Fases Del Conflicto

     

Josfs gfd `lcjdk`tl

Od ilifctl gf aoedor gf josfs gf uc `lcjdk`tl, dls outlrfs voréoc sfnøc fd fcjlquf quf sf utkdkzo, l ifhlr gk`al, sfnøc fd `rktfrkl quf sf utkdk`f poro rfodkzor fd ocïdksks. Fs kiplrtoctf tfcfr fc `ufcto quf sf gftfrikcoc fstos josfs fc uc `lcjdk`tl kgfodkzogl (fc fd quf tlgl sf gkfro prfvkskedfifctf) pfrl fc do rfodkgog sufdf su`fgfr quf dos josfs pufgfc vorkor, pufgf odtfrorsf su `rlcldlnéo l pufgf quf cl tlgos dos josfs sf `uipdoc.

Josfs gfd `lck`tl

Zkgfl `lc`fptuod

Ufjfrfc`kos

 

 DF@@KÐC ? gf 0

Josfs gfd `lcjdk`tl

Gkcïik`o gfd `lcjdk`tl

Uf`likfcgl do df`turo gfd sknukfctf orté`udl pfrklgéstk`l, quf cls iufstro dls gkstkctls ilifctls quf pufgf tfcfr uc `lcjdk`tl y quf krfils ocodkzocgl fc fsto df`turo.

Fd —posl o posl’ gfd porl gf trocsplrtf fc @ðrgleo \ Do Zlz.pgj  516.> BE

Wlgl `lcjdk`tl tkfcf uco gftfrikcogo gkcïik`o, nfcfrodifctf `lc do iksio dðnk`o `rlcldðnk`o (oucquf odnucos vf`fs odnuco josf cl fs pfr`kekgo y sf iockjkfsto fd `lcjdk`tl fc ltro).

Vco `doskjk`o`kðc fc josfs gfd `lcjdk`tl iuy `liøc, y o`fptogo ioylrktorkoifctf plr do gl`trkco, fs do sknukfctf8

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josf tfiproco2

5

josf gf fs`odogo2

0

josf gf `rksks2

 

7

josf gf gfsfs`odogo2

6

josf gf gkïdlnl.

Fsto `doskjk`o`kðc gf josfs surnf lrknkcodifctf gfd ocïdksks gf dls `lcjdk`tls sl`kodfs, fstl fs, uco fspf`kf fc portk`udor gfctrl gfd ïiektl iïs oipdkl quf fs fd `lcjdk`tl. [ do sktuo`kðc pdoctfogo fc fd orté`udl pfrklgéstk`l `uyo df`turo sf prlpusl rfjdfho hustoifctf uc `lcjdk`tl gf fsto coturodfzo8 sl`kod, pøedk`l y `lipdfhl.

Gf tlgls ilgls, fsto gkcïik`o fs pfrjf`toifctf opdk`oedf o tlgl tkpl gf `lcjdk`tl.

]rfvkl o ocodkzor `ogo posl, rfktfrl, fsos josfs ifc`klcogos rfsudtoc gf uco `doskjk`o`kðc fc uc ilgfdl kgfodkzogl, fs gf`kr quf fd gfsorrlddl gfd `lcjdk`tl cl fs dkcfod, yo quf fd iksil, sfnøc dos o``klcfs gf dos portfs, tfcgrï ovoc`fs y rftrl`fsls, kc`dusl pufgf ddfnor o cl `uipdkr `lc tlgos dos ftopos l josfs ifc`klcogos.

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Josf tfiproco

Fs fd ilifctl kgfod poro pfcsor fc do rfsldu`kðc gfd `lcjdk`tl yo quf tlgovéo cl ao fstoddogl. Pk ekfc sf ao iockjfstogl do kc`lipotkekdkgog gf lehftkvl (quf fs `oro`tfréstk`o gfd `lcjdk`tl, `lil vkils fc do `lc`fptuodkzo`kðc) tlgovéo fstoils fc uc ilifctl gf iuy pl`l fcjrfctoikfctl, `osk cudl, yo quf fc fsto josf `ogo portf fstï pdoctfocgl su plsk`kðc. Pk fc fsto kcstoc`ko sf pugkfro `ocodkzor odnøc if`ocksil gf rfsldu`kðc gf `lcjdk`tl, nfcfrocgl fd gkïdlnl rfspftulsl, do fs`u`ao o`tkvo, y fvktor quf sf prljucgk`f fd gfsnostf gf do rfdo`kðc sl`kod, sfnuroifctf dos plskekdkgogfs gf ëxktl fc do rfsldu`kðc plsktkvo gfd iksil sfoc iuy odtos.

Fsto josf tfiproco do plgfils vfr fc fd `lcjdk`tl gfd trocsplrtf dos sfiocos prfvkos od porl fc dos quf sf rfodkzorlc odnucls pdoctfls slerf fd fstogl gf dos uckgogfs y ltrls ospf`tls doelrodfs.

5

Do fs`odogo

 

Fsto cufvo josf sf iockjkfsto `uocgl fd `lcjdk`tl sf fipfzð o vksduieror y cl pugl sfr fc`ouzogl `lrrf`toifctf poro su rfsldu`kðc plr fd iltkvl quf jufrf, dl quf ao ddfvogl o quf `ogo portf `likfc`f o fhf`utor o``klcfs quf voc o sfr `oro`tfrkzogos sfnøc su nrogl gf kctfcskgog (ospf`tl slerf fd `uod cls fxpdoyorfils iïs ogfdoctf) y, o ioylr nrogl gf kctfcskgog, iïs jufrtf sfrï do fs`odogo gfd `lcjdk`tl. Pf `oro`tfrkzo jucgoifctodifctf plrquf do rfdo`kðc fctrf dos portfs sf vo gfsnostocgl, y `ogo uco vo tliocgl uco gf`kskðc y o`tuocgl `lil `lcsf`ufc`ko gf uco o``kðc gf do ltro, `lil rëpdk`o od o`tuor gf do ltro portf. Pk ekfc fs uc ilifctl iïs `rétk`l quf fd octfrklr, oøc dos plskekdkgogfs gf fc`oikcor fd prledfio o uco rfsldu`kðc po`éjk`o fs kiplrtoctf.

Zldvkfcgl od `lcjdk`tl gftoddogl fc fd orté`udl pfrklgéstk`l, fsto josf plgfils sktuordo fc fd géo vkfrcfs, —`uocgl `aljfrfs doczorlc osoiedfos slrprfskvos fc pucto gf décfo ogu`kfcgl prledfios fc dos uckgogfs’ (Do Zlz, 5=?>, attps8//ekt.dy/5@wH_I0).

0

Do `rksks

Pk sf ovoczo fc do fs`odogo skc rfsldu`kðc gfd `lcjdk`tl, ddfnorfils o do ftopo l josf iïs `lipdfho y guro, yo quf do `rksks sf `oro`tfrkzo y gkjfrfc`ko gf dos gfiïs plr sfr do josf gf ioylr vkldfc`ko fc fd `lcjdk`tl. Oqué fd gkïdlnl fstï oesldutoifctf `lrtogl, y dls o`tls l `lcgu`tos gf dos portfs prftfcgfc pdoctfor fd `lcjdk`tl fc tërikcls gf plgfr. Do décfo gkvkslrko fctrf do josf gf fs`odogo l fs`odlcoikfctl y fsto fs iuy gfdnogo, sldl fd nrogl gf vkldfc`ko fc dos o``klcfs ior`o do gkjfrfc`ko, yo quf fc do josf octfrklr prfglikco do oifcozo gf vkldfc`ko y fc fsto sf `lc`rfto.

Jkcodifctf fd ducfs dls `aljfrfs slrprfcgkfrlc o dls usuorkls `lc uc porl.

…fc ifgkl gf do prltfsto, dls `aljfrfs sf `lc`fctrorlc jrfctf o do sfgf gf VWO y dufnl ior`aorlc od Ikckstfrkl gf Wroeohl. Auel onrfsklcfs o pfrklgkstos.

…Fc dos prkifros alros gfd iortfs sf gf`rftð do kdfnodkgog gfd porl.

 

…dos fiprfsos fcvkorlc tfdfnroios o dls `ldf`tkvfrls quf cl sf prfsfctorlc o troeohor

…Dos puctos gf décfo fc gkstkctls eorrkls oiocf`kfrlc fstf ikër`ldfs `lc pkquftfs quf kipkgkfrlc fc uc prkifr ilifctl quf dls `ldf`tkvls sodnoc o dos `oddfs (Do Zlz, 5=?>, attps8//ekt.dy/5@wH_I0).

 

Wlgos fstos slc o``klcfs quf rfjdfhoc do josf gf `rksks fc fd `lcjdk`tl gfd trocsplrtf ureocl gf posohfrls `ktogl.

7

Do gfsfs`odogo l —gfsfs`odoikfctl’

Nfcfrodifctf, oucquf cl cf`fsorkoifctf, dufnl gf do ftopo gf `rksks vkfcf uc —gfsfs`odoikfctl’. Fc fsto lplrtuckgog `fso do vkldfc`ko. Oqué pufgfc l`urrkr gls `lsos8 uco, quf dos portfs `fsfc fc dos o`tktugfs vkldfctos y fd `lcjdk`tl fctrf fc uco ftopo gf fstoc`oikfctl, l ekfc quf dos portfs rfodk`fc o``klcfs `lc`rftos, gf ifclr nrogl gf kctfcskgog, quf prlguz`oc do gfsfs`odogo gfd `lcjdk`tl. Dl quf sé rfsudto `dorl fs quf fs kiplskedf slstfcfr do vkldfc`ko fc jlrio pfriocfctf fc uc `lcjdk`tl, `lc dl quf fd fstoc`oikfctl l gfsfs`odogo sf prlgu`fc kcfvktoedfifctf, oucquf fsto toipl`l fs pfriocfctf, fs gf`kr, l posoils o uco josf gf gkïdlnl y gf rfsldu`kðc gf `lcjdk`tl l fd iksil vufdvf o rfsurnkr y fs prleoedf quf sf vufdvo o ddfnor o do josf gf `rksks.

]lgfils vfr fstf ilifctl fc fd porl gf trocsplrtf quf af tliogl gf rfjfrfc`ko fc do sknukfctf clto8

Wrocsplrtf\ dls gfdfnogls pfrgkfrlc rfspodgl y dfvoctorlc fd porl\  Do Zlz.pgj  577.6 BE

 

6

Josf gf gkïdlnl

Fd ilifctl fc quf dos portfs fctroc fc uc prl`fsl gf cfnl`ko`kðc, fc jlrio oskstkgo plr uc tfr`frl l cl, fs fd ilifctl gf gkïdlnl2 fs fd ilifctl gf fc`ouzor fd `lcjdk`tl poro su rfsldu`kðc. Pfréo prugfctf quf fc do ioylréo gf dls `lcjdk`tls, fsto josf sf prlguhfro fc do josf tfiproco poro fvktor dos `lcjrlcto`klcfs vkldfctos, y gf fso iocfro, dlnror dl quf sf `lcl`f `lil prfvfc`kðc gf `lcjdk`tls, oucquf cl fs dl iïs `liøc.

Fsto josf `lifczð gfspuës gf cufvf géos gf porl, fc fd `lcjdk`tl gfd trocsplrtf8

Fc do torgf gf oyfr dls `ldf`tkvfrls rfsldvkfrlc dfvoctor do ifgkgo gf jufrzo, `lcgk`kðc quf fxknkð fd iuck`kpkl y dls fiprfsorkls gfd trocsplrtf poro kck`kor uco ifso gf gkïdlnl slerf sus rf`doils y poro fvktor quf aoyo iïs gfspkgls, tfckfcgl fc `ufcto quf sf fcvkorlc odrfgfglr gf ?== tfdfnroios gf gfspkgls plr cl o`otor do `lc`kdko`kðc ledknotlrko ck do gf`doro`kðc gf kdfnodkgog gfd porl (Cufvls ]opfdfs, 5=?>, attps8//`utt.dy/ffW_HKV).

Fd prljfslr Fctfdioc (5==6), `uocgl ocodkzo fd `lcjdk`tl, ogfiïs gf gfs`rkekr dos josfs quf afils gfsorrlddogl aosto oqué ‐quf ëd gfclikco josf gkcïik`o ‐ toiekëc cls aoedo gf do cf`fskgog gf `lcskgfror ltro, quf gfclikco josf fstïtk`o.. Fsto sf `oro`tfrkzo plr sfr fd ocïdksks gfd `lcjdk`tl fc uc ilifctl gftfrikcogl, o portkr gf uco jltl gfd fstïtk`o iksil, yo quf gf dl `lctrorkl sfréo `lctrogk`tlrkl aoedor gf fstïtk`o fc fd `lcjdk`tl, quf fs uc jfcðifcl quf sf `oro`tfrkzo plr sfr fsfc`kodifctf gkcïik`l.

Fc fsto josf fstïtk`o sf ocodkzoc dls sknukfctfs fdfifctls8

dls o`tlrfs, gf dls quf gfefils ocodkzor su `lc`kfc`ko gfd `lcjdk`tl, sus lehftkvls y su plgfr2

 

dls tfr`frls.

Do prkifro lesfrvo`kðc quf sf gfef fjf`tuor oqué, y gf do `uod odnl sf ao ifc`klcogl fc dls prkifrls puctls gf do uckgog, fstï vkc`udogo o quf skfiprf fd o`tlr gf uc `lcjdk`tl fs fd sfr auiocl, do pfrslco, ouc `uocgl fd kcvldu`rogl fc fd iksil sfo uc Fstogl, l uco fiprfso. Fstl fs osé plrquf fd `lcjdk`tl `lil —rfdo`kðc sl`kod’ sf `oro`tfrkzo plr o``klcfs gf dos portfs, sé l sé rfqukfrf gf pfrslcos quf dos ddfvfc ogfdoctf, plr dl quf `lil prkifro gfjkck`kðc skfiprf fd o`tlr gf uc `lcjdk`tl fs uco pfrslco. ]oro plgfr troeohor fsf `lcjdk`tl y fc`ouzorsf ao`ko do rfsldu`kðc, fs fsfc`kod kgfctkjk`ordl `lrrf`toifctf.

Purnf osé uco prkifro `doskjk`o`kðc gf o`tlrfs kcgkvkguodfs y o`tlrfs `ldf`tkvls. @uocgl fd o`tlr fs kcgkvkguod, cl sf prfsfctoc ioylrfs `lipdk`o`klcfs poro su kcgkvkguodkzo`kðc y ocïdksks gf `liplrtoikfctl.

Dls prledfios surnfc `uocgl fd o`tlr fs `ldf`tkvl l pdurod. Fctfdioc fxplcf quf —fd ifhlr `lcl`kikfctl gfd prl`fsl gf tlio gf gf`ksklcfs gf `ogo ucl gf fddls, do ifhlr pfr`fp`kðc y `liprfcskðc gf sus `lcgu`tos f kctfc`klcfs y do ifhlr `lcstru``kðc gf dls fs`fcorkls gf juturl plskedfs’ (5==6, p. >1) fs fd lehftl prkc`kpod quf sf gfef tfcfr fc `ufcto od ilifctl gf ocodkzor dos `oro`tfréstk`os gf fstls o`tlrfs.

Gfctrl gfd ocïdksks, fd gkstkcnukgl prljfslr, gfsorrlddð gls ospf`tls quf `lcskgfro kiplrtoctfs fc fstls o`tlrfs8 do kgfctkgog y do jronifcto`kðc (Fctfdioc, 5==6).

@uocgl dls o`tlrfs ‐l od ifcls ucl gf fddls‐ slc `ldf`tkvls, fxkstfc rfdo`klcfs sl`kodfs vorkogos gfctrl gf dls iksils, y oddé sf fc`ufctroc lehftkvls kc`lipotkedfs. Fstos rfdo`klcfs sf `oro`tfrkzoc plr uco ioylr l ifclr kctfcskgog, dl quf gf odnuco iocfro ojf`to od o`tlr `ldf`tkvl fc `ufstkðc, yo quf fsls `liplcfctfs trotoc, fc ioylr l ifclr ifgkgo, gf kcjdufc`kor fc do gf`kskðc quf sf tlif fc dos rfdo`klcfs sl`kodfs `lc ltrls o`tlrfs. ]frl ogfiïs, tlgo fsto sktuo`kðc tlrco `lipdfho do kgfctkjk`o`kðc `lrrf`to plr portf gfd ogvfrsorkl.

@uocgl fsos gkjfrfc`kos l kc`lipotkekdkgogfs slc ioylrfs, cl sldl gkjk`udtoc do kgfctkjk`o`kðc gfd o`tlr, skcl quf ogfiïs pufgfc o`orrfor uco jronifcto`kðc gfd o`tlr, gfekdktïcgldl fc fd ilifctl gf kctfctor rfsldvfr fd `lcjdk`tl. Fs iïs, sk fd ogvfrsorkl tkfcf do plskekdkgog gf ogvfrtkr fstos sktuo`klcfs, nfcfrodifctf vo o prljucgkzor fsos gkjfrfc`kos poro gkvkgkr od o`tlr y so`or vfctohos gf fddl. Kionécfsf fc dls `lcjdk`tls fctrf Fstogls, l fctrf uc Fstogl y uc nrfikl gftfrikcogl, sk gf rfpfctf dls o`tlrfs rfprfsfctoctfs gfd Fstogl ogvkfrtfc l gftf`toc sktuo`klcfs gf jronifcto`kðc l `lcjrlcto`kðc kctfrco fc fd nrfikl, fsf ospf`tl sfrï `fctrod poro do rfsldu`kðc gfd `lcjdk`tl, yo quf slerf fsf puctl sf troeohorï l sf pfcsorïc dos prlpufstos quf fd Fstogl df ljrfz`o od nrfikl. [ sk fstos jufroc eufcos

 

poro odnucls, oucquf cl dl sfoc poro tlgls, prljucgkzorïc uco gkvkskðc gfctrl gf fsf o`tlr `ldf`tkvl od ilifctl gf tfcfr quf tlior do gf`kskðc gf o`fptor l cl do iksio, quf pufgf ddfvor o uco jronifcto`kðc2 dl quf pfriktkrï o do `lctroportf so`or uco kiplrtoctf vfctoho fc do rfsldu`kðc gf gk`al `lcjdk`tl.

Pknukfcgl `lc fd outlr (Fctfdioc, 5==6) o su vfz, gfctrl gf dls o`tlrfs `ldf`tkvls sf fc`ufctro ltro `doskjk`o`kðc, quf gfef sfr tfckgo fc `ufcto od ilifctl gf ocodkzor dos portfs gf uc `lcjdk`tl poro pfcsor fc su rfsldu`kðc, o soefr8 o`tlrfs `ldf`tkvls lrnockzogls y o`tlrfs `ldf`tkvls gfslrnockzogls . @uocgl od ogvfrsorkl sf dl pufgf uek`or gfctrl gf do prkifro `otfnlréo, cl rfsudto toc `lipdfho su kgfctkjk`o`kðc y su trotoikfctl, yo quf nfcfrodifctf tkfcf fstoedf`kgls if`ocksils gf tlio gf gf`ksklcfs, y `ogo uco gf dos portfs gfctrl gf fsf o`tlr `uipdf uc rld fc gk`al prl`fsl y sus rfprfsfctoctfs slc dls rfsplcsoedfs gf fhf`utor dos gf`ksklcfs quf sf oglptorlc.

]frl `uocgl fsf o`tlr `ldf`tkvl fs prlgu`tl gf uco `osuodkgog l gf uco `kr`ucstoc`ko gftfrikcogo quf ddfvo o quf gkjfrfctfs kcgkvkguls `lkc`kgoc `lil portf gf uc `lcjdk`tl ioylr, y cl `ufctoc `lc uco lrnockzo`kðc poro fddl, rfsudtorï iuy gkjé`kd su trotoikfctl `lil o`tlr gfd `lcjdk`tl. [ oddé hufno uc popfd iuy kiplrtoctf fd rld gfd dkgfroznl y do cf`fskgog gf soefr kgfctkjk`or o qukfc tkfcf, l rfprfsfcto, fsf dkgfroznl gfctrl gfd nrupl. Fstl pfriktkrï tliordl `lil uc kctfrdl`utlr vïdkgl poro ddfvor ogfdoctf uc prl`fsl gf rfsldu`kðc gf gk`al `lcjdk`tl. Fs iuy kiplrtoctf tfcfr fc `ufcto fstls jo`tlrfs, yo quf fc iu`als `osls dls kctfctls gf rfsldu`kðc jro`osoc plrquf cl rfodkzor uco `lrrf`to kgfctkjk`o`kðc gf dls o`tlrfs ddfvo o tlior gf`ksklcfs l gfsorrlddor fstrotfnkos y tï`tk`os fqukvl`ogos, y `lcsf`ufctfifctf jro`osor fc do rfsldu`kðc gf gk`al `lcjdk`tl, dl quf `lcddfvo, o su vfz, o do prljucgkzo`kðc gfd iksil.

Vco gks`uskðc fctrf dls gkstkctls outlrfs quf aoc troeohogl o`fr`o gfd `lcjdk`tl y sus o`tlrfs tkfcf quf vfr `lc do fxkstfc`ko gf `lcjdk`tls ekpldorfs l `lc iudtkpdk`kgog gf o`tlrfs. Fc fstf sfctkgl fxkstfc lpkcklcfs gkvkgkgos od rfspf`tl, yo quf plr uc dogl sf fc`ufctroc oqufddls quf gfjkfcgfc do plsturo gf quf dls `lcjdk`tls slc skfiprf ekpldorfs, fs gf`kr, gf gls o`tlrfs plr eocgl (gfctrl gf fsto plsturo plgréoils fcrldor od prljfslr Fctfdioc) y plr ltrl dogl, cls fc`lctroils `lc oqufddls outlrfs quf slstkfcfc quf dls `lcjdk`tls pufgfc sfr toctl ekpldorfs `lil `lc uco iudtkpdk`kgog gf o`tlrfs kctfnroctfs gfd iksil.

Oqufddls quf slstkfcfc do prkifro plsturo, iockjkfstoc quf `uocgl uc `lcjdk`tl tkfcf iødtkpdfs o`tlrfs `lc lehftkvls kc`lipotkedfs, sf pfrjkdoc kck`kod l prlnrfskvoifctf fc gls eocgls gfctrl gf dls `uodfs sf onrupoc tlgls dls ikfierls gf do rfdo`kðc. Ouc `uocgl fctrf dls kctfnroctfs gf ucl gf dls eocgls tfcnoc gkjfrfc`kos u lehftkvls kc`lipotkedfs fc ltrls ospf`tls gf do rfdo`kðc, iuy prleoedfifctf fstls qufgfc o uc dogl aosto toctl sf rfsufdvo fstf puctl quf fc gfjkcktkvo dls fc`ufctro uckgls jrfctf o uc ogvfrsorkl.

 

Ufdff dls orté`udls pfrklgéstk`ls sunfrkgls y ucf dos sknukfctfs sfctfc`kos, ocodkzocgl fd `lcjdk`tl fc su josf fstïtk`o8

@aljfrfs gfd trocsplrtf pøedk`l ureocl gf do @kugog gf @ðrgleo

O`tlrfs `ldf`tkvls gfslrnockzogls

Vsuorkls gfd trocsplrtf pøedk`l ureocl gf do @kugog gf @ðrgleo

Wfr`frls kctfrfsogls

Iuck`kpodkgog gf @ðrgleo

O`tlr fstotod

Gfdfnogls gf VWO fc @ðrgleo

O`tlr `ldf`tkvl lrnockzogl

Outlrkgogfs co`klcodfs gf VWO

Wfr`frls kctfrfsogls

Nlefrcoglr gf do ]rlvkc`ko gf @ðrgleo

Wfr`frl kctfrfsogl

Ifgkls gf `liuck`o`kðc

Wfr`frls

 

Fiprfsos gfd trocsplrtf pøedk`l ureocl gf do @kugog gf @ðrgleo

O`tlrfs `ldf`tkvls lrnockzogls

PVEIKW

Do `lc`kfc`ko gfd `lcjdk`tl plr portf gf sus o`tlrfs

Fc fstf ospf`tl sf prftfcgf ocodkzor f kgfctkjk`or, skfiprf `lc do jkcodkgog gf oglptor uco gf`kskðc y fc`lctror fstrotfnkos poro plgfr kctfctor rfsldvfr fd `lcjdk`tl, sk dls o`tlrfs tkfcfc `lc`kfc`ko gf quf slc portf gf uc `lcjdk`tl gftfrikcogl, y `uïdfs slc sus pfr`fp`klcfs gfd iksil.

—@lc`kfc`ko’ gfef sfr fctfcgkgl, o gf`kr gf Fctfdioc, `lil —fd prlgu`tl gf uc o`tl kctfdf`tuod fc fd quf uc o`tlr ogiktf fc`lctrorsf `lc rfspf`tl o ltrl o`tlr fc uco rfdo`kðc fc quf oiels tkfcfc, l `rffc tfcfr, lehftkvls kc`lipotkedfs’ (5==6, kc`lipotkedfs’ (5==6, p. 1;).

[ fs kiplrtoctf gkstkcnukrdo, sfnøc Fctfdioc (5==6), gf dl quf sf gfclikco pfr`fp`kðc, yo quf fsto fs fd `lctfckgl `lc quf o``fgfc o cufstrl kctfdf`tl dls gotls fxtfrcls gf do rfodkgog, rfdotkvls o jfcðifcls `lil `lcgu`tos, o`tktugfs, prftfcsklcfs, kctfcsklcfs, ft`ëtfro, pfrl cl slc prlgu`tl gf uc o`tl kctfdf`tuod l ro`klcod.

Iu`als gf dls outlrfs quf trotoc fstf tfio sf aoc prfnuctogl sk fs cf`fsorkl quf, poro quf fd `lcjdk`tl fxksto, dos portfs tfcnoc `lc`kfc`ko gfd iksil, l sk plr fd `lctrorkl, fd `lcjdk`tl fxkstf kcgfpfcgkfctfifctf gf dl quf dos portfs `rfoc.

Odnucls `lcskgfroc quf do `lc`kfc`ko quf dos portfs tfcnoc gfd `lcjdk`tl fs uc fdfifctl fsfc`kod gfd iksil, y fc `lcsf`ufc`ko, fd `lcjdk`tl cl fxkstf skc do `lc`kfc`ko gf dos portfs. Gfctrl gf fsto plsturo sf uek`oc pfcsoglrfs `lil

 

Iox ^fefr. ]lr ltrl dogl, outlrfs `lil Iorx, vfc fd `lcjdk`tl `lil uc jfcðifcl lehftkvl quf fxkstf oucquf dos portfs cl tfcnoc `lc`kfc`ko gfd iksil.

Gfsgf uc puctl vksto iïs prï`tk`l, outlrfs `lil Dluks Brkfsefrn (?;>6) aoc prfsfctogl fd tfio gf uco iocfro iïs sfc`kddo y øtkd poro fd puctl quf cls kctfrfso fc fstf ocïdksks y quf tkfcf quf vfr `lc do kgfctkjk`o`kðc gfd prledfio poro su rfsldu`kðc. Fsf outlr ao tliogl gls nrocgfs nrupls gf sktuo`klcfs8 `lcjdk`tkvos y cl `lcjdk`tkvos. ]lr ltrl dogl, tlio do `rffc`ko quf dls o`tlrfs pufgoc tfcfr gfd `lcjdk`tl, gfsto`ocgl quf sldl fxkstfc gls plskekdkgogfs8

?

oiels `rffc quf uco rfdo`kðc cl fs `lcjdk`tkvo2

5

ucl gf fddls `rff quf do rfdo`kðc fs `lcjdk`tkvo y fd ltrl quf cl.

O portkr gf fstos `lc`fp`klcfs, Brkfsefrn gfsorrlddð fd sknukfctf `uogrl8

Woedo ?

Vco gf dos

Ckcnuco gf dos

portfs `rff quf

portfs `rff quf

fxkstf `lcjdk`tl y

fxkstf uc

uc `lcjdk`tl

do ltro cl

`lcjdk`tl

@lcjdk`tkvo

?

5

0

Cl `lcjdk`tkvo 

7

6

:

Pktuo`kðc lehftkvo

Oieos portfs `rffc quf fxkstf

Jufctf8 Brkfsefrn, ?;>6.

Gfsgf uc ospf`tl prï`tk`l, fstf `uogrl gf sktuo`klcfs fs iuy øtkd poro gfjkckr do fstrotfnko quf sf gfefrï ddfvor ogfdoctf poro trotor fd `lcjdk`tl y eus`or su rfsldu`kðc, skc do gkjk`udtog gf `ofr fc do gks`uskðc o`fr`o gf su fxkstfc`ko

 

l cl, o portkr gf do `lc`kfc`ko quf dos portfs tfcnoc gfd iksil.

Gf fstf ilgl, fc do sktuo`kðc ?, glcgf oieos portfs tkfcfc lehftkvls kc`lipotkedfs y slc `lcs`kfctfs gf fstl, cl sfrï cf`fsorkl gfsorrlddor troeohls gf `lc`kfctkzo`kðc slerf ckcnucl y sf plgrï ovoczor fc kgfctkjk`or fd prledfio y sfdf``klcor fd iëtlgl iïs oprlpkogl poro su trotoikfctl y rfsldu`kðc.

Fc dos sktuo`klcfs 5 y 0, 0, fc dos quf fxkstf uco sktuo`kðc `lcjdk`tkvo y uco portf (l oieos) cl tkfcfc `lc`kfc`ko gf fsto sktuo`kðc, fd lpfroglr gfefrï, fc prkifr dunor, troeohor jufrtfifctf fc do `lc`kfctkzo`kðc gf oqufd l oqufddls o`tlrfs quf cl `rfoc fc do kc`lipotkekdkgog gf lehftkvls fc do rfdo`kðc, poro quf dufnl sf pufgo fctror o troeohor y rfsldvfr fd `lcjdk`tl fc `ufstkðc. Do prkifro rfndo jucgoifctod poro rfsldvfr uc `lcjdk`tl fs osuikr quf sf tkfcf uc `lcjdk`tl, `osl `lctrorkl fs kiplskedf oelrgordl, plr fddl, fc sktuo`klcfs `lil dos gfs`rkptos fc fstf pïrrojl fs fsfc`kod troeohor fc do `lc`kfctkzo`kðc gf dos portfs.

@uocgl oieos portfs `rfoc tfcfr uco rfdo`kðc `lcjdk`tkvo, y gfsgf do rfodkgog cl sf vfo fd `lcjdk`tl (tod fs fd `osl gf do sktuo`kðc 7) fd lpfroglr tfcgrï quf troeohor slerf dls o`tlrfs, o jkc gf quf fddls sf `lcvfczoc gf quf dls lehftkvls fc do rfdo`kðc cl slc kc`lipotkedfs y quf fxkstf uco pfr`fp`kðc fqukvl`ogo gf dls af`als quf dls ddfvo o pfcsor y `rffr fc gk`ao kc`lipotkekdkgog. Cl fs uco sktuo`kðc sfc`kddo, plrquf gfefrï fxkstkr uc `oiekl gf pfr`fp`kðc plr portf gf dls o`tlrfs2 oqué fd rld quf `uipdoc dls tfr`frls fs jucgoifctod.

Do sktuo`kðc 6 sktuo`kðc 6 fs  fs skikdor o do gfs`rkpto fc dls puctls 5 y 0, pfrl sf gfefrï troeohor fc dls tërikcls trozogls fc fd puctl octfrklr, yo quf aoerï quf `ldoelror `lc do portf quf pfr`kef uco kc`lipotkekdkgog `uocgl fc rfodkgog cl fxkstf, plr dl quf fs cf`fsorkl quf osuio fd frrlr gf pfr`fp`kðc gf dls af`als quf dl ddfvoc o pfr`kekr uc `lcjdk`tl quf cl fxkstf.

[ plr ødtkil do :, quf fs do sktuo`kðc iïs sfc`kddo, yo quf cl nfcfro ckcnøc kc`lcvfckfctf, gfekgl o quf cl fxkstf uco rfdo`kðc `lcjdk`tkvo y toipl`l sf pfr`kef plr dls o`tlrfs ckcnuco kc`lipotkekdkgog gf lehftkvls fc do rfdo`kðc.

Fc gfjkcktkvo, fstf ocïdksks prlgu`kgl plr fd prljfslr Brkfsefrn (?;>6), cls pfriktf ocodkzor do `lc`kfc`ko gf dls o`tlrfs, tfcnoc uco sktuo`kðc `lcjdk`tkvo l cl, y `lc fddl gftfrikcor `uïd fs do fstrotfnko quf sf gfef sfnukr poro plgfr fc`ouzor fd `lcjdk`tl ao`ko su `lrrf`tl trotoikfctl y plskedf rfsldu`kðc.

O su vfz, od knuod quf fc fd oportogl octfrklr, sk fd fcjlquf quf sf ao`f slerf do `lc`kfc`ko quf dls o`tlrfs tkfcfc gfd `lcjdk`tl cl fs `lrrf`tl, fd jro`osl fc fd kctfctl gf rfsldu`kðc fstï osfnurogl, y do prljucgkzo`kðc gfd `lcjdk`tl sfrï do

 

`lcsf`ufc`ko gkrf`to gf fsf frrlr.

Fd plgfr fc dls `lcjdk`tls

Dls `lcjdk`tls fstïc osl`kogls o sktuo`klcfs fc dos quf surnf uc prledfio gf plgfr fc gkstkctl nrogl, fctfcgkfcgl fd `lc`fptl gf plgfr cl fc su ospf`tl iïs `dïsk`l osl`kogl `lc do nflpldétk`o, skcl `lil do pltfc`kodkgog quf tkfcf uco l oieos portfs poro ao`fr odnl fc uc sfctkgl quf pufgo jovlrf`frdf, fc fsf ilifctl l fc uc juturl, poro `lcsfnukr lehftkvls fspf`éjk`ls l poro supfror dos rfskstfc`kos gf do ltro portf. Kc`dusl sf prlgu`fc `lcjdk`tls quf tkfcfc fctrf sus lehftkvls, y o vf`fs `lil lehftkvl øck`l, fd gf `lcsfnukr plgfr l ouifctor fd quf yo sf tkfcf, y gf fsto jlrio gksplcfr gf ioylr pltfc`kodkgog poro utkdkzordl, fc fsf iksil `lcjdk`tl l fc ltrls juturls, `lc dl quf pufgf `lcvfrtkrsf fc lehftkvl fsfc`kod.

Odnucls outlrfs ddfnoc iïs dfhls y fxprfsoc quf fd `lc`fptl gf plgfr fs kcgkspfcsoedf poro ocodkzor dls prl`fsls sl`kodfs, kc`duyfcgl dls `lcjdk`tls, y `uoctkjk`oc fd plgfr ifgkoctf uco juc`kðc iudtkpdk`otkvo ]9b¾U¾G¾F eosogo fc dos vorkoedfs rf`ursls (U), nrogl gf ilvkdkzo`kðc gf gk`als rf`ursls (G) y fjk`kfc`ko fc do ilvkdkzo`kðc gf dls iksils (F) (Edodl`b, ?;1;), fctfcgkfcgl dls rf`ursls fc uc sfctkgl oipdkl `lil ifgkl gf dls quf pufgf ao`frsf usl fc uc `lcjdk`tl. Ltros gfjkck`klcfs iïs `dïsk`os sf fcjl`oc od plgfr `lil kcjdufc`ko. Osé, fd plgfr ao skgl gfjkckgl gf jlrio rfdo`klcod plr Efrtrocg Uussfdd (Uussfdd, ?;01) `lil —do prlgu``kðc gf fjf`tls kctfc`klcodfs’, dl quf dl `lcvkfrtf fc uco prlpkfgog quf pufgf pfrtfcf`fr o `uodqukfr pfrslco l nrupl. Ltro jlrio gf gfjkckr fd plgfr fs gf tkpl glikcoctf —do `opo`kgog gf uc kcgkvkgul l nrupl gf kcgkvkguls poro ilgkjk`or do `lcgu`to gf ltrls kcgkvkguls l nrupls fc do jlrio quf gfsff qukëc dl fhfr`f’ (Wowcfy, (Wowcfy, ?;0>). Iïs rf`kfctfifctf, gfsgf dos @kfc`kos Pl`kodfs sf `lcskgfro quf fd plgfr hufno uc popfd kiplrtoctf fc dls `lcjdk`tls, y sf gfjkcf `lil —Fd plgfr pufgf `lc`fptuodkzorsf `lil uco kctfro``kðc iutuo fctrf dos `oro`tfréstk`os gf uco pfrslco y dos `oro`tfréstk`os gf uco sktuo`kðc, fc do quf do pfrslco tkfcf o``fsl o rf`ursls gf nroc vodlr y dls uso poro od`oczor lehftkvls gf tkpl pfrslcod, rfdo`klcod l gfd fctlrcl, o ifcugl utkdkzocgl vorkos fstrotfnkos gf kcjdufc`ko’. Fstl kipdk`o quf fd plgfr sf fctkfcgf fc tërikcls gf rfdo`kðc, y fd plgfr iksil sf gkstkcnuf gf dos jufctfs gf plgfr, gf do utkdkzo`kðc gfd plgfr y gf dos fstrotfnkos poro gfspdfnor fd plgfr (Eludgkcn, ?;;02 Onnorwod y Oddoc, ?;;62 @ldfioc, 5===).

 

Fd fhfr`k`kl gfd plgfr pufgf ddfvorsf o `oel utkdkzocgl gkstkctos odtfrcotkvos y fc gkstkctl nrogl, pfrl skfiprf fs cf`fsorkl fipdfor rf`ursls quf gksikcukrïc f kc`dusl sf onltorïc, y quf pufgfc sfr cf`fsorkls poro `lcsfnukr ltrls lehftkvls. Dos sktuo`klcfs fc dos quf sf fipdforïc dls rf`ursls quf sf plsffc y fc quë nrogl gfpfcgfc gf dls lehftkvls quf sf kctfctoc `lcsfnukr, gf dos `rffc`kos gf dos portfs, gfd oplyl quf sf pufgo letfcfr gf ltros pfrslcos l kcstktu`klcfs, gf do `lcskgfro`kðc quf tfcnoc dos portfs fc fd `lctfxtl, ft`. ]lr ltro portf, dls rf`ursls gf `ogo portf gfefc fvoduorsf cl `lil fdfifctls oksdogls `lc prlpkfgogfs fstïtk`os f kcgfpfcgkfctfs gfd `lctfxtl, skcl quf aoy quf tfcfr fc `ufcto dls lehftkvls gf do portf `lctrorko pufstl quf uc `lcjdk`tl cl fs uc prl`fsl gf tlio gf gf`ksklcfs gf jlrio kcgkvkguod skcl quf aoy quf tfcfr fc `ufcto do kctfro``kðc fctrf dos portfs, y quf `ogo o``kðc rfodkzogo plr uco gf fddos ilgkjk`o, o`tøo, kcjduyf, ft`. fc dos o``klcfs gf do ltro. Fs gf`kr, fs cf`fsorkl rfodkzor do fvoduo`kðc gf dls rf`ursls `lcskgfrocgl quf ëstls slc fdfifctls gkcïik`ls y quf pufgfc `oiekor, yo sfo plr dos o``klcfs prlpkos l plr dos gf do ltro portf. Aoy quf tfcfr fc `ufcto quf `ogo `lcjdk`tl tkfcf kctfrfsfs iuy `lipftktkvls y fc gkstkctl nrogl, quf voréoc fc fd trocs`ursl gfd iksil, y quf fstïc gftfrikcogls plr do coturodfzo gfd prl`fsl gfd `lcjdk`tl y gf sk dls plskedfs gfsfcdo`fs gfd iksil slc `lcstru`tkvls l gfstru`tkvls, fc ioylr l ifclr ifgkgo, poro odnuco gf dos portfs (Gfuts`a, ?;;?) (Fsqukvfd Nufrrfrl, Hkiëcfz Eoutksto y Fsqukvfd-Pïc`afz, 5==;, attps8//ekt.dy/5XW attps8//ekt.dy/5XWw_eV). w_eV).

Pk ocodkzoils fstf tfio gfd plgfr fc fd `lcjdk`tl gfd trocsplrtf ureocl gf do `kugog gf @ðrgleo, ¼fc quë eosorlc su plgfr `ogo uco gf dos portfs<

Dls `aljfrfs, fc su `opo`kgog gf porodkzor jufrtfifctf fd ilvkikfctl gf do `kugog2 dos fiprfsos rfodkzocgl dls gfspkgls2 y do ]rlvkc`ko o trovës gf do prfsfcto`kðc gf do dfy rfnudotlrko gf dls sfrvk`kls pøedk`ls.

 

 DF@@KÐC 5 gf 0

Zkgfl `lc`fptuod

 

 DF@@KÐC 0 gf 0

Ufjfrfc`kos

Fctfdioc, U. (5==6). Wflréo gf `lcjdk`tls. Eor`fdlco, Fspoÿo8 Nfgkso.

Fsqukvfd Nufrrfrl, H. Hkiëcfz Eoutksto, J. y Fsqukvfd-Pïc`afz, H. (?> gf oerkd gf 5==;). Do Ufdo`kðc fctrf @lcjdk`tls y ]lgfr.  Ufvksto gf ]oz y @lcjdk`tls.  Nrocogo, Fspoÿo8 Vckvfrskgog gf Nrocogo. Uf`upfrogl gf attps8//rfvkstosfun.unr.fs/kcgfx.pap/rfvpoz/ortk`df/vkfw/751/7>?

Brkfsefrn, D. (?;>6). D. (?;>6). Pl`kldlnéo gf dls `lcjdk`tls sl`kodfs. Iogrkg, Fspoÿo8 Fgktlrkod Wrkddos.

Do Zlz gfd Kctfrklr. (> Kctfrklr. (> gf huckl gf 5=?>). Fd —posl o posl’ gfd porl gf trocsplrtf fc @ðrgleo.  Do Zlz gfd Kctfrklr. Kctfrklr. Uf`upfrogl gf attps8//www attps8//www.dovlz.`li.or/pldktk`o/fd-posl-posl-gfd-porl-gf-trocsplrtf.dovlz.`li.or/pldktk`o/fd-posl-posl-gfd-porl-gf-trocsplrtf-fc-`lrgleo fc-`lrgleo

Cufvls ]opfdfs. (?7 ]opfdfs. (?7 gf huckl gf 5=?>). Gfspuës gf cufvf géos gf porl, vufdvf fd sfrvk`kl gf `ldf`tkvls o @ðrgleo.

 Cufvls ]opfdfs.  Uf`upfrogl gf attps8//cufvlspopfdfs.`li/clto/7=:?-gfspufs-gf-cufvf-gkos-gf-porl-vufdvf-fdsfrvk`kl-gf-`ldf`tkvls-o-`lrgleo