Familias de Anfibios de Costa Rica

 

Ckufrk` O`zf @vgck`.  Fbocrt` ]`bfl` Ofrqucr`. Ofrquc r`. Mfr`bglf Csqugvcb K`obcs. Csmucbf kc Og`b`häf, Slgvcrsgkfk kc M`stf _gmf.

l M`stf _gmf afogtf ulf kc bfs nfulfs kc flog`s dæs kgvcrsfs kcb dulk`. Cstf kgvcrsgkfk sc fprcmgf cl vfrg`s fspcmt`s: cb lúdcr` kc cspcmgcs, sus d`k`s kc rcpr`kummgýl, m`b`rfmg`lcs, m`dp`rtfdgclt`s, fdogcltcs k`lkc vgvcl, cltrc `tr`s. Cl cb pfäs afl sgk` kcsmrgtfs mcrmf kc 675 cspcmgcs kc flog`s, mbfsgmfkfs cl 66 nfdgbgfs (cl cb dulk` afy kcsmrgtfs mcrmf kc >=85 cspcmgcs, mbfsgmfkfs cl ;> nfdgbgfs). Bfs sfbfdflkrfs y b`s mcmgbg`s tgclcl aæogt`s dæs `mubt`s, y p`r cs` s`l dcl`s m`l`mgk`s, quc bfs rflfs y b`s sfp`s. ^frgfs cspcmgcs, prglmgpfbdcltc kc sfbfdflkrfs y mcmgbg`s, s`l duy n`s`rgfbcs (cst` sghlgmf quc pfsfl pfs fl hrfl pfrtc kc su vgkf kcltr` kc k c bf tgcrrf), b` quc kgmubtf m`l`mcr fspcmt`s kc su og`b`häf.

C

  Fmtufbdcltc cl cb pfäs sc sghucl kcsmuorgclk` cspcmgcs kc flog`s, prglmgpfbdcltc cl z`lfs d`ltfö`sfs kc kgnämgb fmmcs`, m`d` bfs pfrtcs fbtfs kc bf M`rkgbbcrf kc [fbfdflmf. [fbfdflmf. Cs glmgcrt` muælt` kc bf kgvcrsgkfk kc cspcmgcs l`s rcstf p`r m`l`mcr, fsä m`d` kc b`s m`dpbcj`s d`k`s kc vgkf kc b`s flog`s. Bf gln`rdfmgýl prcscltfkf fquä sc ofsf cl b` m`l`mgk` s`orc mfkf nfdgbgf cl M`stf _gmf, ful muflk` t`kfs cbbfs tgclcl ulf kgstrgoumgýl dæs fdpbgf. Cb pr`pýsgt` cs pr`p`rmg`lfr ul pfl`rfdf hclcrfb s`orc b`s flog`s quc afogtfl cb pfäs.

6

 

@rkcl Mfukftf (sfbfdflkrfs, dfrtgbbgt`s, csm`rpg`lcs)

Ubcta`k`ltgkfc O`bgt`hb`ssf strgftubf.

[urrgfbof, [urrgfbof (Mfrtfh`, M`stf _gmf). Clcr` ?551. N`t`: Ckufrk` O`zf @vgck`.

Ubcta`k`ltgkfc Kc bfs 65 nfdgbgfs kc sfbfdflkrfs quc sc m`l`mcl cl cb dulk`, çstf cs bf úlgmf clm`ltrfkf cl M`stf _gmf. Bf dfy`räf kc bfs cspcmgcs quc bf m`dp`lcl afogtf cl Fdçrgmf (nucrf kc cstc m`ltglcltc sýb` afl sgk` rcp`rtfkfs 8: > cl Cur`pf y 6 cl Fsgf). Cl t`kf su kgstrgoumgýl m`l`mgkf glmbuyc mcrmf kc =13 cspcmgcs kcsmrgtfs, b` quc sghlgmf fpr`xgdfkfdcltc cb >% kcb t`tfb kc flog`s kcb dulk`9 cst` bf afmc bf nfdgbgf kc sfbfdflkrfs m`l dæs rcprcscltfltcs. Cl Dcs`fdçrgmf, Ubcta`k`ltgkfc ducstrf ulf kgvcrsgmfmgýl s`rprclkcltc: sýb` cl M`stf _gmf afl sgk` kcsmrgtfs ;= cspcmgcs, y fúl `trfs sc sghucl rcp`rtflk`. [`kfs bfs cspcmgcs fsghlfkfs f cstf nfdgbgf mfrcmcl kc pubd`lcs, y bf rcspgrfmgýl `murrc f trfvçs kc bf pgcb y kc dcdorflfs kc bf o`mf y bf nfrglhc. Bf dfy`räf kc cbbfs tgclc kgrcmt`(Kcsd`hlftaus (l` pfsfl p`r fclcus ul cstfk` bfrvf)9 `trfs Afstf tgclcl k`lkc bfrvf fmuætgmf, scsfbfdflkrfs m`l`mc ulf cspcmgc m`lkcsfrr`bb` bfrvf tcrrcstrc  kc kc L`rtcfdçrgmf). sc sfoc, ybfs kc M`stf _gmf l` tgclcl bfrvf. Cl cb pfäs afogtfl trcs hçlcr`s, muyf kgstrgoumgýl hclcrfb vf kcskc cb lgvcb kcb dfr afstf fpr`xgdfkfdcltc b`s =>55 dctr`s kc fbtgtuk. @ckgpglf cs cb úlgm` kc cbb`s quc tgclc 68 ` dæs csträfs cl b`s m`stfk`s kcb mucrp`, dgcltrfs quc O`bgt`hb`ssf  y L`t`trgt`l tgclcl 6; ` dcl`s. Bfs cspcmgcs kcb hçlcr` @ckgpglf s`l n`s`rgfbcs cl kgvcrs`s hrfk`s schúl bf cspcmgc, pcr` puckcl tfdogçl afbbfrsc cl a`jfrfsmf y cltrc m`rtczf kc tr`lm`s mfäk`s. M`l vfrgfmg`lcs cltrc cspcmgcs, tgclcl cb mucrp` duy fbfrhfk`, m`l m`bf duy bfrhf y pftfs pcqucöfs, cl m`dpfrfmgýl m`l `tr`s hçlcr`s. Cstf d`rn`b`häf sc rcbfmg`lf m`l su vgkf kcltr` kc bf tgcrrf ` cl `tr`s buhfrcs cstrcma`s. Bfs cspcmgcs kc O`bgt`hb`ssf  tgclcl cb mucrp` dæs r`oust` quc bfs kc @ckgpglf y L`t`trgt`l . Uuckcl afbbfrsc cl sgtg`s froýrc`s (or`dcbgfs, a`rquctfs, dush`s) ` tcrrcstrcs (a`jfrfsmf, ofj` tr`lm`s, ofj` pgckrfs). @ckgpglf Bfs cspcmgcs puckcl kc L`t`trgt`l   tgclclcltrc cb mucrp` kcbhfk`, pcr` l`kcb tflsucb`, bfrh` `m`d` `murrc clquc Cstfs sfbfdflkrfs clm`ltrfrsc dush`s, cl a`jfrfsmf cl or`dcbgfs mrcmcl. s`orc æro`bcs.

?

 

@rkcl Fp`kf (Hydl`pag`lf) (mcmgbg`s, k`s mfoczfs, s`bkf m`l s`bkf)

Mfcmgbggkfc

Kcrd`pags `mmgkcltfbgs.

_ä` Ugr`, H`bt` (Uultfrclfs, M`stf _gmf). Dfy`, ?551. N`t`: Ckufrk` O`zf @vgck`.

Mfcmgbggkfc Cs bf nfdgbgf m`l cb dfy`r lúdcr` kc cspcmgcs kcsmrgtfs kcltr` kc Fp`kf (mcrmf kc 655, b` quc rcprcscltf fpr`xgdfkfdcltc cb 31 % kc bfs cspcmgcs kc mcmgbg`s m`l`mgkfs cl cb dulk`, y cb 6,> % kc bfs kc flog`s), y bf úlgmf kc cstc `rkcl rchgstrfkf cl M`stf _gmf. ]us dgcdor`s ducstrfl d`k`s kc vgkf duy n`s`rgfbcs, pcr` tfdogçl puckcl cstfr cltrc a`jfrfsmf, kcofj` kc tr`lm`s mfäk`s, kcofj` kc csm`dor`s, kcltr` kc dfkcrf duy p`krgkf.  

^frgfs mfrfmtcrästgmfs flftýdgmfs kc b`s mcmgbg`s cstæl rcbfmg`lfkfs m`l bf n`s`rgfbgkfk: cb mucrp` cs fbfrhfk`, tgclcl `j`s duy rckumgk`s ` mfrcmcl kc cbb`s, y p`sccl tcltæmub`s scls`rgfbcs quc bcs pcrdgtcl pfbpfr cb clt`rl`. Cl M`stf _gmf afl sgk` rcp`rtfkfs 8 cspcmgcs, t`kfs kgnämgbcs kc `oscrvfr p`r sus aæogt`s `mubt`s. U`r cstf dgsdf rfzýl sc m`l`mc p`m` s`orc su og`b`häf.  Fb dcl`s fbhulfs kc cstfs cspcmgcs s`l vgväpfrfs (cl Kcrd`pags y Hydl`pgs dubtgpbgmftf), cs kcmgr, quc b`s cdorg`lcs sc kcsfrr`bbfl kcltr` kc bf dfkrc nucrf kc aucv`s. Ufrf @smfcmgbgf `sfc l` sc m`l`mc cb d`k` rcpr`kumtgv`. Cl `mfsg`lcs kurfltc fhufmcr`s nucrtcs sus túlcbcs sc glulkfl, b` quc afmc quc sfbhfl f bf supcrmgc. U`pubfrdcltc sucbcl scr m`lnulkgk`s m`l mubcorfs, bfs mufbcs tgclcl t`k` cb mucrp` muogcrt` p`r csmfdfs (b`s mcmgbg`s tfdogçl p`sccl csmfdfs, pcr` cstæl kcofj` kc bf mfpf cxtcrlf kc bf pgcb y l` muorcl t`k` cb mucrp`). U`r `tr` bfk`, sc kgstglhucl kc bfs b`dorgmcs p`r tclcr mfoczf y o`mf m`l dflkäoubfs (bfs b`dorgmcs mfrcmcl kc fdofs cstrumturfs).

@rkcl Flurf (rflfs y sfp`s)

_agl`parylgkfc Cstf nfdgbgf glmbuyc úlgmfdcltc ulf cspcmgc fmtufb (_agl`parylus k`rsfbgs) y trcs cspcmgcs m`l`mgkfs p`r nýsgbcs. _. k`rsfbgs cs bbfdfk` m`dúldcltc ‒sfp` o`rrfma`—, kcogk` pr`ofobcdcltc f su mflt` sgdgbfr fb s`lgk` kc fbhugcl v`dgtflk`. ]u kgstrgoumgýl hc`hræmf glmbuyc kcskc cb sur kc [cxfs [cxfs afstf M`stf _gmf. =

 

_agl`parylgkfc _agl`parylus k`rsfbgs.

Ufrquc Lfmg`lfb Ufb` ^crkc, Ofhfmcs (Huflfmfstc, M`stf _gmf). Julg` ?558. N`t`: Dfrm` Ofrqucr`.

Cl M`stf _gmf af sgk` rcp`rtfk` cl bfs rchg`lcs kcb Ufmäm` L`rtc y Mcltrfb, y cl muflt` f cbcvfmgýl kcskc cb lgvcb kcb dfr afstf fpr`xgdfkfdcltc b`s =55 d.s.l.d.. B`s fkubt`s pfsfl hrfl pfrtc kcb fö` cltcrrfk`s, y cdcrhcl muflk` afy bbuvgfs nucrtcs, pfrf fpfrcfrsc. B`s dfma`s mfltfl mfltfl kcskc cb fhuf ` kcskc cb sucb`. B`s rclfmufj`s vgvcl cl b`s mafrm`s quc n`rdfl cstfs bbuvgfs, y sc fbgdcltfl fbgdcltfl kc t`pbflmt`l (quc s`l `rhflgsd`s dgmr`smýpgm`s quc `tfl cl cb fhuf). Bf fbgdcltfmgýl kc b`s fkubt`s sc ofsf cl a`rdghfs: tgclcl ulf bclhuf fbfrhfkf quc bcs pcrdgtc gltr`kumgr bfs prcsfs f su o`mf, sgl forgr sus dflkäoubfs.

Oun`lgkfc

Oun`lgkfc Oun` bucticlgg.

@stg`lfb, ]fltf Mruz (Huflfmfstc, M`stf _gmf). Julg` ?551. N`t`: Fbocrt` ]`bfl`.

Kcltr` kc cstf nfdgbgf cstæl glmbugkfs dumafs kc bfs cspcmgcs täpgmfdcltc bbfdfkfs ‒sfp`s—, pcr` tfdogçl fbhulfs p`pubfrdcltc bbfdfkfs ‒rflfs—, m`d` p`r cjcdpb` bfs ‒rflfs frbcquäl— ( Ftcb`pus). Bf nfdgbgf sc clmucltrf cl t`k`s b`s m`ltglcltcs cxmcpt` Fltærtgkf, y m`dprclkc cl bf fmtufbgkfk fpr`xgdfkfdcltc 355 cspcmgcs kcsmrgtfs (mcrmf kc ul 1% kcb t`tfb kc cspcmgcs kc flog`s). ;

 

Cl M`stf _gmf sc rcm`l`mcl 63 ` 68 cspcmgcs (schúl mrgtcrg`s kc mbfsgmfmgýl). ]`l dæs m`dulcs cl z`lfs glncrg`rcs f 6?55 d.s.l.d., pcr` vfrgfs kc cbbfs fbmflzfl cbcvfmg`lcs cltrc 6=55 y ??55 d.s.l.d.. Cstfs cspcmgcs s`l uogmfkfs cl trcs hçlcr`s: Oun`, Ftcb`pus y Mrcpgk`parylc (fulquc rcmgcltcs mbfsgmfmg`lcs kgvgkcl Oun` cl vfrg`s hçlcr`s). B`s täpgm`s sfp`s sc glmbuycl cl Oun`: tgclcl bf pgcb duy ruh`sf (cxmcpt` Oun` afcdftgtgmus) y hbælkubfs pfrýtgkfs cl hclcrfb hrflkcs. Bfs pfrýtgkfs s`l fmudubfmg`lcs kc hbælkubfs quc scmrctfl sustflmgfs týxgmfs kcnclsgvfs, y sc uogmfl kctræs kc bf mfoczf. B`s  Ftcb`pu  Ftcb`pus s s`l hclcrfbdcltc duy m`b`rgk`s y su pgcb cs dæs bgsf quc bf kc Oun` y Mrcpgk`parylc . Mrcpgk`parylc glmbuyc sýb` ulf cspcmgc, bbfdfkf ‒sfp` rftýl— (M. cpg`tgmf). Cstf cspcmgc cs úlgmf cltrc b`s ounýlgk`s kcb pfäs cl tclcr b`s kck`s kc bfs muftr` pftfs mfsg m`dpbctfdcltc muogcrt`s p`r dcdorflf. Bfs cspcmgcs kc Ftcb`pus kc M`stf _gmf afl sunrgk` kræstgmfs kgsdglumg`lcs: k`s cspcmgcs pr`ofobcdcltc yf cstæl cxtgltfs ( F.  F. magrgqugclsgs y F. sclcx  sclcx , sgclk` cstf úbtgdf clkçdgmf kcb pfäs), y kc bf `trf ( F. vfrgus) sýb` sc m`l`mc ulf p`obfmgýl duy rckumgkf, fulquc nucrf kc M`stf _gmf fúl sc m`l`mcl vfrgfs p`obfmg`lcs.

Bcpt`kfmtybgkfc  

Bcpt`kfmtybgkfc

Mrfuhfst`r ulkcrw``kg.

B`s Julm`s,Mfsmfjfb, ^æzqucz kc M`r`lfk` (]fl J`sç, M`stf _gmf). Dfy` ?558. N`t`: Ckufrk` O`zf @vgck`.

Cs bf nfdgbgf dæs hrflkc kc flog`s: m`dprclkc mcrmf kc 6=55 cspcmgcs kcsmrgtfs (fpr`xgdfkfdcltc ?6 % kcb t`tfb). ]u kgstrgoumgýl m`l`mgkf fofrmf kcskc cb sur kc Cstfk`s Slgk`s kc Fdçrgmf Fdçrgmf afstf Magbc y Frhcltglf, y tfdogçl sc afbbf cl bfs gsbfs kcb Mfrgoc. Cl M`stf _gmf afy ;1 cspcmgcs kcsmrgtfs, mbfsgmfkfs cl 8 hçlcr`s: Urgstgdfltgs, Mrfuhfst`r, Bcpt`kfmtybus, Clhyst`d`ps, Cbcutacr`kfmtybus, Hfstr`tacmf y Bgdl`pays (cst`s muftr` úbtgd`s m`l ulf cspcmgc mfkf ul`). ]gl cdofrh` bf mbfsgmfmgýl cl cstf nfdgbgf l` cs mbfrf, y fmtufbdcltc cstæ cl rcvgsgýl. rcvgsgýl. _cmgcltcs cstukg`s scpfrfl bfs cspcmgcs cspcmgcs m`stfrrgmclscs cl ; nfdgbgfs: nfdgbgfs: Mrfuhfst`rgkfc, Cbcutacr`kfmtybgkfc, ]trfo`dfltgkfc y Bcpt`kfmtybgkfc. Fquä dfltclcd`s cb mrgtcrg` kc ulf s`bf nfdgbgf, kfkf bf glcstfogbgkfk kc cst`s mfdog`s. Urgstgdfltgs y Mrfuhfst`r , b`s hçlcr`s m`l dæs cspcmgcs, sc m`l`mcl m`d` ‒rflgtfs kc a`jfrfsmf—, p`rquc

bf dfy`räf kc cbbfs sc afbbf afogtufbdcltc cl bf a`jfrfsmf kcb sucb`. Dumafs kc cstfs cspcmgcs s`l fmtgvfs prglmgpfbdcltc kc käf. Afstf k`lkc sc sfoc, bfs cspcmgcs m`stfrrgmclscs pcrtclcmgcltcs f Mrfuhfst`r, Urgstgdfltgs, Cbcutacr`kfmtybus  y Bgdl`pays   tgclcl kcsfrr`bb` kgrcmt`. Cst` sghlgmf quc l` pfsfl p`r ul

cstfk` kc bfrvf (rclfmufj`). M`b`mfl b`s aucv`s cltrc bf a`jfrfsmf ` cl mfvgkfkcs kc bf tgcrrf y kc tr`lm`s. U`r `trf pfrtc, Bcpt`kfmtybus  y Clhyst`d`ps sä tgclcl bfrvf kurfltc su kcsfrr`bb`: m`b`mfl sus aucv`s cl cb fhuf (hclcrfbdcltc m`l p`m` uj`) y faä dgsd` sc kcsfrr`bbfl b`s rclfmufj`s. 3

 

Aybgkfc

Aybgkfc  Fhfbymalgs fllfc.

Mfsmfjfb, ^æzqucz kc M`r`lfk` (]fl J`sç,M`stf _gmf).  Fh`st` ?553. N`t`: Ckufrk` O`zf @vgck`.

Cstf nfdgbgf glmbuyc mcrmf kc 135 cspcmgcs kcsmrgtfs (fpr`xgdfkfdcltc 6=,3% kcb t`tfb kc cspcmgcs kc flog`s), kgstrgougkfs cl t`k`s b`s m`ltglcltcs cxmcpt` Fltærtgkf, pcr` m`l dæs rcprcscltfltcs cl Fdçrgmf. Cl M`stf _gmf afy mcrmf kc ;5duma` cspcmgcs kcsmrgtfs, mbfsgmfkfs cl 6> hçlcr`s. Cl hclcrfb s`lcspcmgcs bbfdfkfssc ‒rflfs æro`b—, kcogk` f quc pfsfl tgcdp` kc su vgkf cl b`s æro`bcs. ]gl cdofrh`, dumafs rcpr`kc rcpr`kumcl kumcl cl mucrp`s kc fhuf cl cb sucb`, p`r b` quc ofjfl pfrf fpfrcfrsc y kcp`sgtfr b`s aucv`s. U`sccl kgsm`s fkacsgv`s cl bfs tcrdglfmg`lcs kc b`s kck`s, fsä m`d` dcdorflfs cltrc cbb`s9 cstfs k`s mfrfmtcrästgmfs cl m`ljult` pcrdgtcl kgstglhugrbfs kc `trfs nfdgbgfs kcb pfäs. [flt` b`s kgsm`s m`d` bfs dcdorflfs bcs fyukfl f trcpfr y kcspbfzfrsc cl bf vchctfmgýl, yf quc kfl fkacrclmgf f supcrmgcs bgsfs. Cl hclcrfb ducstrfl fmtgvgkfk prglmgpfbdcltc l`mturlf. M`b`mfl sus aucv`s cl fhuf ` cl vchctfmgýl mcrmflf f cbbf. B`s rclfmufj`s s`l fmuætgm`s, y sc fbgdcltfl kc fbhfs, t`pbflmt`l, flgdfbcs ducrt`s9 cl Gstad`aybf  pscuk`pudf  pscuk`p udf sc af rchgstrfk` mflgofbgsd`. ^frgfs cspcmgcs cstæl cl rgcsh` kc cxtglmgýl: p`r cjcdpb` Fhfbymal  Fhfbymalgs gs fllfc nuc m`dúl cl duma`s buhfrcs kcb ^fbbc Mcltrfb, pcr` fa`rf cs duy csmfsf y sýb` sc m`l`mcl fbhulfs p`obfmg`lcs fgsbfkfs.

Mcltr`bclgkfc

Mcltr`bclgkfc M`marflcbbf fbo`dfmubftf.

Dfstftfb, Uurgsmfb (]fl J`sç, M`stf _gmf). ]ctgcdorc ?558. N`t`: Ckufrk` O`zf @vgck`.

>

 

Cstf nfdgbgf kc rflfs sýb` af sgk` rchgstrfkf cl Fdçrgmf (kcskc Dçxgm` afstf cb l`rcstc kc Frhcltglf). M`dprclkc mcrmf kc 635 cspcmgcs kcsmrgtfs (fpr`xgdfkfdcltc ?,3 % kcb t`tfb kc cspcmgcs kc flog`s). ]`l bbfdfkfs ‒rflgtfs kc vgkrg`—, kcogk` f su fpfrgclmgf vgkrg`sf y f bf fusclmgf pfrmgfb ` t`tfb kc pghdcltfmgýl cl cb vgcltrc, quc pcrdgtc vcr b`s ýrhfl`s gltcrl`s. Cl M`stf _gmf bf nfdgbgf glmbuyc 6= cspcmgcs kcsmrgtfs, uogmfkfs cl = hçlcr`s: Ayfbgl`oftrfmagud, M`marflcbbf y Mcltr`bclc. ]`l fmtgvfs prglmgpfbdcltc kc l`mac. M`b`mfl b`s aucv`s cl bf vchctfmgýl ` cl r`mfs mcrmflfs fb fhuf (hclcrfbdcltc qucorfkfs kc m`rrgcltc ræpgkf). Muflk` bfs mräfs sfbcl kc b`s aucv`s mfclb`s fb fhuf, k`lkc m`ltglúfl su kcsfrr`bb`. B`s dfma`s kc vfrgfs cspcmgcs mugkfl b`s aucv`s afstf quc sfbhfl rclfmufj`s.  Fbhul`s mcltr`bçlgk`s puckcl t`bcrfr fdogcltcs duy m`ltfdglfk`s, y puckcl afbbfrsc cl rä`s y qucorfkfs kcltr` kc mgukfkcs.

Kclkr`oftgkfc

Kclkr`oftgkfc Kclkr`oftcs furftus.

 Fhufs Zfrmfs, Bgdýl (Bgdýl, M`stf _gmf). @mtuorc ?558. N`t`: Ckufrk` O`zf @vgck`.

Cstf nfdgbgf glmbuyccl mcrmf 6>3 tr`pgmfbcs cspcmgcs kcsmrgtfs (fpr`xgdfkfdcltc ?,> %kc kcbcspcmgcs t`tfb kc cspcmgcs kc flog`s), quc sc kgstrgouycl bfs kc z`lfs kc Fdçrgmf. ]u dfy`r kgvcrsgkfk cstæ cl ]urfdçrgmf. Afstf b` quc sc m`l`mc, t`kfs s`l fmtgvfs prglmgpfbdcltc kurfltc cb käf. Cl M`stf _gmf sc afl kcsmrgt` 8 cspcmgcs, kgstrgougkfs cl ; hçlcr`s: Kclkr`oftcs, @`pafhf, Uaybb`oftcs y ]gbvcrst`lcgf. ]`l bbfdfkfs cl hclcrfb ‒rflgtfs vclcl`sfs—, kcogk` f quc fbhulfs cspcmgcs p`sccl fbmfb`gkcs týxgm`s quc s`l scmrctfk`s f trfvçs kc bf pgcb. Fbhulfs kc cstfs sustflmgfs s`l pr`kumgkfs p`r cbbfs dgsdfs, dgcltrfs quc `trfs bfs `otgclcl kc b`s glscmt`s quc m`dcl. Bfs t`xglfs kc bfs cspcmgcs m`stfrrgmclscs l` mfusfl kfö`s fb scr audfl` (m`ltrfrg` f fbhulfs cspcmgcs kc ]urfdçrgmf quc sä puckcl dftfr f ulf pcrs`lf). B`s dfma`s s`l duy tcrrgt`rgfbcs, y mfltfl pfrf ftrfcr afmgf sus tcrrgt`rg`s f bfs acdorfs m`l bfs quc sc fpfrcfræl. Hclcrfbdcltc m`b`mfl b`s aucv`s cl sgtg`s aúdck`s cl cb sucb` ` cl æro`bcs, y muflk` b`s rclfmufj`s cdcrhcl s`l mfrhfk`s p`r b`s fkubt`s cl bf cspfbkf, afstf fmudubfmg`lcs kc fhuf cl pbfltfs ` cl aucm`s kc æro`bcs.

8

 

Fr`d`oftgkfc

Fr`d`oftgkfc  Fbb`oftcs tfbfdflmfc. tfbfdflmfc.

 Fbt` Obcg, [fbfdflmf (Bgdýl, M`stf _gmf). Jubg` ?558. N`t`: Ckufrk` O`zf @vgck`.

Cstc hrup`, afstf rcmgcltcdcltc glmbugk` kcltr` kc Kclkr`oftgkfc, m`dprclkc mcrmf kc 73 cspcmgcs m`l`mgkfs (6,3 % kcb t`tfb kc flog`s). ]c kgstrgouyc cl bfs rchg`lcs tr`pgmfbcs kc Fdçrgmf, y tgclc su dfy`r kgvcrsgkfk kc cspcmgcs cl ]urfdçrgmf. Mfsg t`kfs bfs cspcmgcs s`l fmtgvfs prglmgpfbdcltc kc käf (afy ulf cxmcpmgýl:  Fr`d`oftcs  Fr`d`oft cs l`mturlu l`mturlus s kc ^clczucbf). Cl M`stf _gmf sýb` af sgk` rchgstrfkf ulf cspcmgc: Fbb`oftcs tfbfdflmf tfbfdflmfc c.

]u fmtgvgkfk cs prglmgpfbdcltc kgurlf y cl c l cb sucb` kcb o`squc. B`s dfma`s mfltfl kurfltc cb käf, hclcrfbdcltc kcskc sgtg`s cbcvfk`s kc bf a`jfrfsmf. B`s aucv`s s`l m`b`mfk`s cl aucqugt`s m`l fhuf cl qucorfkfs kc p`m` mfukfb. B`s dfma`s trflsp`rtfl cl su cspfbkf f b`s mfocz`lcs quc qu c cdcrhcl kc b`s aucv`s afstf sgtg`s k`lkc m`dpbctfl su kcsfrr`bb`.

Dgmr`aybgkfc  

Cstf nfdgbgf sc kgstrgouyc cl Fdçrgmf, Fsgf y Ænrgmf. Glmbuyc fbrckck`r kc ;=3 cspcmgcs kcsmrgtfs (mcrmf kc 8% kcb t`tfb kc cspcmgcs kc flog`s). Afy cspcmgcs prglmgpfbdcltc tcrrcstrcs y `trfs s`l kc aæogt`s dæs fro`räm`bfs.  Fbhulfs tgclcl bfrvfs fmuætgmfs y `trfs sc kcsfrr`bbfl kc dflcrf kgrcmtf. Cl M`stf _gmf sc m`l`mcl trcs cspcmgcs (Lcbs`l`parylc ftcrrgdf, Ayp`pfmaus vfrg`b`sus, Hfstr`parylc pgmtgvcltrgs), t`kfs m`l bfrvf fmuætgmf. Uuckcl vgvgr ofj` cb sucb`, cltrc bf a`jfrfsmf, kcofj` kc tr`lm`s, tflt` cl ærcfs fogcrtfs m`d` cl o`squcs9 prcscltfl fmtgvgkfk prglmgpfbdcltc B`s dfma`s mfltfl kcskc bfs `rgbbfs kc mafrm`s ` sudcrhgk`s cl mfvgkfkcs, m`l cb pr`pýsgt` kc ftrfcrl`mturlf. f bfs acdorfs y rcpr`kumgrsc.

Dgmr`aybgkfc Ayp`pfmaus vfrg`b`sus

@r`tglf (Fbfjucbf, M`stf _gmf). Julg` ?558. N`t`: Jufl Fofrmf. 1

 

_flgkfc  

_flgkfc _flf wfrszcwgtsmagg .

]fl Jcrýlgd`, D`rfvgf (]fl J`sç, M`stf _gmf). Kgmgcdorc ?558. N`t`: Ckufrk` O`zf @vgck`.

Cstf nfdgbgf m`dprclkc fpr`xgdfkfdcltc 1?3 cspcmgcs kcsmrgtfs (6=% kcb t`tfb kc flog`s), quc afogtfl cl t`k`s b`s m`ltglcltcs cxmcpt` Fltærtgkf. Cl Fdçrgmf cs dæs kgvcrsf cl z`lfs tcdpbfkfs kcb acdgsncrg` l`rtc. Afy fbhulfs cspcmgcs m`l kcsfrr`bb` kgrcmt`, pcr` bf dfy`räf tgclc bfrvf fmuætgmf. Cl M`stf _gmf sc rcm`l`mcl 3 cspcmgcs, t`kfs mbfsgmfkfs kcltr` kcb hçlcr` _flf. U`sccl dcdorflfs cl bfs pftfs trfscrfs (ghufb quc Aybgkfc), quc bcs fyukfl f d`vgbgzfrsc cl fdogcltcs fmuætgm`s (pcr` f kgncrclmgf kc Aybgkfc mfrcmcl kc kgsm`s cl bfs tcrdglfmg`lcs kc b`s kck`s). Fkcdæs tgclcl tädpfl`s duy hrflkcs y pbgchucs cl cb k`rs`. Ssufbdcltc sc clmucltrfl mcrmf ` kcltr` kc mucrp`s kc fhuf m`l bcltf m`rrgcltc, m`d` mafrm`s y bfhulfs, fulquc ulf cspcmgc, _flf wfrszcwgtsmagg , puckc scr duy tcrrcstrc ` afbbfrsc cl fhufs m`l m`rrgcltcs ræpgkfs. _. vgogmfrgf af sunrgk` kræstgmfs kgsdglumg`lcs cl sus p`obfmg`lcs. [`kfs [`kfs cstfs cspcmgcs m`b`mfl sus aucv`s cl dfsfs cl fdogcltcs fmuætgm`s, y bfs bfrvfs quc cdcrhcl sc kcsfrr`bbfl cl cb fhuf.

7

 

Bgtcrfturf rcm`dclkfkf

]fvfhc, J. D. ?55?. [ac Fdpagogfls flk _cptgbcs `n M`stf _gmf: F Acrpct`nfulf octwccl [w` M`ltglclts, octwccl [w` ]cfs. Slgvcrsgty `n Magmfh` Urcss. Magmfh`, Gbbgl`gs. Xfic, K. ?551. Fdpagogf Xco: Gln`rdftg`l `l fdpagogfl og`b`hy flk m`lscrvftg`l. attp://fdpagogfwco.`rh/ . M`lsubtfk` cb 6; kc jubg` kc ?551.

Mýd` mgtfr cstc frtämub`: O`zf @vgck`, C. C., F. ]`bfl` Ofrqucr` y M. Csqugvcb K`obcs ?551. Nfdgbgfs kc flog`s kc M`stf _gmf. Ur`ycmt` Og`kgvcrsgkfk kc M`stf _gmf. ]fl J`sç, M`stf _gmf. attp://www.mckumfr. `rh/M@DSLGKFKC]/m`stfrgmf/m`ursc/vgcw.pap0gk4;   Uuobgmfk` cb ?3 kc fh`st` kcb ?551.

Ur`ycmt` Og`kgvcrsgkfk

kc M`stf _gmf 

Ufrf dfy`r gln`rdfmgýl:

Ckufrk` O`zf @vgck`: cco`zfEhdfgb.m`d  Fbocrt` ]`bfl` Ofrqucr`: fbocs`bEhdfgb.m`d Mfr`bglf Csqugvcb K`obcs: mfr`csqugvcbk`obcsEhdfgb.m`d

Kgscö` Hræm`: Ifrbf Durgbb` H. Hforgcbf Mruz D. Kcpt`. Kgscö`, Ur`kummgýl y Hcstgýl kc _cmurs`s [cml`býhgm`s. [cml`býhgm`s.

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