthefaulttreeanalysis on astuckU2umbilical, levelwindmechanical interference, andslacktetherinuppertethercontrolmechanism andtoprepare a detailed planforhardware inspection, test,andanalysis including anyappropriate hardware disassembly. Author FailureAnalysis; Space Shuttle Payloads; Spaceborne Experiments; Tethered Satellites; Tethering 19940021785 NASAAmesResearch Center,

Moffett Field, CA, USA Simulation modelh_g _r hmg durafios spacecraft control systems Boyd, Mark A., NASA Ames Research Center, USA; Bavuso, Salvatore J., NASA Langley Research Center, USA; NASA. Langley Research Center, Selected Topics in Robotics for Space Exploration; Dec 1, 1993, pp. p 213-221; In English; See also N94-26278 07-12; Avail: CASk A02, Hardcopy; A03, Microfiche The use of simulation is described and it is contrasted to analytical solution techniques for evaluation of analytical reliability models. The role importance sampling plays in simulation of models of this type was also discussed. The simulator tool used for our analysis is described. Finally, the use of the simulator tool was demonstrated by applying it to evaluate the reliability of a fault tolerant hypercube multiprocessor intended for spacecraft designed for long duration missions. The reliability analysis was used to highlight the advantages and disadvantages offered by simulation over analytical solution of Markovian and non-Markovian reliability models. Author (revised) Fault Tolerance; Fault Trees; Hypercube Multiprocessors; Long Duration Space Flight; Mathematical Models; Reliability Analysis 19960047793 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA Critical Failure Mode Analysis of The Petite Amate_r Navy Sate|/_te (FANSAT) Alldridge, David W., Naval Postgraduate School, USA; Sep. 1995; 174p; In English Report No.(s): AD-A303881; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A08, Hardcopy; A02, Microfiche System reliability analysis is an essential element is the design process. A reliability study should proceed from system inception through final deployment. As the PANSAT project approaches the final design stage and begins initial flight production, the absence of any significant reliability analysis becomes increasingly troubling. This thesis initiates the program's reliability analysis obligation by investigating spacecraft failure modes. Typically referenced as critical failure modes, these events will cause complete and permanent system failure. A reliability analysis tool, called Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), is used to conduct a systematic review of current hardware design architecture to expose potential critical failure points or weak links. The analytical result is a Boolean logic tree that describes critical failure events and all the potential causes. This causal output relationship describes each component failure (i.e., single point failures), or component failure combinations (i.e., multi-point failures), which could cause the undesirable failure event, or Top Event. The fault tree will provide design engineers and management personnel with an effective tool and reference point from which to implement design modifications to circumvent potential problems. DTIC Systems

Analysis;

Reliability

Analysis;

Deployment;

SPACECRAFT

Failure Modes;

20 PROPULSION

System

Failures;

Logic

AND POWER

Includes main propulsion systems and components, e.g., rocket engines; and spacecraft auxiliary power sources. For related information, see also 07 Aircraft Propulsion and Power; 28 Propellants and Fuels; 15 Launch Vehicles and Launch Operations; and 44 Energy Production and Conversion. 1974O060462 The case for digit'M techniques applied to powerplant controls Evans, J. F. O., Smiths Industries, Ltd., UK; Jan 1, 1974; 20p; In English; Symposium on the Application of Electrical Control to Aircraft Propulsion Systems, February 20-21, 1974, London; See also A74-43201 22-28; Avail: Issuing Activity The present work argues for the application of digital computing techniques to on-line powerplant control in aircraft. The analysis is based on the cost effectiveness of digital control techniques and hardware solutions in the light of the particular problems associated with aircraft engine control. The use of digital systems with their ability to change programs easily and

8

cheaply during development permits important decisions to be delayed until the necessary data to base them on becomes available. The computer in a digital system can be employed for overall system check-out, thus avoiding the necessity for separate equipment at dispersed sites and additional connectors for ground check equipment. Digital systems reduce the number and frequency of control setting adjustments, thus improving aircraft availability and maintainability. The application of Fault Tree Analysis is illustrated for a hypothetical analysis of a VTOL aircraft. AIAA Aircraft Engines;

Digital Techniques;

Engine

Control;

Numerical

Control

19850010853 Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, CA, USA Caleu_afi_m through Fa_t Tree AnMysis of t_e probab_l_ty _f a warhead being armed pr_r to lmmch Stefan, G., Jr., Naval Weapons Center, USA; Spille, E, Naval Weapons Center, USA; APL The 1984 JANNAF Propulsion Systems Hazards Subcomm. Meeting, Vol. 1; Jun 1, 1984, pp. p 1-7; In English; See also N85-19162 10-28 Report No.(s): AD-P004339; Avail: Issuing Activity This paper is presented to illustrate the usefulness of Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), which, when quantified can yield the probability of occurrence of a given undesired event. A Fault Tree is a symbolic logic diagram which provides the deductive analytical means to identify failure modes contributing to the occurrence of the undesired event. As an illustrative example, an analysis was performed to assess the design safety of the MK 76 MOD 0 Safety-Arming (S-A) device, which is used on Standard Missile SM-1 Block VI. This analysis was performed with the primary intent of determining the various scenarios leading to an armed prior to launch event. These scenarios are made possible only by the assumed failure, or assumed bypassing, of the safety interlocks in the S-A device. DTIC Fault Trees; Fuses (Ordnance);

Warheads

19920066467 Tutorial (_n n_c/ear thermal prop_Mon safety _k_rMars Buden, David, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, USA; Jul 1, 1992; 15p; In English Contract(s)/Grant(s): DE-AC07-76ID-O1570 Report No.(s): AIAA PAPER 92-3696; Avail: Issuing Activity A range of safety topics related to the use of nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) are examined including risk and safety analysis methodologies, NERVA reliability, and life-cycle risk assessments. A list of goals for the safe use of NTP is given which includes low radiation levels, avoiding unplanned core destruction, and preventing inadvertent criticality. Safety analysis and failure-mode analysis for NTP are illustrated by means of the fault tree analysis, event tree analysis, failure modes and effects analysis, and preliminary hazards analysis. Data from the NERVA propulsion program show that safety requirements built into the NTP engine are important for diagnostic and preventive assessments. Other key issues affecting the safety of an NTP program encompass precautions at the launch pad, crew isolation from reactor radiation, flight operations safety, and final disposal of the NTP engines and wastes. AIAA Failure

Modes;

Flight Safety;

Mars (Planet);

Nuclear

Engine For Rocket

Vehicles; Nuclear

Propulsion;

Space Exploration

19930017833 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Re_abi_ty studies of _ntegrated modular e_gi_e system de_ign_ Hardy, Terry L., NASA Lewis Research Center, USA; Rapp, Douglas C., Sverdrup Technology, Inc., USA; Jun 1, 1993; 19p; In English; 29th; Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, 28-30 Jun. 1992, Monterey, CA, USA; Sponsored by AIAA Contract(s)/Grant(s): RTOP 468-02-11 Report No.(s): NASA-TM-106178; E-7774; NAS 1.15:106178; AIAA PAPER 93-1886; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy; A01, Microfiche A study was performed to evaluate the reliability of Integrated Modular Engine (IME) concepts. Comparisons were made between networked IME systems and non-networked discrete systems using expander cycle configurations. Both redundant and non-redundant systems were analyzed. Binomial approximation and Markov analysis techniques were employed to evaluate total system reliability. In addition, Failure Modes and Effects Analyses (FMEA), Preliminary Hazard Analyses (PHA), and Fault Tree

Analysis (FTA)wereperformed toallowdetailed evaluation oftheIMEconcept. A discussion ofthese system reliability concepts isalsopresented. Author EngineDesign;FailureAnalysis; FailureModes;FaultTrees;Modularity; Propulsion System Configurations; Reliability Analysis; Rocket Engine Design 19930065762 NASALewisResearch Center,

Cleveland, OH, USA Reliability studies of Integrated Mo(lular Engine system designs Hardy, Terry L., NASA Lewis Research Center, USA; Rapp, Douglas C., Sverdrup Technology, Inc., USA; Jun 1, 1993, pp. 18 p.; In English; 29th; AIAA, SAE, ASME, and ASEE, Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, June 28-30, 1993, Monterey, CA, USA; Sponsored by AIAA; Previously announced in STAR as N93-27022 Report No.(s): AIAA PAPER 93-1886; Copyright; Avail: Issuing Activity A study was performed to evaluate the reliability of Integrated Modular Engine (IME) concepts. Comparisons were made between networked IME systems and non-networked discrete systems using expander cycle configurations. Both redundant and non-redundant systems were analyzed. Binomial approximation and Markov analysis techniques were employed to evaluate total system reliability. In addition, Failure Modes and Effects Analyses (FMEA), Preliminary Hazard Analyses (PHA), and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) were performed to allow detailed evaluation of the IME concept. A discussion of these system reliability concepts is also presented. Engine Design; Failure Analysis; Failure Modes; Fault Trees; Modularity; Propulsion System Configurations; Reliability Analysis; Rocket Engine Design

19940024900 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Rocket engine system reliaMJ_ty m_alyses _s_ng probaMlistie and fuzzy logic techniques Hardy, Terry L., NASA Lewis Research Center, USA; Rapp, Douglas C., NASA Lewis Research Center, USA; Apr 1, 1994; 18p; In English; 30th; Joint Propulsion Conference, 27-29 Jun. 1994, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Sponsored by AIAA, ASME, SAE, and ASEE Contract(s)/Grant(s): RTOP 506-42-72 Report No.(s): NASA-TM-106519; E-8640; Microfiche

NAS

1.15:106519;

AIAA

PAPER 94-2750;

Avail:

CASI; A03, Hardcopy;

A01,

The reliability of rocket engine systems was analyzed by using probabilistic and fuzzy logic techniques. Fault trees were developed for integrated modular engine (IME) and discrete engine systems, and then were used with the two techniques to quantify reliability. The IRRAS (Integrated Reliability and Risk Analysis System) computer code, developed for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, was used for the probabilistic analyses, and FUZZYFYA (Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis), a code developed at NASA Lewis Research Center, was used for the fuzzy logic analyses. Although both techniques provided estimates of the reliability of the IME and discrete systems, probabilistic techniques emphasized uncertainty resulting from randomness in the system whereas fuzzy logic techniques emphasized uncertainty resulting from vagueness in the system. Because uncertainty can have both random and vague components, both techniques were found to be useful tools in the analysis of rocket engine system reliability. Author (revised) Engine Failure; Fault Trees; Fuzzy Systems; Probability Distribution Functions; Reliability; Reliability Analysis; Rocket Engines

19980025783 Current and emergi_lg teehn