Façade Design Tool User’s Guide

April 11, 2018 | Author: Eiman El-Iskandarani | Category: Window, Comma Separated Values, Lighting, Green Building, Glasses
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Descripción: The Façade Design Tool and the Windows for High-performance Commercial Buildings web site was developed wit...

Description

FAÇADE DESIGN TOOL USER’S GUIDE www.commercialwindows.org/fdt.php January 2012

Design Parameters ORIENTATION

N

E

S

W WINDOW AREA

Performance Outcomes ENERGY

PEAK DEMAND 2.00

2.50

3.00

1.50

3.50

1.00

4.00

0.50

4.50 0.00

LIGHT CONTROLS

INTERIOR & EXTERIOR SHADING

GLASS & FRAME TYPE

5.00

CARBON

DAYLIGHT

GLARE

COMFORT

VIEW

COSTS

The Façade Design Tool and the Windows for High-performance Commercial Buildings web site was developed with financial support from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Windows and Glazing Research Program within Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Building Technologies Program. In partnership with the building industry, the U.S. Department of Energy supports a range of research, development, and demonstration programs, as well as education and market transformation projects, designed to accelerate the introduction and use of new energy-saving building technologies. The Façade Design tool and Windows for High-performance Commercial Buildings web site was jointly developed between the Center for Sustainable Building Research (CSBR) at the University of Minnesota and the Windows and Daylighting Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), with support from the Alliance to Save Energy (ASE). For information regarding the Façade Design Tool and The Façade Design Tool User’s Guide contact: Kerry Haglund, Senior Research Fellow, LEED AP BD+C [email protected] Center for Sustainable Building Research 1425 University Avenue SE, Suite 115
Minneapolis, MN 55414
 voice: 612.626.2737
 fax: 612.626.7424
 [email protected] www.csbr.umn.edu

Contents

Using the Façade Design Tool.................................................................................................. 1 Select a Location, Building Type, and Zone Orientation.......................................................................................... 1 REFINE & EXPLORE.................................................................................................................................................. 3 REFINE & EXPLORE: Step-by-Step............................................................................................................................... 4

Navigating through REFINE & EXPLORE Results...................................................................................................... 6 Tabs of Performance Outcomes.................................................................................................................................. 7 Definitions and Modeling Assumptions...................................................................................................................... 7 Sorting Capabilities..................................................................................................................................................... 8 The Dashboard........................................................................................................................................................... 9

Switch From REFINE & EXPLORE to COMPARE RESULTS........................................................................................ 10 Switch to COMPARE RESULTS: Step-by-Step............................................................................................................. 10

COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS........................................................................................................................................ 13 COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS: Step-by-Step..................................................................................................................... 13

Design Parameters (Inputs)................................................................................................... 16 Location................................................................................................................................................................. 16 Facade Orientation................................................................................................................................................ 17 The Building/Zone................................................................................................................................................. 17 Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR).............................................................................................................................. 18 Building Projections............................................................................................................................................... 19 Lighting Controls.................................................................................................................................................... 19 Shades................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Glazing System...................................................................................................................................................... 21

Performance Outcomes (Outputs)........................................................................................ 22 Annual Energy....................................................................................................................................................... 22 Peak Electric Demand............................................................................................................................................ 22 Carbon................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Daylight Illuminance.............................................................................................................................................. 23 Glare...................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Thermal Comfort................................................................................................................................................... 25

Using the Façade Design Tool

This tool is intended for use in the early part of the design process to understand the impacts of various design decisions. You choose the design conditions of a facade and rank and/or compare the performance data in terms of annual energy, peak demand, carbon, daylight illuminance, glare, and thermal comfort. After a location, building type, and orientation have been selected, you choose to REFINE & EXPLORE or COMPARE the performance data of window design scenarios that you define in terms of orientation, window area, light controls, interior shades, exterior shades, and window type. If inputs (climate, building type, orientation, window/facade design attributes) are needed and not represented in the Facade Design Tool, it is recommended that you download COMFEN and run simulations specific to your climate and design. COMFEN is a tool, with a graphic user interface, that focuses on designing alternative fenestration systems to help designers and decision-makers move toward optimal façade design.

Select a Location, Building Type, and Zone Orientation 1. 2. 3. 4.

First, select a Location from the drop down list. There are 21 cities within 8 climate zones. If a city isn’t listed, choose a city within the same climate zone. Second, select a Building Type from the drop down list. Currently the building types represented are Office (small office) and School (classroom). Third, select Facade Orientation from the drop down list. Each of the 4 cardinal directions is available. Choose button 1: REFINE & EXPLORE or button 2: COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS to continue. CHOOSE LOCATION & BUILDING TYPE Select a location, building type, and zone orientation from the drop-down lists below. My city isn't listed» "Refine & Explore" first lets you choose the available design parameters then you can refine and explore the ranked results. Use this exploratory method if parametrics are unknown or to determine the optimal design from various scenarios. "Compare 5 Scenarios" lists the design parameters for 5 scenarios for a quick comparison. Use this comparison method if many of the design parametrics are previously determined.

Location

6A: MN Minneapolis

Building Type

Zone Orientation

Office

South

1

REFINE & EXPLORE

-OR-

2

COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

1

1:

REFINE & EXPLORE: First you choose the available design parameters, then you refine and explore the ranked results. Use this exploratory method if parametrics are unknown or to determine the optimal performance of various scenarios for a particular orientation.

REFINE & EXPLORE: DEFINE ZONE DESIGN PARAMETERS

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South

Set the design parameters from the choices below to compare design options and performance. At least one item from each parameter must be selected. Multiple items from each parameter can be selected.

2: COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS: Lists the design parameters for 5 scenarios for a quick comparison. Use this comparison method if many of the design parametrics (window area, shading, glass type, lighting controls) are previously determined.

COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS

THE BUILDING Window Area

Select up to 5 scenarios for detailed comparison.

Compare 10%

30%

20%

40%

50%

60%

SAVE RESULTS Export all data in tab delimited format.

Building Projections

Export to CSV

None

2' Overhang

4' Overhang

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building

Zone Scenario Orientation

WWR

Glazing System Building Projections

Glass

Light & Shade Lighting Controls

Shades

1

South

-

-

-

-

-

2

South

-

-

-

-

-

3

South

-

-

-

-

-

4

South

-

-

-

-

-

5

South

-

-

-

-

-

How to Perform a Comparison 1. Choose the design conditions for each of the 5 scenarios in which to compare. 2. If you need more information regarding the design conditions, click on the headers for each attribute. 3. Click the "Compare" button found in the dashboard to the left to see the comparative results for annual energy, peak demand, carbon, daylight illuminance, glare, and thermal comfort. 4. Once the results are displayed, you can modify the design condition attributes and click the "Modify Scenarios" button in the dashboard to view the modifications.

LIGHT & SHADE Lighting Controls

None

Continuous Dimming

Shading

None

Interior Blinds

Exterior Blinds

GLAZING SYSTEM Window

Panes/Layers

Glass

Solar Heat Gain

Visible Transmittance

Single

Clear

Low

Low

Double

Low-E

Moderate

Moderate

Triple

Tint

High

High

Select All

Select All

Select All

Reflective Film Select All

«Previous

From the first input screen COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS should be used if the design parameters are already known, or if you want to compare results between orientations. See the “COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS” section on page 13 for the example on how to use this method.

Get Results»

As will be shown in the following sections on using the Façade Design Tool, if you begin in the REFINE & EXPLORE mode to get results, you will then be able to compare 5 scenarios after you refine any result set. See “Switch from REFINE & EXPLORE to COMPARE RESULTS” section on page 10 for the example on how to use this method.

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

2

REFINE & EXPLORE

First you choose the available design parameters, get the ranked results, then you can refine and explore these results. Use the REFINE & EXPLORE method if parametrics are unknown or to determine the optimal performance of various scenarios for a particular orientation. REFINE & EXPLORE: DEFINE ZONE DESIGN PARAMETERS

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South

Set the design parameters from the choices below to compare design options and performance. At least one item from each parameter must be selected. Multiple items from each parameter can be selected.

THE BUILDING Window Area

10%

20%

30%

None

2' Overhang

4' Overhang

40%

50%

60%

Building Projections

LIGHT & SHADE Lighting Controls

None

Continuous Dimming

Shading

None

Interior Blinds

Exterior Blinds

GLAZING SYSTEM Window

Panes/Layers

Glass

Solar Heat Gain

Visible Transmittance

Single

Clear

Low

Low

Double

Low-E

Moderate

Moderate

Triple

Tint

High

High

Select All

Select All

Select All

Reflective Film Select All

«Previous

Get Results»

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

3

REFINE & EXPLORE: Step-by-Step 1. Choose REFINE & EXPLORE from the first input screen. Set the design parameters from Window Area, Building Projections, Lighting Controls, Shading, and Window to compare design options and performance for the location, building type and orientation previously selected. At least one item from each parameter must be selected. If any of the design parametrics are missing a selection, there will be no results. Multiple items from each parameter can be selected. REFINE & EXPLORE: DEFINE ZONE DESIGN PARAMETERS

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South

Set the design parameters from the choices below to compare design options and performance. At least one item from each parameter must be selected. Multiple items from each parameter can be selected.

THE BUILDING Window Area

10%

20%

30%

None

2' Overhang

4' Overhang

40%

50%

60%

Building Projections

LIGHT & SHADE Lighting Controls

None

Continuous Dimming

Shading

None

Interior Blinds

Exterior Blinds

GLAZING SYSTEM Window

Panes/Layers

Glass

Solar Heat Gain

Visible Transmittance

Single

Clear

Low

Low

Double

Low-E

Moderate

Moderate

Triple

Tint

High

High

Select All

Select All

Select All

Reflective Film Select All

«Previous

Get Results»

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

4

Click the text Window Area, Building Projections, Lighting Controls, Shading, and Window to bring up a pop-up window explaining that particular attribute and, if applicable, the modeling and simulation assumptions associated with that attribute. Click the X in the upper right corner to remove the pop-up window. REFINE & EXPLORE: DEFINE ZONE DESIGN PARAMETERS

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South

Set the design parameters from the choices below to compare design options and performance. At least one item from each parameter must be selected. Multiple items from each parameter can be selected.

THE BUILDING Window Area

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) Flush-mounted, non-operable windows were modeled in the exterior wall of each perimeter zone. Window sizes were modeled with a fenestration window-to-wall area ratio (which includes the area of the whole window with frame) where the wall area was defined as the floor-to-floor exterior wall area and the COMFEN simulations were conducted using the floor-to-ceiling exterior wall area.

Office | School Building Type

Zone width (ft)

Zone depth (ft)

Zone height (floorto-ceiling) (ft)

Floor-to-floor height (ft)

Lighting (W/ft2)

Equipment People (W/ft2) (ft2/people)

People INPUT (people/zone)

Office

10

15

9

12

1

1

200

0.75

School

36

15

9

13

1.4

0.9

43.1

12.53

Office Zone

2. Choose Get Results to continue. GLAZING SYSTEM Window

Panes/Layers

Glass

Solar Heat Gain

Visible Transmittance

Single

Clear

Low

Low

Double

Low-E

Moderate

Moderate

Triple

Tint

High

High

Select All

Select All

Select All

Reflective Film Select All

«Previous

Get Results»

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

5

3. View results from the previously chosen parametrics. The Summary tab is the default and when highlighted a summary of results is displayed. The Dashboard (on the left side of the screen) shows the previously selected parametrics. The features, information, and operation of this page of results are described in the next section, “Navigating through Refine & Explore Results.” REFINE & EXPLORE ZONE RESULTS REFINE & EXPLORE

COMPARE RESULTS

Modify design

Select up to 5

parameters &

scenarios for

explore the

detailed

results.

comparison.

Update Results Expand Collapse Window Area 10% 20% 30%

Summary

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South Energy

The Building

Peak

Carbon

Daylight

Glazing System

Building WWR Projections Glass Panes

Features

Glare

Comfort

Light & Shade U-factor SHGC VT Lighting Controls Shades

30

None

2

Lowe-E, high VT, low SHGC, argon

0.24

0.27 0.64

Continuous

None

30

None

3

Low-E, high VT, moderate SHGC, argon

0.13

0.32

0.6

Continuous

None

30

None

3

Low-E, low VT, low SHGC, argon

0.12

0.21 0.34

Continuous

None

30

None

2

Low-E tint, moderate VT, moderate SHGC, argon

0.24

0.29 0.52

Continuous

None

30

None

2

Low-E, low VT, low SHGC, argon

0.25

0.24 0.37

Continuous

None

30

None

2

Low-E, high VT, moderate SHGC, argon

0.24

0.38

0.7

Continuous

None

30

None

2

Tint, moderate VT, moderate SHGC

0.47

0.5

0.48

Continuous

None

30

None

2

Reflective, low VT, low SHGC

0.44

0.18

0.1

Continuous

None

30

None

2

Clear, applied film

0.47

0.55 0.54

Continuous

None

50%

30

None

1

Clear, applied film

0.99

0.48

0.6

Continuous

None

60%

30

None

2

Clear, high VT, high SHGC

0.47

0.7

0.79

Continuous

None

30

None

1

Clear, high VT, high SHGC

1.03

0.82 0.88

Continuous

None

40%

Projections

Performance

None 2' Overhang 4' Overhang

Lighting Controls

Pages (25 results per page): 1 Total Matching Records: 12

Navigating through REFINE & EXPLORE Results This section describes the many features and information provided on the REFINE & EXPLORE results page including: • Tabs of Performance Outcomes • Definitions and Modeling Assumptions • Sorting Capabilities • The Dashboard to Modify and Update Results • Switch to COMPARE RESULTS

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

6

Tabs of Performance Outcomes Click the tabs Summary, Energy, Peak, Carbon, Daylight, Glare and Comfort to switch to the performance results and information of each tab. When clicking a tab, the default ranking of the scenarios is from best performer to worst. The Summary tab is the default. REFINE & EXPLORE ZONE RESULTS

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South Energy

Summary

Peak

Carbon

Daylight

Glare

REFINE & EXPLORE

COMPARE RESULTS

Modify design

Select up to 5

WWR

Building Projections

Panes

U-factor

SHGC

VT

Lighting Controls

parameters &

scenarios for

30

None

2

0.24

0.27

0.64

Continuous

None

explore the

detailed

results.

comparison.

30

None

3

0.13

0.32

0.6

Continuous

None

70.63

30

None

3

0.12

0.21

0.34

Continuous

None

70.95

The Building

Glazing System Glass

Light & Shade

Comfort

Annual Energy Use (kBtu/sf-yr) Shades kBtu/sf-yr 69.38

Definitions and Modeling Assumptions Click on the headings The Building, Glazing System, Light & Shade, and the specific performance for the current tab (ie: Annual Energy Use (kBtu/sf-yr) to display a pop-up window that provides the definitions, modeling assumptions, and other relevant information for that particular item. This pop-up window displays in front of the current screen. Click the X in the upper right corner to remove the popup window. REFINE & EXPLORE ZONE RESULTS

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South Energy

Summary

Peak

Carbon

Daylight

Glare

REFINE & EXPLORE

COMPARE RESULTS

Modify design

Select up to 5

WWR

Building Projections

Panes

U-factor

SHGC

VT

Lighting Controls

parameters &

scenarios for

30

None

2

0.24

0.27

0.64

Continuous

explore the

detailed

results.

comparison.

30

None

3

0.13

0.32

0.6

Continuous

None

70.63

30

None

3

0.12

0.21

0.34

Continuous

None

70.95

The Building

Glazing System Glass

Light & Shade

REFINE & EXPLORE ZONE RESULTS REFINE & EXPLORE

COMPARE RESULTS

Modify design

Select up to 5

parameters &

scenarios for

explore the

detailed

results.

comparison.

Update Results Expand Collapse Window Area

Summary

Energy

Peak

Glazing System The Building

30 30

40%

30

1

Clear, high VT, high SHGC

50%

2

Clear, high VT, high SHGC

2

Tint, moderate VT, moderate SHGC

2 2

4' Overhang

Glare

Comfort

Annual Energy Use (kBtu/sf-yr)

Aluminum frames simulations. systems useNone a non-thermal 30 None were used in all 2 of the 0.25 0.24 Single-layered 0.37 Continuous 72.41 frame, double-layered systems use a thermally broken frame, and triple-layered systems use a high performance 2 0.24 0.38 0.7 Continuous None 75.12 30 None frame. See the table below for the U-factors of these frames.

30%

2' Overhang

Daylight

Light & Shade

Building

20%

None

69.38

WWR Projectionsof glazing Glass Panes U-factor SHGC Lighting Controls Shades kBtu/sf-yr of glass There are hundreds systems available in theVT market today, with varying combinations 2 The Facade 0.24 0.27 0.64 Continuous None 30 specialNone panes, coatings, and tints. Design Tool models the performance of 10 69.38 glazing systems and 2 retrofit films, representative of the breadth of options available. The attributes of these glazing systems are 30 None 3 0.13 0.32 0.6 Continuous None 70.63 described in the table and chart below. For ease of comparing the performance of glass features, all high0.12 Design 0.21 Tool 0.34 Continuous None 30 None performance glazing systems in 3the Facade are modeled with an argon fill. In 70.95 general, energy performance from similar windows an air fill will be about 2–5% poorer. 2 with0.24 0.29 0.52 Continuous None 70.96 30 None

2 NoneProducts Simulated

Projections

None

Carbon

Glazing System

None

60%

Shades kBtu/sf-yr

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South

30

10%

Comfort

Annual Energy Use (kBtu/sf-yr)

Panes

30 30

None

2

Description

2

0.47

0.5

0.48

Continuous

0.99

0.48

0.55

0.54

Continuous

0.82

0.47

0.70

0.47

0.50

Reflective, low VT, low SHGC

0.44

0.18

Low-E tint, moderate VT, moderate SHGC, argon

0.24

None None

1 2 1

84.73

0.47

0.44

1.03

None

None

of Glass Frame 86.82 Whole Window* 0.18 Center 0.1 Continuous 2.5" Alum None USHGC Tvis Type U-factor U-factor SHGC Tvis factor

0.47 1.03

0.7 0.82

0.6

0.79

0.88

0.88 Non-thermal

None

89.17

0.99

0.72

0.74

0.55

0.61

0.64

0.55

0.45

0.39

0.10 Thermally-broken 0.85

0.53

0.18

0.08

0.29(250.52 Thermally-broken Pages results per page): 1 0.85

0.39

0.27

0.43

Continuous

None

1.00

0.79 Thermally-broken 0.85

Continuous

None

0.48 Thermally-broken 0.85

Continuous

None

96.21 97.11

113.48

Total Matching Records: 12

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

7

Sorting Capabilities Click the headings WWR, Building Projections, Glass, Panes, U-factor, SHGC, VT, Lighting Controls, Shades, and the specific performance for the current tab (kBtur/sf-yr) will sort that particular selected item in descending order. Click on the heading again and it will sort in ascending order. REFINE & EXPLORE ZONE RESULTS

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South Energy

Summary

Peak

Carbon

Daylight

Glare

REFINE & EXPLORE

COMPARE RESULTS

Modify design

Select up to 5

WWR

Building Projections

Panes

U-factor

SHGC

VT

Lighting Controls

parameters &

scenarios for

30

None

2

0.24

0.27

0.64

Continuous

None

explore the

detailed

results.

comparison.

30

None

3

0.13

0.32

0.6

Continuous

None

70.63

30

None

3

0.12

0.21

0.34

Continuous

None

70.95

The Building

Glazing System Glass

Light & Shade

REFINE & EXPLORE ZONE RESULTS REFINE & EXPLORE

COMPARE RESULTS

Modify design

Select up to 5

parameters &

scenarios for

explore the

detailed

results.

comparison.

The Building WWR

Building Projections

Shades kBtu/sf-yr 69.38

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South Energy

Summary

Peak

Carbon

Glazing System Glass

Daylight

Glare

Light & Shade

Panes

U-factor

SHGC

VT

Lighting Controls

Annual Energy Use (kBtu/sf-yr)

30

None

1

1.03

0.82

0.88

Continuous

None

113.48

None

1

0.99

0.48

0.6

Continuous

None

96.21

30

None

2

0.47

0.7

0.79

Continuous

None

97.11

30

None

2

0.47

0.5

0.48

Continuous

None

84.73

30

None

2

0.47

0.55

0.54

Continuous

None

89.17

30

None

2

0.44

0.18

0.1

Continuous

None

86.82

30

None

2

0.25

0.24

0.37

Continuous

None

72.41

20%

30

None

2

0.24

0.38

0.7

Continuous

None

75.12

30%

30

None

2

0.24

0.29

0.52

Continuous

None

70.96

40%

30

None

2

0.24

0.27

0.64

Continuous

None

69.38

30

None

3

0.13

0.32

0.6

Continuous

None

70.63

30

None

3

0.12

0.21

0.34

Continuous

None

70.95

Expand Collapse Window Area 10%

50% 60%

Projections

Comfort

Shades kBtu/sf-yr

30

Update Results

Comfort

Annual Energy Use (kBtu/sf-yr)

None

REFINE & EXPLORE ZONE RESULTS Summary

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South Energy

Peak

Carbon

Daylight

Glare

REFINE & EXPLORE

COMPARE RESULTS

Modify design

Select up to 5

WWR

Building Projections

Panes

U-factor

SHGC

VT

Lighting Controls

parameters &

scenarios for

30

None

3

0.12

0.21

0.34

Continuous

None

70.95

explore the

detailed

results.

comparison.

30

None

3

0.13

0.32

0.6

Continuous

None

70.63

30

None

2

0.24

0.27

0.64

Continuous

None

69.38

30

None

2

0.24

0.29

0.52

Continuous

None

70.96

30

None

2

0.24

0.38

0.7

Continuous

None

75.12

30

None

2

0.25

0.24

0.37

Continuous

None

72.41

30

None

2

0.44

0.18

0.1

Continuous

None

86.82

20%

30

None

2

0.47

0.55

0.54

Continuous

None

89.17

30%

30

None

2

0.47

0.5

0.48

Continuous

None

84.73

40%

30

None

2

0.47

0.7

0.79

Continuous

None

97.11

30

None

1

0.99

0.48

0.6

Continuous

None

96.21

30

None

1

1.03

0.82

0.88

Continuous

None

113.48

Update Results Expand Collapse Window Area 10%

50% 60%

Projections

The Building

Glazing System Glass

Light & Shade

Comfort

Annual Energy Use (kBtu/sf-yr) Shades kBtu/sf-yr

None

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

8

The Dashboard to Modify and Update Results REFINE & EXPLORE

COMPARE RESULTS

Modify design

Select up to 5

parameters &

scenarios for

explore the

detailed

results.

comparison.

Update Results Expand Collapse Window Area

The Dashboard is a powerful tool for sorting and refining various design choices. You can use the Dashboard to explore the impact of: • Window Area • Exterior Projections • Lighting Controls • Shading • Glass Attributes

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Projections None 2' Overhang 4' Overhang

Lighting Controls None

REFINE & EXPLORE

COMPARE RESULTS

Modify design

Select up to 5

parameters &

scenarios for

explore the

detailed

results.

comparison.

You can check and uncheck the desired parameters. You must choose Update Results to see the changes made in the Dashboard. The results will be displayed according to the selections made in the Dashboard.

Update Results Expand Collapse

REFINE & EXPLORE

COMPARE RESULTS

None

Modify design

Select up to 5

Interior Blinds

parameters &

scenarios for

Continuous Dimming

Shading

Exterior Blinds

Glass Panes 1 2 3

Glass

The sections of the Dashboard with the design parameters can be expanded and collapsed. Click Expand to expand the entire Dashboard. Click Collapse to collapse the entire Dashboard. Click the + or – signs next to each design parameter to expand or collapse that particular item.

Clear

explore the

detailed

results.

comparison.

Update Results Expand Collapse Window Area Projections

Low-E

Lighting Controls

Tint

Shading

Reflective

Glass Panes

Film

SHGC

Glass

Low

Clear

Moderate

SAVE RESULTS Export all data in tab delimited

High

format.

VT Low Moderate

Export to CSV

You can click Export to CSV to export the displayed results in comma separated value (CSV) format.

High

Low-E Tint Reflective Film

SHGC Low

SAVE RESULTS Export all data in tab delimited format.

Moderate High

VT Low

Export to CSV

Moderate High

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

9

Switch From REFINE & EXPLORE to COMPARE RESULTS

After refining and exploring results, you can then select 5 scenarios to compare performance. Switch to COMPARE RESULTS: Step-by-Step 1. While in Refine & Explore, click the dimmed COMPARE RESULTS at the top of the Dashboard. The Dashboard will switch to display COMPARE RESULTS and SAVE RESULTS. REFINE & EXPLORE

COMPARE RESULTS

Modify design

Select up to 5

parameters &

scenarios for

Select up to 5 scenarios for

explore the

detailed

detailed comparison.

results.

comparison.

COMPARE RESULTS

Compare

Update Results

SAVE RESULTS

Expand Collapse

Export all data in tab delimited

Window Area

format.

10% 20%

Export to CSV

30%

2. The screen refreshes and checkboxes appear on the left side of the results. You can check up to 5 design scenarios in which to see comparisons. After selecting the scenarios to compare, choose Compare to see the comparative results. COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS

Select up to 5 scenarios for detailed comparison.

Compare

SAVE RESULTS Export all data in tab delimited format.

Export to CSV

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South

Summary

Energy

Peak

The Building

Carbon

Daylight

Glare

Glazing System

Select 5 to Building Compare WWR Projections Glass Panes

Features

Comfort

Light & Shade U-value SHGC VT

Lighting Controls

Performance

Shades

30

None

2

Lowe-E, high VT, low SHGC, argon

0.24

0.27 0.64 Continuous

None

30

None

3

Low-E, high VT, moderate SHGC, argon

0.13

0.32

0.6 Continuous

None

30

None

3

Low-E, low VT, low SHGC, argon

0.12

0.21 0.34 Continuous

None

30

None

2

Low-E tint, moderate VT, moderate SHGC, argon

0.24

0.29 0.52 Continuous

None

30

None

2

Low-E, low VT, low SHGC, argon

0.25

0.24 0.37 Continuous

None

30

None

2

Low-E, high VT, moderate SHGC, argon

0.24

0.38

0.7 Continuous

None

30

None

2

Tint, moderate VT, moderate SHGC

0.47

0.5

0.48 Continuous

None

30

None

2

Reflective, low VT, low SHGC

0.44

0.18

0.1 Continuous

None

30

None

2

Clear, applied film

0.47

0.55 0.54 Continuous

None

30

None

1

Clear, applied film

0.99

0.48

0.6 Continuous

None

30

None

2

Clear, high VT, high SHGC

0.47

0.7

0.79 Continuous

None

30

None

1

Clear, high VT, high SHGC

1.03

0.82 0.88 Continuous

None

Pages (25 results per page): 1 Total Matching Records: 12

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

10

3. The 5 selected scenarios are displayed. Note that the format of the results change to show comparative performance for Annual Energy, Peak Demand, Carbon, Daylight Illuminance, Thermal Comfort, and Glare Index. COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building

Zone Scenario Orientation

Glazing System Building Projections

WWR

Light & Shade

Glass

Lighting Controls

Shades

1

South

30%

None

H: Double low-E, high VT, low SHGC

Cont. Dimming

No Shades

Select up to 5 scenarios for

2

South

30%

None

J: Triple lowe-E, low VT, low SHGC

Cont. Dimming

No Shades

detailed comparison.

3

South

30%

None

F: Double lowe-E, low VT, low SHGC

Cont. Dimming

No Shades

4

South

30%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

Cont. Dimming

No Shades

5

South

30%

None

D: Double reflective, low VT, low SHGC

Cont. Dimming

No Shades

Modify

SAVE RESULTS

Scenario

kBty/sf-yr

Scenario

Export all data in tab delimited

1

69.38

1

4.27

format.

2

70.95

2

4.40

3

72.41

3

4.42

4

75.12

4

4.47

5

86.82

5

4.59

Export to CSV

Annual Energy (lower is better)

Scenario

Carbon (lower is better)

Peak Demand (lower is better)

W/sf

lbs/sf-yr

Scenario

9.67

1

66.17

2

9.92

2

34.43

3

10.07

3

37.92

4

10.52

4

72.89

5

11.93

5

9.98

1

Scenario

Thermal Comfort (higher is better)

Daylight Illuminance (higher is better)

FC

PPS

Scenario

1

86.73

1

Glare Index (lower index is better)

Index 0.00

2

87.84

2

0.00

3

85.88

3

0.00

4

87.76

4

0.00

5

80.56

5

0.00

4. You can modify the results by selecting the options in the dropdown menus and changing the attributes for the scenarios. Choose Modify to see the updated results. COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building

Zone Scenario Orientation

WWR

Glazing System Building Projections

Glass

Light & Shade Lighting Controls

Shades

1

West

30%

None

H: Double low-E, high VT, low SHGC

Cont. Dimming

No Shades

Select up to 5 scenarios for

2

West

30%

None

J: Triple lowe-E, low VT, low SHGC

Cont. Dimming

No Shades

detailed comparison.

3

West

30%

None

F: Double lowe-E, low VT, low SHGC

Cont. Dimming

No Shades

4

West

30%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

Cont. Dimming

No Shades

5

West

30%

None

D: Double reflective, low VT, low SHGC

Cont. Dimming

No Shades

Modify

SAVE RESULTS

Scenario

Export all data in tab delimited

1

Annual Energy (lower is better)

kBty/sf-yr

Scenario

69.38

1

Peak Demand (lower is better)

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

W/sf 4.27

11

5. The modified results are displayed. You can continue to do additional modifications, export the data in CSV format, or print the page. Similar to the Rank & Explore method, clicking the titles of The Building, Glazing System, Light & Shade, Annual Energy, Peak Demand, Carbon, Daylight Illuminance, Thermal Comfort, and Glare Index will display a pop-up window that provides the definitions, modeling assumptions, and other relevant information for that particular item.

COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building

Zone Scenario Orientation

WWR

Glazing System Building Projections

Glass

Light & Shade Lighting Controls

Shades

1

West

30%

None

H: Double low-E, high VT, low SHGC

Cont. Dimming

No Shades

Select up to 5 scenarios for

2

West

30%

None

J: Triple lowe-E, low VT, low SHGC

Cont. Dimming

No Shades

detailed comparison.

3

West

30%

None

F: Double lowe-E, low VT, low SHGC

Cont. Dimming

No Shades

4

West

30%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

Cont. Dimming

No Shades

5

West

30%

None

D: Double reflective, low VT, low SHGC

Cont. Dimming

No Shades

Modify

SAVE RESULTS

Scenario

kBty/sf-yr

Scenario

Export all data in tab delimited

1

83.17

1

4.79

format.

2

79.40

2

4.37

3

84.50

3

4.59

4

92.76

4

5.40

5

93.43

5

4.76

Export to CSV

Scenario

Annual Energy (lower is better)

lbs/sf-yr

Scenario

11.54

1

53.25

2

11.07

2

27.83

3

11.71

3

30.59

4

12.94

4

58.65

5

12.81

5

8.04

Thermal Comfort (higher is better)

Daylight Illuminance (higher is better)

W/sf

1

Scenario

Carbon (lower is better)

Peak Demand (lower is better)

FC

PPS

Scenario

1

84.80

1

0.00

2

86.32

2

0.00

3

84.25

3

0.00

4

85.39

4

0.00

5

79.64

5

0.00

Glare Index (lower index is better)

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

Index

12

COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS

From the first input screen where location, building type and orientation is defined, use the COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS method if the design parameters are already known, or if you want to compare results between orientations. Use this comparison method if many of the design parametrics (window area, shading, glass type, lighting controls) are previously determined. COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building

Zone Scenario Orientation

Glazing System Building Projections

WWR

Glass

Light & Shade Lighting Controls

Shades

1

South

-

-

-

-

-

Select up to 5 scenarios for

2

South

-

-

-

-

-

detailed comparison.

3

South

-

-

-

-

-

4

South

-

-

-

-

-

5

South

-

-

-

-

-

Compare

SAVE RESULTS Export all data in tab delimited format.

Export to CSV

How to Perform a Comparison 1. Choose the design conditions for each of the 5 scenarios in which to compare. 2. If you need more information regarding the design conditions, click on the headers for each attribute. 3. Click the "Compare" button found in the dashboard to the left to see the comparative results for annual energy, peak demand, carbon, daylight illuminance, glare, and thermal comfort. 4. Once the results are displayed, you can modify the design condition attributes and click the "Modify Scenarios" button in the dashboard to view the modifications.

COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS: Step-by-Step 1. Choose COMPARE 5 SCENARIOS from the first input screen. Choose all the attributes for the 5 scenarios in which to compare. COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building

Zone Scenario Orientation

WWR

Glazing System Building Projections

Glass

Light & Shade Lighting Controls

Shades

1

South

-

-

-

-

-

Select up to 5 scenarios for

2

South

-

-

-

-

-

detailed comparison.

3

South

-

-

-

-

-

4

South

-

-

-

-

-

5

South

-

-

-

-

-

Compare

SAVE RESULTS Export all data in tab delimited format.

Export to CSV

How to Perform a Comparison 1. Choose the design conditions for each of the 5 scenarios in which to compare. 2. If you need more information regarding the design conditions, click on the headers for each attribute. 3. Click the "Compare" button found in the dashboard to the left to see the comparative results for annual energy, peak demand, carbon, daylight illuminance, glare, and thermal comfort. 4. Once the results are displayed, you can modify the design condition attributes and click the "Modify Scenarios" button in the dashboard to view the modifications.

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

13

2. After all the attributes for Zone Orientation, WWR, Building Projections, Glass, Lighting Controls, and Shades are selected, choose Compare to get the comparative results. COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building

Zone Scenario Orientation

WWR

Glazing System Building Projections

Glass

Light & Shade Lighting Controls

Shades

1

South

20%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

Select up to 5 scenarios for

2

South

30%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

detailed comparison.

3

South

40%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

4

South

50%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

5

South

60%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

Compare

SAVE RESULTS Export all data in tab delimited format.

Export to CSV

How to Perform a Comparison 1. Choose the design conditions for each of the 5 scenarios in which to compare. 2. If you need more information regarding the design conditions, click on the headers for each attribute. 3. Click the "Compare" button found in the dashboard to the left to see the comparative results for annual energy, peak demand, carbon, daylight illuminance, glare, and thermal comfort. 4. Once the results are displayed, you can modify the design condition attributes and click the "Modify Scenarios" button in the dashboard to view the modifications.

3. The comparative results are displayed. COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building

Zone Scenario Orientation

WWR

Glazing System Building Projections

Glass

Light & Shade Lighting Controls

Shades

1

South

20%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

Select up to 5 scenarios for

2

South

30%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

detailed comparison.

3

South

40%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

4

South

50%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

5

South

60%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

Modify

SAVE RESULTS

Scenario

kBty/sf-yr

Scenario

Export all data in tab delimited

1

90.64

1

4.77

format.

2

102.04

2

5.25

3

110.57

3

5.57

4

117.20

4

5.84

5

128.69

5

6.22

Export to CSV

Scenario

Annual Energy (lower is better)

lbs/sf-yr

Scenario

12.74

1

37.44

2

14.37

2

72.89

3

15.57

3

81.53

4

16.48

4

74.14

5

18.11

5

97.17

Thermal Comfort (higher is better)

Daylight Illuminance (higher is better)

W/sf

1

Scenario

Carbon (lower is better)

Peak Demand (lower is better)

Glare Index (lower index is better)

FC

PPS

Scenario

1

88.42

1

0.00

2

88.49

2

0.00

3

88.05

3

0.00

4

87.32

4

0.00

5

87.08

5

5.65

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

Index

14

4. To continue to perform comparisons, change the attributes in the dropdown menus and choose Modify. COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building

Zone Scenario Orientation

WWR

Glazing System Building Projections

Glass

Light & Shade Lighting Controls

Shades

1

West

20%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

Select up to 5 scenarios for

2

West

30%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

detailed comparison.

3

West

40%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

4

West

50%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

5

West

60%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

Modify

SAVE RESULTS

Scenario

Export all data in tab delimited

1

Annual Energy (lower is better)

kBty/sf-yr

Scenario

90.64

1

Peak Demand (lower is better)

W/sf 4.77

5. The comparative results are displayed as per the modified attributes. You can continue to do additional modifications, export the data in CSV format, or print the page. COMPARE ZONE RESULTS COMPARE RESULTS

Facade Design Tool Home | Minneapolis, Minnesota | Office | South The Building

Zone Scenario Orientation

WWR

Glazing System Building Projections

Glass

Light & Shade Lighting Controls

Shades

1

West

20%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

Select up to 5 scenarios for

2

West

30%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

detailed comparison.

3

West

40%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

4

West

50%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

5

West

60%

None

G: Double low-E, high VT, mod SHGC

No Controls

No Shades

Modify

SAVE RESULTS

Scenario

kBty/sf-yr

Scenario

Export all data in tab delimited

1

101.82

1

5.67

format.

2

117.67

2

6.53

3

130.97

3

7.24

4

142.67

4

7.84

5

159.06

5

8.71

Export to CSV

Scenario

Annual Energy (lower is better)

lbs/sf-yr

Scenario

14.26

1

32.32

2

16.51

2

58.65

3

18.37

3

64.01

4

20.00

4

62.11

5

22.32

5

74.17

Thermal Comfort (higher is better)

Daylight Illuminance (higher is better)

W/sf

1

Scenario

Carbon (lower is better)

Peak Demand (lower is better)

Glare Index (lower index is better)

FC

PPS

Scenario

1

86.62

1

0.00

2

86.20

2

0.00

3

85.36

3

0.00

4

84.45

4

0.00

5

83.97

5

5.54

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

Index

15

Design Parameters (Inputs)

If inputs (climate, building type, orientation, window/facade design attributes) are needed and not represented in the Facade Design Tool, it is recommended that you download COMFEN and run simulations specific to your design and climate.

Location

Cities are from COMFEN’s default Locations Library and represent each of the 8 IECC climate zones. The Walls Library provides the R-values for the wall systems. ASHRAE 90.1-2007 R-values for each climate were used in the simulations. Climate Zones 1A very hot–humid 2A hot–humid 2B hot–dry 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B

warm–humid warm–dry warm–marine mixed–humid mixed–dry mixed–marine cool–humid cool–dry

6A cold–humid 6B cold–dry 7

very cold

8

subarctic

Zone

Description

City

R-value of Wall Insulation

Electricity Carbon Conversion Factor**

Gas Carbon Conversion Factor **

1A 2A 2A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3B 3C 4A 4A 4A 4B 4C 5A 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 8

(very hot-humid) (hot-humid) (hot-humid) (hot-humid) (hot-dry) (warm-humid) (warm-dry) (warm-dry) (warm-marine) (mixed-humid) (mixed-humid) (mixed-humid) (mixed-dry) (mixed-marine) (cool-humid) (cool-humid) (cool-dry) (cold-humid (cold-dry) (very cold) (subartic)

Miami FL Tampa FL New Orleans LA Houston TX Phoenix AZ Atlanta GA Los Angeles CA Las Vegas, NV San Francisco CA Washington DC St Louis MO New York City, NY Albuquerque NM Seattle WA Chicago IL Boston MA Denver CO Minneapolis MN Billings MT Fargo ND Fairbanks AK

13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 13.00 ft2-F-hr/Btu 16.8 ft2-F-hr/Btu 16.8 ft2-F-hr/Btu 16.8 ft2-F-hr/Btu 20.50 ft2-F-hr/Btu 20.50 ft2-F-hr/Btu 20.50 ft2-F-hr/Btu 28.60 ft2-F-hr/Btu

1.39 lb/kWh 1.39 lb/kWh 1.18 lb/kWh 1.46 (lb/kWh 1.05 lb/kWh 1.37 lb/kWh 0.61 lb/kWh 1.51 lb/kWh 0.61 lb/kWh 1.16 lb/kWh 1.84 lb/kWh 0.86 lb/kWh 2.02 lb/kWh 0.25 lb/kWh 1.16 lb/kWh 1.28 lb/kWh 1.93 lb/kWh 1.52 lb/kWh 1.43 lb/kWh 2.24 lb/kWh 1.38 lb/kWh

0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu 0.12 lb/Btu

*Based on default values in COMFEN (as of June 2011) for exterior wood-framed and other walls provided by ASHRAE 90.1-2007. ** Based on default values in COMFEN (as of June 2011). Electric conversion provided by EPA’s eGRID. Gas conversion based on a national average provided by the EIA. These defaults are subject to updating in future releases of COMFEN.

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

16

Facade Orientation

Orientation of the façade’s perimeter zone is available in each of the four cardinal directions: north, east, south and west.

N

E

S

W

The Building/Zone

The zone sizes and the loads for lighting, equipment, and people are based on DOE’s Commercial Reference Buildings (www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial_initiative/new_construction.html). Zone depths are limited to 15’ for all building types.

Building Type

Zone width Zone depth

Floor-toceiling height

Floorto-floor height

Lighting (W/ft2)

Equipment (W/ft2)

People (ft2/ people)

People INPUT (people/ zone)

Office

10’

15’

9’

12’

1

1

200

0.75

School

36’

15’

9’

13’

1.4

0.9

43.1

12.53

Office Zone

School Zone

12’ floor-to-floor

’ 15

10





15

36



9’ floor-to-ceiling

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

13’ floor-to-floor 9’ floor-to-ceiling

17

Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR)

Flush-mounted, non-operable windows were modeled in the exterior wall of each perimeter zone. Window sizes were modeled with a fenestration window-to-wall area ratio (which includes the area of the whole window with frame) where the wall area was defined as the floor-to-floor exterior wall area and the COMFEN simulations were based on the floor-to-ceiling exterior wall area. School

Office

36'-0"

3'-11"

3'-11" 2'-0" 4'-0"

9'-0"

4'-0" 3'-6"

3'-0"

3'-0"

3'-0"

9'-0"

10%

3'-11"

2'-0"

3'-0"

4'-0"

10'-0"

11'-9"

12'-2"

3'-6"

3'-11"

3'-11"

3'-11"

3'-11"

2'-0"

6'-0"

3'-0"

3'-0"

4'-0"

4'-0"

20%

2'-0"

2'-0"

3'-11"

12'-1"

8'-3"

2'-0"

3'-11"

3'-11"

3'-11"

3'-11"

3'-11"

3'-11"

3'-11" 2'-0"

3'-11"

8'-2"

19'-7"

6'-0"

2'-0"

2'-6"

3'-0"

4'-6"

6'-0"

30%

4'-0"

4'-0"

4'-0"

4'-0"

4'-0"

4'-0"

2'-4"

4'-0"

4'-0"

4'-0" 2'-0"

4'-0"

31'-4"

2'-4"

2'-0"

8'-0"

1'-0"

1'-0"

2'-0"

32'-0"

2'-0"

4'-0"

4'-0"

4'-0"

4'-0"

4'-0"

4'-0"

4'-0"

4'-0"

4'-0"

7'-4" 1'-8"

4'-4"

1'-6"

4'-6"

7'-6"

3'-0"

3'-0"

4'-0"

50%

1'-2"

3'-0"

5'-10"

6'-0"

40%

8'-0"

1'-0"

5'-0"

5'-0"

5'-0"

2'-0"

5'-0"

5'-0"

5'-0"

8'-0"

8'-0"

4'-0"

4'-0"

1'-0"

1'-0"

4'-0"

4'-0"

60%

5'-0"

4'-6"

4'-6"

32'-0"

2'-0"

1'-0"

6"

9'-0"

6"

6"

35'-0"

6"

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

18

Building Projections

Overhangs were mounted directly above the window frame with either a 2’ or a 4’ projection. The overhang extends the entire width of the zone.

Lighting Controls

Electric Lighting System Recessed fluorescent lighting systems were modeled with a lighting power density in Watts per square foot throughout the zone. Heat from the lighting system was apportioned to the office zone (60%) and to the unconditioned plenum (40%). If no daylighting controls were specified, the lighting was assumed to be at 100% power, and governed, as in the daylighting case, by the occupancy schedule.

Building Type

Lighting (W/ft2)

Equipment (W/ft2)

People (ft2/people)

People INPUT (people/zone)

Office

1

1

200

0.75

School

1.4

0.9

43.1

12.53

   

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

19

Continuous Dimming Electric Lighting Controls ? For continuous dimming, the overhead lights dim continuously and linearly from (maximum electric power, maximum light output) to (minimum electric power, minimum light output) as the daylight illuminance increases. The lights stay on at the minimum point with further increase in the daylight illuminance. The lowest power the lighting system can dim down to is expressed as a fraction of maximum input power (figure from the EnergyPlus Input-Output Reference Guide).

Shades

Interior and exterior Venetian blinds were simulated so that the slats would be at 45-degrees and fixed in the “always on” state. Because the shades were always fully deployed, the results using shades in the Façade Design Tool may not represent results as expected because these types of shades are often occupant-operated or mechanically programmed to respond to heating and cooling conditions. The optical properties of the blinds were set to the default in COMFEN.

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

20

Glazing System

The Facade Design Tool simulates the performance of 10 generic glazing systems and 2 retrofit films, representative of the breadth of options available in today’s market. For ease of comparing the performance of glass features, all high-performance glazing systems in the Facade Design Tool are modeled with an argon gas fill. In general, energy performance from similar windows with an air fill will be about 2–5% poorer. Generic aluminum frames were used in all of the simulations. Single-pane systems use a non-thermallybroken frame, double-pane systems use a thermally-broken frame, and triple-pane systems use a high performance frame.

Products Simulated* ID Panes

Center of Glass

2.5” Alum Frame

Whole Window**

Description

U-factor

SHGC

VT

Type

U-factor

U-factor SHGC

VT

Non-thermal

1.10

0.99

0.72

0.74

A

1

Clear, high VT, high SHGC

1.03

0.82

0.88

B

2

Clear, high VT, high SHGC

0.47

0.70

0.79 Thermally-broken

0.85

0.55

0.61

0.64

C

2

Tint, moderate VT, moderate SHGC

0.47

0.50

0.48 Thermally-broken

0.85

0.55

0.45

0.39

D

2

Reflective, low VT, low SHGC

0.44

0.18

0.10 Thermally-broken

0.85

0.53

0.18

0.08

E

2

Low-E tint, moderate VT, moderate SHGC, argon

0.24

0.29

0.52 Thermally-broken

0.85

0.39

0.27

0.43

F

2

Lowe-E, low VT, low SHGC, argon

0.25

0.24

0.37 Thermally-broken

0.85

0.39

0.23

0.30

G

2

Low-E, high VT, moderate SHGC, argon

0.24

0.38

0.70 Thermally-broken

0.85

0.39

0.35

0.57

H

2

Lowe-E, high VT, low SHGC, argon

0.24

0.27

0.64 Thermally-broken

0.85

0.38

0.26

0.52

I

3

Low-E, high VT, moderate SHGC, argon

0.13

0.32

0.60

Highperformance

0.35

0.22

0.28

0.49

J

3

Lowe-E, low VT, low SHGC, argon

0.12

0.21

0.34

Highperformance

0.35

0.21

0.19

0.28

K

1

Clear, applied film

0.99

0.48

0.60

Non-thermal

1.10

0.97

0.44

0.50

L

2

Clear, applied film

0.47

0.55

0.54 Thermally-broken

0.85

0.55

0.48

0.44

*Glazing system performance information was generated using WINDOW6. **Whole window properties are based on an NFRC standard test size (1200mm x 1500mm) and simulated in WINDOW6 with frame specified per each glazing system.

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

21

Performance Outcomes (Outputs)

The Façade Design Tool provides performance results for annual energy, peak demand, and carbon emissions. The tool also provides the human-centered results for daylight, glare, and thermal comfort.

Annual Energy

In the Façade Design Tool all annual energy performance data are given as energy use per perimeter zone floor area and is reported as source energy in Btu/sf-year. Annual energy is determined from heating, cooling, fans, and lighting. Equipment loads are not included. The site-source factor that was used is 3.14 as defined in the 2010 Buildings Energy Data Book. The site-to-source multiplier determines whether energy use results are displayed in terms of site or source energy. Site energy is energy used by the building on site (as measured at the meter), while source energy is a measure that accounts for energy consumed on site as well as the energy consumed during the storage, transport and delivery of the fuel to the building. Source energy is a better indicator of building environmental impact.

Peak Electric Demand

Peak electricity demand is the greatest amount of electricity required at one point in time during the year. A higher peak demand reflects both the likelihood of higher utility demand charges as well as the need for larger mechanical equipment. In the Façade Design Tool peak electric demand data are given for the peak condition that occurs in each perimeter zone and are non-coincident with the whole building’s peak condition. Peak demand data includes electricity end uses from cooling, fans, and lighting. Equipment loads are included.

Carbon

The total CO2impact was determined by adding electricity and gas emissions. The CO2 electricity and gas factors are set in COMFEN’s Locations Library. The CO2Electricity Factor is multiplied by the electric energy consumption to calculate the pounds of CO2 emitted due to electricity use (lbs/kWh). The values for the electricity factor were found at: www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/documents/ egridzips/eGRID2010V1_1_year07_SummaryTables.pdf. The CO2 gas factor is multiplied by the gas energy consumption to calculate the pounds of CO2 emitted due to gas use (lbs/kBtu). The value for the gas factor is 0.12 lb/Btu for all locations and was determined from a national average found at: www.eia.doe. gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html.

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

22

Daylight Illuminance

The daylight illuminance set point is 50 footcandles. The design of a window and choice of glazing can dramatically affect the quantity and quality of daylight in a space and how it is experienced. Most visual tasks require from 30–70 footcandles. Larger windows with low-transmission glass can have the same average daylight illuminance as small windows with high-transmission glass. South-facing windows generally have higher daylight levels than north-, east-, and west-facing windows because of direct sun. Note that higher daylight levels due to direct sun may also result in unwanted glare. Zone Depth:

A primary daylight zone depth is calculated as the minimum of a) the room depth, b) 1.5 times the facade wall height, and c) 15 feet. Sensor # 1: Daylight sensor #1 is positioned 2/3 of the primary daylight zone depth from facade wall, centered in the width of the facade zone. Sensor #1 controls a fraction of the facade zone lights equal to the primary daylight zone depth divided by the facade zone depth. Any remaining depth in the facade zone is considered a secondary daylight Sensor # 2: zone. Reference Point #2 is positioned halfway between the primary daylight zone depth and the “back wall.” Sensor #2, if used, controls the remaining fraction of lights. Sensor height: The daylight sensors are located 2.5 feet above the floor of each daylight zone

Sensor # 2 Centered in the zone

Daylighting Zone # 2 depth –total depth minus the Zone # 1 depth.

+

Sensor # 1 Centered between the left and right walls

+ Positioned 2/3 of zone depth from front of facade

Daylighting Zone # 1 depth – the minimum of a) the room depth, b) 1.5 times the facade wall height, and c) 15 feet.

Front of facade

Similar to the Weighted Glare Index, the average annual Daylight Illuminance level does not reveal severe conditions that may occur at a specific time or day throughout the year. The Daylight Illuminance value varies considerably depending on orientation, the presence of shading devices, and other properties and design conditions

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

23

Glare

The Weighted Glare Index is calculated for a person facing the side wall. This glare index is based on a subjective response to brightness within one’s field of view. A lower index is better. Anything under 22 is acceptable for glare. A glare index under 7 denotes imperceptible glare. A glare index between 7 and 22 is perceptible, yet acceptable glare. A glare index above 22 is uncomfortable.

0-7

Imperceptible Glare

7-10

Just Perceptible Glare

10-16

Just Acceptable Glare

22+

Uncomfortable Glare

Zone Depth:

A primary daylight zone depth is calculated as the minimum of a) the room depth, b) 1.5 times the facade wall height, and c) 15 feet. Sensor # 1: Daylight sensor #1 is positioned 2/3 of the primary daylight zone depth from facade wall, centered in the width of the facade zone. Sensor #1 controls a fraction of the facade zone lights equal to the primary daylight zone depth divided by the facade zone depth. Sensor # 2: Any remaining depth in the facade zone is considered a secondary daylight zone. Reference Point #2 is positioned halfway between the primary daylight zone depth and the “back wall.” Sensor #2, if used, controls the remaining fraction of lights. Sensor height: The daylight sensors are located 2.5 feet above the floor of each daylight zone

Sensor # 2 Centered in the zone

Daylighting Zone # 2 depth –total depth minus the Zone # 1 depth.

+

Sensor # 1 Centered between the left and right walls

+ Positioned 2/3 of zone depth from front of facade

Daylighting Zone # 1 depth – the minimum of a) the room depth, b) 1.5 times the facade wall height, and c) 15 feet.

Front of facade

Similar to Daylight Illuminance, the average annual Weighted Glare Index does not reveal severe glare problems that may occur at a specific time or day throughout the year. Because an annual average may be misleading, a weighted glare index was developed to emphasize the fairly infrequent periods of perceptible or uncomfortable glare that may occur. The Weighted Glare Index varies considerably depending on orientation, the presence of shading devices, and other properties and design conditions. Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

24

Thermal Comfort

COMFEN uses the Fanger method as implemented in EnergyPlus for thermal comfort calculations that takes into account all major modes of energy losses from the human body at a steady state condition. PPD is a quantitative measure of the thermal comfort of a group of people at a particular thermal environment. Fanger related the PPD to the PMV (Predicted Mean Vote), using the following formula: PPD = 100.0 - 95.0e(-0.03353*PMV

4 - 0.2179*PMV2)

where: PMV = (0.303e-0.036*M +0.028) * L M = metabolic rate L = thermal load defined as the difference between the internal heat production and the heat loss to the actual environment for a person hypothetically kept at comfort values of skin temperature and evaporative heat loss by sweating at the actual activity level.

The “Zone Averaged” method was used to calculate MRT (Mean Radiant Temperature) in the thermal comfort calculation. MRT is a measure of the combined effects of temperatures of surfaces within the space. Specifically it is the surface area * emissivity weighted average of the zone inside surface temperatures, where emissivity is the Thermal Absorptance of the inside material layer of each surface. EnergyPlus reports predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD). COMFEN and the Façade Design Tool reports predicted percentage satisfied (PPS), which is 100-PPD.

Façade Design Tool User’s Guide © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Center for Sustainable Building Research

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