Facultad De Ciencias Empresariales: Escuela Académico Profesional De Administración
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FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EMPRESARIALES
ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE ADMINISTRACIÓN
CULTURA AMBIENTAL TITULO: DETERMINACIÓN DEL NIVEL DE ACEPTACIÓN DEL JABÓN ELABORADO A PARTIR DE ACEITE RECICLADO EN LOS ALUMNOS DE UNIVERSIDAD CÉSAR VALLEJO – TRUJILLO, – TRUJILLO, 2018
AUTORÍA: “LOS GUARDIANES DE LA NATURALEZA”
Chávez Esto Karen Margarita Dávila Valle Frank Inuma Alván David Ramírez Pablo Raquel Valqui Viera Delbis Zavaleta Vásquez Yeison David
ASESORA: ASCENCIO GUZMÁN IVON
TRUJILLO – TRUJILLO PERÚ – PERÚ 2018
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TITULO: DETERMINACIÓN DEL NIVEL DE ACEPTACIÓN DEL JABÓN ELABORADO A PARTIR DE ACEITE RECICLADO EN LOS ALUMNOS DE UNIVERSIDAD CÉSAR VALLEJO – TRUJILLO, 2018.... 1 – TRUJILLO, 2018.... AUTORÍA: “LOS GUARDIANES DE LA NATURALEZA” ..................................................................... NATURALEZA” ..................................................................... 1 RESUMEN ................................................................... ........................................................................................ .....................Error! Error! Bookmark not defined. ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... 4 I.
INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................ .................................................................................................................... ........................................................ 5
II.
MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS MÉTODOS ................................................................................................... .................................................................................................. 11
III.
RESULTADOS RESULTADOS ................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................. 14
IV.
DISCUSIÓN ................................................................. ...................................................................................................................... ..................................................... 23
V.
CONCLUSIONES............................................................. CONCLUSIONES ....................................................................... ..........Error! Error! Bookmark not defined.
VI.
REFERENCIAS BIBLOGRÁFICAS ....................................................................................... BIBLOGRÁFICAS ....................................................................................... 25
ANEXOS ANEXOS ....................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... 27
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RESUMEN
El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación es ver si el jabón a base de aceite reciclado tiene aceptación por la población, durante el periodo 2018 – 2018 – II II de la Universidad César César Vallejo. El total de la población es desconocida, obteniendo como muestra 67 personas para encuestar y determinar la viabilidad de este proyecto; con una confianza del 90% y un error de 10%. Hoy en día lo que aqueja a la población es la contaminación por diversas vías de acceso. Por ese motivo vamos a reciclar la materia prima para así poder elaborar el jabón de aceites y hacer una vida más sana, reduciendo la contaminación ambiental. A través de los conocimientos adquiridos en Cultura Ambiental los autores hemos decidido realizar un estudio de factibilidad para determinar las herramientas y los recursos para crear un jabón de lavar a base de aceite reciclado usado en la ciudad de Trujillo. Dicho estudio nace con la idea de contribuir con co n el medio ambiente. De esta manera en el proyecto se realizan encuestas los cuales permiten obtener resultados y conclusiones claras y confiables. Es decir, el 81% de las personas aceptan este jabón para su uso doméstico. Palabra Clave: Aceite Reciclado, contaminación, resultados confiables.
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ABSTRACT
SUMMARY The objective of this research work is to see if the soap based on recycled oil has acceptance by the population, during the period 2018 - II of the César Vallejo University. The total population is unknown, obtaining as sample 67 people to survey and determine the viability of this project; with a confidence of 90% and an error of 10%. Nowadays what afflicts the population is the contamination by diverse access roads. For this reason we are going to recycle the raw material in order to be able to elaborate the soap of oils and to make a healthier life, reducing the environmental contamination. Through the knowledge acquired in Environmental Culture the authors have decided to carry out a feasibility study to determine the tools and resources to create a washing soap based on recycled oil used in the city of Trujillo. This study was born with the idea of contributing to the environment. In this way, the project carries out surveys which allow obtaining clear and reliable results and conclusions. That is, 81% of people accept this soap for domestic use.
Keyword: Recycled oil, contamination, reliable results.
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I.
INTRODUCCIÓN
Desde hace años se sabe que, en la industria alimentaria, se ha generado un pro ducto que tiene una gran demanda dentro de los hogares; como es el caso del uso del aceite, que sirven para la cocción de varios tipos de alimentos. El aceite quemado en las cocinas es un residuo que se considera altamente contaminante que, al ser procesado en frituras, el aceite usado se desecha a drenajes sin realizar un tratamiento previo, llegando a causar serios problemas ambientales en las redes de drenaje, al mar m ar debido a que varios de estos residuos no son tratados o también la contaminación de nuestros acuíferos. Preciado, A. (2017). El uso de este producto, no solo genera daño al ambiente, sino que además al ser utilizado varias veces activa un elemento como el benzopireno que también se encuentra presente en el humo del tabaco, este elemento genera enfermedades ligadas con el colón, vasculares e incluso, un cáncer gástrico. Sin embargo, estos residuos pueden ser recogidos y depurados para ser reciclados como materia prima, en la fabricación de jabones solidos o líquidos, biodiesel y pinturas, es por eso que es necesario caracterizarlos para poder definir un sistema de tratamiento para su posterior uso. Por tal motivo nace una idea de buscar un beneficio, donde este residuo podrá ser usado y transformado en un nuevo producto, dándole a la vez un valor agregado, este nuevo producto sería la de un jabón en barra, que es de gran demanda en la vida diaria, teniendo la capacidad de remover la suciedad, gérmenes y otros contaminantes. Además, este producto será dirigido a un sector en específico como a las amas de casa, donde analizaremos su demanda, el objetivo comercial de este producto, el plan de mercado para ofertarlo. Posteriormente se realiza un análisis financiero, para determinar el precio del producto, los costos y la inversión monetaria para llevar a cabo la elaboración del jabón en barra. Teniendo en cuenta esta realidad problemática, los autores de este tratado se proponen a resolver el siguiente problema, ¿si realmente es posible que la elaboración de jabón a base de aceite de cocina reciclado tenga una buena aceptación en los alumnos de la UCV – UCV – Trujillo? Trujillo? Para resolver el problema propuesto anteriormente se propone como objetivo general el de elaborar un jabón a base de aceite reciclado de cocina, además de determinar su buena
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cuantificar la cantidad de aceite reciclado de la población en estudio. Tercero, determinar la capacidad de producción de jabón en función a la cantidad de aceite reciclado. Cuarto, determinar el costo de producción para la elaboración del producto. Y quinto, determinar el nivel de aceptación del jabón de aceite reciclado en los alumnos de la UCV – UCV – Trujillo. Trujillo. Este tratado se justifica en el grave problema que es actualmente la contaminación ambiental con residuos de cualquier tipo o forma, uno de estos residuos que causa gran preocupación es el aceite utilizado en las cocinas que son vertidos a los drenes sin tratamiento tratamiento y que estos finalmente terminan siendo arrojados al mar. Debido a la creciente demanda de este material y ver al mismo tiempo que no hay un manejo adecuado de disposición de estos residuos; se ve conveniente en transformarlo haciendo uso del aceite como materia prima en nuevo producto como es el caso del jabón, y a su vez hacerle uso, cubriendo así con una necesidad. Este proyecto se desarrolló con el fin de concientizar a la población sobre la disposición final que tiene este aceite y los beneficios que ofrece a partir de la materia prima, debido que esto no solo se genera en jabón, sino también en biodiesel, pinturas, fertilizantes. Además, contribuye con un desarrollo sostenible ya que estamos aprovechando del residuo de un producto para transformarlo en uno nuevo, esto también va de la mano a que podemos darle un valor económico, generando una visión empresarial eco amigable. 1.1.Antecedentes 1.1. Antecedentes
YEISON
A. Internacionales Según Preciado, A. (2017). Nos misiona que aceite a ceite Reciclado de Cocina para su Reutilización”, tiene como objetivo evaluar el aceite reciclado de cocina para su reutilización, la metodología se basó en recolectar aceite reciclado de cocina, para luego realizar las evaluaciones física y química, posteriormente ver si se puede reutilizar en la elaboración de diferentes productos jabón y velas. Este actor tuvo como conclusión que el uso de aceite reciclado es útil para la elaboración de jabones y otros productos. Según Arias, M. (2017). En su tesis Evaluación De Técnicas De Saponificación Artesanal De Aceites De Cocina Usados Provenientes Del Municipio De Charalá. Tuvo como objetivo evaluar la viabilidad técnica para llevar a cabo procesos de saponificación artesanal de aceites de cocina usados, provenientes de restaurantes y hogares del municipio de Charal. Con este trabajo Martha Arias llego a demostrar que el arrojo del aceite quemado disminuyo en gran promedio,
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Según Guijarro, A. (2016). En su tesis “Aprovechamiento del aceite residual y las cenizas provenientes de restaurantes (Asaderos de pollos) en el sector Carapungo de la ciudad de Quito, Q uito, para la obtención de productos de aseo personal”, el objetivo de esta investigación es aprovechar este residuo de aceite para convertirlos en nuevo producto de aseo personal, donde tuvo como resultado la producción de los jabones a partir de los aceites residuales y de las cenizas se obtuvo lejía, además nos dice que los restaurantes gasta unos 3 a 4 litros de aceite al día, también nos dice que la mayoría de los restaurantes reciclan su residuos de aceite y que finalmente son entregados a los municipios, se concluye en este trabajo que reciclar los residuos de aceite contribuye con el cuidado del medio ambiente y a la vez disminuir los taponeos de las alcantarillas.
Según Guerrero, A (2014), quien manifiesta que en España el consumo anual y por habitante de aceite oscila entre 18 y 25 litros al año, de los cuales unos 4-5 litros se convierten en residuo, de los cuales 2 de cada 3 litros de aceite de freír se tiran por el fregadero y se estima que tan sólo 1 litro de aceite puede contaminar hasta 1000 litros de agua. España está cada vez más organizada y regularizada la recogida de los lo s AVUS garantizándose, de este modo, una fuente de materia prima a costo relativamente bajo respecto a un aceite no usado. España, independientemente de otras iniciativas poco extendidas aún, se está desarrollado un sistema innovador para el reciclaje selectivo de los aceites ac eites domésticos que permite, además de contribuir a dejar de contaminar las aguas y a tener que invertir en la potabilización de las mismas. Los ciudadanos (familias y alumnos, inicialmente de primaria y secundaria), que recogen el aceite en casa y lo trasladan en las botellas hasta los contenedores colocados en las escuelas. Para su venta a los recolectores. Además, el proyecto dispone de apoyos en recursos
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Significativas superiores a 5% entre aceites usados y aceites sin uso. Concluyendo que aunque los índices analizados resultan diferentes en las muestras de aceites usados y sin uso, podría proponerse a los aceites usados en formulaciones de mezclas con otras grasas hasta obtener una materia prima para elaboración de jabón.
B. Nacional Arevalo & Gómez (2016). ( 2016). “Obtención De Jabón Líquido Usando Aceite Vegetal Reciclado En La Universidad Nacional De La Amazonía Peruana – Iquitos”, tiene como finalidad estudiar la obtención de jabón líquido a partir del aceite vegetal reciclado en la Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana. Se realizó un análisis fisicoquímico del aceite vegetal reciclado, presentando un índice de saponificación de 278,9 mg de KOH/ g muestra, índice de acidez 0,28 mg de KOH/ g. de muestra, ácidos grasos libres 0,56 %, índice de peróxido 278,9 mg. de KOH/ g. de muestra. Se hizo pruebas de saponificación aplicando un diseño experimental del tipo factorial 2 3. El mejor resultado en el proceso de saponificación se obtuvo cuando c uando se trabajó con un %AC: 10%; %KOH: 5% y T°:90°C, obteniendo los siguientes resultados, gramos de pasta jabonosa 142,35 g., pH 11,08 y tiempo de reacción 155 minutos. La pasta jabonosa obtenida fue sometida a pruebas de dilución en agua con el propósito de obtener el jabón líquido. En conclusión, la obtención o btención de jabón líquido a partir del aceite reciclado reciclado en la Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana es es técnicamente viable. 1.2.Bases 1.2. Bases Teóricas 1.2.1. Aceite Reciclado
Aceite
Guijarro, G. (2016). (2016). “Es “ Es una mezcla de ácidos grasos con éteres de la glicerina, sus moléculas
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Guijarro, G. (2016). “Es “Es una reacción química entre un ácido y una base, en la cual se obtiene como principal producto la sal del ácido, y los bases alcalinos pueden ser sales de sodio y potasio. El jabón es obtenido después de someter un lípido saponificable, en este caso el aceite de cocina usado y una base que puede ser la Soda caustica (NaOH) o Potasa (KOH), a un proceso llamado saponificación artesanal, produciendo ácidos grasos y glicerina.” glicerina.”
1.2.4. Jabón Valencia & Vilca (2015), nos mencionan que es un producto utilizado para la higiene y el lavado de diversos objetos. Los jabones son las sales de sodio o potasio de los ácidos grasos, principalmente saturados, aunque también insaturados, conformadas por cadenas de 10 hasta 18 átomos de carbono. En su mayoría los fabricantes utilizan grasas o aceites. Su proceso de elaboración puede ser por neutralización directa o por hidrólisis alcalina denominado también como saponificación.
1.2.4.1. Tipos de Jabones
Los jabones comunes
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Los jabones suaves: Tienen en su composición aguas termales y son recomendados para las pieles sensibles.
Los jabones dermatológicos: Contienen agentes de limpieza, sintéticos muy suaves, a los que se añaden vegetales que contribuyen a cerrar los poros, aliviando las irritaciones y frenando la aparición de acné o puntos negros. Con estos jabones la piel no se descama. Son recomendados para pieles que arrastran inconvenientes, ya sea de modo permanente o estacional, o ante apariciones puntuales de irritaciones.
Los jabones de glicerina: Son neutros, no suelen humectar la piel, al contrario, en algunas ocasiones tienden a resecarlas y se recomiendan para las pieles grasas. Por lo general, la glicerina tiene un efecto más duradero que los jabones comunes.
Los jabones terapéuticos: Son recetados por los médicos, algunos se recomiendan para psoriasis, para micosis cutáneas y otros para limpieza profunda de cutis. 1.2.4.2. Composición del Jabón
El jabón en su estructura tiene una cabeza hidrofilia, por lo cual no es soluble en aceites y su composición se debe a la sustancia alcalina empleado, que puede ser sodio o potasio. En su estructura también tiene una cola hidrófoba que es soluble en aceite, consistente en una cadena ácidos grasos.
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Contienen dos partes diferenciadas: un grupo hidrófobo (repelente al agua) y un grupo hidrófilo (afines al agua)
Tienen la propiedad de limpiar debido a la capacidad que tiene para formar emulsiones con los materiales solubles en grasas.
Una propiedad importante del jabón a diferencia de los detergentes es la biodegradabilidad.
II.
MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS
a. Materiales Los materiales que se utilizaron para la elaboración de los jabones son:
Materiales
Cantidad
Precio
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b. Método i. Diseño de la investigación El diseño es experimental porque se procederá a elaborar el jabón en laboratorio y descriptiva porque se obtendrá información de las personas sobre la aceptación del jabón.
ii. Tipo de la investigación Es de tipo Cuantitativo, ya que se utilizará una encuesta para
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vii. Cálculo de la Muestra: Muestra: Se tomó en cuenta las respuestas de los habitantes de la ciudad de Trujillo para fundamentar la hipótesis planteada para el análisis e interpretación de los resultados.
Se utilizó la siguiente fórmula:
2.(1−) n = 2 Nivel de confianza (Z): 90% Error (e) = 10%
2 0.53( (1.64) 0.53(1−0.53) 1−0.53) = (0.10)2 n = 67
La cantidad de muestras en habitantes de la población desconocida, es de 67 personas.
COSTOS DE PRODUCCION
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margen de ganancia precio del jabón
S/.
300% 6.00
III.
METODOS Y RESULTADOS
IV.
3.1. Metodología para la elaboración del jabón o
Primero se filtró el aceite recolectado, para limpiar de algunas partículas que no se desean de la materia. Luego se midió 100 ml del aceite colado.
o
Una vez filtrada, se procede a mezclar con 21. 6 ml de agua destilada.
o
Luego se agregó 13.6 gr. De hidróxido de sodio, que se deberá colocar en el vaso de precipitación donde se encuentra la muestra de aceite filtrado. (Se le debe añadir con mucho cuidado, puesto que es una reacción exotérmica y sin el adecuado manejo puede causar algún tipo de quemadura en la piel expuesta)
o
Seguidamente se agito rápidamente hasta que le mezcla empiece a formarse densa, y antes que se endurezca se verterá a los dos moldes, en su proceso de vertimiento se le agregara esencia de rosas para disminuir el olor.
o
Luego, estos moldes fueron envueltos con una manta o frezada para abrigarla por tres días, y después de ese tiempo exponerlo por 7 días al sol y dejarlo orear.
o
Luego, se realizó empaquetamiento y su debido etiquetado, para luego ser comercializado.
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o
Por lo tanto Conversión: 1L½
500 1 = 1000 + 500 1500 ml de aceite usado.
100 ml
2 jab.
1500 ml
X jab.
X = 1500 ml x 2 Jab. = 30 Jab. Jab. 100 ml
3.2. Resultados 3.2.1. Nivel de aceptación del jabón o
En general, en cuanto a la dimensión “Aceptación del jabón con aceite reciclado” se obtuvo los siguientes resultados:
DIMENSIÓN
ACEPTACIÓN DEL JABÓN CON ACEITE RECICLADO N°
%
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Fuente: Elaboración Propia
De las 67 encuestas efectuadas en la población de Trujillo se pudo determinar que el 81% tuvo una buena aceptación del producto, 19% una aceptación regular y el 0% malo.
3.2.1. Datos Procesados de la Encuesta A. Cuadro de datos en cuanto al género de los encuestados SEXO
CANT.
FEMENINO MASCULINO TOTAL
% 46 68.7 21 31.3
67
100
GRÁFICA 1: Porcentaje de encuestados según Género.
GÉNERO
31%
FEMENINO
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TOTAL
67
100
GRÁFICA 2: ¿Crees que la contaminación ambiental es un problema para
nuestro planeta? ¿Crees que la contaminación ambiental es un problema para nuestro planeta? 80 60 % 40
20 0
Series1
MUY DE ACUERDO
DE ACUERDO
NI DE ACUERDO NI EN DESACUERDO
EN DESACUERDO
MUY EN DESACUERDO
74.63
23.88
1.49
0
0
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¿Qué haces con el aceite que normalmente sobra en casa después de cada fritura? 1.49%
4.48% 10.45%
26.87% 56.72%
Lo reciclas
Lo viertes al desagüe
Lo tiras al basurero
Lo vendo a una empresa de reciclaje
Otro
Fuente: Elaboración Propia.
Habiendo encuestado a 67 personas en la provincia de Trujillo, el 56.72% nos dice
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¿Verter, el aceite usado en las frituras, al desagüe es una forma de contaminación ambiental? 60 50 40 % 30 20 10 0
Series1
MUY DE ACUERDO 38.81
DE ACUERDO
NI DE ACUERDO NI EN DESACUERDO
EN DESACUERDO
MUY EN DESACUERDO
52.24
7.46
1.49
0
Fuente: Elaboración Propia.
De 67 personas encuestadas, 52.24% está de acuerdo en que el aceite que se usa usa
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¿Crees que el aceite usado en las frituras es un problema para el medio ambiente? 46.27
50 40 %
28.36
30 20
20.89 4.48
10 0
Series1
MUY DE ACUERDO 28.36
0
DE ACUERDO
NI DE ACUERDO NI EN DESACUERDO
EN DESACUERDO
MUY EN DESACUERDO
46.27
20.89
4.48
0
Fuente: Elaboración Propia.
Habiendo realizado la encuesta a 67 personas en la ciudad de Trujillo, el 46.27% cree que la el aceite que se ha usado para freír es una problema para el medio ambiente,
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¿Estarías dispuesto a usar un jabón a base de d e aceite reciclado para lavar su ropa? 60 50 40 %30 20 10 0
Series1
MUY DE ACUERDO 20.89
DE ACUERDO
NI DE ACUERDO NI EN DESACUERDO
EN DESACUERDO
MUY EN DESACUERDO
49.25
14.93
10.45
4.48
Fuente: Elaboración Propia.
De 67 personas encuestadas, el 49.25% estaría dispuesto a usar un jabón a base de aceite reciclado para el lavado de su ropa, el 20.89% estaría muy dispuesto a usar un jabón a base de aceite reciclado, el 14.93% está indeciso sobre el uso de dicho
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¿Crees que cuidar el medio ambiente es más importante que el dinero? 60 50 40 % 30
20 10
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¿Estaría dispuesto dispuesto a pagar el precio de 5 soles por barra de este jabón? 50 40 30 % 20 10 0 MUY DE
DE ACUERDO
NI DE ACUERDO NI EN
EN
MUY EN
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galoneras de 20 litros a la espera de encontrarle algún reúso. En otro estudio de Mancero, J. (2018) nos menciona que la dinámica general demuestra que una vez utilizado el aceite doméstico usado se vierte por los desagües a las redes de alcantarillado, generando atascos y malos olores que contaminan directamente al medio ambiente provocando los siguientes efectos: Importante agresión al medio ambiente. Aumento de la dificultad en la depuración depuración de aguas residuales. Limitación en la reutilización de aguas residuales. Alto coste de mantenimiento para los sistemas sistemas de
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VI.
REFERENCIAS BIBLOGRÁFICAS
Marcos Enrique Leyva Arévalo, Víctor German Torres Gómez. (Perú – Iquitos, – Iquitos, 2016). Obtención De Jabón Líquido Usando Aceite Vegetal Reciclado En La Universidad Nacional De La Amazonía Peruana – Peruana – Iquitos”, Perú
MARTHA YANITZA, A. R. 2017. Evaluación De Técnicas De Saponificación Artesanal De Aceites De Cocina Usados Provenientes Del Municipio De Charalá. Bucaramanga -
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N° SEXO EDAD
ACEPTACIÓN DEL JABON CON ACEITE RECICLADO P1 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 TOTAL
1
M
27
5
5
5
5
5
4
29
Bueno
2
F
45
5
5
4
5
4
5
28
Bueno
3
F
34
4
3
3
4
3
4
21
Regular
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48
F
22
5
4
4
1
4
2
20
Regular
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