Fake News Detection
December 30, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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]RDGHKCAKRDX
Udcc Zltrd >:4?
Nuhdplsto Mkrvoius Layltl` Adzhäcgkhästuhk`äiyoo Gdr Adzhäcgkhästuhk`äiy ]zä`àtästuhk`äiyo Xdiszïg
Didcysos ke dutk`dtlh edgl ilws hltlmtoki
Gïszàtlttl2 Udcc Zltrd Adzhdsäaoiekr`dtoguss dcdpszdg Adzhdsäaoiekr`dtogu >:4? ]zdgszl`oiärou` vlzltŔ2 Hr. ^dmsgý Zïtlr
Xdncl ke Mkitlits
4
Oitrkhumtoki .................................................................................................... ............................................... ...................................................................... ................. <
>
Alilrom Zlrsplmtovl ......................................................................................................... ...................................................... ................................................... 5 >.4
Xfl Hleoiotoki ke edgl ilws ..................................................................................... ................................................... .................................. 5
>.>
Edgl Ilws‟ O`pkrtdiml tkhdy ..................... tkhdy ......................................................................... ............................................................ ........ 1
>.=
Gly Zcdylrs ...................................................................................................... .................................................. ............................................................ ........ 6
>.=.4
Xwottlr ................................................... ....................................................................................................... ............................................................ ........ 6
>.=.>
Edmlnkkg ........................................................................................................... ........................................................ ................................................... 6
>.8
=
8
>.8.4
Zkcotomdc oitlrlst ................................................................................................ ..................................................... ........................................... ?
>.8.>
Mk``lrmodc Oitlrlst........................................................................................ ............................................... ......................................... 4:
>.8.=
’Eui‐ oi `oscldhoia ktflrs .................................... ktflrs ............................................................................. ......................................... 4:
]trdtlaols ekr hossl`oidtoia edgl ilws ......................................................................... .................................................. ....................... 44 =.4
@lssdaoia dih Udcliml ]trdtlaols .................................................. ......................................................................... ....................... 44
=.>
Mk``uiomdtoki ]trdtlaols ..................................................................................... ..................................................... ................................ 4=
Dcakrotf`om Zlrsplmtovl ................................................................................................ .............................................. .................................................. 4< 8.4 8.>
]uplrvoslh Cldrioia ....................................................................................... .............................................. ......................................... 45
8.>.>
\isuplrvoslh Cldrioia ................................................................................... ................................................... ................................ 41
8.>.=
^loiekrml`lit Cldrioia ................................................................................. ................................................. ................................ 41
8.>.8
Hllp Cldrioia............................................... Cldrioia................................................................................................. .................................................. 41
Idturdc Cdiaudal Zrkmlssoia ................................................................................. ................................................. ................................ 46
Edgl Ilws Hltlmtoia dcakrotf`s................................................... ................................................................................... ................................ 4? .4
8.= <
Gikwi @ktoes .......................................................................................................... ....................................................... ................................................... ?
Edgl Ilws Hltlmtoia Dcakrotf` Mdtlakrols...................................................... .......................................................... .... 4?
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]kmodc `lhod pcdtekr` clvlc ................................................... ................................................................................... ................................ =6
]u``dry.................................................... ........................................................................................................... .................................................................... ............. 8>
^lelrlimls ................................................ ...................................................................................................... ............................................................................. ....................... 8< Xdncl ke Eoaurls ..................................................................................................... ................................................ .................................................................... ............... 86
4 Oitrkhumtoki
@osoiekr`dtoki os ikt d ilw pflik`liki. Xfl `diopucdtoki ke puncom kpoioki fds nlli drkuih ekr d ckia to`l, bust cogl ckw trust oi pkcotomodis. Fkwlvlr, wfdt puts tfos tkpom oitk d ilw plrsplmtovl os tfl spllh dih smdcl ke sprldhoia `osoiekr`dtoki. Xfl oitlrilt `dgls ot pkssoncl tk hossl`oidtl oiekr`dtoki dih `osoiekr`dtoki, prkpdadihd, edgl ilws dih fdtl spllmfls wotf sumf vlckmoty tfdt wds tocc ikw uio`daoidncl. Edgl ilws dih tflor o`pdmt ki skmolty fds arkwi arldtcy tfrkuafkut tfl cdst mkupcl ke yldrs. Xfl oiekr`dtoki dih `osoiekr`dtoki tfdt surrkuihs us ki tfl oitlrilt, pcdy cdtlcy d `dbkr rkcl oi fkw wl sll tfl wkrch, ot ekr`s kur kpoioki, kur pkcotomdc volws, ot ekr`s kur wdy ke dmtoia upki kur hl`kmrdtom roafts. ]kmodc pcdtekr`s cogl Xwottlr, Edmlnkkg, Oistdard` ” Oistdard` ” bust bust tk id`l d elw - `dgl ot pkssoncl tk sprldh ilws (oimcuhoia buig dih edgl ilws) edstlr dih ldsolr tfdi lvlr. Xfl sprldh ke tfl edgl ilws fds d pktlitodc tfrldt ki tfl oihovohudcs ds wlcc ds ki kur skmolty dih kur hl`kmrdmy, wfomf pcdmls tfl tkpom tk tfl mlitrl ke oitlrlst cdtlcy. Xfl > noaalst lvlits tfdt hrlw dttlitoki tk tfos prkncl` wlrl tfl >:45 \] Lclmtoki dih >:45 Nrlxot. @kst ke tfl stuhols ekuih oi tfos tkpom wlrl dcsk prk`ptlh ny n y tfl dekrl`litokilh pkcotomdc dmtokis. Xfl d`kuit ke oiekr`dtoki ” dih dih `osoiekr`dtoki - dih tfl rdpohoty ke ots hossl`oidtoki os dsgoia ekr ilw plrsplmtovls, dsgoia ekr ilw skcutokis, `dynl d ilw dutk`dtlh eoctlroia systl` - bust cogl spd` eoctlroia ekr l`docs - tk `dgl tfl tfl puncom‟s puncom‟s coel ldsolr ki nloia dncl tk hoeelrlitodtl edgl dih trul ilws, edgl dih trustwkrtfy skurmls. Xfl purpksl ke tfos pdplr os tk sll oe tflrl drl dcrldhy skcutokis ekr tfos tkpom hul tk ots erlsfilss dih oe tflrl drl, tk prkvohl d nrole oitrkhumtoki tk ldmf ke tflsl tkkcs. O d` `doicy oivlstoadtoia tkkcs wfomf usl `dmfoil cldrioia dcakrotf`s oi krhlr k rhlr tk eoctlr `osoiekr`dtoki. Xk uihlrstdih tfl mk`pclxoty ke tfos tkpom, O stdrt wotf prkvohoia di kvlrdcc pomturl ki edgl ilws ekmusoia ki ots prlsliml ki skmodc `lhod pcdtekr`s, tfl rldskis ekr mrldtoia edgl ilws, fkw dih wfy ot nlmd`l d prlssoia ossul cdtlcy. O wocc tfli tdgl d nrole ckkg dt wfdt `dmfoil cldrioia (@C) `ldis dih fkw wl mdi mdtlakrozl tfl hoeelrlit `dmfoil cldrioia tlmfioquls sk tfdt cdtlr wl mdi uihlrstdih fkw wl mdi usl @C ekr edgl ilws hltlmtoki. O mkitoiul wotf
prlslitoia `y rlsldrmf rlsucts ekr lxostoia edgl ilws hltlmtoki dcakrotf`s dcakrotf`s,, oimcuhoia d sfkrt su``dry ke tfl hdtdslt uslh, d nrole oitrkhumtoki tk tfl dcakrotf` dih d tlst oe pkssoncl. Oi tfl cdtlr mfdptlrs, O tdgl d ckkg d tfl murrlit sotudtoki oi tdmgcoia `osoiekr`dtoki. Ekcckwoia tfdt, O su``drozl wfdt oi `y kpoioki drl tfl rldcostom ohlds dnkut eoaftoia dadoist `osoiekr`dtoki mkisohlroia `y rlsldrmf rlsucts. Hul tk tfl erlsfilss ke tfos tkpom, `y tflsos rlcols `kstcy ki stuhols, ilws drtomcls, dih pkhmdsts ekuih kicoil.
> Alilrom Zlrsplmtovl
>.4 Xfl Hleoiotoki ke edgl ilws
Xflrl os di lvlr arkwoia tfrldt dih dixolty kvlr tfl tkpom ke edgl ilws, hosoiekr`dtoki dih `osoiekr`dtoki oi tkhdy‟s tkhdy‟s skmolty. Xflrl os di lihclss eckw ke oiekr`dtoki ki tfl oitlrilt dih `diy to`ls ot‟s fdrh tk hlmohl oe tfl oiekr`dtoki os kil tfdt wl sfkuch rlcy ki kr ikt. ikt . Qfli tryoia tk eoih d dcakrotf`ozlh skcutoki tk tfl prkncl` ke edgl ilws, kil sfkuch eorst stdrt tk tfoig dnkut hleoioia wfdt edgl ilws rldccy rldcc y os. Edgl ilws os rdtflr mk`pcomdtlh tk hleoil. Ot os d fual u`nrlccd prkncl` oimcuhoia hoeelrlit typls ke ossuls dih tlr`s sumf ds tfl kils `litokilh dnkvl - `osoiekr`dtoki, hosoiekr`dtoki. Ndslh ki `y rlsldrmf, O md`l dmrkss tfl nlckw hleoiotokis2 @osoiekr`dtoki2 tfl uioitlihlh sprldh ke edcsl kr `oscldhoia oiekr`dtoki (]tdoils @ky,>:46) Hosoiekr`dtoki2‐‐oitlitokidc dmtokis ny oihovohudcs dih arkups tfdt ” lotflr gikwoiacy kr Hosoiekr`dtoki2 uigikwoiacy- rlsuct oi tfl sprldh ke edcsl kr `oscldhoia oiekr`dtoki‐ oiekr`dtoki ‐ (Fwdia,>:41) Edgl Ilws2 – d `dhl-up stkry wotf di oitlitoki tk hlmlovl, ketli aldrlh tkwdrh alttoia mcomgs.‐‐ (Xdvlriosl, >:45) mcomgs.
Ldmf ke tflsl tlr`s fdvl dcsk hoeelrlit tdxkik`ols dih fdr`s f dr`s tfdt tfly mdi mdusl. Xflrlekrl, wfli wkrgoia ki tfl prkncl` ke edgl ilws, ot‟s lxtrl`lcy o`pkrtdit tk eorst try tk idrrkw hkwi tfl ossul dih try tk hleoil tfl lxdmt prkncl` tfdt wl wkuch cogl tk wkrg ki dih skcvl lvlitudccy. Mk`oia erk` tfl dnkvl, tfl prkncl` ke edgl ilws os ekr`ucdtlh oi hoeelrlit wdys oi dc`kst ldmf mdsls dih skcutokis tfdt O stuholh. ]k`l `oaft sll ot ds d noidry mcdssoeomdtoki ossul ” ossul ” `ldioia tfdt di drtomcl os lotflr mkisohlrlh trul kr edcsl ” sk`l `oaft sll ot ds d `uctomcdssoeomdtoki ossul ” ossul ” costoia costoia hoeelrlit mdtlakrols tfdt kil mdi usl ekr mcdssoeyoia tfl hdtd didcyslh - wflrlds sk`l `oaft ekmus ki tfl qulstokidncl q ulstokidncl skurmls `krl tfdi ki tfl edgl ilws otslce dih try tk eoih d wdy tk lco`oidtl tfksl. Xfly dcc fkwlvlr darll ki tfl edmt, tfdt ot os d prlssoia ossul dih rlquorls dttlitoki dih di dmtoki pcdi oi krhlr tk prktlmt kur hl`kmrdmy.
>.> Edgl Ilws‟ O`pkrtdiml tkhdy tkhdy
Xfl illh ekr edmt mflmgoia dih eoctlroia `osoiekr`dtoki nlmd`l tfl mlitrl ke dttlitoki wotf tfl edst hlvlckp`lit ke tfl oitlrilt dih skmodc `lhod pcdtekr`s dih drtoeomodc oitlccoaliml. Edgl ilws fds lxostlh oi `uctopcl ekr`s ekr d ckia to`l nut tfl rdpoh mfdials oi Oiekr`dtoki Xlmfikckaols oi tfl pdst elw yldrs dhhlh > drau`lits tfdt fu`dioty `oaft ikt fdvl mkuitlh wotf, id`lcy vlckmoty dih quditoty. Edmlnkkg, Xwottlr dih Akkacl pcdy ikw sumf d `dbkr rkcl oi fkw plkpcl ekr` tflor volws dnkut pkcotoms, lmkik`oms, ackndc wdr`oia dih tfl wkrch, tfdt fdvoia uieoctlrlh oiekr`dtoki dvdocdncl ki tflsl pdals mkuch nl d tfrldt tk kur hl`kmrdtom prkmlssls. Xfl tlr` ’Edgl ilws‐ nlmd`l wohlcy wohlc y uslh oi >:45, dt tfl to`l ke tfl \] prlsohlitodc lclmtoki dih Nrlxot akoia ki. ki . Xfl wkrh ’Edgl ilws‐ wds lvli mfksli tfl wkrh wkrh ke tfl yldr ny tfl @dmqudrol homtokidry oi >:45 (]fu lt dc.,>:41). >:45 wds tfl yldr, wfli plkpcl fdh tk edml wotf tfl tfrldt ke cdral vkcu`ls ke edgl ilws wotf tfl do` ke sfoetoia tflor nlcoles erk` kil horlmtoki tk diktflr. ]k`l draul tfdt tfl rlsucts ke tfl dnkvl `litokilh lclmtoki dih rlelrlihu` `orrkr tflsl mfdials oi kpoioki, fkwlvlr tflrl os ik skcoh prkke ekr sumf stdtl`lit. Kil tfoia fkwlvlr nlmd`l lvohlit7 tflrl os d illh
ekr d prktlmtoki `lmfdios` oi krhlr tk `otoadtl tfl tfrldts mduslh ny edgl ilws dih tk dssurl tfdt plkpcl wocc stocc fdvl d mfkoml tk ekr` tflor kpoioki ndslh ki vdcudncl dih tustwkrtfy rlskurmls. Qotf tfl Lurkpldi lclmtokis oi soaft oi @dy >:4?, tfl Lrkpldi \ioki dcrldhy mrldtlh di dmtoki pcdi dadoist hosoiekr`dtoki wfomf wocc nl didcyzlh oi d cdtlr mfdptlr.
>.= Gly Zcdylrs
Dctfkuaf `osoiekr`dtoki os ikt kicy prlslit oi tfl kicoil `lhod, tfos pdplr ekmusls `doicy ki tfl eoctlroia tlmfioquls tfdt mkuch nl kr drl dppcolh dcrldhy ki tfl oitlrilt. Xflrlekrl, kicy tfksl pcdtekr`s wocc nl sfkrtcy oitrkhumlh flrl, wfomf fdvl nlli ohlitoeolh ds gly pcdylrs oi sprldhoia (`os)oiekr`dtoki (`os)oiekr`dtoki kicoil.
>.=.4 Xwottlr
Kil ke tfl `kst oieculitodc skmodc `lhod pcdtekr`s lidncoia us tk pkst dc`kst diytfoia wl wosf, os Xwottlr. Xwottlr‟s mkmk -ekuihlr Lvdi Qoccod`s‟s kroaoidc ohld dnkut mrldtoia tfl pcdtekr` wds tk lidncl lvlrynkhy tk spldg up. Dmmkrhoia tk fo`, ’kiml lvlrynkhy mkuch spldg erllcy dih lxmfdial oiekr`dtoki dih ohlds, tfl wkrch os dutk`dtomdccy akoia tk nl d nlttlr pcdml.‐ (]trlotelch, >:41, oh.2Fwdia, >:41). \iekrtuidtlcy, fos ohldcostom volw dnkut skmolty dih skmodc pcdtekr`s `oaft fdvl bust edoclh wotf edgl ilws nloia sprldh oi `occokis ke twllts. Xwottlr os di kicoil ilws dih skmodc iltwkrgoia pcdtekr`, wflrl pkst wotf d rlstromtlh cliatf ke 48: mfdrdmtlrs mkuch nl sfdrlh sf drlh ny diy rlaostlrlh uslrs.
>.=.> Edmlnkkg
Edmlnkkg, mlclnrdtoia ots 4,=> noccoki `kitfcy dmtovl uslrs ny T8 oi >:46 (]tdtostd, >:4?). Ots uslrs drl splihoia fkurs hdocy ki tfl Ilws Ellh - mkitdoioia tfl dmtovoty ke k e d uslr‟s iltwkrg ke erolihs. Edmlnkkg‟s dcakrotf` ruiioia nlfoih wfdt wl sll ki Ilws Ellh fds d fual o`pdmt ki wfdt rldmfls us mkitlit-wosl dih wfdt hkls ikt.
Ktflr pcdtekr`s tfdt drl wkrtf `litokioia drl Akkacl, ^lhhot, Oistdard`, @kzoccd, _kutunl dih ]idpmfdt fkwlvlr, soiml tfl dcakrotf`s hosmusslh cdtlr oi tfos pdplr wkrg `kstcy wotf Xwottlr dih Edmlnkkg hdtd, O wocc ikt ak oitk hltdocs ki tfl dnkvl costlh sotls.
>.8 Gikwi @ktoes
Xo` Fwdia hosmussls tfdt tfl tflrl drl tfrll `dbkr mdtlakrols ke dmtkrs dih vod tfdt, tfrll `doi oitlitokis ke sprldhoia `osoiekr`dtoki (Fwdia, >:41). Xflsl drl2 pkcotomdc oitlrlst, mk``lrmodc oitlrlst dih `lrlcy ekr eui.
>.8.4 Zkcotomdc oitlrlst
Ds `litokilh ldrcolr, Edgl Ilws ds d cldhoia tkpom, md`l oitk pomturl wotf tfl >:45 \] prlsohlitodc lclmtoki oi tfl \iotlh ]tdtls dih wotf Nrlxot Nrlxot oi Lurkpl. Lvlr soiml tflsl lvlits, wflilvlr tflrl os d pkcotomdccy o`pkrtdit dmtoki sumf ds di lclmtoki kr d rlelrlihu`, tflrl os d spogl oi sfdroia pkcotomdc mkitlit, prkpdadihd drtomcls dih edgl ilws ” wotf edgl ilws woiioia tfl ndttcl. Oe wl mflmg ki d Edmlnkkg hdtd didcysos ny NuzzEllh nltwlli Elnrudry >:45 dih tfl `kitf ke tfl \] lclmtoki, wl mdi sll tfdt edgl ilws (flrl tfl tlr` os uslh ekr edcsl lclmtoki stkrols alilrdtlh ny fkdx fk dx sotls) kutplrekr`lh tfrustwkrtfy `doistrldh `lhod. Ki eoaurl 4, 4? ke tfl `dbkr ilws mfdiilcs ” mfdiilcs ” costoia costoia Ilw _krg Xo`ls, Qdsfoiatki Zkst, Xfl Audrhodi, NuzzEllh dih Fueeoiatki Zkst d`kia ktflrs - suppcy hdtdslt ekr @doistrld` ilws. Xfl didcysos mflmglh ki >: ke tfl nlst-plrekr`oia lclmtoki stkrols erk` nktf sohls ” `doistrld` dih edgl ilws - oi tlr`s ke Edmlnkkg liadal`lit li adal`lit mkvlroia sfdrls, rldmtokis dih mk``lits. @oscldhoia tfl puncom mdi nl nlileomodc ekr pdrtols nlekrl lclmtokis. Qotf tfl hlvlckp`lit ke tfl oitlrilt dih tfl tlmfioquls ke sprldhoia oiekr`dtoki, pkcotomdc pdrtols dcsk cldrilh fkw tk usl tfl dvdocdncl tlmfiomdc tkkcs tk prk`ktl tflor ohlds dih/kr supprlss tfl kppksotoki. Mk`putdtokidc prkpdadihd nlmd`l d tlr` cdtlcy, ketli nloia uslh wfli rldhoia dnkut edgl ilws ” ilws ” ot os tfl ’usl ke dutk`dtoki, dcakrotf`s dih noa-hdtd noa-hdtd didcytoms tk `diopucdtl puncom coel‐ (Fkwdrh (Fkwdrh dih Qkccly, >:45, oh.2 Nrdhsfd & Fkwdrh, >:46).
Eoaurl 4. Xktdc Edmlnkkg liadal`lits ekr Xkp >: Lclmtoki ]tkrols (]ocvlr`di, >:45)
>.8.> Mk``lrmodc Oitlrlst
Xfl nusoilss `khlc ke tfl `dbkroty ke tfl pcdtekr`s `litokilh dnkvl rlcols ki dhvlrtosl`lit. Xfos `ldis tfdt tfly mrldtl mkitlit ” `diy `diy to`ls edcsl oiekr`dtoki ” tfdt dttrdmgs dttlitoki oi krhlr tk nkkst trdeeom ke tfl wlnsotls pdyoia ekr tfl dhvlrtosl`lits. dh vlrtosl`lits. ]oiml tfos pdplr wocc `doicy didcyzl stuhols tfdt wlrl prk`ptlh ny pkcotomdccy hrovli skmodc `lhod `diopucdtoki, O wocc ikt ak oitk eutflr hltdocs ki tfl tkkcs dih tlmfioquls, fkwlvlr ot os o`pkrtdit tk uihlrstdih, wfy `osoiekr`dtoki os pdrtcy nlileomodc ekr tfl skmodc `lhod pcdtekr`s.
>.8.= ’Eui‐ oi `oscldhoia ktflrs ktflrs
Xrkccoia md`pdoais drl `lrlcy dnkut ednromdtoia `oscldhoia ` oscldhoia oiekr`dtoki `diy to`ls kicy ekr sllgoia litlrdoi`lit. Fkwlvlr, tflrl fds nlli lvohliml tfdt oi sk`l mdsls, tflsl arkups wlrl mkitdmtlh tk mkkplrdtl wotf sprldhoia `osoiekr`dtoki huroia lclmtoki sldski (Fwdia, >:41). Xflsl arkups drl `doicy oiekr`dc dih tflrl os usudccy ik mkkrhoidtlh mkk rhoidtlh kplrdtoki nlfoih tfl`.
= ]trdtlaols ekr hossl`oidtoia edgl ilws
Oi tfl ekcckwoia mfdptlr, O wocc didcysl tfl hoeelrlit stdtlaols ekr sprldhoia `osoiekr`dtoki kut ke pkcotomdc oitlrlst. Oi Nrdhsfdw dih Fkwdrh‟s Fkwdrh‟s pdplr (>:46), detlr stuhyoia tfkrkuafcy fkw stdtl dmtkrs usl skmodc `lhod tk oieculiml tfl kpoioki ke tfl puncom oi 86 mkuitrols ” mkuitrols ” oimcuhoia oimcuhoia Fuiadry ” Fuiadry ” tfly tfly md`l up wotf tfl nlckw mdtlakrozdtoki mdtl akrozdtoki ke mynlr trkkp strdtlaols2
=.4 @lssdaoia dih Udcliml ]trdtlaols
\sl ke kicoil mk``litdtkrs
Kil ekr` ke skmodc `lhod `diopucdtoki os tk usl kicoil mk``litdtkrs tk alt oi tkumf wotf aliuoil uslrs oi d vdrolty ke wdys sumf ds usoia horlmt mfdt kr cldvoia rldmtokis uihlr drtomcls. Xfl do` ke tflsl mk``uiomdtokis mkuch nl ds ekcckws2
]prldhoia prk-akvlri`lit `lssdals
Dttdmgoia tfl kppksotoki
Ilutrdc stdtlaols kr hostrdmtoia hostrdmtoia
\sl ke trkccs
Xrkccs usudccy tdralt splmoeom oihovohudcs, mk``uiotols, kr pdrtols wotf vdrokus ekr`s ke fdtl spllmf. Xflrl os di lvohliml ke stdtl spkiskrlh trkccoia md`pdoai dcsk oi Fuiadry ndslh ki tdncl 4. Xfos tdncl costs tfl didcyzlh 86 mkuitrols dih tflor wdys ke pkcotomdc prkdadihd.
Xdncl 4. ]kmodc @lhod @diopucdtoki ]trdtlaols 2 @lssdaoia dih Udcliml (Nrdhsfdw - Fkwdrh, >:46)
Xfl dmmkuits `oscldhoia tfl puncom dih mdrryoia kut tfl dnkvl `litoilh `lssdaoia dih vdcliml strdtlaols mkuch nl eurtlr mdtlakrozlh ds ekcckws (`drglh dmmkrhoiacy oi tdncl 4.)2
Dutk`dtlh dmmkuits
Fu`di dmmkuits
Fynroh kr mynkra dmmkuits
Dutk`dtlh dmmkuits, dcsk mdcclh ds ’skmodc ’ skmodc nkts‐, nkts‐, mkuch nl hleoilh ds polmls ke sketwdrl kr mkhl hlsoailh tk `o`om fu`di nlfdvokur kicoil (Nrdhsfdw - Fkwdrh, >:46). Hdvos (>:45) hleoils ot ds ’(…) d mk`putlr dcakrotf` tfdt dutk`dtomdccy prkhumls mkitlit dih oitlrdmts wotf fu`dis ki skmodc `lhod‐. Xfly mkuch nl uslh ekr slvlrdc purpksls cogl sprldhoia buig ilws kr ny ’Dstrktureoia‐ ” d d tlr` wfomf nkkstoia sk`lkil‟s o`dal o`dal ny edgl mk``lits dih tfus edgl pkpucdroty. Dutk`dtom mkitlit mrldtoki mdi nl dmfolvlh ny usoia hoeelrlit cdiaudal `khlcs ” `khlcs ” kil kil sumf cdiaudal `khlc os tfl AZX-> (^dhekrh lt dc. ,>:4?) wfomf os mdpdncl ke alilrdtoia mkflrlit tlxts detlr nloia trdoilh wotf uisuplrvoslh cldrioia tlmfioquls (`krl ki tfos uihlr 8.>.> \isuplrvoslh Cldrioia ). ). Xfl noaalr tfl trdoioia hdtd ki d mlrtdoi tkpom os, tfl `krl mkflrlit dih mk`prlflisovl tlxt/drtomcl ot mdi mrldtl . Diktflr tlr` dnkvl tfdt illhs sk`l lxpcdidtoki os tfl sk-mdcclh Fynroh kr mynkra dmmkuit. Xflsl dmmkuits drl usudccy rui ny n y fu`dis, `diy to`ls oi mkkrhoidtlh tld`s, wflrl tf tfly ly usl dutk`dtoki kicy pdrtcy oi krhlr tk nl `krl leeomolit oi `oscldhoia tfl puncom.
=.> Mk``uiomdtoki ]trdtlaols
@diy to`ls, oistldh ke sprldhoia edgl ilws, mynlr trkkps drl dttdmgoia tfl kppksotoki ny rlpkrtoia claoto`dtl uslrs edcsly tk fdvl tfl dmmkuits kr pkrtdcs hosdnclh. Eurtflr`krl, akvlri`lit dmtkrs, detlr rldcozoia tfl pkwlr ke k e skmodc `lhod pcdtekr`s, stdrtlh tk mrldtl tflor kwi sotls dih pkrtdcs tk lotflr mk`ndt edgl ilws kr k r tk sprldh tfl` tfl`slcvls hlplihoia ki wfdt os `krl nlileomodc ekr tfl` kr fkw ’hl`kmrdtom‐ os hl`kmrdtom cldhoia oi tfl aovli mkuitry. Xfl mk``uiomdtoki strdalaols ekr skmodc `lhod `diopucdtoki mkuch nl mdtlakrozlh ds ekcckws (Nrdhsfdw - Fkwdrh, >:46)2
Xdraltlh dhs
Xdsg Ekrmls, Zkrtdcs kr Dppcomdtokis
Mfdt dpps & Ktflr pcdtekr`s
Xdncl >. aovls us d prlslitdtoki ki wfltflr tflsl strdtlaols drl prlslit oi tfl mkuitry dih oe sk, fkw tflsl hoeelrlit mk``uiomdtoki strdtlaols hostronutl. Xdncl >2 Mk``uiomdtoki ]trdtlaols ekr ]kmodc @lhod @diopucdtoki (Nrdhsfdw - Fkwdrh, >:46)2
8 Dcakrotf`om Zlrsplmtovl
8.4 Edgl Ilws ds d @dmfoil Cldrioia prkncl`
Oi conlrdc hl`kmrdmols, erllhk` ke lxprlssoki os pdrt p drt ke tfl euihd`litdc roafts ke plkpcl. Xf Xfll l`lraoia tlmfikckaols lidncl us tk sfdrl mkitlit ” mkitlit ” oimcuhoia oimcuhoia edcsl stkrols, ednromdtokis dih strkia pkcotomdc volws - dih tflrl os murrlitcy ik wohlsprldh mliskrsfop kr eoctlroia `ltfkh tfdt wkuch prlvlit us erk` edgl ilws. Xflrl drl slvlrdc `dmfoil cldrioia tlmfioquls tfdt drl oi pcdml dih drl uslh oi kur lvlryhdy coel ” coel ” cogl cogl spd` hltlmtoki kr ohlitoeyoia fdrsf, vokclit o`dals ” o`dals ” nut nut tflrl os murrlitcy ik sumf knvokus `ltfkh tfdt mkuch nl uslh dadoist edgl ilws. Xfdt rdosls tfl qulstoki wfltflr edgl ilws hltlmtoki mkuch rldccy nl d `dmfoil cldrioia prkncl` kr oe ot os rdtflr d mk`pclx ossul tfdt mkuch ikt nl fdihclh cogl tfl dekrl`litokilh twk ktflr prkncl`s. Oi tfl ekcckwoia mfdptlrs, O wocc lxpcdoi wfdt `dmfoil cldrioia `ldis dih wocc oitrkhuml kil wdy ke mdtlakrozoia @dmfoil Cldrioia tlmfioquls.
8.> @dmfoil Cldrioia
Ds `kst ke tfl dcakrotf`s dih stuhols didcyzlh oi tfos pdplr oimcuhl @dmfoil cldrioia dcakrotf`s, ot os o`pkrtdit tk hosmuss tfos tkpom oi alilrdc dih sll tfl hoeelrlit `dmfoil cldrioia tlmfioquls ekr d nlttlr uihlrstdihoia ke tfl vkmdnucdry uslh oi tfl cdtlr pdrts. Ndslh ki d \hl`y mkursl erk` Zkrtoccd (>:46), @dmfoil cldrioia (@C) mkuch nl lxpcdoilh dih mdtlakrozlh tfl nlckw hlsmropnlh wdy 2 @C os d hdtd didcysos `ltfkh ekr dutk`dtoia didcytomdc `khlc nuochoia. Xfl dcakrotf`s cldri cldri erk` hdtd, hdtd, wfomf tfli dcckws dutk`dtom sldrmf ekr fohhli pdttlris wotfkut nloia sdoh wflrl tk ckkg. ckkg . @C os dcrldhy d wohlcy uslh tkkc tk eoctlr hdtd tfdt skrrkuihs us. Ds di lxd`pcl, ot flcps tk hltlmt vokclit o`dals ki skmodc `lhod pcdtekr`s, ot flcps tk eoctlr spd` oi kur `docnkxls. `docnkx ls. \soia `dmfoil cldrioia oi krhlr tk hltlmt edgl ilws skuihs arldt fkwlvlr ot os d `umf fdrhlr tdsg ds ot wds ekr tfl prlvokuscy `litokilh tkpoms.
@dmfoil cldrioia prkmlss mkisosts ke tfl ekcckwoia stlps (eoaurl >.)2 Eorstcy, wl illh tk dmquorl hdtd rlclvdit ekr tfl tkpom. ]lmkihcy, wl illh tk mcldi hdtd hdtd ” ” hlcltoia hlcltoia uiilmmlssdry lcl`lits, stdihdrhozoia hdtd. Xforhcy, wl illh tk spcot tfl hdtd oitk d Xrdoioia dih d Xlst hdtdslt. Xrdoioia Hdtd os uslh tk trdoi tfl dcakrotf` ki wfdt tk sldrmf ekr dih Xlst Hdtd os uslh tk tlst fkw wlcc kur `dmfoil `ldrioia dcakrotf` plrekr`s d tdsg.
Eoaurl >2 @dmfoil Cldrioia Zrkmlss (Zkrtoccd, >:46)
Ql mdi mdtlakrozl @dmfoil cldrioia dcakrotf`s tfl ekcckwoia wdy2 ]uplrvoslh Cldrioia, \isuplrvoslh Cldrioia dih ^loiekrml`lit Cldrioia Dcakrotf`s.
8.>.4 ]uplrvoslh Cldrioia
]uplrvoslh Cldrioia dcakrotf`s wkrg wotf cdnlcclh trdoioia hdtd tk prlhomt d cdnlc ke d tlst hdtdslt lcl`lit ndslh kee ke tfl trdoioia hdtdslt. Xfl cldrioia dcakrotf` os eorst elh wotf d slt ke oiputs dckia wotf tfl mkrrlspkihoia mkrrlmt kutputs. Xfli tfl dcakrotf` try tk `dp tfl oiput dih tfl kutput vdculs dmmkrhoiacy, eoihs tfl lrrkr dih `khoeols tfl `khlc dmmkrhoiacy. ]uplrvoslh cldrioia usls pdttlris tk prlhomt tfl vdculs ke tfl cdnlc ki tfl Xlst hdtd tfrkuaf `ltfkhs cogl mcdssoeomdtoki, rlarlssoki, prlhomtoki. Xfos typl ke dcakrotf` os typomdccy uslh ekr didcyos wflrl tflrl os fostkromdc hdtd wfomf mdi prlhomt coglcy euturl lvlits.
8.>.> \isuplrvoslh Cldrioia
Oi tfl mdsl ke uisuplrvoslh cldrioia dcakrotf`s, tfl trdoioia slt mkitdois uicdnlclh hdtd dih tfl dcakrotf`s‟ dcakrotf`s‟ tdsg os tk try tk arkup tkaltflr so`ocdr hdtd pkoits ndslh kee ke hoeelrlit eldturls. Ot os typomdccy uslh dadoist hdtd tfdt fds ik fostkromdc cdnlcs. Xfl systl` hkls ikt gikw tfl ’roaft diswlr‐ , tfl dcakrotf` fds tk eoih tfl pdttlri ny otslce. Xfl otslce. Xfl kvlrdcc akdc ke uisuplrvoslh cldrioia dcakrotf`s os tflrlekrl tk eoih sk`l strumturl wotfoi tfl hdtd. Zkpucdr tlmfioquls oimcuhl slce-kradiosoia `dps, ildrlst-iloafnkr `dppoia, g-`ldis mcustlroia dih soiaucdr vdcul hlmk`pksotoki.
8.>.= ^loiekrml`lit Cldrioia
^loiekrml`lit cldrioia dcakrotf`s cldri tk plrekr` di dmtoki erk` lxplroliml dih drl ketli uslh ekr rknktoms, ad`oia dih idvoadtoki. Ot hosmkvlrs tfrkuaf trodc dih lrrkr wfomf dmtokis fdvl tfl arldtlst rlwdrh. Ot fds = pro`dry p ro`dry mk`pkilits2
Xfl dalit (tfl cldrilr kr hlmosoki `dglr)
Xfl livorki`lit (lvlrytfoia tfl dalit oitlrdmts wotf)
Dmtokis (wfdt tfl dalit mdi hk)
Xfl dalit trolh tk mfkksl dmtokis tfdt `dxo`ozl tfl lxplmtlh rlwdrh kvlr d aovli d`kuit ke to`l wfomf mdi nl rldmflh tfl edstlst oe eoihoia dih ekcckwoia d akkh pkcomy. Qfli usoia rloiekrml`lit cldrioia dcakrotf`s, tfl akdc os tk eoih tfl nlst pkcomy kut ke dcc.
8.>.8 Hllp Cldrioia
Hllp Cldrioia os d sunslt ke `dmfoil cldrioia. Ot os d Ilurdc Iltwkrg, wfomf os `khlclh detlr tfl nokckaomdc ilurdc iltwkrgs, `o`omoia tfl iltwkrg ke ilurkis oi kur nrdoi, dttl`ptoia tk lidncl mk`putlrs tk cldri tfl sd`l wdy ds fu`dis hk. Ilurdc Iltwkrgs try tk skcvl prkncl`s tfdt wkuch ikr`dccy nl ldsy ekr fu`dis nut fdrh ekr mk`putlrs, sumf ds idturdc cdiaudal uihlrstdihoia. Ilurdc Iltwkrgs mk`prosls ke slvlrdc cdylrs, ldmf ke tfl` mkitdoioia ikhls ” ikhls ” kr kr ktflrs, drtoeomodc ilurkis (Zkrtoccd, >:46).
Hllp cldrioia (HC) os di dutkik`kus, slce-tldmfoia systl` tfdt usls tfl trdoioia (oiput) hdtd ekr eoihoia pdttlris dih tfli usls tfksl pdttlris ekr `dgoia prlhomtokis (kutput) dnkut ilw hdtd. Xfl so`pclst Ilurdc Iltwkrg mkisosts ke = cdylrs2 tfl oiput cdylr ” ” dmmlptoia dmmlptoia oiput hdtd. Xfl slmkih cdylr, mdcclh fohhli cdylr ” plrekr`oia mdcmucdtokis sumf ds dssoaioia wloaft tk tfl ikhls dih tfli su``oia up tfl rlsuct. Xfl tforh cdylr, tfl kutput cdylr, mkitdois tfl prlhomtlh kutput. ’Hllp‐ oi Hllp cldrioia rlelrs tk tfl `diy iu`nlrs ke fohhli cdylrs oinltwlli tfl oiput dih tfl kutput cdylr. HC dcakrotf`s drl dncl tk hltlr`oil oe tflor prlhomtokis drl dmmurdtl kr ikt dih tfli `dgl dhbust`lits dmmkrhoiacy. ]k`l eoclhs wflrl Hllp cldrioia `ltfkhs drl nrkdhcy uslh drl Zdttlri ^lmkaiotoki, Xo`l ]lrols Zrlhomtoki kr Dik`dcy Hltlmtoki.
8.= Idturdc Cdiaudal Zrkmlssoia
Oi krhlr tk uihlrstdih tfl nlckw hosmusslh dcakrotf`s, ot os o`pkrtdit tk tdcg dnkut Idturdc Cdiaudal Zrkmlssoia. Idturdc Cdiaudal Zrkmlssoia (ICZ) mkvlrs tfl hoeelrlit dpprkdmfls ke fkw tk prkmlss tfl tfl fu`di cdiaudal. Xfl tlr` cdtlcy fds nlli dcsk wohlcy uslh tk rlelr tk tfl stuhy ke mk`putlr systl`s tfdt wkrg ki hlvlckpoia di oitlrprltdtoki ke tfl idturdccy spkgli cdiaudals. ICZ `dmfoil cldrioia dcakrotf`s mdi nktf nl suplrvoslh dih uisuplrvoslh cldrioia. Cdiaudal prkmlssoia os ikt d hltlr`oiostom smoliml ds ekr lxd`pcl `dtfl`dtoms7 tfl sd`l cdiaudal, sd`l slitliml kr lvli tfl sd`l wkrh hkls ikt dcwdys fdvl tfl sd`l `ldioia, sd`l oitlprltdtoki. Hul tk tfl uihltlr`oiostom idturl ke ICZ, trdiscdtoia d cdiaudal tk d mk`putlr os rdtflr d fdrh tdsg, fkwlvlr, tflrl fds nlli d arldt hlvlckp`lit oi nktf ICZ tlmfioquls dih `dmfoil cldrioia dcakrotf`s cdtlcy tk alt mckslr tk tfl skcutoki tk tfos prkncl`. @dmfoil cldrioia ekr ICZ dih tlxt didcytoms oivkcvls d slt ke stdtostomdc tlmfioquls oi krhlr tk ohlitoey pdrts ke spllmf, slito`lits dih ktflr dsplmts ke tfl tlxt. Qfli tdcgoia dnkut suplrvoslh ICZ `dmfoil cldrioia dcakrotf`s, tfly drl usudccy uslh ekr mdtlakrozdtoki mdtlakrozdtoki dih dih mcdssoeomdtoki ke tlxts kr pdrts ke tlxts. \isuplrvoslh ICZ cldrioia `ltfkhs drl uslh ekr mcdssoeomdtoki mcustlroia so`ocdr so`ocdr hkmu`lits tkaltflr.
< ::: diiktdtokis (cdnlcs) erk` 6: vkcuitllrs. Xfl vkcuitllrs wlrl dsglh tk tdgl slitlimls erk` pkcotomdc XU sfkws dih cdnlc tfl slitlimls dmmkrhoia tk d 1 typl tdxkik`y tfdt wds mrldtlh ny tfl Eucc Edmt tld`. Xfl tdxkik`y tfly md`l up wotf os d rlsuct ke tflor 6-yldr ckia rlsldrmf oi tfl eolch, ny ckkgoia dt d arldt d`kuit ke lxd`pcls dih tfli tryoia tk mcdssoey tfl` oitk suplrarkups dih sunarkups, akoia tfrkuaf d ckt ke trodc dih lrrkr. Kiml tfl vkcuitllrs cdnlclh tfl hdtd, h dtd, tfly mkuch nlaoi wotf n nuochoia uochoia tflor dcakrotf`.
Dcakrotf`2
Eucc Edmt usls @C dih ICZ ekr hltlmtoia mcdo`s ny lxtrdmtoia tfl` erk` tfl ilws nloia `kiotkrlh. Oi tfl eorst stlp ke tfl edmtmflmgoia, tfl ossul os nloia trldtlh ds d noidry mcdssoeomdtoki ossul. Xfl suplrvoslh @C dcakrotf` os trdoilh ki d hdtdslt tfdt fds slitlimls cdnlclh ds ’mcdo`‐ dih ’ikt mcdo`‐ dih tfli hlmohls eurtflr ki tfl dcakrotf` tk cldri tfl mfdrdmtlrostoms ke nktf typls ke tfl cdnlcclh slitlimls. Xfl kradiozdtoki fds d 1-typl tdxkik`y tflor @C dcakrotf` os ndslh upki tk hleoil wfdt os d mcdo` dih wfdt os ikt ” ikt ” sk`l sk`l ke tflsl typls drl Tuditoty oi pdst kr prlslit , Cladc mcdo`, mcdo`, Zrlhomtoki Zrlhomtoki,, Mdusdtoki kr Mkrrlcdtoki.. Xfl mk`pdiy murrlitcy fds > @C- ndslh prkhumts tk flcp tflor lvlryhdy coel2 Mkrrlcdtoki Covl dih Xrlihs.
Covl
Covl os d covl edmtmflmgoia tkkc tfdt hkls spllmf hltlmtoki oi rldc to`l dih alilrdtls d trdismropt ke ot. ot. Xfl tkkc‟s tdsg mdi nl spcot oitk = mdtlakrols2
Eorst , ot mflmgs wfltflr tflrl os d edmt mflmg dcrldhy ekr tfl mcdo` spkttlh oi
tfl spllmf. Oe yls, ot wocc suredml tfdt edmt.
]lmkihcy ]lmkihcy,, oi mdsl tflrl os ik edmt mflmg ki tfl tkpom ylt, ot wocc sldrmf ekr
lxostoia hdtd ki tfl mcdo`. Oe Covl tfli eoihs hdtd, ot alilrdtls d ardpf ke tfl cdtlst hdtd. D akkh lxd`pcl wkuch nl d mcdo` ki l`pcky`lit. D mcdo`, sumf ds l`pcky`lit fds edccli wotf < % oi tfl pdst x yldrs mkuch nl ldsocy mflmglh ny hdtd erk` idtokidc stdtostomdc hdtd.
Xforhcy Xforhcy,, oe ikil ke tfl dnkvl os trul, tfl tkkc wocc mflmg oe tflrl os d mcdo` dt
dcc oi tfl spllmf ekr eurtflr mflmgoia. Eucc Edmt‟s dppkdrmf tk tfl tkpom ke `osoiekr`dtoki `o soiekr`dtoki os tfdt oistldh ke rlstromtoia oiekr`dtoki sprldh, tfl ekmus pkoit sfkuch nl ki fkw tk rlhuml tfl to`l tfdt ot tdgls tk rlspkih tk `osoiekr`dtoki ny flcpoia rldc bkuridcos`.
Xrlihs
Xrlihs os d tkkc tfdt wds nuoct tk eoih rlpldtlh oistdimls ke edgl ilws kvlr to`l. Ot mflmgs tfl rlpltotoki ke mcdo`s tfdt drl oimkrrlmt, mflmgoia tfl mcdo`s sdoh oi tfl Zdrcod`lit, oi puncom pkcotomdc edmlnkkg arkups, oi tfl ilwspdplrs dih tfli trols tk `dp tfl sprldh ke `osoiekr`dtoki tfdt wlrl dcrldhy mflmglh. Ots purpksl os tk nl dncl tk ak ndmg tk tfl kroaoidtkr dih tfli try tk tdgl kut tfl edgl ilws erk` tfl mormucdtoki tk try tk `oio`ozl tfl rlpltotoki.
Xlst2
Covl dih Xrlihs drl nloia nuoct oitlridccy dih ktflr tfdi Eucc Edmt‟s tld`, kicy edmt mflmglrs dih bkuridcost mdi dmmlss tfl`. Fkwlvlr, Eucc Edmt‟s tld` os mkitoiukuscy os mkitoiukuscy puncosfoia stuhols oi tfl tkpom wfomf drl dvdocdncl ki tflor wlnsotl. EdglrEdmt
Xfl nlckw hlsmronlh stuhy mkisohlrs tfl edgl ilws prkncl` ds d `uctomcdssoeomdtoki ossul, `ldioia tfdt ot hkls ikt sdy wfltflr tfl ilws oi qulstoki os edgl kr trul nut rdtflr hostoiauosfls `uctopcl mdtlakrols dih trols tk eot ldmf drtomcls oitk tfl nlst mdtlakry. Oi @ogl Xd`or‟s prkblmt Xd`or‟s prkblmt (Zkcomf, >:46n), tfl rlsldrmflrs ekmus ki ohlitoeyoia edgl ilws dt tfl ldrcy stdal wotfkut tfl flcp ke mflmgoia ki tfl hossl`oidtoki iltwkrgs ” tfdt tfdt os, ds skki ds tfl drtomcl os spkttlh, pkssoncy nlekrl sprldhoia tfl drtomcl wkuch stdrt. Edglredmt os d wlnsotl dih dcsk d Mfrk`l/Eorlekx pcuaoi wfomf clvlrdals @C tlmfioquls tk prlhomt tfl mdtlakry ke d prlvokuscy uislli wlnsotl/drtomcl wlnsotl/drtomcl wotf foaf foaf clvlc slito`lit didcysos didcysos (di ICZ tdsg) vod mcdssls mcdssls cogl kpoioki, wogo wogo dih edgl ilws. ilws. Xflor stdrtoia pkoit os ikt tryoia tk eoaurl kut wfltflr sk`ltfoia os trul kr edcsl, soiml tfly hk ikt lxplmt tk eoih d ckt ke hdtd dnkut ’ilw ilws‐ ilws‐. Oistldh ke akoia strdoaft tk edmt mflmglr wlnsotls (cogl Eucc Edmt), tfly tdgl d ckkg dt fkw tfl drtomcl otslce os wrottli, sumf ds wfdt oitlitoki wds tfl drtomcl wrottli wotf, l.a. sfdroia oiekr`dtoki, `diopucdtoki dih sk ki.
Kiml d coig os litlrlh ki tfl wlnsotl, tfl dcakrotf` wocc ak tfrkuaf lvl lvlry ry wkrh dih hoeelrlit idturdc cdiaudal uihlrstdihoia tlmfioquls ots `khlc wds trdoilh ki. Eoidccy, ot mk`ls up wotf d smkrl tk skrt tfl drtomcl oitk kil ke tfl nlckw 5 mdtlakrols2
Bkuridcos` (ilws)
Qogo (`ldit tk mk``uiomdtl oiekr`dtoki nut ikt ilmmlssdrocy ilws)
]lisdtokidc
Kpoioki
]dtorl
\irlcodncl
Hdtdslt2
Oi tfl ldrcy pfdsl, tfl rlsldrmf tld` wkrglh wotf di dvdocdncl puncom hdtdslt, wfomf tfly tfli stdrtlh tk cdnlc dih tfli lihlh up wotf tfl tdxkik`y dnkvl. Xfl tld` dcckws uslrs tk cldvl ellhndmg detlr ruiioia di drtomcl tfrkuaf tfl pdal soiml ’’woshk` woshk` ke tfl mrkwh‐ mrkwh‐ os dcsk lsslitodc oi tfos prkblmt. ’‐Qoshk` ke tfl mrkwh‐ os tfl tfl iktoki tfdt tfl daarladtlh knslrvdtokis ke `diy uslrs wocc flcp tk wllh kut oidmmurdmols dih edcslfkkhs. O`pcols tfdt wotf d sueeomolit iu`nlr ke uslrs, tfl uslr-alilrdtlh mkitlit ki d pcdtekr` wocc lsslitodccy nl slce-eoctlrlh slce-eoctlrlh ekr trutfeuc trutfeuc oiekr`dtoki oiekr`dtoki‐(Fwdia, ‐(Fwdia, >:41). Xfl ohld `oaft skuih ed`ocodr ds tfos wds tfl kroaoidc tfkuaft nlfoih twk ke tfl noaalst skmodc `lhod pcdtekr`s2Xwottlr dih ^lhhot.
Dcakrotf`2
Hoeelrlit strdtlaols wkrg wlcc wotf tfl hoeelrlit mdtlakrols, `ldioia tfdt tfl 5 cdnlcs drl trdoilh ki hoeelrlit hdtdslts, ki hoeelrlit wdys. Xfl dcakrotf` tfdt os uslh nlfoih n lfoih tfl wlnsotl rlcols ki Hllp Cldrioia dcakrotf`s sumf ds Ckia ]fkrt Xlr` @l`kry iltwkrg (C]X@) dih Dttlitoki @lmfdios`. Ekr hlsmronoia tflsl dcakrotf`s, O uslh tfl puncomdtokis erk` Nrotz (>:45), Ncolr-Kccoki (>:45) , Kcdf(>:4:46d) dih Ulli (>:45). Nktf Dttlitoki @lmfdios` dih C]X@ drl d vdrodits ke ^lmurrlit Ilurdc Iltwkrgs (^IIs). ^IIs drl kil ke tfl `diy
ilurdc iltwkrg/Hllp Cldrioia drmfotlmturls hleoilh tk `dp oiput slqulimls tk kutput slqulimls ekr rlmkaiotoki kr prlhomtoki prkncl`s usoia to`l-slrols oiekr`dtoki. ^IIs drl vlry usleuc wfli tryoia tk skcvl prkncl`s cogl rlmkaiozoia pdttlris oi fdihwrotoia. ^lmurrlit Iltwkrgs ikt kicy tdgl tfl murrlit oiput nut dcsk fdvl tfl dnocoty tk ckkg ndmg dt prlvokus oiputs dih mk`l tk d mkimcusoki ki wfdt tfl kutput hdtd sfkuch nl mk mk`noioia `noioia pdst dih prlslit hdtd. Erk` tfos pkoit oe volw, ot sll`s cogl tfl ^IIs fdvl d `l `l`kry. `kry. ^IIs drl dncl tk eoih mkrrlcdtokis nltwlli prlslit dih pdst lvlits ” tflsl hlplihlimols drl mdcclh ’ckia--tlr` hlplihlimols‐. Dcc tflsl pdst lvlits drl stkrlh oi tfl tfl fohhli cdylrs ke tfl ’ckia ^IIs, wotf d mlrtdoi mlrtdoi wloaft dssoailh tk ldmf lvlits. ^IIs‟ noaalst knstdmcl os tfl vdiosfoia ardholit prkncl` ( prkncl` ( dcsk rlelrrlh tk ds tfl lxpckhoia ardholit prkncl`) prkncl`) wfomf rlelrs tk tk tfl prkncl` ke fkw oiekr`dtoki alts rdpohcy ckst kvlr to`l, oihlplihlitcy ke tfl wloaft dssoai tk tfl polmls ke oiekr`dtoki. Oi tfl `oh ?:s, d vdrodtoki ke ^IIs wds prkpkslh wfomf keelrlh d skcutoki tk tfl dekrl`litokilh prkncl` 2 tfl Ckia ]fkrt ” Xlr` Xlr` @l`kry uiots (C]X@). C]X@ flcps tk prlslrvl tfl wloaft oiekr`dtoki ekr `umf `um f ckialr tfdi ^IIs. C]X@s mkitdoi mk itdoi oiekr`dtoki kutsohl ke tfl ikr`dc eckw ke tfl ^II oi d adtlh mlcc. ’X ’Xfl fl mlccs cldri wfli tk dcckw hdtd tk litlr, cldvl kr nl hlcltlh tfrkuaf tfl otlrdtovl prkmlss ke `dgoia aulssls, ndmgprkpdadtoia lrrkr, dih dhbustoia wloafts vod ardholit hlsmlit‐ hlsmlit ‐ (]gy`oih, >:46n). Xfl ilxt noa stlp oi ^II os Dttlitoki @lmfdios`. Xfl nlieot ke Dttlitoki @lmfdios` os tfdt uicoil C]X@s, ot hkls ikt try tk limkhl tfl eucc oiput (mk`noidtoki ke prlvokus dih ilw hdtd). Qotf Dttlitoki `lmfidos`, wl ckkg dt lvlry murrlit dih prlvokus oiput hdtd nlekrl hlmohoia wfdt tk ekmus ki. Ndslh ki tfl dnkvl, wl mdi mkimcuhl tfdt dssoaioia wloaft tk tfl oiput hdtd os d mrumodc pdrt ke Ilurdc Iltwkrgs, fkwlvlr, tfl hoeelrlit IIs usl hoeelrlit mrlhot dssoai`lit ckaom tk mfdiilc tfl oiput dih kutput hdtd.
Xlst2
Ekr tlstoia purpksls, O rdi oitk d prkncl` tfdt `diy ke tfl rlsldrmfls dcsk hlsmronlh ” hlsmronlh ” ot ot os ikt ldsy tk eoih edgl ilws drtomcls wfli kil os splmoeomdccy ckkgoia ekr tfl`. Eoidccy, O ekuih tfl drtomcl tfdt cdtlr prkvlh tk nl edcsl dih wds stocc dvdocdncl ” dvdocdncl ” di di drtomcl tfdt stdtlh tfdt tfl
Zkpl lihkrslh Hkidch Xru`p. Fkwlvlr, wfli pdstoia tfl coig oitk tfl wlnsotl, ot hoh ikt aovl tfl lxplmtlh rlsuct ” ot ot hoh ikt sll diy wdrioia soais tfdt tfl drtomcl mkuch nl edgl. O tfli rl rui tfl dcakrotf` ekr d slmkih edgl ilws drtomcl wflrl ot wkrglh nlttl, prlslitoia tfl rlsuct sfkwi ki eoaurl =2
Eoaurl =2 ^lsuct ke tlstoia EdglrEdmt ds d edgl ilws hltlmtoia wlnsotl (EdglrEdmt, >:4?)
]kmodc Mkitlxt-ndslh eoctlroia tkkcs
.4 Fkdxy
Fkdxy os d tkkc tfdt sfkws us oitlrdmtovlcy fkw oiekr`dtoki sprldhs kicoil prkvohoia oiekr`dtoki dcsk dnkut fkw coglcy di dmmkuit os tk nl nkt. Ndslh ki di oitlrvolw wotf Eocoppk @limzlr (Zkcomf, >:46m), tflrl drl > wdys ke fkw oiekr`dtoki sprldhs dmrkss tfl spkmodc `lhod pcdekr`s2 tfly lotflr sprldh kradiomdccy kr drtoeomodccy. Xfl kradiom wdy, os tfl ikr`dc sprldh, wfli plkpcl tdcg tk ldmf ktflr dih lxmfdial oiekr`dtoki kicoil. Xfl ktflr wdy os tfl drtoeomodc sprldh - @limzilr hleoils drtoeomodc oiekr`dtoki sprldhs ds tfl iltwkrgs wfomf rkkt ndmg tk skmodc nkts.
@limzlr wkrgs wotf oiekr`dtoki ardpfs dih stdtls tfdt ndslh ki tfl mfdrdmtlrostoms ke tfl oiekr`dtoki hossl`oidtoki iltwkrgs, kil mdi sll wfltflr wl drl tdcgoia dnkut kradiom kr drtoeomodc oiekr`dtoki sprldh. Xfl ardpfs drl nuoct up oi d wdy oi wfomf tfl ikhls drl tfl plkpcl / dmmkuits ki skmodc iltwkrg, dih tfl lhals kr coigs nltwlli tflsl dmmkuits drl tfl sprldhs ke tflsl polmls ke oiekr`dtoki nltwlli tfl dmmkuits. D polml ke oiekr`dtoki mkuch nl d uslrid`l, di drtomcl dih ft`c coig, d fdsftda kr ndsomdccy diy goih ke ilw oiekr`dtoki. ]tuhyoia tfl oiekr`dtoki sfdrlh dih tfl strumturl ke tfl ardpfs ( cogl tfl iu`nlr ke mkiilmtlh mk`pkilits, fkw hlisl tfl iltwkrg os, wfltflr ot ckkgs cogl d trll kr d stdr…) wkuch tfli cldh fo` tk d mkimcusoki wfltflr tfl ilws dih tfl dmmkuits drl edgl kr ikt.
Hdtdslt2
@limzlr usls Xwottlr hdtd ekr fos rlsldrmf7 d`kia ktflrs, fl stkrls eldturl oiekr`dtoki dnkut uslrs sumf ds tfl iu`nlr ke mkiilmtokis, rltwllts dih `litokis.
Dcakrotf`2
@C dcakrotf`s mdi nl nuoct kiml wl drl dncl tk hostoiauosf nltwlli tfl kradiom pdttlris dih tfl drtoeomodc kils. Ndslh ki @litzlr‟s @litz lr‟s ldrcy rlsldrmf, wfli fl stdrtlh tk hk fos rlsldrmf stuhy ki edgl ilws hossl`oidtoki, tfos dmmurdmy wds vlry foaf nut kvlr to`l, tfl tlmfioquls/ tl mfioquls/ dcakrotf`s uslh ny tfl nkts nlmd`l `krl skpfostomdtlh dih tflrlekrl fdrhlr tk spkt. Xfl @C tlmfioquls tfdt wlrl uslh huroia tfl rlsldrmf wlrl `kstcy suplrvoslh cldrioia dcakrotf`s usoia rdihk` ekrlst `ltfkh dih cdtlr stdrtlh tk didcyzl tfl mkitlit ds wlcc wotf ICZ dcakrotf`s sumf ds pdrt-ke-spllmf tdaaoia kr slito`lit didcysos ekr hoeelrlitodtoia nltwlli skmodc nkt dmmkuits dih rldc dmmkuits, tfus nltwlli edgl ilws i lws dih rldc ilws. Xflor dcakrotf` mflmgs tfl ekcckwlrs, tfl iu`nlr ke tfl ekcckwlrs, `litokioias ke tfl dmmkuit, rltwllt iltwkrgs ke tfl dmmkuit.
Xlst2
Fkdxy ki eoaurl 8. flcps tk sll fkw tflsl hoeeusokidc iltwkrgs drl nuoct up ndslh ki di drtomcl. Ot sfkws fkw slclmtlh stkrols sprldh erk` kil dmmkuit tk diktflr vod rltwllts, rlpcols, `litokis. Ardy coigs drl ekr stkrols erk` ckw mrlhonocoty skurmls, ylcckw ekr stkrols erk` edmt-mflmglrs. Xfl mormcls rlprlslit tfl ikhls, wfomf drl tfl Xwotlr uslrs. Xfl noaalr d mormcl os , tfl `krl to`l ots stkrols wlrl rltwlltlh. Xfl mkckr ndr ki tfl roaft sy`nkcozls fkw coglcy tfl dmmkuit os d nkt dmmkuit.
Eoaurl 82 Hospcyoia hoeeusokidc iltwkrg wotf Fkdxy (Fkdxy, >:4?)
.> ]k`l Cogl ot Fkdx
Oi d >:41 stuhy (Xdmmfoio lt dc.,>:41), tfl rlsldrmflrs wlrl oitlrlstlh oi wfltflr fkdx mkuch nl ohlitoeolh `lrlcy ny ckkgoia dt wfk ’coglh‐ di drtomcl. Xfl rlsldrmf wkrgs wotf hdtd mkcclmtlh erk` Edmlnkkg oimcuhoia pksts erk` smolitoeom dih fkdx pdals, cogls dih uslr oiekr`dtoki. Xflrl drl = `doi knslrvdtokis tfdt tfl rlsldrmf nroias dttlitoki tk 2
Xfl hostronutoki ke tfl iu`nlr ke cogls plr pkst os lxpkilitodc
Xfl hostronutoki ke tfl iu`nlr ke cogls plr uslr os lxpkilitodc
Fkdx pdals fdvl `krl uslrs oi mk``ki wotf ktflr fkdx pdals
]tuhyoia tfl hdtd ki eoaurl :41)
Hdtdslt2
Xfl hdtdslt mkisosts ke 4.8% (fkdx) dih :%), Detlr trdoioia tfl `khlc, ot wds dncl tk tlcc wotf ?? % mlrtdoity oe tfl drtomcls ke tfl tlst hdtd drl fkdx kr iki-fkdx drtomcls. Xfl drtomcl akls eurtflr ki tryoia tk eoih kut wfdt os tfl `oio`u` iu`nlr ke drtomcls illhlh tk nl lvdcudtlh ekr tfl trdoiiao hdtd gllpoia tfl foaf dmmurdmy clvlc. Xfl stuhy suaalsts tfdt ekr tfl fdr`kiom NCM dcakrotf`, gllpoia tfl dmmurdmy clvlc dnkvl ?? %, ot os likuaf tk trdoi tfl `khlc kicy ki 6: pkst ” pkst ” tfdt tfdt os :,< % ke tfl pksts dctkaltflr.
:: eldturls tfdt Nktk`ltlr mflmgs ki kiml tflrl os d sun`ossoki `dhl ki tfl wlnsotl.
Hdtdslt2
Xfl `khlc nlfoih Nktk`ltlr wds trdoilh ki d hdtdslt oimcuhoia cdnlclh nkt dih fu`di dmmkuits.Xfl rlsldrmf tld` uslh Xwottlr‟s DZO tk mkcclmt twllts ke tfl hdtdslt‟s dmmkuits dih tfl rltwllts kr `litokioia ke tfksl twllts. Dctkaltflr, tfl hdtdslt mkitdoilh 4< g `diudccy vlroeolh skmodc nkts dih drkuih 45g fu`di dmmkuits dckia wotf `krl tfdi :45).
Dcakrotf`2
Ot os d mcdssoeomdtoki systl` mflmgoia ki `krl tfdi 4::: eldturls wfomf mdi nl arkuplh oitk 5 `doi mdtlakrols2
Iltwkrg 2 oiekr`dtoki hoeuesoki pdttlris
\slr 2 cdiaudal, alkardpfom ckmdtoki, dmmkuit mrldtoki to`l
Erolihs Erolihs22 stdtostoms rlcdtovl tk tfl dmmkuit‟s mkitdmts mkitdmts
Xl`pkrdc 2 Xo`oia pdttlris ke pksts
Mkitlit 2 coiauostom muls vod pdrt-ke-spllmf tdaaoia
]lito`lit 2 l`ktomki smkrls
Nktk`ltlr usls d suplrvoslh @C `ltfkh tk mdtlakrozl uslrs ndslh ki tfl eldturls costlh dnkvl.
Xlst2
Ds d tlst, O rdi tfl dmmkuit JrldcHkidchXru`p dadoist Nktk`ltlr ‐‐ss mflmg dmmkuit eldturl eldturl dih ot prkvohlh `l d :.> rlsuct wfomf `ldis tfdt tfl dmmkuit `kst prkndncy os ikt d edgl dmmkuit (]lli ki eoaurl 1.).
Eoaurl 12 Nktk`ltlr sfkwoia lvdcudtoki rlsuct ki tfl Xwottlr dmmkuit JrldcHkidchXru`p (Nktk`ltlr, >:4?)
Oi tfl rlsuct woihkw, ktflr tfdi tfl kvlrdcc smkrl, O mdi dcsk mflmg ki tfl hoeelrlit eldturl lvdcudtokis spcot oitk > `doi mdtlakrols2 cdiaudal ” splmoeom eldturls dih dih cdiaudaloihlplihlit eldturls. eldturls. O mdi tfli rui d tlst ekr tfl dmmkuit‟s ekcckwlrs dih tfl erolihs tfdt drl nloia ekcckwlh ny tfl kroaoidc dmmkuit. Xfos wdy, O dcsk dcsk ekuih di lxd`pcl ekr d pkssoncl nkt dmmkuit slli ki eoaurl 6. wotf d smkrl ke 8.1, aovoia kvlr ?:% prkndnocoy tfdt tfl dmmkuit os d skmodc nkt.
Eoaurl 62 Nktk`ltlr sfkwoia lvdcudtoki rlsuct ki d JrldcHkidchXru`p ekcckwlr‟s Xwottlr dmmkuit
(Nktk`ltlr,>:4?)
D noa prkncl` oi tfos rlsldrmf eolch os tfdt ikt kicy nkts nut dcsk fu`dis drl sprldhoia edgl ilws ” `diy to`ls uioitlitokidccy. D akkh wdy tk dvkoh sumf hossl`oidtoki ke `osoiekr`dtoki os tk mflmg wfk tfl drtomcl kroaoidtls erk` ” erk` ” Nktk`ltlr Nktk`ltlr mkuch nl vlry usleuc ki hkoia tfos tdsg. Fkwlvlr, Fkwlvlr, ot‟s lxtrl`lcy fdrh tk trdmg ndmg tfl kroaois ke edgl ilws. Dcsk, ds d fu`di nloia, ot os fdrh tk rlsost tk wdtmf sk`ltfoia tfdt akls vordc. Ql fdvl tfl dssu`ptoki tfdt oe sk`ltfoia os os nloia wdtmflh dih sfdrlh `diy to`ls, ot `ust nl wkrtf wdtmfoia. \iekrtuidtlcy, usoia ktflrs ds soaidcs mdi nl nods. Xflrl drl nkts tfdt drl nuoct ekr nkkstoia dmmkuits tfdt wkuch tromg slrdmf dcakrotf`s kr skmodc `lhod pcdtekr`s‟ Ilws Ellh dcakrotf`s dih wkuch nroia mlrtdoi mkitlit ds eorst tk tfl puncom sldrmf nut tflrl drl dcsk`diy fu`dis ds wlcc pdrtomopdtoia oi tfos nkkstoia `ltfkh. Oe sk`ltfoia os sprldh ny kil‟s skmodc `lhod erolihs, ot alts prokroty ki kil‟s Edmlnkkg ellh mdusoia tfos tk nl d pflik`liki ke d rloiekrmoia ckkp. Xfl nodsls ke tfl dcakrotf` dih tfl nodsls ke tfl plkpcl rloiekrml ldmf ktflr wfomf mdi nl lxpckotlh wfli sprldhoia `osoiekr`dtoki. Qfdt wl drl uisurl dnkut os tfl o`pdmt ke edgl ilws dih `osoiekr`dtoki ki
tfl skmolty. Ql mdi kicy fdvl lsto`dtls ki wfdt mkuch fdvl fdpplilh oe tflrl wlrl ik edgl ilws sprldh nlekrl tfl \] lclmtokis. Fkwlvlr, lvlrytfoia os ndslh ki dssu`ptokis, sumf ds wfdt os tfl coglcofkkh tfdt tfl mfdimls ke kil mdihohdtl arkw kr sfroig aovli tfdt tflrl os kil `krl edgl edgl ilws dnkut tfl ktflr mdihohdtl; Edgl Ilws Xrdmglr
Edgl Ilws Xrdmglr os d tkkc didcyzoia `diy `di y dsplmts ke tfl edgl ilws prkncl`. Kil os tk try tk eoih trlihs oi pckttoia to`l slrols oiekr`dtoki ke sprldhoia edgl ilws (eoaurl ?.). Edgl Ilws Xrdmglr os d sketwdrl dt ots ldrcy stdal mrldtlh ny mrldtlh ny Gdo ]fu‟s rlsldrmf tld` (>:41) tld` (>:41) tfdt os mflmgoia kvlr to`l wfdt os tfl iu`nlr ke edgl ilws i lws dih rldc ilws sfdrlh ki Xwottlr dhhoia tfl mk`pdroski ke dmmkuits tfdt sfdrlh tflsl drtomcls, mflmgoia tfl mfdrdmtlrostoms ke tflsl dmmkuit (sumf ds alihlr , dal, ckmdtoki…) . .
Eoaurl ?2 Xrlihs oi Xwottlr Hdtd nltwlli Bdiudry >:4< dih Hlml`nlr >:4? (Edgl Ilws Xrdmglr, >:4?)
Hdtdslt2
Xfl hdtdslt uslh ekr nuochoia Edgl Ilws Xrdmglr os puncomcy dvdocdncl ki aotfun ekr erll didcysos. Xfl hdtdslt wds mkcclmtlh erk` Xwottlr dih mkitdois oiekr`dtoki dnkut tfl ilws drtomcls oi `uctopcl ho`lisokis. Xfl > `doi mdtlakrols drl Mkitlit Eldturls dih dih ]kmodc Mkitlxt Eldturls. Eldturls.
M kit kitl lit E ldtur dturl ls drl ekr lxd`pcl tfl skurml ke tfl drtomcl, tfl fldhcoil otslce, tfl nkhy tlxt dih diy O`dal/Uohlk tfdt `dy nl oimcuhlh oi tfl drtomcl.
]kmod ]k modcc Mki Mkittlxt E ldturl urlss mdi nl eurtflr hostronutlh oitk tfrll dsplmts, id`lcy uslrs, alirldtlh pksts dih iltwkrgs. Xfl uslr-ndslh eldturls eldturls fdvl > `dbkr clvlcs2 oihovohudc clvlc dih arkup clvlc. Ki tfl oihovohudc clvlc, ot stkrls hdtd sumf ds tfl alihlr, tfl dal, tfl iu`nlr ke ekcckwlrs dih ekcckwlls. Ki tfl arkup arkup clvlc, tfl hdtdslt fds oiekr`dtoki oiekr`dtoki dnkut tfl mk``uiotols tfl dcdiyzlh uslr os pdrt ke ” arkups usudccy dcsk fdvl mlrtdoi mfdrdmtlrostoms mk`oia erk` daarladtoia eldturl mk`pkilits ke tfl oihuvoudc dmmkuits oi tfdt splmoeom mk``uioty. Zkst-ndslh eldturls drl eldturls drl mkuch nl stdiml eldturls oihomdtoia wfltflr tfl uslr darlls kr hliols tfl drtomcl oi qulstoki, kr d smkrl tfdt usls tfl woshk` ke tfl mrkwhs. Iltwkrg-ndslh eldturls drl mkcclmtlh vod mrldtoia hoeelrlit iltwkrgs ke uslrs wfk puncosflh rlcdtlh pksts.
Dcakrotf`2
Edgl Ilws Xrdmglr fdihcls tfl edgl ilws prkncl` ds d noidry mcdssoeomdtoki prkncl` dssoaoia lotflr : kr 4 tk d ilws drtomcl hlplihoia ki wfltflr ot os edgl kr ikt. Xfl Hllp Cldrioia mcdssoeomdtoki dcakrotf` trols tk cldri tfl dnkvl hlsmronlh eldturl rlprlslitdtoki ke tfl ilws dih ktflr litotols dih usl tflsl eldturls tk hk mcdssoeomdtoki. Xfl dcakrotf` wkrgs wotf slvlrdc `khlcs uslh ekr tfl hoeelrlit pdrts ke tfl hdtd didcysos. Kil `khlc tfdt wds `litokilh ds tfl ndsos ke mdtlakrozoia pkst ” pkst ” ndslh eldturls wds tfl Cdtlit Horomfclt dcckmdtoki ( CHD). CHD os d alilrdtovl stdtostomdc `khlc oi Idturdc Cdiaudal Zrkmlssoia, tfdt os nloia uslh flrl ekr mcdssoeyoia drtomcls oitk hoeelrlit tkpoms.
Xlst2
Xfl wlnsotl otslce fds slvlrdc tdns sfkwoia hoeelrlit stdtostoms dih dsplmts ki Xwottlr hdtd, prkvohoia us wotf hoeelrlit stdtostoms kvlr edgl ilws vlrsus rldc ilws. Ki eoaurl ?. wl mdi sll tfl ilws trlihs, sfkwoia tfl to`ls wfli tfl iu`nlr ke edgl ilws sfdrls, pkst, `litokis ki Xwottlr wds lxtrl`ocoy foaf. Ki eoaurl 4:. wl mdi sll tfl `kst uslh wkrhs oi edgl vlrsus rldc ilws.
Eoaurl 4:2 Qkrh mckuh oi edgl ilws vlrsus rldc ilws mkitlit (Edgl Ilws Xrdmglr, >:4?)
Mkimcusoki
Xflrl drl slvlrdc stuhols dihs tkkc nuoct drkuih tfl tkpom ke edgl ilws fkwlvlr, dc`kst ikil ke tfl` dpprkdmf tfos prkncl` tfl sd`l wdy. @diy ke tfl` sll ot ds d noidry mcdssoeomdtoki ossul ki tfl tkp cdylr nut lvli tfl noidry mdtlakrols drl hoeelrlit. ]k`l usl tfl mdtlakrols ke ’trul ilws‐ dih ’edgl ilws‐, ilws‐, sk`l ekmus ki mcdo`s oi drtomcls dih nrldg hkwi tfl drtomcl tk s`dcclr polmls tk nl ohlitoeolh ds ’mcdo`s‐ kr ’ik mcdo`s‐. Ktflrs mcdo`s‐. Ktflrs wkuch rdtflr mkimlitrdtl ki tfl hossl`oidtoki iltwkrg dih tfl dmmkuits pdrtomopdtoia oi sfdroia edgl ilws tfdi tfl mkitlit-splmoeom eldturls. Xfos sfkws tfdt tfl prkncl` fds `diy dsplmts, dih fkw wl didcyzl didc yzl ot, kicy hlplihs ki wflrl wl wdit tk stdr t erk`. Xflrl hkls ikt sll` tk nl d ’trul wdy‐ ” dt dt cldst dt tfos pkoit ke to`l, wfomf os prkvlh ny tfl summlss clvlc edmtkr ke tfl oitrkhumlh prkhumts, clt ot nl d foaf dmmurdmy iu`nlr kr bust `y plrskidc tlsts.
Dc`kst oi ldmf mdsls, tfl rlsldrmflrs mrldtlh di dcakrotf` usoia sk`l mk`noidtokis ke suplrvoslh cldrioia `ltfkhs wotf cdnlclh hdtd. Hdtd mkcclmtoki, hdtd mcldioia dih cdnlccoia tfl hdtd sll`lh cogl tfl noaalst mfdcclial mfdccli al dih wkrg oi tfl stuhols. O nlcolvl, tfdt oe tflrl wds di oiotodtovl ekr d mkkplrdtovl wkrg nltwlli tfl rlsldrmflrs - wfk fdvl tfl tkkcs dih ohlds dih tfl skmodc `lhod pcdtekr`s - wfk fdvl tfl hdtd - , tflrl wkuch nl `krl summlss oi d sfkrtlr to`l tfdt mkuch nl strdoaft dwdy tlstlh dih oe pkssoncl, o`pcl`litlh. Ds ke ikw, tflrl os ik mk``ki darll`lit ki tfl skcutoki bust cogl tflrl os ik mk``ki darll`lit ki tfl prkncl`‟s hleoiotoki lotflr. Ldmf dpprkdmfls sll` prk`osoia fkwlvlr ikt plrelmt dih hul tk tfl drlds ke coel dih qulstokis tfdt tfos tkpom fds di o`pdmt ki, k i, tflrl os d illh ekr d nlttlr dih `krl eoilcy tuilh dcakrotf`. Lvli tfkuaf sk`l ke tfl` sfkwlh foaf clvlc ke dmmurdmy dt tfl eoidc tlstoias, ot hkls ikt sll` tk nl likuaf tk nl o`pcl`litlh dt tfos pkoit. D fu`di oisplmtkr‟s prlslisml os stocc illhlh tk buhal tfl drtomcls nu n ut `dynl ikt ekr `diy ckialr.
5 ]trdtlaols ekr edgl ilws hltlmtoki tkhdy
Kicoil `osoiekr`dtoki os d fdrh prkncl` dih ds oitrkhumlh oi tfos pdplr, ot os d mk`pclx ossul ikt bust mkisohlroia tfl oierdstrumturl ke hl`kmrdmy nut dcsk dcakrotf`omdccy. Xfus tfl qulstoki, wfk sfkuch nl rlspkisoncl fdihcoia tfos ossul; Erk` kil fdih, ot os dnkut hl`kcosfoia tfl puncom‟s mkieohliml oi d mkuitry mkuit ry dih puncom edotf oi tfl mk mkuitry‟s uitry‟s oistotutokis. Dcc nloia pkssoncl nlmdusl ke kil ke kur euihd`litdc vdculs ds d hl`kmrdtom mkuitry‟s motozli ” id`lcy id`lcy erll spllmf. Ki tfl ktflr fdih, tfl skmodc `lhod pcdtekr`s prkvohl dih nkkst us wotf co`otclss kptokis tk sfdrl diytfoia wl wdit oimcuhoia kur kpoioki, ktflr‟s kpoioki dih edgl ilws. Dctfkuaf tflsl pcdtekr`s wlrl kroaoidccy slt up tk mkiilmt us lvlrywflrl, ot sll`s tfdt ot os rlspkisoncl ikw ekr hrovoia us dpdrt. Qfli mkisohlroia tfl dnkvl, wl mdi mkimcuhl tfdt tfl ossul mkuch nl mkitrkcclh dt > clvlcs2 akvlri`lit-clvlc dih/kr skmodc `lhod pcdtekr` clvlc.
5.4 Akvlri`lit clvlc
L urk ur kpl
O wds oitlrlstlh oi wfdt os prktlmtoia `l erk` edgl ilws ds d Lurkpldi motozli. O ekuih d arldt d`kuit ke oiekr`dtoki dih tlmfioquls dnkut fkw dih wfdt `ldsurls tfl Lurkpldi \ioki tkkg dih tdgls oi tfos `ldsurl, gllpoia oi `oih tfdt wl drl dpprkdmfoia tfl >:4? Lurkpldi lclmtokis. @y `doi skurml ki tfos wds di Dmtoki Z Zcdi cdi dadoist Hosoiekr`dtoki tfdt wds puncosflh oi Hlml`nlr >:46 ny tfl Lurkpldi Mk``ossoki. Ndslh ki tfos hkmu`lit, Xfl L\‟s rlspkisl drl ds nlckw2 nlckw2
Lidncoia L\ ekrmls `krl ki hltlmtoia, didcysoia didc ysoia dih lxpksoia hosoiekr`dtoki
Qkrg ki bkoit rlspkisl
Eoihoia d wdy tk prk`t provdtl slmtkr tk ekmus ki tfl ossul
^dosoia dwdrlilss ki edgl ilws lxostliml
Xk rldmf tfl dnkvl, tfl L\ hlmohlh tk `krl tfdi hkuncl tfl >:4? nuhalt ekr strdtlaom mk``uiomdtoki. Xfos `ldis, tfdt ot woc rdosl erk` 4.? `occoki (>:46) tk < `occoki oi >:4?. Xfl L\ os pcdiioia tk mkcclmt `krl hdtd tk didcyzl didc yzl dih l`pcky trdoilh plkpcl wfk mdi wkrg wotf tfl hdtd. Eurtflr`krl, tfly wdit `lhod `kiotkroia slrvomls ” slrvomls ” mkvlroia mkvlroia tfl cdiaudals ” cdiaudals ” dih didcytomdc tkkcs (cogl tfl kils kr tflor mustk`ozlh vlrsokis hlsmronlh oi tfl prlvokus mfdptlr) tk prkmlss tfl hdtd. Xfl L\ dcsk sll`s tk tdgl tfl ossul oitk ots kwi fdihs erk` provdtl slmtkr. Oi ]lptl`nlr >:46, ot rlcldslh tfl Mkhl ke Zrdmtoml ki Hosoiekr`dtoki dih uralh tfl hk`oidit pcdtekr`s tk soai tfdt wfomf Akkacl, Edmlnkkg, Xwottlr dih @kzoccd dcc hoh. Xfl pcdtekr`s soiml tfli fdvl nlli `dgoia mkitoukus leekrts oi eoctlroia dih rl`kvoia tfl edgl dmmkuits dih co`otoia vosonocoty ki `dcomokus wlsotls. Xfl do` ke Mkhl ke Zrdmtoml ke Hosoiekr`dtoki os tk mrldtl d trustwkrtfy kicoil lmksystl` wfomf oistldh ke mkieusoia tfl uslrs, wkuch rdtflr flcp tfl` tk tfl vdcoh skurmls dih oiekr`dtoki. Eoidccy, ot os kradiozoia md`pdoais ekr tfl puncom tk rdosl dwdrlilss ke tfl hdialrs ke edgl ilws dih `osoiekr`dtoki dih tryoia tk trdoi ots motozlis ki fkw tk hoeelrlitodtl nltwlli vdcoh oiekr`dtoki dih `osoiekrdtoki.
5.> ]kmodc `lhod pcdtekr` clvlc
Ny dmmlptoia tfl Mkhl ke Zrdmtoml ki Hosoiekr`dtoki, `diy ]kmodc @lhod pcdtekr`s dmmlptlh tk bkoi tfl leekrts tk `otoadtl hosoiekr`dtoki. hosoiekr`dtoki. Nlckw O wocc didcyzl fkw Edmlnkkg dih Xwottlr fdvl hkil sk edr oi tfos `dttlr.
E dml dmlnk nkkg kg
Huroia tfl >:45 \] prlsoitlitodc lclmtokis, d mk`pdiy mdcclh Md`nrohal Didcytomd wds ldsocy dncl tk alt dmmlss tk tfl hdtd ke drkuih 61 `occoki Edmlnkkg uslr dih usl tfdt oi krhlr tk flcp Hkidch Xru`p‟s md`pdoai dih tfl Nrlxot-suppkr Nrlxot -suppkr tlr‟s tlr‟s pdrtols prkpdadihd (]kcki, >:46). Detlr tfdt, Edmlnkkg fdh tk edml wotf ots rlclvdiml oi `diopucdtoia puncom kpoioki kil wdy kr diktflr. Xflrl wlrl slvlrdc dpprkdmfls ke fkw Edmlnkkg trolh tk hldc wotf edgl ilws sk edr ” sumf sumf ds usoia fu`di `khlrdtkrs tk spkt vokclit lcl`lits dih try tk rl`kvl tfksl nlekrl tfly ak vordc. Qotfkut d foaflr clvlc ke dutk`dtoki, tflsl tdsgs wlrl vlry to`l mkisu`oia dih sk pdrtcy oileeomolit. Xflrl fds nlli leekrts tk try tk usl Drtoeomodc Oitlccoaliml tk eoctlr kut `osoiekr`dtoki ki Edmlnkkg fkwlvlr ot ketli dcsk rl`kvlh kpoiokis dih ikt purlcy bust drtomcls tfdt fdh vokclit mkitlit. Kil ke tfl `diy rldskis tfdt edgl ilws hltlmtoki os stocc di uirlskcvlh prkncl` os tfdt Drtoeomdc Oitlccoaliml os bust so`pcy ikt dt tfl clvlc ylt wflrl ot wkuch euccy uihlrstdih fu`di wrotoia tfl wdy fu`dis hk. Ot mdi dcrldhy hk d iu`nlr ke tfoias sumf ds spkttoia mcdo`s dih mflmgoia ki tfl` wfltflr tfly drl trul kr ikt, mflmgoia ki tfl skurmls oe tfly drl rlcodncl kr oe tfly sll` tk nl dutk`dtlh nkt dmmkuits, ot mdi usl ICZ dcakrotf`s, hk d slito`lit didcysos didcysos - `ldioia tfdt tfl dcakrotf` mdi buhal fkw edmtudc tfl drtomcl os. Ot fds `diy plrsplmtovls, `diy hoeelrlit dpprkdmfls tryoia tk skcvl hoeelrlit pdrts ke tfos mk`pclx ossul. Edmlnkkg‟s ilwlst dpprkdmf dpprkdmf (@ksslro, >:41) os d mk`noidtoki ke fu`di dih drtoeomodc oitlccoaliml rlskurmls. Xfl skmodc `lhod pcdtekr` os dmtovlcy wkrgoia ki tryoia tk rl`kvl edgl dmmkuits dih aovoia d iktoml tk ots uslrs wfli tfl rlskurml ke k e di drtomcl os qulstokidncl. Ot os wkrgoia mckslcy wotf tforh - pdrty edmt mflmglrs ki mflmgoia ilw s drtomcls‟ rlcodnocoty. Xfl dcakrotf`om pdrt os rlspkisoncl ekr mkcclmtoia drtomcls ny usoia ellhndmg hdtd erk` plkpcl
ki Edmlnkkg. Xfl stkrols `drglh ds uirlcodncl wocc tfli nl pdsslh ki tk edmt-mflmglrs wfk wocc rdtl tfl dmmurdmy ke tfl drtomcl. Drtomcls wotf ckwlr dmmurdmy wocc dppldr ckwlr oi tfl uslrs‟ ellh rlhumoia tfl pkssonocoty ke `dcomokus, uitrustwkrtfy mkitlit rldmfoia arldt d`kuit ke plkpcl. Xfksl pdals dih wlnsotls tfdt drl mkitoiukuscy pkstoia edgl ilws wocc lxplroliml d rlhumlh hostronutoki ke tflor mkitlit dih wocc ikt nl dncl tk dhvlrtosl oi tfl euturl ” euturl ” `ldioia `ldioia tfdt lvli tfkuaf tfly wkuch pdy ekr dhvlrtosl`lit, ot wocc ikt nl arditlh ekr tfl` tk hk h k sk. @krlkvlr, wfli di drtomcl os vlroeolh ds edcsl ny edmg-mflmglrs, ktflr tfdi `drgoia ot edgl, tfl drtomcl wocc fdvl rlcdtlh drtomcls sfkwi oi krhlr tk mflmg `krl oiekr`dtoki ki wfy ot‟s nlli rdiglh ckw. Dcsk, Dcsk, wfli d uslr wocc try tk sfdrl d stkry tfdt‟s nlli ohlitoeolh ds edgl, tfl uslr wocc nl prk`ptlh tfdt tfl drtomcl fds nlli `drglh ds edcsl oi krhlr tk prlvlit tfl puncom erk` sprldhoia edgl ilws.
Xlst2
Edmlnkkg dt ots murrlit stdtl lidncls us tk `drg sll`oiacy `dcomokus mkitlit. Eoaurl 44. sfkws us fkw Edmlnkkg Edmlnkkg os eoctlroia `lssdals ndslh ki tfl uslrs‟ oitlrdmtokis. oitlrdmtoki s. Ql. ds uslrs, alt dcrldhy d tdxkik`y tfdt wl mdi slclmt erk`. Ot usls d `uctomcdssoeomdtoki dcakrotf` mdtlakrozoia ilws oitk tli hoeelrlit mdtlakrols2 sumf ds spd`, edcsl ilws, fdtl spllmf dih sk ki. Ot tfli dcsk aovls us tfl kppkrtuioty ekr mdccoia o``lhodtlcy oi mdsl ke o``lhodtl hdialr.
Eoaurl 442Edmlnkkg‟s 442Edmlnkkg‟s tdxkik`y ki qulstokidncl mkitlit ( Edmlnkkg, >:4? > :4? )
Xwottlr Oi d rlmlit oitlrvolw (XLH, >:4?) wotf Xwottlr MLK, Bdmg Hkrsly, fl stdtlh tfdt tfos yldr, dnkut =6% ke dnusovl twllts drl ikw ohlitoeolh wotf `dmfoil cldrioia dcakrotf`s, wfomf `ldis tfdt tflrl os ik illh ekr fu`di oitlrdmtoki oi tfl rlpkrtoia pdrt. Xfl mk``lits drl
eoctlrlh dutk`dtomdccy dih tfli rlvolwlh ny fu`dis ” sk iktfoia os rl`kvlh mk`pcltlcy dutk`dtomdccy. Xfos os d fual stlp mk`pdrlh tk cdst yldr, wfli tfl sd`l tdsg wds oi : % dutk`dtlh. Lvlry soiacl plrski wfk rlmlovlh di dnusovl d nusovl mk``lit illhlh tk rlpkrt tfdt dih tfksl illhlh tk nl rlvolwlh. Xwottlr os wkrgoia ki mk`ndttoia `osoiekr`dtoki ny tryoia tk `ldsurl tfl ’fldctf ke d mkivlrsdtoki‐. Oistldh ke ohlitoeyoia mcdo`s kr ilws wfltflr tfly drl trul ke edgl, Xwottlr md`l up wotf di oihomdtkr systl` tfdt tfly nlcovl wkuch rleclmt tfl mkivlrsdtokidc fldctf. Xfly mk`pdrl tfl mkivlrsdtokidc fldctf tk fu`di fldctf dih tfoig tfdt tfl prokr mdi nl `ldsurlh bust cogl tfl cdttlr. Xfl skcutoki os murrlitcy oi ots ldrcy stdal dih tflrl wds ik Lsto`dtlh Xo`l ke Drrovdc splmoeolh.
1 ]u``dry
Xfl do` ke tfos pdplr pdplr wds tk oitrkhuml tfl tkpom ’edgl ilws‐ , tk sll wfdt os nlfoih tfl rdpoh arkwtf ke sprldhoia `osoiekr`dtoki, tk eoih kut oe tfos ossul mdi nl fdihclh erk` di dcakrotf`om pkoit ke volw dih oe sk, fkw. Ds hosmusslh oi tfl eorst mfdptlr, tfl oitlrilt lidncls us tk sfdrl mkitlit oi dcc qudcoty dih quditoty wotf d vlckmoty ilvlr lxplrolimlh nlekrl. Xfl ekmus oi tfos pdplr wds splmoeomdccy ki tfl skmodc `lhod pcdtekr`s dih wfy dih fkw tfl `diopucdtoki ke tfl puncom os prlslit tflrl. Xk tfl qulstoki ’Qfy os e dgl dgl ilws prlslit ki skmodc `lhod;‐ O ekuih tfrll `doi rldskis dih detlr d sfkrt oitrkhumtoki tk tfl ktflr twk `ktoes, O hlmohlh tk sfoet `y dttlitoki ki tfl tforh, id`lcy pkcotomdc oitlrlst. O tfli oitrkhumlh tfl hoeelrlit strdtlaols dih tkkcs ki fkw sprldhoia `osoiekr`dtoki wkrgs, wfk drl nlfoih tfdt. O ohlitoeolh skmodc/pkcotomdc nkts ds kil ke tfl noaalst tfrldts oi tfl kicoil wkrch dih sfkwlh fkw tflsl dmmkuits drl prlslit dih wfdt tdsgs mkuch nl lxmlmutlh ny tfl`. O tkkg d ckkg dt fkw `dmfoil cldrioia mkuch nl dt flcp tk tfos prkncl` ” prkncl` ” detlr detlr d nrole kvlrvolw ke tfl hoeelrlit `dmfoil cldrioia tlmfioquls. Ds `kst ke tfl tlmfioquls O ekuih oi eoctlroia ilws uslh lotflr ]uplrvoslh Cldrioia `ltfkhs kr Hllp Cldrioia tlmfioquls, O elct tfl o`pkrtdiml tk sll wfdt drl tfl `dbkr hoeelrlimls nltwlli tflsl cldrioia `ltfkhs. @krlkvlr, O tkumfndslh ki tfl tkpom ke Idturdc Cdiaudal Zrkmlssoia ds hul tk tfl idturl ke tfos tkpom, O ekuih `diy skcutokis tk tfl prkncl` oimcuhoia ICZ tlmfioquls. Qfli rlsldrmfoia ekr stuhols ki edgl ilws hltlmtoki, O ekuih tfdt tflrl os d wohl rdial ke dpprkdmfls keelroia skcutokis tk tfos u`nrlccd prkncl`. Ki tfl foaflst clvlc, dc`kst dcc tfl didcyzlh skcutokis sll tfos ds d noidry mcdssoeomdtoki ossul nut ikt dcc wotf tfl sd`l twk mcdssls (edgl ilws dih rldc ilws). Xfl eldturls rlprlslitlh oi tfl hlsmroptokis h lsmroptokis oimcuhlh lotflr mkitlit-rlcdtlh kr skmodc mkitlxt-rlcdtlh eldturls sk O hlmohlh tk eurtflr didcyzl tfl tkkcs dmmkrhoia tk tflsl twk mcdssls. Kil mk``ki ossul oi dcc tfl didcyzlh mdsls wds tfl hdtd mkcclmtoki, mrldtoia d vdcoh hdtdslt wotf ’trul edgl‐ ilws dih wotf dcc tfl ktflr eldturls tfdt tfl rlsldrmflrs ohlitoeolh tk nl lsslitodc oi krhlr tk eoctlr `osoiekr`dtoki dih tfl to`l ot tkkg tk cdnlc hdtd. O dcsk knslrvlh
wfocl tryoia tk tlst tlst sk`l ke tfl skcutokis, tfdt eoihoia ’trul edgl‐ ilws, id`lc id`lcy y ilws drtomcls tfdt drl prkkvlh tk nl `oscldhoia, os d rdtflr fdrh tdsg. Ds `kst ke tfl lxd`pcls oi tfos pdplr sfkw, tfl hlvlckp`lit ke k e hoeelrlit edgl ilws hltlmtoia tkkcs wlrl lotflr troaalrlh kr dmmlcdrdtlh ny kil ke tfl twk `dbkr pkcotomdc lvlits oi >:45 2 Nrlxot dih tfl \] Zrlsohlitodc lclmtoki. Oi tfl rldskioia ke dcc tfl stuhols stdihs, tfdt kur hl`kmrdmy dih hl`kmrdtom prkmmlsls drl dt stdgl oe tfos prkncl` os ikt nloia fdihclh ’mkrrlmtcy‐. Fkwlvlr, ot os d fdrh tdsg tk ohlitoey wfk os rlspkisoncl ekr skcvoia tfos ossul. O didcyzlh hoeelrlit dpprkdmfls ki akvlri`lit-clvlc dih ki skmodc `lhod pcdtekr`-clvlc. Ds d mkimcusoki, O sll tfl illh ekr d bkoit skcutoki wotf tfl akvlri`lit mrldtoia pkcomols ekr rlaucdtoia skmodc `lhod pcdtekr`s. Xfos wkuch oimcuhl stlps tk nl tdgli erk` d hl`kmrdtom pkoit ke volw ” cogl ohlitoeyoia tfl trul eoctlrs kr eldturls tk ckkg ekr oi edgl ilws. Xfl tlmfikckay sfkuch nl tfli hlvlckplh ny tfl skmodc `lhod pcdtekr`s usoia oiekr`dtoki dih ekrmls ke Edmt-mflmglrs dih lidncl rlsldrmflrs tk dmmlss tk tflor hdtd tk ldsl tfl hdtd mkcclmtoki prkmlss dih dmmlcdrdtl eoihoia tfl skcutoki. Detlr didcyzoia tfos tkpom, O ekuih tfdt tflrl drl `diy tkkcs kut tflrl tk flcp eoctlroia edgl ilws fkwlvlr, `kst ke tfl` drl ikt ylt uslh kr ikt ylt wlcc-gikwi. Ds oitrkhumlh oi tfl mdsl stuhols, edgl ilws os fdrh tk hleoil, tk splmoey dih tk ohlitoey lvli ekr fu`dis dih tflrlekrl ot os fdrh tk trdiscdtl tfl prkncl` ekr `dmfoils. Xfos os kil rldski wfy wl hk ikt sll tflsl tkkcs lvlrywflrl ylt ” ylt ” tfl tfl eoctlroia tlmfioqul oi `kst ke tfl dnkvl costlh mdsls os rknust dih `diy to`ls ot os uidncl tk mdtlakrozl tfl ilws/ dmmkuits dmmkrhoiacy. @diy dcsk draul tfdt edgl ilws sfkuch nl fdihclh ds d noidry noi dry prkncl` ” prkncl` ” likuaf tk `litoki kpoioki drtomcls/pksts wotf d fldvy roaft kr clet pkcotomdc horlmtoki. Ot os ikt di ldsy tdsg tk eoih tfl coil nltwlli tflsl pksts dih tflrlekrl ot os d noa lxplmtdtoki erk` drtomodc oitlccoialiml tk skcvl tfl ossul. Ql illh d mcldr hleoiotoki dih mcldr eldturls ke edgl ilws prkncl` tfdt wl drl struaacoia tk mk`l up wotf. Ds d mkimcusoki, O sll tfdt - ds ke tkhdy - `dmfoil cldrioia dckil os ikt dncl tk skcvl tfos prkncl` wotfkut fu`di oitlrdmtoki. Ds ckia ds wl drl uimcldr d nkut tfl prkncl`‟s hleoiotoki kr dnkut wfomf dsplmts mkuch nl tfl nlst tk fdihcl tfos ossul, kur nlst wdy tk eoaft `osoiekr`dtoki os d bkoit leekrt ke tfl akvlri`lit, edmt-mflmglr kradiozdtokis dih skmodc `lhod pcdtekr`s wotf usoia dutk`dtoki kicy ds d flcpoia tkkc nut cldvoia fu`dis wotf tfl hlmosokis ke wfdt mkitlit tk cdnlc/rl`kvl.
Detlr akoia tfrkuaf tfl mdsl stuhols, O ekuih tfdt `diy ke tfl hdtdslts dih dcsk ke tfl dcakrotf`s drl puncomcy dvdocdncl. Ds d ilxt rldsldrmf tkpom, O wkuch nl oitlrlstlh oi lxplro`litoia wotf mrldtoia d ilw eoctlroia tlmfioqul dih hlsmronl tfl stlps tdgli huroia tryoia tk nuoch tfl dcakrotf`, sll oe ilw eldturls mkuch nl dhhlh tk o`prkvl tfl dmmurdmy ke tfl eoctlroia tlmfioqul dih oe sk, fkw tfdt polml ke oiekr`dtoki mkuch nl mkcclmtlh wotf tfl pkcomols mfdiaoia rdpohcy oi dmmlssoia hdtd dcc drkuih tfl wkrch.
^lelrlimls
Ncolr,
C.
-
Kccoki,
M.
(>:45)2
Dttlitoki
@lmfdios`. @lmfdios`.
Flurotlmf.
fttps2//ncka.flurotlmf.mk`/>:45/:4/>:/dttlitoki-`lmfdios`/ Dmmlsslh2 44.:8.>:4?
Nktk`ltlr.(>:4?)2 Nktk`ltlr. fttps2//nktk`ltlr.ouio.ou.lhu/#!/ Dmmlsslh2 :6.4>.>:46 Nrdhsfdw, ]. - Fkwdrh, Z.I. (>:46)2 Mfdccliaoia Xrutf dih Xrust2 D Ackndc Oivlitkry ke Kradiozlh ]kmodc @lhod @diopucdtoki. Mk`putdtokidc @diopucdtoki. Mk`putdtokidc Zrkpdadihd ^lsldrmf Zrkblmt. fttp2//mk`prkp.koo.kx.dm.ug fttp2//mk`prkp.koo.k x.dm.ug/wp-mkitlit/upckdhs /wp-mkitlit/upckdhs/sotls/?=/>:46/:1/mt>:46.phe /sotls/?=/>:46/:1/mt>:46.phe Dmmlsslh2 :6.4>.>:46
Nrotz, H. (>:45 )2 Dttlitoki dih @l`kry oi Hllp Cldrioia dih ICZ. ICZ. QOCH@C. fttp2//www.woch`c.mk`/>:45/:4/dttlitoki-dihfttp2//www. woch`c.mk`/>:45/:4/dttlitoki-dih-`l`kry-oi-hllp-cldrioia-dih-icp/ `l`kry-oi-hllp-cldrioia-dih-icp/
Dmmlsslh2 4:.:8.>:4? Hdvos, M.D. - Udrkc, K. - Elrrdrd, L. - Ecd``oio, D. - @limzlr, E. E. (>:45)2 (>:45)2 NktKrIkt2 NktKrIkt2 D ]ystl` tk Lvdcudtl ]kmodc Nkts. Nkts. fttps2//drxov.kra/d fttps2//drxov.kra/dns/45:>.::?1< ns/45:>.::?1< Dmmlsslh2 46.:8.>:4? LLD] Zrlss Xld`. (>:46)2 Dmtoki Zcdi dadoist Hosoiekr`dtoki. Hosoiekr`dtoki. LLD] Zrlss Xld`. fttps2//llds.lurkpd.lu/sotls/llds/eocls/dmtoki[p fttps2//llds.lurkpd .lu/sotls/llds/eocls/dmtoki[pcdi[dadoist[hosoiekr` cdi[dadoist[hosoiekr`dtoki.phe dtoki.phe
Dmmlsslh2 :>.:>.>:4? EdglIlwsXrdmglr.(>:4?)2EdglIlwsXrdmglr .fttp2//nckatrdmglrs.euctki.dsu.lhu2=:::/#/hd .fttp2//nckatrdmglrs.euctki.dsu.lhu2=:::/#/hd sfnkdrh Dmmlsslh4:.:>.>:4? EdglrEdmt. (>:4?)2 EdglrEdmt. EdglrEdmt. fttps2//www.edglredmt.kra/wdct-sdys/:46)2
Xdmgcoia
`osoiekr`dtoki
oi
di
kpli
skmolty. skmolty.
fttps2//euccedmt.kra/`lhod/upckdhs/eucc[edmt[td fttps2//euccedmt.kra/`l hod/upckdhs/eucc[edmt[tdmgcoia[`osoiekr`dtok mgcoia[`osoiekr`dtoki[oi[di[kpli[skmo i[oi[di[kpli[skmo lty.ph Dmmlsslh2 44.:4.>:4? fttps2//fkdxy.ouio.ou.lhu/#qulry0vdmmoils&skrt0`oxlh&typl0 lhu/#qulry0vdmmoils&skrt0`oxlh&typl0Xwottlr Xwottlr Fkdxy. (>:4?)2 Fkdxy Fkdxy.. fttps2//fkdxy.ouio.ou. Dmmlsslh2 44.:4.>:4?
Fwdia,
Xo`.
(>:41)2 Hoaotdc
Hosoiekr`dtoki2 D
Zro`lr. Zro`lr. Dtcditommkuimoc.kra,
fttps2//www.dtcditommkuimoc.kra/o`dals/Hoaotdc[Hosoiekr`dtoki[Zro`lr[wln[:?>:4? @ksslro, D. (>:41)2 Qkrgoia tk ]tkp @osoiekr`dtoki dih Edcsl Ilws. Ilws. Edmlnkkg. fttps2//www.edmlnkkg.mk`/edm fttps2//www. edmlnkkg.mk`/edmlnkkg`lhod/ncka/w lnkkg`lhod/ncka/wkrgoia-tk-stkp-`osoiekr`dtok krgoia-tk-stkp-`osoiekr`dtokiidih-edcsl-ilws Dmmlsslh2 :8.:=.>:4?
Kcdf,
M.
(>:4:4:4?
Zkcomf,
G.
(>:46)2
Dutk`dtlh
Edmt
Mflmgoia .
Hdtd
]glptom.
fttps2//pkhtdoc.mk`/pkhmdst/hdtd-sglptom/dutk`dtlh-edmt-mflmgoia/ fttps2//pkhtdoc.mk`/pkhmdst/hdtd-sglptom/dutk`dtlh-edmt-m flmgoia/ Dmmlsslh2 4>.4>.>:46 Zkcomf,
G.
(>:46)2 Dcakrotf`om
Hltlmtoki
ke
Edgl
Ilws. Ilws.
Hdtd
]glptom.
fttps2//pkhtdoc.mk`/pkhmdst/hdtd-sg fttps2//pkhtdoc.mk `/pkhmdst/hdtd-sglptom/dcakrotf`om-hltlmtoki lptom/dcakrotf`om-hltlmtoki-ke-edgl-ilws/ -ke-edgl-ilws/
Dmmlsslh2 4>.4>.>:46 Zkcomf,
G.
(>:46)2
Xfl
]prldh
ke
Edgl
Ilws. Hdtd Ilws.
fttps2//pkhtdoc.mk`/pkhmdst/hdtd-sg fttps2//pkhtdoc.mk `/pkhmdst/hdtd-sglptom/tfl-sprldh-ke-edgllptom/tfl-sprldh-ke-edgl-ilws/ ilws/
]glptom. Dmmlsslh2
4>.4>.>:46 Zkrtoccd, B. (>:46)2 Zytfki ekr Hdtd ]moliml dih @dmfoil Cldrioia Nkktmd`p. Nkktmd`p. \hl`y. fttps2//www.uhl`y.mk`/pytfki-ekr-hd fttps2//www. uhl`y.mk`/pytfki-ekr-hdtd-smoliml-dih-`dmf td-smoliml-dih-`dmfoil-cldrioiaoil-cldrioiankktmd`p/cldri/clmturl/:46
^dhekrh, D. - Qu, B. - D`khlo, H. - Mcdrg, B. - Nruihdal, @. - ]utsglvlr, O. (>:4?)2 Nlttlr (>:4?)2 Nlttlr Cdiaudal
@khlcs
dih
Xflor
O`pcomdtokis.
KpliDO.
Dvdocdncl
dt2
fttps2//kplido.mk`/ncka/nlttlr-cdiaudal-`khlcs/#ei> Dmmlsslh 2>8.:8.>:4? ]fu, G. - @dfuhlswdrdi, H. - Cou, F. (>:46 )2 EdglIlwsXrdmglr2 D Xkkc Xkk c ekr Edgl Ilws Mkcclmtoki,
Hltlmtoki,
dih
Uosudcozdtoki.
fttp2//snp-
nro`s.kra/>:46/prkmllhoias/pdplrs/mfdcclial[pdplrs/]NZN^o@][>:46[pdplr[4>:.phe Dmmlsslh2 46.:8.>:4?
]ocvlr`di, M. (>:45)2 Xfos Didcysos ]fkws Fkw Uordc Edgl Lclmtoki Ilws ]tkrols Kutplrekr`lh
^ldc
Ilws
Ki
Edmlnkkg.
NuzzEllh. NuzzEllh.
fttps2//www.nuzzellhilws.mk fttps2//www. nuzzellhilws.mk`/drtomcl/mrdoasocvlr`di/vordc-edgl-lclmtoki-ilw `/drtomcl/mrdoasocvlr`di/vordc-edgl-lclmtoki-ilwsskutplrekr`lh-rldc-ilws-ki-edmlnkkg Dmmlsslh2 :>.:>.>:4?
]gy`oih. (>:46 )2 D Nlaoiilr's Auohl Au ohl tk Dttlitoki @lmfdios`s dih @l`kry Iltwkrgs. Iltwkrgs. ]gy`oih. fttps2//sgy`oih.do/wogo/dttlitoki-`lmfdios`-`l`kry-iltwkrg Dmmlsslh2 44.:8.>:4? ]gy`oih.
(>:46 )2
D
Nlaoiilr's
Auohl
tk
C]X@s
dih
^lmurrlit
Ilurdc
Iltwkrgs.]gy`oih. Iltwkrgs. ]gy`oih. fttps2//sgy`oih.do/wogo/cst`.ft`c Dmmlsslh2 44.:8.>:4? ]kcki, K. (>:46)2 Edmlnkkg (>:46)2 Edmlnkkg sdys Md`nrohal Didcytomd `dy fdvl adoilh =1` `krl us uslrs' lrs' hdtd.. Xfl Audrhodi. hdtd Audrhodi.fttps2//www.t fttps2//www.tflaudrhodi.mk`/tlm flaudrhodi.mk`/tlmfikckay/>:46/dpr/:8/edmln fikckay/>:46/dpr/:8/edmlnkkgkkgmd`nrohal-didcytomd-uslr-hdtd-cdtlst-`krl-tfdi-tfkuaft Dmmlsslh2:6.4>.>:46
]tdtostd,
(>:4?)2
Edmlnkkg
-
]tdtostoms
&
Edmts. Edmts.
Xfl
]tdtostoms
Zkrtdc.
fttps2//www.stdtostd.mk`/tkpom fttps2//www. stdtostd.mk`/tkpoms/1:41)2 (>:41)2 ]k`l ]k`l Cogl ot
Fkdx2
Dutk`dtlh
Edgl
Ilws
Hltlmtoki
oi
]kmodc
Iltwkrgs.
fttps2//drxov.kra/dns/41:8.:1:4?
XLH. (>:4?, Dproc)2 XLH. Fkw Xwottlr illhs tk mfdial. mfdial. WUohlk eoclP ^ltrolvlh erk` fttps2//www.tlh.mk`/tdcgs/bdmg fttps2//www. tlh.mk`/tdcgs/bdmg[hkrsly[fkw[twottlr[illhs[tk[mfd [hkrsly[fkw[twottlr[illhs[tk[mfdial/trdismropt#tial/trdismropt#t1:8>:8 Dmmlsslh2 >:.:8.>:4?
Udi
Ulli,
E.
(>:45)2
Xfl
Ilurdc
Iltwkrg
Rkk. Xfl Rkk.
Dso`kv
.(fttp2//www.dso`kvoistotutl.kra/ilurdc-iltwkrg-zkk/ Dmmlsslh2 44.:8.>:4?
Oistoturl.
Xdncl ke Eoaurls
Eoaurl 42 Xktdc Edmlnkkg liadal`lits ekr Xkp >: Lclmtoki ]tkrols (NuzzEllh Ilws, >:45) ..................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................. ........................................ 4: Eoaurl >2 @dmfoil @dmf oil Cldrioia Zrkmlss (Zkrtoccd, >:46) ........................................................... ....................................................... .... 45 Eoaurl =2 ^lsuct ke tlstoia EdglrEdmt ds d edgl ilws hltlmtoia wlnsotl (EdglrEdmt, >:4?) . >< Eoaurl 82 Hospcyoia hoeeusokidc iltwkrg wotf Fkdxy (Fkdxy, (Fkdx y, >:4?) ................................... >1 Eoaurl :41) .............................................................................................................................................. >6 Eoaurl 52 Fkdx vlrsus iki-fkdx cogls plr uslr fldt-`dp (d) dih uslrs os mk``ki nltwlli fkdx dih iki-fkdx pdals (n) (Xdmmfoio lt dc., >:41) ............................................................ ........................................................ .... >? Eoaurl 12 Nktk`ltlr sfkwoia lvdcudtoki rlsuct ki tfl Xwottlr dmmkuit JrldcHkidchXru`p (Nktk`ltlr, >:4?) .......................................................................................... ................................................................................................................. ....................... =4 Eoaurl 62 62 Nktk`ltlr sfkwoia lvdcudtoki rlsuct ki d JrldcHkidchXru`p ekcckwlr‟s Xwottlr dmmkuit (Nktk`ltlr, >:4?) ................................................................................................... => Eoaurl ?2 Xrlihs oi Xwottlr Hdtd nltwlli Bdiudry >:4< dih Hlml`nlr >:4? (Edgl Ilws Xrdmglr, >:4?) .......................................................................................................... ................................................... .................................................................... ............. == Eoaurl 4:2 Qkrh mckuh oi edgl ilws vlrsus rldc ilws mkitlit (Edgl Ilws Xrdmglr, >:4?) =< Eoaurl 442 442 Edmlnkkg‟s tdxkik`y ki qulstokidncl mkitlit ( Edmlnkkg, >:4?) .................... >:4?) .................... 8:
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