Descripción: The Façade Design Tool and the Windows for High-performance Commercial Buildings web site was developed wit...
FAÇADE DESIGN TOOL USER’S GUIDE www.commercialwindows.org/fdt.php January 2012
Design Parameters ORIENTATION
N
E
S
W WINDOW AREA
Performance Outcomes ENERGY
PEAK DEMAND 2.00
2.50
3.00
1.50
3.50
1.00
4.00
0.50
4.50 0.00
LIGHT CONTROLS
INTERIOR & EXTERIOR SHADING
GLASS & FRAME TYPE
5.00
CARBON
DAYLIGHT
GLARE
COMFORT
VIEW
COSTS
The Façade Design Tool and the Windows for High-performance Commercial Buildings web site was developed with financial support from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Windows and Glazing Research Program within Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Building Technologies Program. In partnership with the building industry, the U.S. Department of Energy supports a range of research, development, and demonstration programs, as well as education and market transformation projects, designed to accelerate the introduction and use of new energy-saving building technologies. The Façade Design tool and Windows for High-performance Commercial Buildings web site was jointly developed between the Center for Sustainable Building Research (CSBR) at the University of Minnesota and the Windows and Daylighting Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), with support from the Alliance to Save Energy (ASE). For information regarding the Façade Design Tool and The Façade Design Tool User’s Guide contact: Kerry Haglund, Senior Research Fellow, LEED AP BD+C
[email protected] Center for Sustainable Building Research 1425 University Avenue SE, Suite 115
Minneapolis, MN 55414
voice: 612.626.2737
fax: 612.626.7424
[email protected] www.csbr.umn.edu
Contents
Using the Façade Design Tool.................................................................................................. 1 Select a Location, Building Type, and Zone Orientation.......................................................................................... 1 REFINE & EXPLORE.................................................................................................................................................. 3 REFINE & EXPLORE: Step-by-Step............................................................................................................................... 4
Navigating through REFINE & EXPLORE Results...................................................................................................... 6 Tabs of Performance Outcomes.................................................................................................................................. 7 Definitions and Modeling Assumptions...................................................................................................................... 7 Sorting Capabilities..................................................................................................................................................... 8 The Dashboard........................................................................................................................................................... 9
Switch From REFINE & EXPLORE to COMPARE RESULTS........................................................................................ 10 Switch to COMPARE RESULTS: Step-by-Step............................................................................................................. 10
COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS........................................................................................................................................ 13 COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS: Step-by-Step..................................................................................................................... 13
Design Parameters (Inputs)................................................................................................... 16 Location................................................................................................................................................................. 16 Facade Orientation................................................................................................................................................ 17 The Building/Zone................................................................................................................................................. 17 Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR).............................................................................................................................. 18 Building Projections............................................................................................................................................... 19 Lighting Controls.................................................................................................................................................... 19 Shades................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Glazing System...................................................................................................................................................... 21
Performance Outcomes (Outputs)........................................................................................ 22 Annual Energy....................................................................................................................................................... 22 Peak Electric Demand............................................................................................................................................ 22 Carbon................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Daylight Illuminance.............................................................................................................................................. 23 Glare...................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Thermal Comfort................................................................................................................................................... 25
Using the Façade Design Tool
This tool is intended for use in the early part of the design process to understand the impacts of various design decisions. You choose the design conditions of a facade and rank and/or compare the performance data in terms of annual energy, peak demand, carbon, daylight illuminance, glare, and thermal comfort. After a location, building type, and orientation have been selected, you choose to REFINE & EXPLORE or COMPARE the performance data of window design scenarios that you define in terms of orientation, window area, light controls, interior shades, exterior shades, and window type. If inputs (climate, building type, orientation, window/facade design attributes) are needed and not represented in the Facade Design Tool, it is recommended that you download COMFEN and run simulations specific to your climate and design. COMFEN is a tool, with a graphic user interface, that focuses on designing alternative fenestration systems to help designers and decision-makers move toward optimal façade design.
Select a Location, Building Type, and Zone Orientation 1. 2. 3. 4.
First, select a Location from the drop down list. There are 21 cities within 8 climate zones. If a city isn’t listed, choose a city within the same climate zone. Second, select a Building Type from the drop down list. Currently the building types represented are Office (small office) and School (classroom). Third, select Facade Orientation from the drop down list. Each of the 4 cardinal directions is available. Choose button 1: REFINE & EXPLORE or button 2: COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS to continue. CHOOSE LOCATION & BUILDING TYPE Select a location, building type, and zone orientation from the drop-down lists below. My city isn't listed» "Refine & Explore" first lets you choose the available design parameters then you can refine and explore the ranked results. Use this exploratory method if parametrics are unknown or to determine the optimal design from various scenarios. "Compare 5 Scenarios" lists the design parameters for 5 scenarios for a quick comparison. Use this comparison method if many of the design parametrics are previously determined.
Location
6A: MN Minneapolis
Building Type
Zone Orientation
Office
South
1
REFINE & EXPLORE
-OR-
2
COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
1
1:
REFINE & EXPLORE: First you choose the available design parameters, then you refine and explore the ranked results. Use this exploratory method if parametrics are unknown or to determine the optimal performance of various scenarios for a particular orientation.
REFINE & EXPLORE: DEFINE ZONE DESIGN PARAMETERS
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South
Set the design parameters from the choices below to compare design options and performance. At least one item from each parameter must be selected. Multiple items from each parameter can be selected.
2: COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS: Lists the design parameters for 5 scenarios for a quick comparison. Use this comparison method if many of the design parametrics (window area, shading, glass type, lighting controls) are previously determined.
COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS
THE BUILDING Window Area
Select up to 5 scenarios for detailed comparison.
Compare 10%
30%
20%
40%
50%
60%
SAVE RESULTS Export all data in tab delimited format.
Building Projections
Export to CSV
None
2' Overhang
4' Overhang
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building
Zone Scenario Orientation
WWR
Glazing System Building Projections
Glass
Light & Shade Lighting Controls
Shades
1
South
-
-
-
-
-
2
South
-
-
-
-
-
3
South
-
-
-
-
-
4
South
-
-
-
-
-
5
South
-
-
-
-
-
How to Perform a Comparison 1. Choose the design conditions for each of the 5 scenarios in which to compare. 2. If you need more information regarding the design conditions, click on the headers for each attribute. 3. Click the "Compare" button found in the dashboard to the left to see the comparative results for annual energy, peak demand, carbon, daylight illuminance, glare, and thermal comfort. 4. Once the results are displayed, you can modify the design condition attributes and click the "Modify Scenarios" button in the dashboard to view the modifications.
LIGHT & SHADE Lighting Controls
None
Continuous Dimming
Shading
None
Interior Blinds
Exterior Blinds
GLAZING SYSTEM Window
Panes/Layers
Glass
Solar Heat Gain
Visible Transmittance
Single
Clear
Low
Low
Double
Low-E
Moderate
Moderate
Triple
Tint
High
High
Select All
Select All
Select All
Reflective Film Select All
«Previous
From the first input screen COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS should be used if the design parameters are already known, or if you want to compare results between orientations. See the “COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS” section on page 13 for the example on how to use this method.
Get Results»
As will be shown in the following sections on using the Façade Design Tool, if you begin in the REFINE & EXPLORE mode to get results, you will then be able to compare 5 scenarios after you refine any result set. See “Switch from REFINE & EXPLORE to COMPARE RESULTS” section on page 10 for the example on how to use this method.
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
2
REFINE & EXPLORE
First you choose the available design parameters, get the ranked results, then you can refine and explore these results. Use the REFINE & EXPLORE method if parametrics are unknown or to determine the optimal performance of various scenarios for a particular orientation. REFINE & EXPLORE: DEFINE ZONE DESIGN PARAMETERS
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South
Set the design parameters from the choices below to compare design options and performance. At least one item from each parameter must be selected. Multiple items from each parameter can be selected.
THE BUILDING Window Area
10%
20%
30%
None
2' Overhang
4' Overhang
40%
50%
60%
Building Projections
LIGHT & SHADE Lighting Controls
None
Continuous Dimming
Shading
None
Interior Blinds
Exterior Blinds
GLAZING SYSTEM Window
Panes/Layers
Glass
Solar Heat Gain
Visible Transmittance
Single
Clear
Low
Low
Double
Low-E
Moderate
Moderate
Triple
Tint
High
High
Select All
Select All
Select All
Reflective Film Select All
«Previous
Get Results»
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
3
REFINE & EXPLORE: Step-by-Step 1. Choose REFINE & EXPLORE from the first input screen. Set the design parameters from Window Area, Building Projections, Lighting Controls, Shading, and Window to compare design options and performance for the location, building type and orientation previously selected. At least one item from each parameter must be selected. If any of the design parametrics are missing a selection, there will be no results. Multiple items from each parameter can be selected. REFINE & EXPLORE: DEFINE ZONE DESIGN PARAMETERS
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South
Set the design parameters from the choices below to compare design options and performance. At least one item from each parameter must be selected. Multiple items from each parameter can be selected.
THE BUILDING Window Area
10%
20%
30%
None
2' Overhang
4' Overhang
40%
50%
60%
Building Projections
LIGHT & SHADE Lighting Controls
None
Continuous Dimming
Shading
None
Interior Blinds
Exterior Blinds
GLAZING SYSTEM Window
Panes/Layers
Glass
Solar Heat Gain
Visible Transmittance
Single
Clear
Low
Low
Double
Low-E
Moderate
Moderate
Triple
Tint
High
High
Select All
Select All
Select All
Reflective Film Select All
«Previous
Get Results»
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
4
Click the text Window Area, Building Projections, Lighting Controls, Shading, and Window to bring up a pop-up window explaining that particular attribute and, if applicable, the modeling and simulation assumptions associated with that attribute. Click the X in the upper right corner to remove the pop-up window. REFINE & EXPLORE: DEFINE ZONE DESIGN PARAMETERS
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South
Set the design parameters from the choices below to compare design options and performance. At least one item from each parameter must be selected. Multiple items from each parameter can be selected.
THE BUILDING Window Area
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) Flush-mounted, non-operable windows were modeled in the exterior wall of each perimeter zone. Window sizes were modeled with a fenestration window-to-wall area ratio (which includes the area of the whole window with frame) where the wall area was defined as the floor-to-floor exterior wall area and the COMFEN simulations were conducted using the floor-to-ceiling exterior wall area.
Office | School Building Type
Zone width (ft)
Zone depth (ft)
Zone height (floorto-ceiling) (ft)
Floor-to-floor height (ft)
Lighting (W/ft2)
Equipment People (W/ft2) (ft2/people)
People INPUT (people/zone)
Office
10
15
9
12
1
1
200
0.75
School
36
15
9
13
1.4
0.9
43.1
12.53
Office Zone
2. Choose Get Results to continue. GLAZING SYSTEM Window
Panes/Layers
Glass
Solar Heat Gain
Visible Transmittance
Single
Clear
Low
Low
Double
Low-E
Moderate
Moderate
Triple
Tint
High
High
Select All
Select All
Select All
Reflective Film Select All
«Previous
Get Results»
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
5
3. View results from the previously chosen parametrics. The Summary tab is the default and when highlighted a summary of results is displayed. The Dashboard (on the left side of the screen) shows the previously selected parametrics. The features, information, and operation of this page of results are described in the next section, “Navigating through Refine & Explore Results.” REFINE & EXPLORE ZONE RESULTS REFINE & EXPLORE
COMPARE RESULTS
Modify design
Select up to 5
parameters &
scenarios for
explore the
detailed
results.
comparison.
Update Results Expand Collapse Window Area 10% 20% 30%
Summary
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South Energy
The Building
Peak
Carbon
Daylight
Glazing System
Building WWR Projections Glass Panes
Features
Glare
Comfort
Light & Shade U-factor SHGC VT Lighting Controls Shades
30
None
2
Lowe-E, high VT, low SHGC, argon
0.24
0.27 0.64
Continuous
None
30
None
3
Low-E, high VT, moderate SHGC, argon
0.13
0.32
0.6
Continuous
None
30
None
3
Low-E, low VT, low SHGC, argon
0.12
0.21 0.34
Continuous
None
30
None
2
Low-E tint, moderate VT, moderate SHGC, argon
0.24
0.29 0.52
Continuous
None
30
None
2
Low-E, low VT, low SHGC, argon
0.25
0.24 0.37
Continuous
None
30
None
2
Low-E, high VT, moderate SHGC, argon
0.24
0.38
0.7
Continuous
None
30
None
2
Tint, moderate VT, moderate SHGC
0.47
0.5
0.48
Continuous
None
30
None
2
Reflective, low VT, low SHGC
0.44
0.18
0.1
Continuous
None
30
None
2
Clear, applied film
0.47
0.55 0.54
Continuous
None
50%
30
None
1
Clear, applied film
0.99
0.48
0.6
Continuous
None
60%
30
None
2
Clear, high VT, high SHGC
0.47
0.7
0.79
Continuous
None
30
None
1
Clear, high VT, high SHGC
1.03
0.82 0.88
Continuous
None
40%
Projections
Performance
None 2' Overhang 4' Overhang
Lighting Controls
Pages (25 results per page): 1 Total Matching Records: 12
Navigating through REFINE & EXPLORE Results This section describes the many features and information provided on the REFINE & EXPLORE results page including: • Tabs of Performance Outcomes • Definitions and Modeling Assumptions • Sorting Capabilities • The Dashboard to Modify and Update Results • Switch to COMPARE RESULTS
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
6
Tabs of Performance Outcomes Click the tabs Summary, Energy, Peak, Carbon, Daylight, Glare and Comfort to switch to the performance results and information of each tab. When clicking a tab, the default ranking of the scenarios is from best performer to worst. The Summary tab is the default. REFINE & EXPLORE ZONE RESULTS
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South Energy
Summary
Peak
Carbon
Daylight
Glare
REFINE & EXPLORE
COMPARE RESULTS
Modify design
Select up to 5
WWR
Building Projections
Panes
U-factor
SHGC
VT
Lighting Controls
parameters &
scenarios for
30
None
2
0.24
0.27
0.64
Continuous
None
explore the
detailed
results.
comparison.
30
None
3
0.13
0.32
0.6
Continuous
None
70.63
30
None
3
0.12
0.21
0.34
Continuous
None
70.95
The Building
Glazing System Glass
Light & Shade
Comfort
Annual Energy Use (kBtu/sf-yr) Shades kBtu/sf-yr 69.38
Definitions and Modeling Assumptions Click on the headings The Building, Glazing System, Light & Shade, and the specific performance for the current tab (ie: Annual Energy Use (kBtu/sf-yr) to display a pop-up window that provides the definitions, modeling assumptions, and other relevant information for that particular item. This pop-up window displays in front of the current screen. Click the X in the upper right corner to remove the popup window. REFINE & EXPLORE ZONE RESULTS
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South Energy
Summary
Peak
Carbon
Daylight
Glare
REFINE & EXPLORE
COMPARE RESULTS
Modify design
Select up to 5
WWR
Building Projections
Panes
U-factor
SHGC
VT
Lighting Controls
parameters &
scenarios for
30
None
2
0.24
0.27
0.64
Continuous
explore the
detailed
results.
comparison.
30
None
3
0.13
0.32
0.6
Continuous
None
70.63
30
None
3
0.12
0.21
0.34
Continuous
None
70.95
The Building
Glazing System Glass
Light & Shade
REFINE & EXPLORE ZONE RESULTS REFINE & EXPLORE
COMPARE RESULTS
Modify design
Select up to 5
parameters &
scenarios for
explore the
detailed
results.
comparison.
Update Results Expand Collapse Window Area
Summary
Energy
Peak
Glazing System The Building
30 30
40%
30
1
Clear, high VT, high SHGC
50%
2
Clear, high VT, high SHGC
2
Tint, moderate VT, moderate SHGC
2 2
4' Overhang
Glare
Comfort
Annual Energy Use (kBtu/sf-yr)
Aluminum frames simulations. systems useNone a non-thermal 30 None were used in all 2 of the 0.25 0.24 Single-layered 0.37 Continuous 72.41 frame, double-layered systems use a thermally broken frame, and triple-layered systems use a high performance 2 0.24 0.38 0.7 Continuous None 75.12 30 None frame. See the table below for the U-factors of these frames.
30%
2' Overhang
Daylight
Light & Shade
Building
20%
None
69.38
WWR Projectionsof glazing Glass Panes U-factor SHGC Lighting Controls Shades kBtu/sf-yr of glass There are hundreds systems available in theVT market today, with varying combinations 2 The Facade 0.24 0.27 0.64 Continuous None 30 specialNone panes, coatings, and tints. Design Tool models the performance of 10 69.38 glazing systems and 2 retrofit films, representative of the breadth of options available. The attributes of these glazing systems are 30 None 3 0.13 0.32 0.6 Continuous None 70.63 described in the table and chart below. For ease of comparing the performance of glass features, all high0.12 Design 0.21 Tool 0.34 Continuous None 30 None performance glazing systems in 3the Facade are modeled with an argon fill. In 70.95 general, energy performance from similar windows an air fill will be about 2–5% poorer. 2 with0.24 0.29 0.52 Continuous None 70.96 30 None
2 NoneProducts Simulated
Projections
None
Carbon
Glazing System
None
60%
Shades kBtu/sf-yr
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South
30
10%
Comfort
Annual Energy Use (kBtu/sf-yr)
Panes
30 30
None
2
Description
2
0.47
0.5
0.48
Continuous
0.99
0.48
0.55
0.54
Continuous
0.82
0.47
0.70
0.47
0.50
Reflective, low VT, low SHGC
0.44
0.18
Low-E tint, moderate VT, moderate SHGC, argon
0.24
None None
1 2 1
84.73
0.47
0.44
1.03
None
None
of Glass Frame 86.82 Whole Window* 0.18 Center 0.1 Continuous 2.5" Alum None USHGC Tvis Type U-factor U-factor SHGC Tvis factor
0.47 1.03
0.7 0.82
0.6
0.79
0.88
0.88 Non-thermal
None
89.17
0.99
0.72
0.74
0.55
0.61
0.64
0.55
0.45
0.39
0.10 Thermally-broken 0.85
0.53
0.18
0.08
0.29(250.52 Thermally-broken Pages results per page): 1 0.85
0.39
0.27
0.43
Continuous
None
1.00
0.79 Thermally-broken 0.85
Continuous
None
0.48 Thermally-broken 0.85
Continuous
None
96.21 97.11
113.48
Total Matching Records: 12
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
7
Sorting Capabilities Click the headings WWR, Building Projections, Glass, Panes, U-factor, SHGC, VT, Lighting Controls, Shades, and the specific performance for the current tab (kBtur/sf-yr) will sort that particular selected item in descending order. Click on the heading again and it will sort in ascending order. REFINE & EXPLORE ZONE RESULTS
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South Energy
Summary
Peak
Carbon
Daylight
Glare
REFINE & EXPLORE
COMPARE RESULTS
Modify design
Select up to 5
WWR
Building Projections
Panes
U-factor
SHGC
VT
Lighting Controls
parameters &
scenarios for
30
None
2
0.24
0.27
0.64
Continuous
None
explore the
detailed
results.
comparison.
30
None
3
0.13
0.32
0.6
Continuous
None
70.63
30
None
3
0.12
0.21
0.34
Continuous
None
70.95
The Building
Glazing System Glass
Light & Shade
REFINE & EXPLORE ZONE RESULTS REFINE & EXPLORE
COMPARE RESULTS
Modify design
Select up to 5
parameters &
scenarios for
explore the
detailed
results.
comparison.
The Building WWR
Building Projections
Shades kBtu/sf-yr 69.38
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South Energy
Summary
Peak
Carbon
Glazing System Glass
Daylight
Glare
Light & Shade
Panes
U-factor
SHGC
VT
Lighting Controls
Annual Energy Use (kBtu/sf-yr)
30
None
1
1.03
0.82
0.88
Continuous
None
113.48
None
1
0.99
0.48
0.6
Continuous
None
96.21
30
None
2
0.47
0.7
0.79
Continuous
None
97.11
30
None
2
0.47
0.5
0.48
Continuous
None
84.73
30
None
2
0.47
0.55
0.54
Continuous
None
89.17
30
None
2
0.44
0.18
0.1
Continuous
None
86.82
30
None
2
0.25
0.24
0.37
Continuous
None
72.41
20%
30
None
2
0.24
0.38
0.7
Continuous
None
75.12
30%
30
None
2
0.24
0.29
0.52
Continuous
None
70.96
40%
30
None
2
0.24
0.27
0.64
Continuous
None
69.38
30
None
3
0.13
0.32
0.6
Continuous
None
70.63
30
None
3
0.12
0.21
0.34
Continuous
None
70.95
Expand Collapse Window Area 10%
50% 60%
Projections
Comfort
Shades kBtu/sf-yr
30
Update Results
Comfort
Annual Energy Use (kBtu/sf-yr)
None
REFINE & EXPLORE ZONE RESULTS Summary
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South Energy
Peak
Carbon
Daylight
Glare
REFINE & EXPLORE
COMPARE RESULTS
Modify design
Select up to 5
WWR
Building Projections
Panes
U-factor
SHGC
VT
Lighting Controls
parameters &
scenarios for
30
None
3
0.12
0.21
0.34
Continuous
None
70.95
explore the
detailed
results.
comparison.
30
None
3
0.13
0.32
0.6
Continuous
None
70.63
30
None
2
0.24
0.27
0.64
Continuous
None
69.38
30
None
2
0.24
0.29
0.52
Continuous
None
70.96
30
None
2
0.24
0.38
0.7
Continuous
None
75.12
30
None
2
0.25
0.24
0.37
Continuous
None
72.41
30
None
2
0.44
0.18
0.1
Continuous
None
86.82
20%
30
None
2
0.47
0.55
0.54
Continuous
None
89.17
30%
30
None
2
0.47
0.5
0.48
Continuous
None
84.73
40%
30
None
2
0.47
0.7
0.79
Continuous
None
97.11
30
None
1
0.99
0.48
0.6
Continuous
None
96.21
30
None
1
1.03
0.82
0.88
Continuous
None
113.48
Update Results Expand Collapse Window Area 10%
50% 60%
Projections
The Building
Glazing System Glass
Light & Shade
Comfort
Annual Energy Use (kBtu/sf-yr) Shades kBtu/sf-yr
None
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
8
The Dashboard to Modify and Update Results REFINE & EXPLORE
COMPARE RESULTS
Modify design
Select up to 5
parameters &
scenarios for
explore the
detailed
results.
comparison.
Update Results Expand Collapse Window Area
The Dashboard is a powerful tool for sorting and refining various design choices. You can use the Dashboard to explore the impact of: • Window Area • Exterior Projections • Lighting Controls • Shading • Glass Attributes
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Projections None 2' Overhang 4' Overhang
Lighting Controls None
REFINE & EXPLORE
COMPARE RESULTS
Modify design
Select up to 5
parameters &
scenarios for
explore the
detailed
results.
comparison.
You can check and uncheck the desired parameters. You must choose Update Results to see the changes made in the Dashboard. The results will be displayed according to the selections made in the Dashboard.
Update Results Expand Collapse
REFINE & EXPLORE
COMPARE RESULTS
None
Modify design
Select up to 5
Interior Blinds
parameters &
scenarios for
Continuous Dimming
Shading
Exterior Blinds
Glass Panes 1 2 3
Glass
The sections of the Dashboard with the design parameters can be expanded and collapsed. Click Expand to expand the entire Dashboard. Click Collapse to collapse the entire Dashboard. Click the + or – signs next to each design parameter to expand or collapse that particular item.
Clear
explore the
detailed
results.
comparison.
Update Results Expand Collapse Window Area Projections
Low-E
Lighting Controls
Tint
Shading
Reflective
Glass Panes
Film
SHGC
Glass
Low
Clear
Moderate
SAVE RESULTS Export all data in tab delimited
High
format.
VT Low Moderate
Export to CSV
You can click Export to CSV to export the displayed results in comma separated value (CSV) format.
High
Low-E Tint Reflective Film
SHGC Low
SAVE RESULTS Export all data in tab delimited format.
Moderate High
VT Low
Export to CSV
Moderate High
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
9
Switch From REFINE & EXPLORE to COMPARE RESULTS
After refining and exploring results, you can then select 5 scenarios to compare performance. Switch to COMPARE RESULTS: Step-by-Step 1. While in Refine & Explore, click the dimmed COMPARE RESULTS at the top of the Dashboard. The Dashboard will switch to display COMPARE RESULTS and SAVE RESULTS. REFINE & EXPLORE
COMPARE RESULTS
Modify design
Select up to 5
parameters &
scenarios for
Select up to 5 scenarios for
explore the
detailed
detailed comparison.
results.
comparison.
COMPARE RESULTS
Compare
Update Results
SAVE RESULTS
Expand Collapse
Export all data in tab delimited
Window Area
format.
10% 20%
Export to CSV
30%
2. The screen refreshes and checkboxes appear on the left side of the results. You can check up to 5 design scenarios in which to see comparisons. After selecting the scenarios to compare, choose Compare to see the comparative results. COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS
Select up to 5 scenarios for detailed comparison.
Compare
SAVE RESULTS Export all data in tab delimited format.
Export to CSV
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South
Summary
Energy
Peak
The Building
Carbon
Daylight
Glare
Glazing System
Select 5 to Building Compare WWR Projections Glass Panes
Features
Comfort
Light & Shade U-value SHGC VT
Lighting Controls
Performance
Shades
30
None
2
Lowe-E, high VT, low SHGC, argon
0.24
0.27 0.64 Continuous
None
30
None
3
Low-E, high VT, moderate SHGC, argon
0.13
0.32
0.6 Continuous
None
30
None
3
Low-E, low VT, low SHGC, argon
0.12
0.21 0.34 Continuous
None
30
None
2
Low-E tint, moderate VT, moderate SHGC, argon
0.24
0.29 0.52 Continuous
None
30
None
2
Low-E, low VT, low SHGC, argon
0.25
0.24 0.37 Continuous
None
30
None
2
Low-E, high VT, moderate SHGC, argon
0.24
0.38
0.7 Continuous
None
30
None
2
Tint, moderate VT, moderate SHGC
0.47
0.5
0.48 Continuous
None
30
None
2
Reflective, low VT, low SHGC
0.44
0.18
0.1 Continuous
None
30
None
2
Clear, applied film
0.47
0.55 0.54 Continuous
None
30
None
1
Clear, applied film
0.99
0.48
0.6 Continuous
None
30
None
2
Clear, high VT, high SHGC
0.47
0.7
0.79 Continuous
None
30
None
1
Clear, high VT, high SHGC
1.03
0.82 0.88 Continuous
None
Pages (25 results per page): 1 Total Matching Records: 12
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
10
3. The 5 selected scenarios are displayed. Note that the format of the results change to show comparative performance for Annual Energy, Peak Demand, Carbon, Daylight Illuminance, Thermal Comfort, and Glare Index. COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building
Zone Scenario Orientation
Glazing System Building Projections
WWR
Light & Shade
Glass
Lighting Controls
Shades
1
South
30%
None
H: Double low-E, high VT, low SHGC
Cont. Dimming
No Shades
Select up to 5 scenarios for
2
South
30%
None
J: Triple lowe-E, low VT, low SHGC
Cont. Dimming
No Shades
detailed comparison.
3
South
30%
None
F: Double lowe-E, low VT, low SHGC
Cont. Dimming
No Shades
4
South
30%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
Cont. Dimming
No Shades
5
South
30%
None
D: Double reflective, low VT, low SHGC
Cont. Dimming
No Shades
Modify
SAVE RESULTS
Scenario
kBty/sf-yr
Scenario
Export all data in tab delimited
1
69.38
1
4.27
format.
2
70.95
2
4.40
3
72.41
3
4.42
4
75.12
4
4.47
5
86.82
5
4.59
Export to CSV
Annual Energy (lower is better)
Scenario
Carbon (lower is better)
Peak Demand (lower is better)
W/sf
lbs/sf-yr
Scenario
9.67
1
66.17
2
9.92
2
34.43
3
10.07
3
37.92
4
10.52
4
72.89
5
11.93
5
9.98
1
Scenario
Thermal Comfort (higher is better)
Daylight Illuminance (higher is better)
FC
PPS
Scenario
1
86.73
1
Glare Index (lower index is better)
Index 0.00
2
87.84
2
0.00
3
85.88
3
0.00
4
87.76
4
0.00
5
80.56
5
0.00
4. You can modify the results by selecting the options in the dropdown menus and changing the attributes for the scenarios. Choose Modify to see the updated results. COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building
Zone Scenario Orientation
WWR
Glazing System Building Projections
Glass
Light & Shade Lighting Controls
Shades
1
West
30%
None
H: Double low-E, high VT, low SHGC
Cont. Dimming
No Shades
Select up to 5 scenarios for
2
West
30%
None
J: Triple lowe-E, low VT, low SHGC
Cont. Dimming
No Shades
detailed comparison.
3
West
30%
None
F: Double lowe-E, low VT, low SHGC
Cont. Dimming
No Shades
4
West
30%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
Cont. Dimming
No Shades
5
West
30%
None
D: Double reflective, low VT, low SHGC
Cont. Dimming
No Shades
Modify
SAVE RESULTS
Scenario
Export all data in tab delimited
1
Annual Energy (lower is better)
kBty/sf-yr
Scenario
69.38
1
Peak Demand (lower is better)
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
W/sf 4.27
11
5. The modified results are displayed. You can continue to do additional modifications, export the data in CSV format, or print the page. Similar to the Rank & Explore method, clicking the titles of The Building, Glazing System, Light & Shade, Annual Energy, Peak Demand, Carbon, Daylight Illuminance, Thermal Comfort, and Glare Index will display a pop-up window that provides the definitions, modeling assumptions, and other relevant information for that particular item.
COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building
Zone Scenario Orientation
WWR
Glazing System Building Projections
Glass
Light & Shade Lighting Controls
Shades
1
West
30%
None
H: Double low-E, high VT, low SHGC
Cont. Dimming
No Shades
Select up to 5 scenarios for
2
West
30%
None
J: Triple lowe-E, low VT, low SHGC
Cont. Dimming
No Shades
detailed comparison.
3
West
30%
None
F: Double lowe-E, low VT, low SHGC
Cont. Dimming
No Shades
4
West
30%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
Cont. Dimming
No Shades
5
West
30%
None
D: Double reflective, low VT, low SHGC
Cont. Dimming
No Shades
Modify
SAVE RESULTS
Scenario
kBty/sf-yr
Scenario
Export all data in tab delimited
1
83.17
1
4.79
format.
2
79.40
2
4.37
3
84.50
3
4.59
4
92.76
4
5.40
5
93.43
5
4.76
Export to CSV
Scenario
Annual Energy (lower is better)
lbs/sf-yr
Scenario
11.54
1
53.25
2
11.07
2
27.83
3
11.71
3
30.59
4
12.94
4
58.65
5
12.81
5
8.04
Thermal Comfort (higher is better)
Daylight Illuminance (higher is better)
W/sf
1
Scenario
Carbon (lower is better)
Peak Demand (lower is better)
FC
PPS
Scenario
1
84.80
1
0.00
2
86.32
2
0.00
3
84.25
3
0.00
4
85.39
4
0.00
5
79.64
5
0.00
Glare Index (lower index is better)
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
Index
12
COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS
From the first input screen where location, building type and orientation is defined, use the COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS method if the design parameters are already known, or if you want to compare results between orientations. Use this comparison method if many of the design parametrics (window area, shading, glass type, lighting controls) are previously determined. COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building
Zone Scenario Orientation
Glazing System Building Projections
WWR
Glass
Light & Shade Lighting Controls
Shades
1
South
-
-
-
-
-
Select up to 5 scenarios for
2
South
-
-
-
-
-
detailed comparison.
3
South
-
-
-
-
-
4
South
-
-
-
-
-
5
South
-
-
-
-
-
Compare
SAVE RESULTS Export all data in tab delimited format.
Export to CSV
How to Perform a Comparison 1. Choose the design conditions for each of the 5 scenarios in which to compare. 2. If you need more information regarding the design conditions, click on the headers for each attribute. 3. Click the "Compare" button found in the dashboard to the left to see the comparative results for annual energy, peak demand, carbon, daylight illuminance, glare, and thermal comfort. 4. Once the results are displayed, you can modify the design condition attributes and click the "Modify Scenarios" button in the dashboard to view the modifications.
COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS: Step-by-Step 1. Choose COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS from the first input screen. Choose all the attributes for the 5 scenarios in which to compare. COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building
Zone Scenario Orientation
WWR
Glazing System Building Projections
Glass
Light & Shade Lighting Controls
Shades
1
South
-
-
-
-
-
Select up to 5 scenarios for
2
South
-
-
-
-
-
detailed comparison.
3
South
-
-
-
-
-
4
South
-
-
-
-
-
5
South
-
-
-
-
-
Compare
SAVE RESULTS Export all data in tab delimited format.
Export to CSV
How to Perform a Comparison 1. Choose the design conditions for each of the 5 scenarios in which to compare. 2. If you need more information regarding the design conditions, click on the headers for each attribute. 3. Click the "Compare" button found in the dashboard to the left to see the comparative results for annual energy, peak demand, carbon, daylight illuminance, glare, and thermal comfort. 4. Once the results are displayed, you can modify the design condition attributes and click the "Modify Scenarios" button in the dashboard to view the modifications.
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
13
2. After all the attributes for Zone Orientation, WWR, Building Projections, Glass, Lighting Controls, and Shades are selected, choose Compare to get the comparative results. COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building
Zone Scenario Orientation
WWR
Glazing System Building Projections
Glass
Light & Shade Lighting Controls
Shades
1
South
20%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
Select up to 5 scenarios for
2
South
30%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
detailed comparison.
3
South
40%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
4
South
50%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
5
South
60%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
Compare
SAVE RESULTS Export all data in tab delimited format.
Export to CSV
How to Perform a Comparison 1. Choose the design conditions for each of the 5 scenarios in which to compare. 2. If you need more information regarding the design conditions, click on the headers for each attribute. 3. Click the "Compare" button found in the dashboard to the left to see the comparative results for annual energy, peak demand, carbon, daylight illuminance, glare, and thermal comfort. 4. Once the results are displayed, you can modify the design condition attributes and click the "Modify Scenarios" button in the dashboard to view the modifications.
3. The comparative results are displayed. COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building
Zone Scenario Orientation
WWR
Glazing System Building Projections
Glass
Light & Shade Lighting Controls
Shades
1
South
20%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
Select up to 5 scenarios for
2
South
30%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
detailed comparison.
3
South
40%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
4
South
50%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
5
South
60%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
Modify
SAVE RESULTS
Scenario
kBty/sf-yr
Scenario
Export all data in tab delimited
1
90.64
1
4.77
format.
2
102.04
2
5.25
3
110.57
3
5.57
4
117.20
4
5.84
5
128.69
5
6.22
Export to CSV
Scenario
Annual Energy (lower is better)
lbs/sf-yr
Scenario
12.74
1
37.44
2
14.37
2
72.89
3
15.57
3
81.53
4
16.48
4
74.14
5
18.11
5
97.17
Thermal Comfort (higher is better)
Daylight Illuminance (higher is better)
W/sf
1
Scenario
Carbon (lower is better)
Peak Demand (lower is better)
Glare Index (lower index is better)
FC
PPS
Scenario
1
88.42
1
0.00
2
88.49
2
0.00
3
88.05
3
0.00
4
87.32
4
0.00
5
87.08
5
5.65
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
Index
14
4. To continue to perform comparisons, change the attributes in the dropdown menus and choose Modify. COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building
Zone Scenario Orientation
WWR
Glazing System Building Projections
Glass
Light & Shade Lighting Controls
Shades
1
West
20%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
Select up to 5 scenarios for
2
West
30%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
detailed comparison.
3
West
40%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
4
West
50%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
5
West
60%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
Modify
SAVE RESULTS
Scenario
Export all data in tab delimited
1
Annual Energy (lower is better)
kBty/sf-yr
Scenario
90.64
1
Peak Demand (lower is better)
W/sf 4.77
5. The comparative results are displayed as per the modified attributes. You can continue to do additional modifications, export the data in CSV format, or print the page. COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS
Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building
Zone Scenario Orientation
WWR
Glazing System Building Projections
Glass
Light & Shade Lighting Controls
Shades
1
West
20%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
Select up to 5 scenarios for
2
West
30%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
detailed comparison.
3
West
40%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
4
West
50%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
5
West
60%
None
G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC
No Controls
No Shades
Modify
SAVE RESULTS
Scenario
kBty/sf-yr
Scenario
Export all data in tab delimited
1
101.82
1
5.67
format.
2
117.67
2
6.53
3
130.97
3
7.24
4
142.67
4
7.84
5
159.06
5
8.71
Export to CSV
Scenario
Annual Energy (lower is better)
lbs/sf-yr
Scenario
14.26
1
32.32
2
16.51
2
58.65
3
18.37
3
64.01
4
20.00
4
62.11
5
22.32
5
74.17
Thermal Comfort (higher is better)
Daylight Illuminance (higher is better)
W/sf
1
Scenario
Carbon (lower is better)
Peak Demand (lower is better)
Glare Index (lower index is better)
FC
PPS
Scenario
1
86.62
1
0.00
2
86.20
2
0.00
3
85.36
3
0.00
4
84.45
4
0.00
5
83.97
5
5.54
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
Index
15
Design Parameters (Inputs)
If inputs (climate, building type, orientation, window/facade design attributes) are needed and not represented in the Facade Design Tool, it is recommended that you download COMFEN and run simulations specific to your design and climate.
Location
Cities are from COMFEN’s default Locations Library and represent each of the 8 IECC climate zones. The Walls Library provides the R-values for the wall systems. ASHRAE 90.1-2007 R-values for each climate were used in the simulations. Climate Zones 1A very hot–humid 2A hot–humid 2B hot–dry 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B
warm–humid warm–dry warm–marine mixed–humid mixed–dry mixed–marine cool–humid cool–dry
6A cold–humid 6B cold–dry 7
very cold
8
subarctic
Zone
Description
City
R-value of Wall Insulation
Electricity Carbon Conversion Factor**
Gas Carbon Conversion Factor **
1A 2A 2A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3B 3C 4A 4A 4A 4B 4C 5A 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 8
(very hot-humid) (hot-humid) (hot-humid) (hot-humid) (hot-dry) (warm-humid) (warm-dry) (warm-dry) (warm-marine) (mixed-humid) (mixed-humid) (mixed-humid) (mixed-dry) (mixed-marine) (cool-humid) (cool-humid) (cool-dry) (cold-humid (cold-dry) (very cold) (subartic)
Miami FL Tampa FL New Orleans LA Houston TX Phoenix AZ Atlanta GA Los Angeles CA Las Vegas, NV San Francisco CA Washington DC St Louis MO New York City, NY Albuquerque NM Seattle WA Chicago IL Boston MA Denver CO Minneapolis MN Billings MT Fargo ND Fairbanks AK
13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 16.8 ft2-F-hr/Btu 16.8 ft2-F-hr/Btu 16.8 ft2-F-hr/Btu 20.50 ft2-F-hr/Btu 20.50 ft2-F-hr/Btu 20.50 ft2-F-hr/Btu 28.60 ft2-F-hr/Btu
1.39 lb/kWh 1.39 lb/kWh 1.18 lb/kWh 1.46 (lb/kWh 1.05 lb/kWh 1.37 lb/kWh 0.61 lb/kWh 1.51 lb/kWh 0.61 lb/kWh 1.16 lb/kWh 1.84 lb/kWh 0.86 lb/kWh 2.02 lb/kWh 0.25 lb/kWh 1.16 lb/kWh 1.28 lb/kWh 1.93 lb/kWh 1.52 lb/kWh 1.43 lb/kWh 2.24 lb/kWh 1.38 lb/kWh
0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu
*Based on default values in COMFEN (as of June 2011) for exterior wood-framed and other walls provided by ASHRAE 90.1-2007. ** Based on default values in COMFEN (as of June 2011). Electric conversion provided by EPA’s eGRID. Gas conversion based on a national average provided by the EIA. These defaults are subject to updating in future releases of COMFEN.
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
16
Facade Orientation
Orientation of the façade’s perimeter zone is available in each of the four cardinal directions: north, east, south and west.
N
E
S
W
The Building/Zone
The zone sizes and the loads for lighting, equipment, and people are based on DOE’s Commercial Reference Buildings (www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial_initiative/new_construction.html). Zone depths are limited to 15’ for all building types.
Building Type
Zone width Zone depth
Floor-toceiling height
Floorto-floor height
Lighting (W/ft2)
Equipment (W/ft2)
People (ft2/ people)
People INPUT (people/ zone)
Office
10’
15’
9’
12’
1
1
200
0.75
School
36’
15’
9’
13’
1.4
0.9
43.1
12.53
Office Zone
School Zone
12’ floor-to-floor
’ 15
10
’
’
15
36
’
9’ floor-to-ceiling
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
13’ floor-to-floor 9’ floor-to-ceiling
17
Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR)
Flush-mounted, non-operable windows were modeled in the exterior wall of each perimeter zone. Window sizes were modeled with a fenestration window-to-wall area ratio (which includes the area of the whole window with frame) where the wall area was defined as the floor-to-floor exterior wall area and the COMFEN simulations were based on the floor-to-ceiling exterior wall area. School
Office
36'-0"
3'-11"
3'-11" 2'-0" 4'-0"
9'-0"
4'-0" 3'-6"
3'-0"
3'-0"
3'-0"
9'-0"
10%
3'-11"
2'-0"
3'-0"
4'-0"
10'-0"
11'-9"
12'-2"
3'-6"
3'-11"
3'-11"
3'-11"
3'-11"
2'-0"
6'-0"
3'-0"
3'-0"
4'-0"
4'-0"
20%
2'-0"
2'-0"
3'-11"
12'-1"
8'-3"
2'-0"
3'-11"
3'-11"
3'-11"
3'-11"
3'-11"
3'-11"
3'-11" 2'-0"
3'-11"
8'-2"
19'-7"
6'-0"
2'-0"
2'-6"
3'-0"
4'-6"
6'-0"
30%
4'-0"
4'-0"
4'-0"
4'-0"
4'-0"
4'-0"
2'-4"
4'-0"
4'-0"
4'-0" 2'-0"
4'-0"
31'-4"
2'-4"
2'-0"
8'-0"
1'-0"
1'-0"
2'-0"
32'-0"
2'-0"
4'-0"
4'-0"
4'-0"
4'-0"
4'-0"
4'-0"
4'-0"
4'-0"
4'-0"
7'-4" 1'-8"
4'-4"
1'-6"
4'-6"
7'-6"
3'-0"
3'-0"
4'-0"
50%
1'-2"
3'-0"
5'-10"
6'-0"
40%
8'-0"
1'-0"
5'-0"
5'-0"
5'-0"
2'-0"
5'-0"
5'-0"
5'-0"
8'-0"
8'-0"
4'-0"
4'-0"
1'-0"
1'-0"
4'-0"
4'-0"
60%
5'-0"
4'-6"
4'-6"
32'-0"
2'-0"
1'-0"
6"
9'-0"
6"
6"
35'-0"
6"
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
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Building Projections
Overhangs were mounted directly above the window frame with either a 2’ or a 4’ projection. The overhang extends the entire width of the zone.
Lighting Controls
Electric Lighting System Recessed fluorescent lighting systems were modeled with a lighting power density in Watts per square foot throughout the zone. Heat from the lighting system was apportioned to the office zone (60%) and to the unconditioned plenum (40%). If no daylighting controls were specified, the lighting was assumed to be at 100% power, and governed, as in the daylighting case, by the occupancy schedule.
Building Type
Lighting (W/ft2)
Equipment (W/ft2)
People (ft2/people)
People INPUT (people/zone)
Office
1
1
200
0.75
School
1.4
0.9
43.1
12.53
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
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Continuous Dimming Electric Lighting Controls ? For continuous dimming, the overhead lights dim continuously and linearly from (maximum electric power, maximum light output) to (minimum electric power, minimum light output) as the daylight illuminance increases. The lights stay on at the minimum point with further increase in the daylight illuminance. The lowest power the lighting system can dim down to is expressed as a fraction of maximum input power (figure from the EnergyPlus Input-Output Reference Guide).
Shades
Interior and exterior Venetian blinds were simulated so that the slats would be at 45-degrees and fixed in the “always on” state. Because the shades were always fully deployed, the results using shades in the Façade Design Tool may not represent results as expected because these types of shades are often occupant-operated or mechanically programmed to respond to heating and cooling conditions. The optical properties of the blinds were set to the default in COMFEN.
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
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Glazing System
The Facade Design Tool simulates the performance of 10 generic glazing systems and 2 retrofit films, representative of the breadth of options available in today’s market. For ease of comparing the performance of glass features, all high-performance glazing systems in the Facade Design Tool are modeled with an argon gas fill. In general, energy performance from similar windows with an air fill will be about 2–5% poorer. Generic aluminum frames were used in all of the simulations. Single-pane systems use a non-thermallybroken frame, double-pane systems use a thermally-broken frame, and triple-pane systems use a high performance frame.
Products Simulated* ID Panes
Center of Glass
2.5” Alum Frame
Whole Window**
Description
U-factor
SHGC
VT
Type
U-factor
U-factor SHGC
VT
Non-thermal
1.10
0.99
0.72
0.74
A
1
Clear, high VT, high SHGC
1.03
0.82
0.88
B
2
Clear, high VT, high SHGC
0.47
0.70
0.79 Thermally-broken
0.85
0.55
0.61
0.64
C
2
Tint, moderate VT, moderate SHGC
0.47
0.50
0.48 Thermally-broken
0.85
0.55
0.45
0.39
D
2
Reflective, low VT, low SHGC
0.44
0.18
0.10 Thermally-broken
0.85
0.53
0.18
0.08
E
2
Low-E tint, moderate VT, moderate SHGC, argon
0.24
0.29
0.52 Thermally-broken
0.85
0.39
0.27
0.43
F
2
Lowe-E, low VT, low SHGC, argon
0.25
0.24
0.37 Thermally-broken
0.85
0.39
0.23
0.30
G
2
Low-E, high VT, moderate SHGC, argon
0.24
0.38
0.70 Thermally-broken
0.85
0.39
0.35
0.57
H
2
Lowe-E, high VT, low SHGC, argon
0.24
0.27
0.64 Thermally-broken
0.85
0.38
0.26
0.52
I
3
Low-E, high VT, moderate SHGC, argon
0.13
0.32
0.60
Highperformance
0.35
0.22
0.28
0.49
J
3
Lowe-E, low VT, low SHGC, argon
0.12
0.21
0.34
Highperformance
0.35
0.21
0.19
0.28
K
1
Clear, applied film
0.99
0.48
0.60
Non-thermal
1.10
0.97
0.44
0.50
L
2
Clear, applied film
0.47
0.55
0.54 Thermally-broken
0.85
0.55
0.48
0.44
*Glazing system performance information was generated using WINDOW6. **Whole window properties are based on an NFRC standard test size (1200mm x 1500mm) and simulated in WINDOW6 with frame specified per each glazing system.
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
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Performance Outcomes (Outputs)
The Façade Design Tool provides performance results for annual energy, peak demand, and carbon emissions. The tool also provides the human-centered results for daylight, glare, and thermal comfort.
Annual Energy
In the Façade Design Tool all annual energy performance data are given as energy use per perimeter zone floor area and is reported as source energy in Btu/sf-year. Annual energy is determined from heating, cooling, fans, and lighting. Equipment loads are not included. The site-source factor that was used is 3.14 as defined in the 2010 Buildings Energy Data Book. The site-to-source multiplier determines whether energy use results are displayed in terms of site or source energy. Site energy is energy used by the building on site (as measured at the meter), while source energy is a measure that accounts for energy consumed on site as well as the energy consumed during the storage, transport and delivery of the fuel to the building. Source energy is a better indicator of building environmental impact.
Peak Electric Demand
Peak electricity demand is the greatest amount of electricity required at one point in time during the year. A higher peak demand reflects both the likelihood of higher utility demand charges as well as the need for larger mechanical equipment. In the Façade Design Tool peak electric demand data are given for the peak condition that occurs in each perimeter zone and are non-coincident with the whole building’s peak condition. Peak demand data includes electricity end uses from cooling, fans, and lighting. Equipment loads are included.
Carbon
The total CO2impact was determined by adding electricity and gas emissions. The CO2 electricity and gas factors are set in COMFEN’s Locations Library. The CO2Electricity Factor is multiplied by the electric energy consumption to calculate the pounds of CO2 emitted due to electricity use (lbs/kWh). The values for the electricity factor were found at: www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/documents/ egridzips/eGRID2010V1_1_year07_SummaryTables.pdf. The CO2 gas factor is multiplied by the gas energy consumption to calculate the pounds of CO2 emitted due to gas use (lbs/kBtu). The value for the gas factor is 0.12 lb/Btu for all locations and was determined from a national average found at: www.eia.doe. gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html.
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
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Daylight Illuminance
The daylight illuminance set point is 50 footcandles. The design of a window and choice of glazing can dramatically affect the quantity and quality of daylight in a space and how it is experienced. Most visual tasks require from 30–70 footcandles. Larger windows with low-transmission glass can have the same average daylight illuminance as small windows with high-transmission glass. South-facing windows generally have higher daylight levels than north-, east-, and west-facing windows because of direct sun. Note that higher daylight levels due to direct sun may also result in unwanted glare. Zone Depth:
A primary daylight zone depth is calculated as the minimum of a) the room depth, b) 1.5 times the facade wall height, and c) 15 feet. Sensor # 1: Daylight sensor #1 is positioned 2/3 of the primary daylight zone depth from facade wall, centered in the width of the facade zone. Sensor #1 controls a fraction of the facade zone lights equal to the primary daylight zone depth divided by the facade zone depth. Any remaining depth in the facade zone is considered a secondary daylight Sensor # 2: zone. Reference Point #2 is positioned halfway between the primary daylight zone depth and the “back wall.” Sensor #2, if used, controls the remaining fraction of lights. Sensor height: The daylight sensors are located 2.5 feet above the floor of each daylight zone
Sensor # 2 Centered in the zone
Daylighting Zone # 2 depth –total depth minus the Zone # 1 depth.
+
Sensor # 1 Centered between the left and right walls
+ Positioned 2/3 of zone depth from front of facade
Daylighting Zone # 1 depth – the minimum of a) the room depth, b) 1.5 times the facade wall height, and c) 15 feet.
Front of facade
Similar to the Weighted Glare Index, the average annual Daylight Illuminance level does not reveal severe conditions that may occur at a specific time or day throughout the year. The Daylight Illuminance value varies considerably depending on orientation, the presence of shading devices, and other properties and design conditions
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
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Glare
The Weighted Glare Index is calculated for a person facing the side wall. This glare index is based on a subjective response to brightness within one’s field of view. A lower index is better. Anything under 22 is acceptable for glare. A glare index under 7 denotes imperceptible glare. A glare index between 7 and 22 is perceptible, yet acceptable glare. A glare index above 22 is uncomfortable.
0-7
Imperceptible Glare
7-10
Just Perceptible Glare
10-16
Just Acceptable Glare
22+
Uncomfortable Glare
Zone Depth:
A primary daylight zone depth is calculated as the minimum of a) the room depth, b) 1.5 times the facade wall height, and c) 15 feet. Sensor # 1: Daylight sensor #1 is positioned 2/3 of the primary daylight zone depth from facade wall, centered in the width of the facade zone. Sensor #1 controls a fraction of the facade zone lights equal to the primary daylight zone depth divided by the facade zone depth. Sensor # 2: Any remaining depth in the facade zone is considered a secondary daylight zone. Reference Point #2 is positioned halfway between the primary daylight zone depth and the “back wall.” Sensor #2, if used, controls the remaining fraction of lights. Sensor height: The daylight sensors are located 2.5 feet above the floor of each daylight zone
Sensor # 2 Centered in the zone
Daylighting Zone # 2 depth –total depth minus the Zone # 1 depth.
+
Sensor # 1 Centered between the left and right walls
+ Positioned 2/3 of zone depth from front of facade
Daylighting Zone # 1 depth – the minimum of a) the room depth, b) 1.5 times the facade wall height, and c) 15 feet.
Front of facade
Similar to Daylight Illuminance, the average annual Weighted Glare Index does not reveal severe glare problems that may occur at a specific time or day throughout the year. Because an annual average may be misleading, a weighted glare index was developed to emphasize the fairly infrequent periods of perceptible or uncomfortable glare that may occur. The Weighted Glare Index varies considerably depending on orientation, the presence of shading devices, and other properties and design conditions. Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
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Thermal Comfort
COMFEN uses the Fanger method as implemented in EnergyPlus for thermal comfort calculations that takes into account all major modes of energy losses from the human body at a steady state condition. PPD is a quantitative measure of the thermal comfort of a group of people at a particular thermal environment. Fanger related the PPD to the PMV (Predicted Mean Vote), using the following formula: PPD = 100.0 - 95.0e(-0.03353*PMV
4 - 0.2179*PMV2)
where: PMV = (0.303e-0.036*M +0.028) * L M = metabolic rate L = thermal load defined as the difference between the internal heat production and the heat loss to the actual environment for a person hypothetically kept at comfort values of skin temperature and evaporative heat loss by sweating at the actual activity level.
The “Zone Averaged” method was used to calculate MRT (Mean Radiant Temperature) in the thermal comfort calculation. MRT is a measure of the combined effects of temperatures of surfaces within the space. Specifically it is the surface area * emissivity weighted average of the zone inside surface temperatures, where emissivity is the Thermal Absorptance of the inside material layer of each surface. EnergyPlus reports predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD). COMFEN and the Façade Design Tool reports predicted percentage satisfied (PPS), which is 100-PPD.
Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research
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