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INTERNAL RESISTANCE/EMF OF A CELL When a cell connected in a circuit is made to send current through the circuit by closing the key,current flows from the positive pole to the negative pole of the cell in the external part of circuit and flows from the negative pole to the positive pole through electrolyte inside the cell .During the passage of current through the interior of the cell, electrolyte offers some resistance to the flow of current . The resistance offered by the electrodes and the electrolyte to the passage of current through the interior of the cell is called the internal resistance of the cell It is denoted by the symbol ‘r’ in an electric circuit The maximum potential difference that exists between the terminals of a cell ,when cell is in open circuit i.e. when it is not sending any current through the circuit is called e.m.f of the cell. It is denoted by the symbol ‘E’ The potential difference that exists across the terminals of a cell when the cell is sending current in the circuit , is called the terminal potential difference of the cell. It is denoted by ‘V’ Relation between ‘E’ and ‘V’ When the internal resistance ‘r’ is sending current I through a circuit,then E = V + I .r
Factors Influencing Internal Resistance Of a Cell ● ● ● ●
Distance Between the Electrodes Common Area of Electrodes Inside the Electrolyte Nature of the Electrolyte Amount of Current Drawn from the Electrolyte
DISTANCE BETWEEN THE ELECTRODES Internal Resistance of a Cell is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes i.e. the length of the electrolyte through which current passes through the cell
r α L
COMMON AREA OF ELECTRODES INSIDE THE ELECTRODES It is inversely proportional to the common area of electrodes(or plates) dipping in the electrolyte
r α 1/A
NATURE OF THE ELECTROLYTE Internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the specific conductivity of the electrolyte .Specific conductivity is reciprocal of specific resistivity or specific resistance of the electrolyte
r α 1/κ κ = 1/ρ
AMOUNT OF CURRENT DRAWN FROM A CELL Internal resistance of a cell also depends upon the amount of current drawn from the cell. Beyond a certain critical value of current drawn from a cell, its internal resistance increases with the increase in the value of current drawn from it. There is, however, no definite mathematical relation between the two
AIM To study various factors on which internal resistance/EMF of a cell depends
APPARATUS Potentiometer, A multimeter, A 9V Battery, Connecting wires ,A bulb
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