Faith of Islam Abdullah Quilliam

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,

THE

FAITH OP ISLAM, AN EXPLANATORY SKETCH OF THE PRINCIPAL

FUNDAMENTAL TENETS OF THE MOSLEM RELIGION, BY

W.

/ QU ILLI AM,

H.

{Solicitor of the

" I life

is

like

the

Supreme Court

Mussulman

;

a fairly pure one."

" Say

:

he

is

oj Judicature.)

not ashamed of his

God

:

his

General Gordon.

unbelievers, I will not worship that which ye worship

nor will ye worship that which I worship.

which ye worship

;

neither do ye worship that which I worship.

have your religion, and

I

my

religion."

Ye

Sura 109, Koran.

LIVERPOOL WiLLMER Brothers & Company, 64

&

66,

Ltd,,

;

Neither do I worship that

25, Victoria

Chester Street, Birkenhead. 1892.

[All Rights Reserved.]

Street, am>

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. As

the

all

copies which comprised the second work have been exhausted, it has become

5,000

of this

-edition

necessary

to issue

last issue the

Since the publication of the

another one-

pamphlet has been perused by the Caliph of

the Faithful, His Imperial Majesty the Sultan of Turkey, gracious enough to signify his commendation of the

who was same

and

;

have been received from Sierra Leone,

letters

Lagos, and other portions of Western Africa, the Cape of

Good Hope and Hungary,

the

Transvaal

South Africa, from

in

and even from

the Phillipine Islands, Australia,

Hong Kong

in

China, and

Tobolsk

copies of the book to be forwarded,

granted and the brochure published,

in

addition

is

and permission has been

now being

Oerman, Bengalee, and Tamil

translated into and in

Turkish,

(the language of

Southern

other

to

in Siberia, asking for

languages,

India).

In this edition I have carefully retained every line of the original text, but I have,

in

many

instances, considerablj'

extended the information previously given,

my desire being my religion as

and complete a sketch

of

was possible without extending the book

to

to present as full

And

length. facilitate

which

is

an unnecessary

I trust that the perusal of this little

most excellent."

'*'

W. H. Abdullah 15,

work may

a correct knowledge of " the truth of that faith

Quilliam.

Manchester Street, Liverpool, Srd Ramazan, 1309.

(Which Christians *

style the 2«cZ Ap'il, 1892.)

92adSura, " The Night."

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. The

great success of this httle work, the first edition of 2,000

copies

all

beiog disposed of in less than eight months and

demand

being a continuous

there

more

for

necessitated the issue of another edition.

I

carefully revised the book,

and although

necessary to eliminate

single

a

nevertheless I have deemed

it

has

have accordingly

I have not found

of

line

copies,

advisible in

it

the original text,

some instances

to

amplify and extend the information given.

As an example

through the publication of letters

widespread

the

of

awakened

interest

pamphlet I may mention that

this

have been received from Mussulmans in Switzerland,

St. Petersburg,

The Punjaub,

Ceylon,

Lahore and various other portions Settlements

and Rangoon

copies of the work, that

it

(British

Calcutta,

Bombay,

of India, Egypt, Straits

Burmah\

asking for

has been perused by royalty in the

personages of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen of

England and Empress

and of His Royal Highness

of India,

the Khedive of Egypt, and that permisson has been granted

and the book

is

now being

Hindustanee and Arabic

translated into Burmese, Persian, for

publication in

those

various

languages, and I only trust that these few pages will aid in the hastening of the time foretold in the Koran assistance

people troops."

of Allah

shall "

shall

be seen

come,

entering

and the

into

"When

and the

the religion of

God by

W. H. 82, Elliot Street,

Liverpool,

29f7i

Dulhegala, 1307,

which Christians Btyle the *

15fch

the

victory,

August, 1890.

110 Sura " Assistauce."

Q.

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.

The

subject

matter

contained in this

originally delivered in the

Hall,

Liverpool.

suggested that

pamphlet

Some

those

work

little

form of three lectures of

lectures

for public circulation.

the

author's

should be

in

was

Vernon

co-religionists

x^ublished

as

a

However, as he had only

kept a few notes of his remarks on those occasions, the writer

deemed His

it

wiser to rewrite the matter in

great embarrassment has been

to

smallest possible space a concise yet fair

ment

of the tenets held

its

present form.

condense into the

and accurate

state-

by Mussulmans, and he trusts that he

has not carried the process of condensation too

far, and that remove some of the prejudices of those who hold a different belief, and that he has been able to place the main principles of the faith of Islam in an intelligible and,

this little

work

will

as far as possible, interesting form.

W. H. July, 1889.

Q.

T HE When we

TAITH OF

is so much mixed up with many milHons of Moslem fellow

consider that Islamism

the British Empire, and the

who

subjects

that so

little

live

under the same

rule, it is

very extraordinary

should be generally known about this religion,

and that

history,

SLAyVl, ;

of its followers

its

and consequently the gross

;

ignorance of the masses on the subject allows them to be easily deceived,

and

their

judgment

led astray

by any preten-

der striving to raise up an excitement against those of that persuasion.

If,

however,

it

be the duty of mankind to live at

peace together, and do each other the

on

evil,

in their power,

all

the good, instead of

we cannot inform

all

ourselves too%iuch

and kindred subjects.

this

What can

be more absurd than the belief held by the

majority of the people in England that the coffin of the

prophet Mahomet *'

'twixt earth

is

composed of

and heaven

yet of so old a duration

"

steel,

and held

in suspension

by the means of loadstones

is

this

ridiculous

;

and

and so

story,

generally is it believed, that it has given rise to an expression which has become as much a part of the English language as is

a standard Shakesperian quotation.

Much

of this

deplorable ignorance,

doubtless,

owes

its

and

re-

origin to the mischevious tales regarding the customs ligious belief of the at the

Moslems, which were circulated in Europe

time of the crusades by Christian priests,

who thus

played upon the credulity of their flocks in order to inflame

10 their zeal *'

on behalf

rescue the Holy

equally

is it

tions are

of the expeditions then being raised to

Land from

the grasp of the infidel "

;

but

without doubt that falsehoods and misrepresenta-

still

industriously published and circulated amongst

English speaking people by interested persons, paid agents of societies,

are,

who know

full well

and who trade on

how

gullible the general public

their ignorance in order to extract

subscriptions from their pockets.

In the following pages, therefore, we correct is

will

endeavour to

of these erroneous notions,* and to explain

some

what

" The Faith of Islam."

One

of the best

and

briefest

descriptions of the faith of

Islam is that given by David Urquhart in the introduction to *' The Spirit of the East," published vol. I. of his clever work ** Islam, as a religion, teaches no in 1839, and reads thus :

new dogmas;

establishes no

new

revelation,

no new precepts;

has no priesthood, and no church government. code to the people,

by the sanction

and a constitution

It gives a

to the state, enforced

of religion."

That Urquhart was right has been admitted by many. Palgrave, Vambery, Rawlinson, Layard, Rolland, Stanley of Alderley,

De Chonski, and

insight and

others,

have participated in his

confirmed his statements.

Every

traveller

who

people has had

has come into intimate contact with Moslem Notwithstanding something to say in their favour.

all this,

the bulk of opinion in Great Britain has remained unaffected.

The truth has not been body

of the

generally known, because the great

Enghsh-speaking people being brought up in one

sect or another of the Christian faith

have inherited a

bitter

them a when aud even to be an essential part of their religion dignitary of the Anglican Church hke Canon Isaac Taylor

and

unreasoning prejudice on the subject that seems to ;

11

has had the courage at a church congress to dehver his honest convictions on the matter, he has

been assailed by bitter

invective and bigoted vituperation.

Canon Taylor, as delivered by him at the church congress at Wolverhampton, on the 7th October, 1887,

The remarks

of

aiid reported in

Times of the

the

day, are well

follo\\'ing

worthy of careful perusal and consideration.

Our time and

space will not permit us to give the whole of his speech, but

we cannot

from republishing a portion of

refrain

it.

" The Eev. Canon Isaac Taylor said that over a large portion of the world Islamism as a missionary religion

successful than Christianity.

more

is

Not only are the

(Sensation.)

Moslem converts from paganism more numerous than the Christian converts, but Christianity in some regions is actually receding before Islam, while attempts to proselytize

medan

We

nations are notoriously unsuccessful.

not gain ground, but even

fail to

Mahom-

not only do

The

hold our own.

faith of

Islam already extends from Morocco to Java, from Zanzibar to China,

and

is

spreading across Africa with giant strides*

has acquired a footing on the Congo and the Zambesi,

It

while Uganda, the most powerful of the negro states, has just

become Mahomedan.

which for

are

is

already

Africa

manency *

255

that

with

has to be

which

The recent census

57,365.204, and the there) as 2,284,191.

It

half.

It is

of is

the

prepares

number

50 millions

whole population of

not the

retains

way

the

India,

in

the

explained

it

gives

number

only

millions

and

Moslems/''

more than

Islam

of

Of the

Islam.

In India western civilization,

Hindooism,

sapping

first

but

;

its of

propagation the

is

hold

Moslems

of Christians (including

estimated that about

it

upon in

perits

India as

Europeans residing

five millions of

persons

have, in India alone, during the last ten years, become converts to Islam.

12 Christianity

converts.

An

less tenacious in its grasp.

is

African tribe once converted to Islam never reverts to pagan-

Islam has

ism, and never embraces Christianity

done more

than Christianity.

for civilization

ample the statements

for ex-

When Mahomedanism

as to the practical results of Islam. is

Take

of English officials or of lay travellers

embraced by a negro tribe, paganism, devil worship, fetish-

human

ism, cannibalism,

once disappear.

by clsanliness,

sacrifice, infanticide, witchcraft, at

The natives begin to dress, filth is replaced and they acquire personal dignity and self-

Hospitality becomes a religious duty, drunkenness

respect.

becomes

gambling

rare,

immodest dances and

forbidden,

is

the promiscuous intercourse of the sexes cease, female chasity is

regarded as a virtue, industry replaces idleness, license

gives place to law, order

cruelty to animals

and

and sobriety

humanity, benevolence and brotherhood

gamy and

slavery are regulated

Islam, above

all, is

prevail, blood feuds,

to slaves are forbidden.

and

is

Poly-

the most powerful total abstinence associa-

;

European trade

and vice, and the degrada-

the extension of drunkenness

tion of the people

feeling of

their evils are restrained.

tion in the world, whereas the extension of

means

A

inculcated.

while Islam introduces a civilization of no

low order, including a knowledge of reading and writing, decent clothing, personal cleanUness, veracity and self-respect.

and

Its restraining little

have we

to

show

sums

for the vast

precious lives lavished upon Africa

reekoaed

These

are

by

stern

to begin

an ti- Christian

;

it is

by recognising the faith,

of

money and

all

the

Christian converts are

facts

extremely unpleasant facts

ought

!

Moslems converts by millons. we have to face. They are

thousands,

the

How

civilizing effects are marvellous.

folly to ignore

fact that

them.

Islam

but a half- Christian faith.

is

We

not an

Islam was a

13

Abraham aud Moses, with

replica of the faith of

Islam

Judaism was exclusive.

elements.

is

Christian

cosmopolitan

not like Judaism, confined to one race, but extended to the

Moslems acknowledge four great teachers

whole world.

Abraham, the friend Jesus, the

work

There

God

of

God

of

is

:

nothing in the teaching of

antagonistic to Christianity.

and

Christianity.

God

Moses, the prophet of

;

and Mahomed, the apostle of God.* It is

Mahomed

midway between Judaism

This reformed Judaism swept so swiftly

over Africa and Asia because the African and Syrian doctors-

bad substituted metaphysical dogmas for the religion of They tried to combat licentiousness by celibacy and virginity. Seclusion from the world was the road toChrist.

holiness,

The

and

dirt

of martyrs, saints

corruption

of

was the

characteristic of

monkish

and superstition.

ag:unst the exaltation of

It

was a

revolt

gave

hope

to

the

It replaced

slave,

lower

.

The races

— the

unity

monkliness by manliness.

brotherhood

recognition to the fundamental facts of .

against

was a masculine protest celibacy as a crown of piety. It it

;

brought out the fundamental dogma of religion

and greatness of God.

crowd

Islam swept away this mass-

and angels.

empty theological polemics

It

sanctity..

people were practically polytheists, worshipping a

mankind and

to

human

nature.

which Islam inculcates are what the

virtues

can be brought

to

understand

— temperance,

cleanliness, chastity, justice, fortitude, courage, benevolence^ hospitality, veracity,

and resignation.

to cultivate the four cardinal virtues,

deadly sins.

The Christian

They can be taught and to abjure the seven

ideal of the

* Moslems recognise six gi-eat teachers.

brotherhood of

In addition to the four given

above they acknowledge Adam, the created of God specially preserved of God.

man

;

Canon Taylor has overlooked

and Noah, the this fact.

u is

the highest

but Islam preaches a

;

the social equality of )

'

which Islam

all

Moslems.-

The convert

offers.

exclusive social caste

is

jjractical

This

is

brotherhood

the great bribe

admitted at once to aa

he becomes a member of a vast con-

;

fraternity 150,000,000.1-

A

as a social equal, but the

Moslem brotherhood

We

have over much

desk, but very

little

*'

Christian convert

is

not regarded is

a

reality.

dearly beloved brethren " in the reading

in daily

True, the Koran offered a

life.

material paradise, but the social privileges attained in this Tlie two great

world are a more potent motive practical difficulties in the

way

of the conversion of Africa

Mahomet,

are polygamy and domestic slavery. did not prohibit them

he endeavoured

like

Moses,

that would have been impossible

;

to mitigate their evils.

Slavery

is

;

but

no part

of

I

the creed of Islam.

Mahomet the

as

Moslem

It

was tolerated as a necessary

was by Moses and

it

it

is

St. Paul.

la the hands of

a very mild institution, far milder than

negro slavery in the United States. | Polygamy Moses did not prohibit it. difficult question.

by David, and

practised

the

New

licence

polygamy

of

the

in

Turkey,

Algiers,

*

it

is

;

most and

it

is

limited

the

civilized

Egypt.

is

more

a

was

It

not directly forbidden

Mahomet

Testament.

the rule

by

evil

exception

Moslem ||

in

uabounded

the

rather

lands,

Polygamy,

than

European with

all

"Verily, the true believers are brethren: wherefore reconcile your and fear God, that ye may obtain mercy." 49 Sura, " Inner :

brethren

Apartments." It t These figures are greatly below the real strength of Islam. estimated there are 240 millions of professing Moslems in the world.

is

to your slaves, see that ye feed them as ye feed yourselves, I "And as and clothe them as ye clothe yourselves." Saying of the Prophet Mahomet. " A case of polygamy was unknown in Candia, amongst a population of 40,000 Mussulmans." Urciuhart's " Spii-it of the East,"' Vol. II., page3S8. II

15 its evils, lias its

counter-balancing advantages.

ished female infanticide,

Owing

protector.

It

to

than polygamy to Islam.

The

strictly regulated

Moslem lands

less

degrading to

is infinitely

men than

curse of Christian

legal

polygamy Moslem countries are

to

from professional outcasts, a greater reproach

injurious to

has abol-

and gives every woman a

pol3^gamy of

women and

the promiscuous polyandry which

and which

cities,

is

free

Christendom

absolutely

less

is

the

unknown

in

The polyandrous English are not entitled to cast

Islam.

stones at polygamous Moslems. eye, before

our brother's eye.

The

gamy,

four

slavery, concubinage,

and

first

pluck out the

licence of divorce

— are

no

Within our own memory,

exclusive reproach to Islam.

not now, they have

Let us

we meddle with the mote in evils of Moslem lands— poly-

beam from our own

if

prevailed in aggravated forms in the

all

United States— a land nominally Christian and peopled by a race of

EngUsh brotherhood Moslem morality

that in some respects

In resignation

and

to

God's

will, in

Let us remember is

better than our own.

temperance, charity, veracity,

in the brotherhood of believers, they set us a pattern

should do well to follow.

gambling and prostitution Islam

is

we

Islam has abolished drunkenness,

— the three curses of Christian lands.

the closest approach to Christianity which has been

able to take hold of Eastern or Southern nations.

superior to

the

grovelling

superstition of the Coptic

It is

and

Abyssinian churches."

The pubUcation of Canon Taylor's remark^ led to a some" what animated correspondence in the columns of the " Times newspaper.

Many of these letters are well worth reproduction,

but the bpace at our disposal will not permit us to avail ourselves of

more than

one,

and

it is

from the pen of Mr. Joseph

16

Thompson, the well-known African traveller, who under date of November 10th, writes from Edinburgh as follows :

From

'*

experience I

know how dangerous

it fs

—

to recognise

any good in any living religion outside the orthodox pale a^nd its immediate vicinity, or to offer any criticism on the

method adopted by church agencies to propagate their The critic's motives are sure to be misrepresented creeds. and held up ignored.

to

He

opprobrium, while his facts will probably be

soon discovers that the church or

ary agencies love not the light,

its

mission-

or at least only such as

passes through authorized loopholes or

specially

supplied

As an observer of somewhat varied experiCentral, and Western Africa, where I have Eastern, in ence Mahomedanism seen Christianity and f in contact with the

coloured glass.

Negro, I would claim to be heard. of your correspondents that in

some

Nile basin you see Islam in

its

true colours in

association with the slave trade and

and

A

violence.

ceived.

more

experience

all

congenial

forms of degradation

baseless statement could not be con-

I unhesitatingly affirm of Eastern

correspondents possess

has been argued by

It

Eastern Africa and the

— and I

speak from a wider

than any

Central Africa

— that

if

of

the slave trade thrives

your it

is

because Islam has not been introduced to these regions, and the

for

strongest

Mahomedanism

of

would

all

reasons,

that

meant

have

the

the

spread

of

concomitant

suppression of the slave trade. *

This letter Avas published iu the " Times " of the 14th November, 1887.

t

The Moslems do not

call their religion

Mahomedanism, nor do they

render any worship, as some have supposed, to their Prophet.

name

is

purely of foreign origin, and

principle, that

am

of Paul,

he

whom

is

This

objected to by them, on the same

Christians style St. Paul, objected to saying, " I

Cephas or Apollos."

17 ((

Islam

not preached to the Negro because the Muscat

is

To do

Arabs desire to retain their slave-hunting grounds.

otherwise would have been to hail the natives as brother

Mussulmans where they hoped

same way many

of our

assured, would resist

In the

to capture slaves.

Christian

traders,

you may

rest

most strenuously the introduction

of

missionaries of their religion into their trading grounds, it

was not found that the profession

the natives of gin.

of Christianity

if

among

was not incompatible with a large consumption

It is

sometimes convenient, however, to confound a

people with their religion

—when

it

does not come too near

home. "Again, religion of

has been triumphantly pointed out that the

it

Mahomet

does not sx3read in the Eastern division

That

of the African continent.

already mentioned equally

among far

important.

Islam,

them

—a

being thus cut

attempt to acquire unhesitatingly

off

He

I

nor

the

that

confidently

as

reviled religion has done one

prevented itself

the

the

its

'

trade.'

it.

assert

trade flourishes in is

not there, only

that this

so

great service there.

Sultan has been impotent nations

But while I

manners.

slave

spread of the liquor

because Christian

as

does not attempt to pass

Eastern Central Africa because Islam professor,

them

cut off by a

is

from the race the Negro makes no

its religion

afiirm

brought

is

characterizes

The Muscat Arab

wide gulf from the Negro.

have

I

a second

is

— a race in every respect

which

race

"Wa-Sherzi (wild men).

By

There

Christianity,

like

the natives by an alien race

above

perfectly true.

is

one potent reason.

objected

to arrest

any

It

has

In Zanzibar

traffic.

to

its

much

the

traffic,

restriction

of

Happily, on the mainland he has hitherto been

allowed a freer hand in enforcing the rules of his religion, and

18 so

done an enormous service in preventing the demoralization

How long tliis will last now that

of the easily seduced blacks.

Germany's

'

pioneers of civilization

land remains

the Central Soudan of visiting

are descending

Turning now

be seen.

to

'

—which I also have

to

upon the

Western Africa and

had the opportunity

—we find a far different state of things prevailing.

Here we have Islam

as a living, active force, full of the fire

much

of its early days, proselytizing too with

and energy

the marvellous success which characterised

its

of

early days.

Here we have it preached equally in the streets of Sierra Leone, and among the debased cannibal tribes of the Niger With the disingeiiousness which makes them attempt basin. to

fasten

the

evils

of

the

trade

slave

upon Islam,

the

defenders of the Christian faith seek with might and main to

minimize and

distort the facts about the success of

Western Central except

it

describe to

to

recognise

Islam in

any

good

come through orthodox channels, they seek to advance as a terrible calamity and unmixed evil

its

the African.

from

Unable

Africa.

their

They declare

childhood

propagated by means of

draw pictures of the

— as

they have been taught

— that

Mahomedanism can only be fire and sword. They delight to

terror-stricken

Negro on his knees, his

hut in flames behind him, his wives and children, with halters

men

round their necks, being dragged

off

make slaves of, him with drawn

while a demon-like

Mussulman stands over

or the Koran.'

This

danism from

is

opportunity

sword, giving him the alternative of is

propagated

previous of

by ferocious

the stereotyped notion

— an

idea,

generations.

I

suppose,

Happily,

seeing for myself,

I

'

to

death

how Mahomehanded down have

and seeing

had

an

differently.

The greatest triumphs of Islam in the Central and AVestern Soudan have been by peaceful and unassuming agencies the

—

19 erratic Fellani

prising

herdsman

Hausa

Nupe

or

and enter-

in the past, the energetic

From some-

trader in the present.

where about the 12th century the herdsman has been engaged spreading his rehgion from Lake Chag to the Atlantic, with the result that the entire region

Mahomed an

little

coteries

but wanted a leader to

became honeycombed with

by the end of

throw

off

the yoke of

With

proclaim the Unity of God.

They paganism and

last century.

the beginning

of this

century came the leader in the person of Fodiyo. and in a surprisingly short time

Mahomedanism was

established as the

reigning religion over a huge extent of country, giving an im-

petus to the barbarous tribes which has produced the most

In these later years the chief agent in

^astounding results.

the spread of Islam has been, as I have already remarked, the

Hausa

or

Nupe

trader.

Protected by the sanctity of his busi-

Negro merchant penetrates into every

ness, the

hundreds of miles of his own home.

He

tribe within

mixes with the

barbarous pagan as one of like blood with himself

same house, he

in the

eats the

carries his religion with him,

same

its

he sleeps

;

Everywhere he

food.

great central features unob-

scured by unthinkable and transcendental dogmas. just so

and six

much

of doctrine as his

assimilate.

months

The

or a year.

He

has

pagan brother can understand

trader remains a month, or

During that time he

is

it

may

admired

be

for his

and the people around him begin to ape him. nothing which they may not hope to aspire to

fine clothes,

"They see

;

there this

is

nothing in his rehgion they do not understand.

manner have

In

the seeds of civilization and Islam been

among numerous savage tribes, till the land resounds with the inspiring din of a hundred industries, and morning, noon, and evening rises the watchword of Islam,

scattered broadcast

^nd knees which were formerly bent

to stocks

and

stones,

20 before the one God, and lips which have quivered

now bend

with enjoyment over the flesh of a brother to

man

are employed

acknowledge His greatness and compassionateness. ''

If

has not always

Islam

by such

been propagated

Have we not peaceful means, what is there to wonder at ? required some eighteen centuries to learn that we have no right to force our religion on others

What wonder,

?

then, if

ardent negro propagandists should seek occasionally to force of their

blessings

the

stubborn bre^.hren

?

on their unbelieving

religion

and

"

Having thus briefly given extracts from the speeches and some of our countrymen upon the subject, let us now endeavour to calmly and dispassionately consider what writings of

is

the creed of Islam and then to try and see

*'

will stand

like a horse for beauty,,

Islam has been defined as being

strength and endurance and conviction,

and

argument

it

;

much good

like a

teaches a

he has once to as

if it

reason and commonsense.

the test of

die,

for its

sword

man

and as

for its

in

carrying^

always to live remembering that

life is

short he should therefore do

he can while he

in the world as

be always prepared

swiftness

keen incisive power in

lives,

and thus

to die." ^

The fundamental doctrine of Islam is that from the very down to its final destruction there has

creation of the world

been, and for ever will be, but one true orthodox belief; tha

foundation of this religion there

is

of

Turkey

the recognition of the truth that

one only and true God.

* This masterly definition of lips

is

His laiperial Majesty an.l

tlie

" There

is

no God but

Faith of Islam I received from the

Ghazi

Abdul Hamid-as-sani, Sultan

Calipli of the Faithful, in

of

au interview he was graciously

pleased to accord rae at the Imperial Palace of Yildiz, Constantinople^ in

Ramazan, 1308 (May,

1891).

21

*'He