extension and reinforcement 6º richmond

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Reinforcement and extension Science, Geography and History

6

Primary

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Contents Reinforcement Worksheets Worksheet 1 Ecosystems Worksheet 2 Relationships between living things Worksheet 3 Environmental problems and protection Worksheet 4 The musculoskeletal system Worksheet 5 The nervous system and internal coordination Worksheet 6 Sexual characteristics Worksheet 7 Fertilisation, pregnancy, labour and the newborn Worksheet 8 Energy Worksheet 9 Light and sound Worksheet 10 Electricity and electrical circuits Worksheet 11 Magnets and magnetism Worksheet 12 Electricity Worksheet 13 Forces Worksheet 14 Inside a machine Worksheet 15 Movements of the Earth and Moon Worksheet 16 The Solar System

Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Landscape and coasts Rivers and climates Population and economy Political organisation Landscape and rivers: Europe Climate and vegetation: Europe The European Union Prehistory Antiquity The Visigoths Al Andalus The Christian Kingdoms The Spanish Empire The fragmentation of the Spanish Empire Worksheet 31 The nineteenth century Worksheet 32 The twentieth century Worksheet 33 Recent decades

Extension Worksheets Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet

1 2 3 4 5

.................. .................. .................. .................. ..................

36 38 40 42 44

Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet

6 7 8 9 10

............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

46 48 50 52 54

Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet Worksheet

11 12 13 14

............... ............... ............... ...............

56 58 60 62

Santillana

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The Reinforcement and extension Worksheets for Science, Geography and History, New Science, for Year 6 of Primary Education is a collective work, created, written and developed in the Primary Education department at Santillana Educación, S.L. under the supervision of JOSÉ LUIS ALZU GOÑI. Ilustrations: Domingo Benito, Nacho Gómez and José Santos. Content Editor: Ana Sánchez-Ramal English Language Specialist: Jeannette West English Language Editors: Mady Musiol. Editorial Coordination: Michele C. Guerrini

© 2006 by Richmond Publishing 4 Kings Street Cloisters Albion Place London W6 0QT © 2006 by Santillana Educación, S.L. Torrelaguna, 60, 28043 Madrid Richmond Publishing is an imprint of Santillana Educación, S.L.

CP: 887014 Depósito legal:

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.

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Worksheet

1

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

Ecosystems have two components: living things and their phisical environment. The environment affects living things, and living things can change their environment. There are different ecosystems on Earth. Ecosystems can be terrestrial or aquatic.

1. Complete the chart.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

animals

bacteria

climate

fungi

light

plants

soil

water

Ecosystem

Environment

Living things

2. Match the two columns. Living things in the desert need very little water. The environment affects living things. Living things can affect their environment.

Beavers can build dams and change the course of a river. Animals at the South Pole live in very cold temperatures. Only plants with small roots can grow in rocky soil. Plant roots can break down rocks.

■ Ecosystems

3

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Worksheet

2

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

Based on how they obtain food, living things are divided into producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and decomposers. Living things feed on other living things. Relationships among living things can be represented by food chains. Other relationships among living things are parasitism, mutualism and competition.

1. Complete the sentences.

• •

feed on producers.

•

feed on primary consumers.

•

feed on the remains of other living things.

2. Label the food chain. secondary consumer grass

producer

primary consumer

gazelle

lion ▲

▲

3. Match the two columns. One species benefits; the other is harmed.

Mutualism

Two species benefit.

Parasitism

All species are harmed. 4

■ Relationships between living things

Competition

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

make their own food.

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Worksheet

3

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

The environment is all the circunstances, living things and habitats with a living thing interacts. The environment is threatened by problems such as pollution, global warming and species extinction. Human beings can protect the environment by declaring species endangered, creating wildlife preserves and fighting pollution.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

1. Match the two columns. Air pollution

Insecticides used in agriculture.

Soil pollution

Smoke from factories and vehicles.

Water pollution

Urban and industrial waste.

2. Complete the sentences. carbon dioxide reproduce in captivity

extinction Sun

Kyoto Protocol temperature

• The amount of

wind

in the atmosphere

has increased in recent decades. Scientists believe that the Earth’s is increasing because the atmosphere contains too many of these gases.

• The disappearance of a species of living things is called

.

• Endangered species can be kept in special places so they can .

• Examples of non-polluting sources of energy include the and

• The

. is an international treaty in which countries

promise to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide they release into the atmosphere. ■ Environmental problems and environmental protection

5

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Worksheet

4

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

The musculoskeletal system is made up of the skeleton and the muscular system. Both systems work together to make the body move.

• The skeleton is made up of all the bones and cartilage in the body. Bones are joined at the joints.

• The muscular system is made up of muscles, which contract and relax.

• The skull is a

joint because .

• The knee is a

joint because .

• The joints between the vertebrae are

, joint because .

2. Circle the correct option. Then complete the sentences.

A

biceps

B

biceps triceps

triceps

The arm bends.

• The arm bends / straightens. The biceps contract / relax and the triceps contract / relax. Two m

• The arm bends / straightens. The biceps contract / relax and the triceps contract / relax.

are involved in each movement.

These muscles are called a When one muscle r 6

The arm staightens.

■ The musculoskeletal system

because they work in opposite directions. , the other contracts.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

1. Use fixed, movable or gliding to complete the sentences. Then explain.

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Worksheet

5

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

The nervous system is responsible for sending and receiving information. The nervous system has two parts:

• The central nervous system is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain has three parts: the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brain stem.

• The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves.

1. Complete the word map. © 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

Nervous system

nervous system

periférico

spinal cord

cerebellum 2. Match the two columns.

Involuntary muscles

The pancreas produces insulin.

They move food in the digestive tract.

The endocrine system

3. Complete the sentence.

• The endocrine system is made up of several g called h

which secrete substances

.

■ The nervous system and internal coordination

7

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Worksheet

6

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

Primary sexual characteristics refer to the reproductive system. Secondary sexual characteristics differentiate men and women. Puberty is the stage when reproductive systems mature and secondary sexual characteristics appear.

1. Label the drawings.

u

o • • •

F

t

• •

v

v

Male reproductive system

p

u •

s

v •

t 8

■ Sexual characteristics

•

• •

p

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

Female reproductive system

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7

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

Egg cells are the female sex cells. Sperm are the male sex cells. Fertilisation occurs when an egg cell and a sperm cell unite and produce a cell called a zygote. The zygote divides again and again and finally becomes an embryo and then a foetus. Birth occurs when the foetus leaves the mother's uterus. The process of giving birth is called labour. There are three stages of labour: dilation, birth and afterbirth.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

1. Use the words to complete the definitions. breasts nutrients

egg female fertilisation male nine oxygen placenta pregnancy sperm

• Sperm: • Egg:

sex cell. sex cell.

• Fertilisation: the union of

and

cells.

• Zygote: the first cell of a new human being; it is produced after • Uterus: the place where a baby develops during • Placenta: an organ that provides

. .

and

to the embryo.

• Umbilical cord: a tube which connects the embryo and the • Birth: when the baby leaves the mother’s uterus after • Milk: liquid nutrient produced in the mammary glands or

. months of pregnancy. .

2. Put the stages of labour in order. Write 1, 2, or 3. Birth. The baby is born through the dilated vagina. Afterbirth. The placenta is expelled. Dilation. The outer opening of the uterus dilates.

■ Fertilisation and pregnancy; birth and newborn babies

9

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8

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

Energy produces all the changes around us. We obtain energy from different sources. Sources of energy can be non-renewable or renewable, depending on whether they are consumed or not whenthey are used. There are different types of energy: mechanical, chemical, thermal, electrical, nuclear and light. Energy can be transformed.

1. Complete the sentences.

• Oil and coal are non-renewable sources of energy because

2. Find six types of energy in the puzzle. Then write the names.

•T •E 10 ■ Energy

E

M

R

L

P

C

E

N

E

M

T

R

T

Q

U

O

H

E

D

B

E

H

S

T

H

M

E

E

U

U

D

C

E

N

A

D

I

R

M

S

E

A

H

R

U

N

H

N

R

I

N

I

A

A

M

C

A

I

L

R

C

F

A

C

N

A

L

I

G

H

T

A

A

N

D

I

L

E

A

U

A

M

L

S

N

E

C

O

A

E

L

E

C

T

R

I

C

A

L

R

B

S

T

G

A

Y

L

M

L

A

•M •C

•L •N

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

• Firewood, sunlight and wind are renewable sources of energy because

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9

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

Light is a form of energy which travels in all directions but always in a straight line. Light is reflected by objects. Sound is a form of mechanical energy. The properties of sound are: intensity, tone and pitch.

1. Complete the sentences with the words in the drawings.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

Source

Object Observer

• Light from the • The reflected light enables the

hits the

and is reflected. to see things.

2. Tick ✓ the true sentence. Sound is a special form of light energy. Sound is a form of thermal energy. Sound is a form of mechanical energy.

3. Complete the definitions of the properties of sound.

• The quality that makes it possible to differentiate loud sounds from soft ones is called

.

• The quality that makes it possible to differentiate high notes from low notes is called

.

• The quality that makes it possible to identify the source of sound is called . ■ Light and sound

11

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Worksheet

10

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

An electrical current is the movement of electrical charges along a conductor. Conductors are materials that electrical current can easily flow through. Insulators are materials that electrical current cannot easily flow through. An electrical circuit is made of a generator, conductors, a switch, and one or more receivers.

1. Complete the crossword.

19

3

w

29 49

79

59 89

1. All objects have electrical c

.

2. Electrical charges can be positive or n 3. An object is n charges.

.

if it has the same number of positive and negative

4. An object is electrically c when the number of positive charges is different from the number of negative charges. 5. The flow of electrical charges is called electrical c . 6. Electrical current flows easily through c 7. Electrical current cannot flow easily through a 8. The g

. .

provides the electricity to an electrical circuit.

12 ■ Electricity and electrical circuits

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

6

w

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11

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

A magnet is an object that can attract metal objects made of iron, steel, nickel and some other materials. Magnetism is the power of magnets and magnetic objetcts to attract things. The poles are the parts of the magnet which most attract nearby metal objects. Each pole has a name: north or south. Magnets are used, for example, in compasses, in electric motors and at power stations.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

1. Read the text. Write N or S to identify the poles. If two magnets are put together, opposite poles attract, but equal poles repel. attract

repel

➧➧

N

N

➧➧

S

repel

attract

➧➧

➧➧

2. Match the two columns. Plane or train ticket Magnetic strips They store information but not as much as magnetic mediums. ..

Compass

Computer hard disk Magnetic mediums They store a lot of information • in a very small space.

Purse fastener

Credit cards Magnets They attract metallic objects. Memory cards for digital cameras ■ Magnets and magnetism

13

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Worksheet

12

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

Magnets can create electrical current. Dynamos are made up of a coil and a magnet, which can generate electricity. The electricity generated at power stations is transmitted through power lines to homes, industries and offices where it is used.

• A dynamo is made up of a

and a coil.

• Together they can generate

.

2. Order the sentences to explain the drawing. Write 1, 2, 3 or 4. The movement of the turbine is transmitted to the generator.

4 1

The water moves the blades of the turbine.

3 2

Water flows down the wastepipe from the reservoir.

The generator contains large magnets and coils. The generator produces electricity.

3. Write what a dynamo and a power station generator have in common.

14 ■ Electricity

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

1. Complete the sentences.

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Worksheet

13

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

Forces are actions which can distort bodies and change the state of motion. Forces can affect the movement of an object. They can make something move, stop a moving body, change the direction, increase the speed or reduce the speed.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

1. Match the pictures with a sentence.

The force causes

• distortion.

• There is no force.

The force changes the

• state of motion.

2. Why does a moving ball gradually lose speed and then stop on a flat floor? Tick ✓ the correct sentence. We have stopped exerting a force on it. The force of friction with the floor slows it down. Electrical force repels it. ■ Forces

15

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Worksheet

14

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

Machines use the action of a force or transform one type of energy into another. We use machines to do work and save time and effort. Machines can be classified by the number of pieces, by how they work and by what they do. The parts of a machine are casing, structure, operating parts, mechanisms, motors and engines, and electrical and electronic circuits.

1. Complete the table to classify the machines. mechanical wind

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

complex electricity fuel human energy process information simple thermal By the number of pieces s

c By how they work

h

w

e f

e By what they do p

m

t

i

2. Label the drawing. mechanism

structure

casing •

• •

16 ■ Inside a machine

•

engine

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15

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

The Earth rotates on its axis. This movement is called rotation. The Earth also revolves around the Sun. The Moon is a satellite which revolves around the Earth. Night and day are caused by the Earth's rotation. The seasons are caused by the Earth's orbit around the Sun and its tilted axis. The phases of the Moon are caused by the Moon’s orbit around the Earth.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

1. Match the three columns and write complete sentences. The Earth rotates on its axis.

in a movement called rotation

which results in the seasons.

The Moon revolves around the Earth.

in a movement called an orbit

which causes the sequence of night and day.

The Earth revolves around the Sun.

in 27.3 days

which causes the phases of the Moon.

• • •

2. Read the text. Then write summer or winter. It is summer in the hemisphere which receives more sunlight. It is winter in the hemisphere which receives less sunlight.

Sunlight

■ The Earth and the Moon: movements

17

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16

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

The Solar System is made up of the Sun and all the celestial bodies that revolve around it: the planets and their satellites, asteroids and comets. Galaxies are enormous groups of stars, gases and dust. Our Solar System is at the outer edge of a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way.

1. Complete the crossword with the names of the planets. Then write the numbers on the picture. 5

8

w Earth

79

Venus

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

Sun

w

1

29

Jupiter 49

w

Neptune 6

w Mercury

39

Mars Saturn Uranus

2. Complete the text. The Earth and eight other planets are part of the These revolve round the Sun; some of them have dozens of Thousands of belongs to a 18 ■ The Solar System

.

and comets also revolve around the Sun. The Solar System called the .

.

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17

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

The landscape of Spain consists of the Central Plateau, the mountains which surround the plateau, the mountains beyond the plateau, the Ebro and Guadalquivir river basins, and the Balearic and Canary Islands. The Spanish coast is divided into the Cantabrian, Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. The Cantabrian coast is high and rocky; the Mediterranean coast has low, sandy beaches; and the Atlantic coast is divided into three parts: the Galician, Andalusian and Canary Island coasts.

1. Label the map. Write 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

ICO

ÁNT

ATL

1 Pyrenees 2 Cantabrian Range 3 Iberian Mountain Chain 4 Central Mountain Chain 5 Morena Range

OCÉANO

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

Mar Cantábrico

6 Betic Chain M a r

OCÉANO ATLÁNTICO

t e d i e M

r r

á

n

e

o

2. Complete the chart. Types of coast

C is high and rocky.

M

A

has

is divided into three parts. .

Galician ■ Landscape and coasts

19

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18

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

The rivers in Spain belong to three watersheds: Cantabrian, Atlantic and Mediterranean. Spain has four types of climate: the Atlantic climate on the Cantabrian coast and Galicia; the Mediterranean climate found in most of Spain; the subtropical climate in the Canary Islands; and the mountain climate in the high mountain ranges and chains.

1. Look at the map and complete the sentences.

Na

Mar Cantábrico

ló n

Mediterranean watershed because it

• The river Nalon belongs to the

ro

TICO

Sea.

ATLÁN

flows into the

Eb

Tajo

OCÉANO

Cantabrian watershed because it flows into the Sea (Bay of Biscay).

Me

t

án

eo

Mar

• The river Tajo belongs to the Atlantic watershed because it flows into the

di

r er

OCÉANO ATLÁNTICO

Ocean.

2. Complete the sentences.

• The

climate, characteristic of the Cantabrian coast and Galicia,

has mild temperatures and abundant precipitation all year.

• The

climate, characteristic of the Canary Islands,

has mild temperatures all year round and low precipitation.

• The

climate has three types: continental, dry and typical.

• The

climate, characteristic of the highest mountain

ranges and chains, has very cold winters and mild summers with abundant precipitation. 20 ■ Rivers and climate

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

• The river Ebro belongs to the

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19

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

The natural increase of the population in Spain is positive because the birth rate is higher than the death rate. The population density is low, and the population is not evenly distributed. More than half of the active population in Spain works in the tertiary sector; almost one third works in the secondary sector; and very few people work in the primary sector.

1. Look at the map and tick ✓ the true sentences.

The most populated areas are on the coast. In general, inland Spain is not very populated. The Community of Madrid has a high population density.

OCEAN

The Spanish population is distributed evenly.

A TL AN T I C

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

Bay of Biscay

Me

ATLANTIC OCEAN

di

t

r er

an

e

an

se

a

Population by Province More than 1,000,000 inhabitants 500,000 - 1,000,000 inhabitants Less than 500,000 inhabitants

2. Look at the pie chart and complete the sentences.

• The majority of the active population in Spain works in the • The smallest number of people work in the

sector. sector.

• About one third of the active population in Spain works in the sector. 5%

32 %

ACTIVE POPULATION 63 %

Primary sector Secondary sector Tertiary sector

■ Population and economy

21

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20

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

The form of government in Spain is a parliamentary monarchy. The Constitution is the most important law in Spain. The principal political institutions of Spain are the parliament Las Cortes, which creates and approves the laws and controls the government; the government, which governs the country; and the Courts of Justice, which are responsible for ensuring that laws are obeyed. 1. Tick ✓ the correct option.

• Spain is a parliamentary monarchy. In this type of government ... … the king makes political decisions without the parliament. … the king is head of state but does not make political decisions.

… defines the rights and duties of citizens. … includes the laws approved by the government.

2. Complete the word map. Political institutions P

G

is made up of C

C is made up of President

of the Senate

M

of J is made up of J Magistrates

3. Match the two columns. The parliament

The government

The Courts of Justice 22 ■ Political organisation

… governs the country in accordance with laws approved by Parliament. … are responsible for ensuring that laws are obeyed. … creates and approves laws and controls the government.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

• The Spanish Constitution ...

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21

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

The European landscape is made up of a large central plain, high mountain chains bordering the Mediterranean Sea in the south, and lower mountain chains in the north. European rivers belong to five watersheds: Artic, Atlantic, Mediterranean, Black Sea, Caspian Sea.

1. Label the mountains. Balkans Carpathian Mountains Scandanavian mountains

The A

Pyrenees

C M

ARCTIC OCEAN

OC

EA

N

•

•

TIC

ATLAN

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

The Alps

Caspian Sea

• Black Sea

•

•

B

P

M e d i t e r r a n e a n

S e a

2. Colour one river in each watershed according to the key. Watersheds: orange

Atlantic: blue

Black Sea: yellow

Arctic: green

Mediterranean: red

Caspian Sea: black

■ Landscape and rivers: Europe

23

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22

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

Most of Europe is located in the temperate zone. There are three types of climates: Atlantic, Continental and Mediterranean. The mountain climate can be found on the peaks in large mountain chains, and the subtropical climate is found in the Canary Islands. Each climate has characteristic vegetation.

1. Complete the sentences. Tick ✓ the correct option.

• The Mediterranean climate is

Mediterranean climate

found in …

Atlantic climate

… southern Europe.

Polar climate Mountain climate

C O C

EA

N

… central and eastern Europe.

LA

n pia

Se

AT

… on the peaks of mountain

Cas

… in central and eastern Europe.

NTI

• The Continental climate is found …

Subtropical climate North Sea

chains.

• The Atlantic climate is found in … southern Europe.

Black Sea

M e d i t

e

western Europe.

r r a n e a n

S e a

2. Match the two columns. Tundra Mediterranean climate Continental climate Atlantic climate Polar climate

Holm oak Beech Prairies

Mountain climate Taiga 24 ■ Climate and vegetation: Europe

a

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

Continental climate

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23

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

The European Union (EU) is an organisation made up of twenty-five countries to promote the political and economic union of its member states. The principal institutions of the European Union are: The Council of the European Union, The European Parliament, The European Commission, The Court of Justice.

N

IC O CE A

North Sea

Ca i sp

ANT

an

se a

Black sea

ATL

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

1. Write the numbers of the European Union members on the map.

M e d i t e r r

a

n e a n

s e a

1 Spain

8 Czech Republic

15 Finland

22 Slovenia

2 Portugal

9 Slovakia

16 Latvia

23 Sweden

3 France

10 Austria

17 Lithuania

24 Dermark

4 United Kingdom

11 Germany

18 Estonia

25 Hungry

5 Ireland

12 Netherlands

19 Greece

6 Belgium

13 Italy

20 Cyprus

7 Luxembourg

14 Poland

21 Malta

■ The European Union

25

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24

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

Prehistory is divided into three periods: Palaeolithic, Neolithic and Age of Metals. In the Palaeolithic, human beings were nomads. In the Neolithic they became sedentary. In the Age of Metals they built the first villages. In Prehistory there were important discoveries, such as fire, pottery and cloth, and human beings created the first art forms.

1. Look at the picture of a Neolithic settlement and complete the text.

to cultivate p a

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

In the Neolithic, human beings learned and domesticate . The the first s

.

People were organised into groups larger than clans called t

, and each member

had a specific job such as cultivating the l

, caring fon the a

and making t

or w

.

2. Complete the table. Tick ✓. Palaeolithic

Neolithic

Age of Metals

They made objects from metal. They were nomads and lived in caves or huts. They cultivated plants and domesticated animals.

3. Find three important discoveries made in prehistoric times.

26 ■ Prehistory

B A N D U S

L R I E P E

C F C F O R

O I X R T R

G R F U T O

H E O B E I

M O H M R A

K P A L Y S

E Z U A A B

C L O T H O

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Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

Three thousand years ago, the peninsula was inhabited by the Iberians and Celts. In this same period, there was a kingdom called Tartessus. Later came the colonising civilisations: Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians. In the year 218 B.C. the Romans conquered the Iberian Peninsula and named it Hispania. The Romans settled in the peninsula and carried out a process called Romanisation in which the inhabitants adopted the language and customs of Rome.

A The Phoenicians founded colonies on the southern coast.

1

B The Romans conquered the Iberian Peninsula.

2

C The Greeks arrived on the peninsula.

3

▼ ▼ ▼

D The Iberians and the Celts inhabited the peninsula.

4

▼

E The Carthaginians arrived on the peninsula.

5

▼

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

1. Order the events. Write A, B, C, D or E. D

2. Circle the correct option about Hispania. In the year 218 A.D. the Romans defeated the

Phoenicians / Carthaginians and conquered the Iberian Peninsula. However, the civilisations in the

interior / Mediterranean, west and north resisted. The conquest was complete in the year 19 B.C. The Romans named the peninsula

Tartessus / Hispania and made it part of the Roman Empire. Over time, the inhabitants adopted Roman customs and language. This process was called

Romanisation /

Reconquest. ■ La Edad Antigua

27

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26

Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

In the 5th century the Visigoth kingdom replaced Roman Hispania. The Visigoths divided the peninsula into dukedoms governed by dukes. Important Visigoth kings:

• • • •

Leovigild: moved the capital to Toledo Reccared: converted to Catholicism Recceswinth: unified the laws of the kingdom Roderic: the last Visigoth king

1. Look at the map and tick ✓ the true sentences. Bay of Biscay ASTURS

CANTABRIANS

VASCONS

The Visigoths’ last conquests were lands in the south. The Canary Islands were part of the Visigoth kingdom.

ATLANTIC

the capital of their kingdom.

OCEAN

The Visigoths made Toledo Toledo

a Se

n ea an r r te Medi

Invasion route: visigoths Visigoth kingdom of Toledo First Visigoth conquests Last Visigoth conquests

2. Match the two columns. Leovigild Reccared Recceswinth Roderic 28 ■ Los visigodos

… was defeated by Muslim troops. … moved the capital to Toledo. … converted to Catholicism. … unified the laws of the kingdom.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

The Visigothic kingdom lasted until the year 711 A.D. when Muslim troops invaded the peninsula.

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Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

A small force of Muslims invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 711 A.D. The territory occupied by the Muslims was called Al Andalus. First, Al Andalus was an emirate. Later, it became a caliphate. Finally, it was divided into small independent kingdoms called taifas. The last taifa was the Kingdom of Granada, which was conquered in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs.

1. Complete the timeline.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

caliphate

756

emirate

929

taifas

1031

1492

2. Complete the sentences about Al Andalus.

• Al Andalus was occupied by the Muslims

Santiago

Pamplona

Leon

between the years

Burgos

Zamora

and

Zaragoza

.

Guadalajara Toledo Lisboa

Valencia

Cáceres

• In 756 A.D., Abd ar-Rahmman I established Al Andalus as an e

Cordoba Sevile

Granada

.

Mediterranean Sea

• Abd ar-Rahmman III changed Al Andalus

ATLANTIC OCEAN Christian kingdoms territories Caliphate territories Expeditions by Abd ar-Rahman III

to a c

.

• In 1031, Al Andalus was divided into i

k

called t

.

• In 1212, the Muslims were defeated at the Battle of Las N de T

.

• In 1492, the Catholic Monarch conquered the K G ■ Al-Andalus.

of . 29

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Date

Remember

When the Muslims invaded the Peninsula, small Christian Kingdoms were formed in the north. They defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Covadonga in 722. The new kingdoms were the Kingdom of Asturias, and later the Kingdom of Leon and the Kingdom of Castile; the Catalan Counties and the Kingdom of Navarre.

A The Crown of Aragon was formed.

1

B The Crowns of Aragon and Castile were united.

2

C Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa.

3

D Battle of Covadonga.

4

E The Crown of Castile was formed.

5

722

1137

1212

1230

▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼

1. Order the events and write A, B, C, D or E. Then write the letters on the timeline.

1492

2. Tick ✓ the kingdom. Kingdom of Asturias It conquered the Canary Islands. It was the first Christian Kingdom. It was formed when the Catalan Counties and the Kingdom of Aragon united. It was created by Pelayo's successors. It conquered territories in Italy and Greece.

30 ■ The Christian kingdoms

Crown of Aragon

Crown of Castile

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

Over time, the Christian Kingdoms expanded their territory and formed the Crown of Castile and Crown of Aragon. In 1212 the Christians defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, which resulted in the end of Muslim occupation.

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Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

The Catholic Monarchs, Charles I and Philip II ruled over a great empire: the Iberian Peninsula, the Canary and Balearic Islands, a large part of the American continent and some parts of Europe, Asia and northern Africa. During the 16th century, there were some popular revolts on the peninsula, and the monarchs faced serious problems outside of Spain.

1. Order the kings. Then place them on the timeline.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

Philip II

Catholic Monarchs

Charles I

1 2 3 Reign of

Reign of

1516

Reign of

1556

1598

2. Tick ✓ the reign. Reign of the Catholic Monarchs

Reign of Charles I

Reign of Philip II

Battle of Lepanto Battles against Lutherans Conquest of the Canary Islands The Netherlands rebelled Columbus’ expedition to America Revolt in cities of Castile ■ The Spanish Empire

31

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Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

In the 17th century, the kings chose court favourites to help them govern; revolts of protest broke out in Catalonia and Portugal, and the Netherlands declared its independence from Spain. In the 18th century, after the War of Succession, the Bourbons ascended the Spanish throne. The new dynasty replaced court favourites with secretaries of state and carried out many reforms.

1. Complete the crossword. began in 1700

after Charles II died. 4

2 The first Bourbons established a new form of government: an a

19

monarchy.

3 The New Regime D

, written by Philip V, abolished local laws and institutions of the territories of the Crown of Aragon.

4 In the 18th century, secretaries

w

29 39

of s replaced the king’s favourites and helped the king to carry out government activities. 2. Tick ✓ the correct option.

• In the 17th century, court favourites tried to ... … increase the power of the king. … lessen the power of the king.

• After the War of Succession, ... … the Bourbon dynasty ascended the Spanish throne. … the Duke of Lerma was named court favourite.

• In the 18th century the kings replaced the ... … court favourites with secretaries of state. … secretaries of state with court favourites.

• Among the reforms introduced by the Bourbons in the 18th century were ... … the creation of royal factories and trading companies. … the appointment of court favourites. 32 ■ Fragmentation of the Spanish Empire

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

1 The War of S

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Reinforcement

Name

Date

Remember

• The reign of Ferdinand VII began after the War of Independence. Ferdinand abolished the Constitution of 1812 and persecuted the liberals. When he died, Isabel II ascended the throne and faced numerous political changes, such as the proclamation of the First Republic in 1873.

• In 1874 the monarchy was restored and Alfonso XII was proclaimed king. In 1923, during the reign of his successor Alfonso XIII, General Primo de Rivera established a dictatorship, which lasted until 1930.

A Reign of Alfonso XII

1

B Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera

2

C War of Independence

3

D Reign of Isabel II

4

E First Republic

5

F Reign of Fernando VII

6

▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

1. Order the events. Write A, B, C, D, E or F.

2. Match the two columns. Then complete the timeline with the events. 1816

The Constitution of Cadiz was approved.

1874

The dictatorship of Primo de Rivera began.

1923

The War of Independence began.

1808

Argentina won its independence.

1812

The reign of Alfonso XII began.

1812

1808

1816

1814 Reign of Ferdinand VII

■ The 19th century

1874

1833 Reign of Isabel II

1923

1930 The dictatorship of Primo de Rivera ended.

33

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Name

Date

Remember

In 1931 the Second Republic was proclaimed. During this period, numerous reforms were carried out, and many social and political conflicts existed. General Francisco Franco’s coup d’etat in 1936 marked the beginning of the Civil War. The Republicans supported the Republic, and the Nationalists supported Franco. After the Civil War, which ended in 1939, the dictatorship of General Franco began. The dictatorship lasted until 1975.

During the Second Republic, the Constitution gave women the right to vote for the first time.

The Republicans won the Civil War.

During Franco’s dictatorship, there were various political parties and labour unions.

Supporters of the monarchy won the elections in 1931.

Franco controlled all the powers of the State during the dictatorship.

2. Complete the table with the correct dates. It began in … Second Republic The Civil War Franco’s dictatorship 34 ■ The twentieth century

It ended in …

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

1. Tick ✓ the true sentences. Then correct the ones that are false.

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Name

Date

Remember

After Franco's death in 1975, the transition to democracy began, and Juan Carlos I was proclaimed King of Spain. In 1977 the first democratic elections were held after forty years. One year later the Spanish Constitution was approved. During this period, Spain was organised into Autonomous Communities and joined the European Community.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

In 1982 the Socialist Party (PSOE) won the general elections. In 1996 the Popular Party (PP) won the general elections. In 2004 the PSOE won the general elections again.

1. Write an important event for each year.

• In 1975, • In 1977, • In 1978, • In 1982, • In 1996, • In 2004,

2. Tick ✓ the events which occurred during the transition and democracy. Spain became a member of the European Community. Spain was organised into regions and provinces. Political parties were illegal. The Civil War broke out. The Spanish Constitution was approved. Juan Carlos I was proclaimed King of Spain. Adolfo Suarez legalised all the political parties. ■ Recent decades

35

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1

Extension

Name

Date Bar graphs

A bar graph is a type of chart that uses rectangular bars to represent information that we can compare or follow over a period of time.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

One axis shows the type of information and the other shows the quantity or frequency. The length of each bar is proportional to the number it represents.

trees bushes grasses

1. Answer the questions.

• How many plants are trees? • How many plants are bushes? • How many plants are grasses? • Which plants are most common? • Which are least common? 36

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2. Complete the bar graph with information from the drawing, page 36. 11 10

Number of plants

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

Trees

Bushes

Grasses

3. Use the information about the plants in the Mediterranean forest to complete the bar graph. holm oak: 25 cork oak: 35 pine tree: 15 rosemary: 40 lavender: 20 madrona tree: 15 red lavender: 30 honeysuckle: 10 daisy: 15 fumatory: 20 poppy: 40

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 0

ry er er ak ak ee ee kle e tr osema lavend ona tr lavend eysuc m o cork o pin r hol r d hon red ma

ry sy ato dai fum

py pop

37

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2

Extension

Name

Date

Anatomical drawings

Anatomical drawings are used to present information to study the human body. They illustrate all elements in their proper places.

• •

•

• •

•

• •

• •

1. Label the drawing. lens optic nerve iris 38

pupil eyelashes eyebrow

eyeball lachrymal gland (tear gland) eyelid

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

These drawings consist of a detailed diagram or illustration of an organ. Ovals, rectangles or arrows can be used to label the different parts.

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2. Read the text. Then label the anatomical drawings.

The musculoskeletal system The musculoskeletal system is made up of the skeleton and the muscular system. The skeleton is made up of bones and cartilage. Bones are hard and strong, and cartilage is flexible but very strong too. Cartilage provides flexibility where two bones join together, and covers the ends of bones and joints to protect them and help the body move easily. Some important bones are the vertebrae, femur, ribs, ulna, radius and coccyx. The muscular system is made up of muscles. Muscles are strong and elastic and they work together with the bones. The muscles can carry out involuntary movements, such as the heartbeat and digestion, or voluntary movements, such as walking or eating.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

The gemellus, biceps, pectorals, orbicularis oris (eye muscles), deltoid and trapezius are some important muscles.

• • • • •

• •

• •

•

•

•

39

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3

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Name

Date

Concept maps

A concept map is a type of diagram used to present the most important information about a specific topic, organise it in order of importance and indicate relationships. These maps consist of ovals or rectangles with text inside. General concepts are usually placed at the top of the diagram and more specific ones at the bottom.

• •

• •

The male reproductive system

•

•

• • • • •

1. Use the words to complete the diagrams. ovaries penis vas deferens 40

vagina urethra Fallopian tubes

testicles uterus

•

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

The female reproductive system

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2. Complete the concept map. Reproductive systems

Female

Male

is made up of

is made up of

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

internal organs

external organs

internal organs

external organs

3. Look at the drawing about fertilisation and complete the concept map. The sex cells The process of fertilisation

are called

and

They unite in one of the

and produce a

which later becomes an

41

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4

Extension

Name

Date

Comparing information on graphs

To compare information on graphs, we first extract the information we need. For example, in a bar graph, we look at the height of the bars. Once we have all the information we need, we check whether it is identical or different, if quantities are larger or smaller, and in which sections this occurs, etc.

Jan.Feb.

Mar.Apr.

MayJulyJune Aug. MONTHS

Sep.Oct.

Nov.Dec.

630 585 540 495 450 405 360 315 270 225 180 135 90 45 0

Jan.Feb.

Mar.Apr.

MayJune

JulyAug.

Sep.Oct.

Nov.Dec.

MONTHS

1. Complete the table with information from the bar graphs. Remember that bills are for a two-month period. Abbreviation Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. 42

Months January

Consumption - House A 450 (kWh)

Consumption - House B

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

HOUSE B

Electricity consumption (kWh)

Electricity consumption (kWh)

HOUSE A 630 585 540 495 450 405 360 315 270 225 180 135 90 45 0

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2. Answer the questions.

• In which months is the same amount consumed in the two houses? • In which months is less electricity consumed in House A? • In which months is less electricity consumed in House B? • How much electricity does House A consume in one year?

3. Use the information in the table to complete the bar graph. 630 585

Months

Electricity consumption (kWh)

January February

450

March - April

630

May - June

405

July - August

225

September October November December

540 495 450 Electricity consumption (kWh)

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

• How much electricity does House B consume in one year?

405 360 315 270 225

315 180

495

135 90 45 0

Jan.Feb.

Mar.Apr.

MayJune MONTHS

JulyAug.

Sep.Oct.

Nov.Dec.

43

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5

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Name

Date

Using a compass

A compass is a simple instrument used for showing direction and locating the north and other cardinal points. It consists of a small needle that acts like a magnet and always points towards north because of the Earth’s magnetic field. Aviators, sailors, hunters and campers use compasses when they need to find directions.

N

GN

housing

magnetic needle

▼

AI

▼

pivot

cardinal points

degree scale La Moheda

variation angle

Moraleja 0

4,2 km

Altimetry brown

Porciones Huélaga MAGNETIC DECLINATION

(in metres)

more than 500

orange

400 - 500

yellow

300 - 400

green

▼

Arrago R ive r

Rozacorderos

purple

Roads red

Town

less than 300

magnetic north δ MN

‹— geographic north GN

δ = 2º west

Magnetic declination The Earth is like a huge magnet with two magnetic poles: north and south. The position of these poles is not always the same. It varies slowly over time, and does not always coincide with the geographic poles. If you connect the two geographic poles with an imaginary line, you will see that there is a variation between that line and the line that joins the two magnetic poles. This is called the magnetic declination, δ. You often see a small angle on maps to show this variation and the direction in which it is produced so adjustments can be made on compasses.

44

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

El Fresno

▼

Rive ra

Ga

▼

de

▼

alia ain a Ol S a n tn t a i n c h mou

Borbollon reservoir

ta

▼

NT OU IN M TA CHA GA

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1. Complete the text. cardinal

magnetic

degree

circle

casing

north

A compass is an instrument made up of a

needle mounted

on a pivot which enables the needle to turn

.

The outer

freely

is called the housing. The needle always points

to

. The compass has a

into the degrees of a

scale which is divided

(0 to 360). It also has the

points

marked on it.

• In what direction would you go to travel from Rozacorderos to El Fresno? • And to travel from La Moheda to the Gata Mountain Chain? • What does the arrow in the top right-hand corner of the map represent?

3. Colour this map according to the key and choose the correct answer. Altimetry (altitudes based on the average sea level of the Mediterranean at Alicante) Equidistance between level curves 200 metres. green

less than 800 m

yellow

orange 1,000 - 1,200 m brown

more than 1,200 m

MA ES ER

00

R

Conventional signs: black Railway purple Road

,2

VE

Segovia

GN

C MO ENTR UN TAI AL NC HA IN 1

RI

Moros River

Are reg valo ion

Cantimpalos 0

Santa María la Real 0 80 de Nieves

1, 00

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

2. Look at the map on the previous page and answer.

blue

River

red

Town

800 - 1,000 m MAGNETIC DECLINATION GN Geographic MN north δ Magnetic north δ = 8º west

• Maps usually show the north at the top: that is, the geographic north / the magnetic north. • On all maps, the magnetic declination is the same / different. • The magnetic declination of this map is 8º west. This means that the geographic North Pole is towards the east / the west.

45

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Distinguishing between machines and operating parts

In order to distinguish a machine from an operating part, we should first review the definition for operating part, simple machine and complex machine. Then we should apply the definition to the mechanism we want to analyse, specifically to its structure and how it works. When we analyse a wheel, we should reach this conclusion: a wheel is an operating part because it does work inside a machine but cannot do work by itself.

weight

LEVERS

HELICOPTER

• •

• •

• •

46

•

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

GEARS

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1. Complete. Write an operating part, a simple machine or a complex machine.

• A lever is

.

• Gears are

made up of several gear wheels together.

• Each of the gear wheels is

.

• A helicopter is

.

2. Explain.

• A machine is an object which uses

or transforms

. .

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

• Simple machines are made up of .

• Complex machines are made up of .

• Mechanisms are .

3. Look at the gear wheels on the previous page. Draw arrows to show the direction they will move and the direction the weight will move. Explain. The weight will move up / down because .

4. Use the key to label the points on the levers. Key: fulcrum - F, resistance - R, effort - E

•

• •

• •

•

• •

•

•

5. Label the helicopter, page 46. Write blades, rotor, wheels or landing gear. Indicate what each one is: operating part (op) or mechanism (m). 47

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7

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Name

Date

Interpreting geographical coordinates

Geographical coordinates are imaginary lines used to locate any point on the Earth. These lines are called meridians and parallels.

• Meridians are the halves of the great circles between the two poles. They divide the Earth from north to south. The Prime Meridian at Greenwich is the most important meridian. Meridians are also called lines of longitude.

• Parallels are the complete circles which divide the Earth horizontally. The most important is the Equator, which divides the Earth into two hemispheres, north and south. Parallels are also called lines of latitude.

North Pole north latitude

60°

60°

Equator

40°

south latitude

40°

20° Prime Meridi an

20° 60°

west east longitude longit u

de

30°

0°

30°

60°

0° 0°

Sourth Pole

20°

20°

40°

40°

60°

60° South Pole

1. Look at the two small spheres and answer.

• What are the imaginary lines between the two poles called? • What are the complete circles that go around the Earth horizontally? 48

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

North Pole

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2. Label the large sphere on page 48.

• The Tropic of Cancer is a parallel north of the Equator. • The Tropic of Capricorn is south of the Equator. • The Prime Meridian passes through the city of London. • The Arctic Circle is the parallel furthest north. • The longest parallel is the Equator.

3. Answer the questions.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

• Which is the most important parallel? • Which is the principal meridian? • Where are two meridians further apart, at the poles or at the Equator? • Do two parallels ever meet at any point? • Where do meridians meet? • How many equal parts does the Equator divide the Earth into?

4. Trace over the meridians in blue and the parallels in red. Label the drawing.

•

•

• •

•

49

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Date

Making a vegetation graph.

Vegetation graphs show vegetation in a specific area according to the altitude and mountain slope where the different species are found.

1,000 m

500 m

100 m

poplar

Key olive

holm oak

willow

vineyard

oak

orchard

cork oak

pine

1. Colour the drawing. 50

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

The vegetation on a mountain varies depending on the altitude since temperature and precipitation also vary. It is also important to consider on which side of the slope a plant species is found since sunny slopes have more sunlight and higher temperatures.

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2. Complete the chart.

TYPE OF VEGETATION Altitude

Shady slope

Sunny slope

0 to 100 m 100 to 500 m 500 to 1,000 m

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

more than 1,000 m

3. Use the key to colour the altitudes on the map. Colour the symbols, too. Key

1,500 m 1,200 m 900 m 600 m 300 m 0m

green brown blue orange yellow holm oak cork oak wild olive tree Pyrenean oak birch shady

0

oak river bank trees pine bushes

SCALE 100 200

300

metres

sunny

4. Study the map in Activity 3 and complete the chart. 1. On the vertical axis, write the same altitudes you find in the map key. 2. Colour the different levels of vegetation the same colour you used on the map. 3. Write SH (shade) or S (sun) in the boxes. 4. Draw vegetation symbols on the chart based on: – altitude – slope (SH or S) 51

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Map scale

Maps are representations of the real world in a reduced size. They try to be as accurate as possible. The scale is the relationship between the real size of the area and its representation on the map. For example, a scale of 1:10 means that each centimetre on the map is equal to 10 m. of land. The larger the number of the scale, the smaller the territory represented on the map.

Santander © 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

A Coruña

Almeria

Cadiz

Key provintial border Autonomous Community border SCALE

0

75 kilometres

52

150

•

provintial capital

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1. Use the key to colour the map on the previous page. Then write the provintial capitals. Key: green = coastal province; red = inland province

2. Next, connect the following cities with a line. Then measure the distances and complete the table.

• A Coruña and Almeria

• Cadiz and Santander Actual distance

Distance on the map A Coruña and Almeria Cadiz and Santander

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

3. Look at the two maps of the Canary Islands. Colour and write the scale in each box. SCALE

0

30

SCALE

60

0

kilometres

45

90

kilometres

SCALE SCALE

0

30

60

kilometres

SCALE SCALE

0

45

90

kilometres

53

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Worksheet

10

Extension

Name

Date

Interpreting pie charts

POPULATION DENSITY (inhabitants/km2)

2

0 to 10 10 to 100 Fewer than 100

3 North Sea

N

EA

ian Casp

5

OC

Se a

Black Sea

1

AT

LA

NT

IC

4

Mediterr an

e a n

S e a

1. Find the numbers on the map and write the corresponding country and capital. Country 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 54

Capital

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

Pie charts are used to show proportions or percentages of a whole. We use a circle divided into sections or sectors. The area of the circle represents the whole, and the area of the sectors represents the parts. For example, the largest sectors will represent the largest percentages.

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2. Look at the map on the previous page and complete the table. Countries with… high population density

average population density

low population density

3. Calculate the percentage of the population of each country and write it on the table. Remember you need to consider the total to calculate percentages.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

Country Spain Greece Norway Russia Rumania Austria Iceland TOTAL

Population

(%)

41,000,000 11,000,000 4,300,000 143,000,000 22,000,000 8,000,000 300,000 229,600,000

100%

Ranking

4. Now organise the data from largest to smallest. To do this, write the ranking of each country according to its percentage. 5. Create a pie chart with the population percentages of each country. Make each country a different colour and complete the legend. Key

55

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Worksheet

11

Extension

Name

Date Historical maps

Historical maps can show empires, kingdoms, countries and cities that existed in the past, as well as other useful information.

E U R

O P

E

ube an

R i v er D

B

l a

c k

S e a

A S I A Ri

ve

ATLANTIC OCEAN Nemausus

2

3

Rome

Pompeii

Tarraco

4

Athens Corinth

2 Ephesus

Segovia

Alcántara Emerita

M

1 3

5

e

Petra

d

i

t

e

r

r

a

n

Timgad

e

a

n

S

e

a

1

Cyrene

Leptis Magna

A F

R

I

C

A

The Roman Empire

1. Name four European countries that belonged to the Roman Empire.

56

Palmira Baalbek

1

6

r E u ph r at e s

Key

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

We use different colours to represent each empire or kingdom, and small circles to show big cities in that time period. Historical maps have a legend to explain the meaning of the symbols and a scale to determine the size of the areas represented.

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2. Draw these symbols where they belong on the map on page 56. Complete the legend.

1 Theatre

2 Amphitheatre

3 Aqueduct

4 Triumphal arch

5 Mosaic

6 Bridge

3. Now look at the map and complete the table. Places Bridge

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

Aqueduct Theatre Amphitheatre Triumphal arch Mosaic

4. Draw the symbols from Activity 2 on the map of Roman Hispania.

5 Astorga Ampurias

4

3 Segovia

4

5

Tarragona

Caparra

6

Segobriga

Alcantara

1 2 1 4

Merida

Sagunto

1

Cordoba

2 Cadiz

Italica

1

3

57

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Worksheet

12

Extension

Name

Date

Comparing two works of art

Comparing consists of contrasting the similarities and differences among different images or objects. To compare two works of art, two monuments, etc. we should first examine the common elements and determine the similarities and differences.

Works of art

• The Romanesque style developed from the 10th century to the 12th century. This style is characterised by churches with little height, featuring rounded arches, thick walls, round towers and small windows that let in very little light.

• The Gothic style developed from the 13th century to the 15th century. Characteristics of this style include cathedrals with pointed arches, tall spires and large stained¯glass windows.

1. Compare the two monuments. Write their characteristics. 1

2

• Building: • • • •

Church of Santo Domingo de Silos, Burgos

58

church / cathedral Height: low / high Decoration: elaborate / simple Arches: rounded / pointed Towers or spires: yes / no Cathedral, Leon

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

Each historical period usually has a different predominant artistic style, that is, a group of features that characterises the works of art of that specific period. For example, during the Middle Ages there were two principal artistic styles: the Romanesque and the Gothic.

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2. Circle the odd word out. Explain. architecture

sculpture

painting

brick

• Brick because it is a material and not a style of architecture. mosaic

aqueduct

triumphal arch

bridge

• small windows

round towers

tall spires

rounded arches

• monastery

church

cathedral

portrait

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

• 3. Compare these two paintings from the 17th century and complete the file cards.

Girl with a Pearl Earring (Vermeer).

Portrait of Prince Baltasar Carlos (Velazquez).

Portrait: – half length

Portrait: – half length

Portrait: – full length

Portrait: – full length

Face: – front view

Face: – front view

Face: – half profile

Face: – half profile

Background:

Background: .

Facial expression:

. Facial expression:

. Clothes:

. Clothes:

.

.

59

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Worksheet

13

Extension

Name

Date

Studying a building

A building can provide a lot of information about the historical period in which it was built and about its function. To study a building, we should identify its most important characteristics and compare them to the characteristics of other buildings from the same period or from a different period. Some characteristics we should look for are: when it was built, what its function was (religious, individual house, political…), the main parts of the façade and the interior, as well as decorations including sculptures, stained-glass windows, columns, murals…

towers

Reims Cathedral columns

stained-glass window

pointed arches sculptures entrance

1. Colour the Reims cathedral. 2. Complete the sentences.

60

• The cathedral façade has

towers.

• The cathedral has a large

window.

• The entrance has

arches.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

Front elevation

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Floor plan NORTH

ambulatory

transept

entrance side aisle WEST

•

•

nave

altar

•

side aisle

EAST

• •

apse SOUTH

SANCTUARY

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

3. Complete the index card with information and characteristics of Reims cathedral.

Reims Cathedral General information

• Date built: • Use: • Artistic style:

• Orientation of sanctuary:

Front elevation

• Highest part: • Decoration:

• Type of arches:

Floor plan

• Location of altar:

• Number of naves:

• Number of aisles: • Number of apses: 1. orientation

• Location of transcept:

2. number of columns

61

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Worksheet

14

Extension

Name

Date Classifying sources

Historians use different types of documents and sources of information to study the past. Some documents come directly from the period being studied and are called primary sources. Others are current documents but refer to the past. These are called secondary sources. For example, a book written by a historian is a secondary source, but a manuscript from the period is a primary source. Documents can be graphics, including paintings, photos, etc.; texts (such as letters or diaries) and objects like coins, medals or stamps from the period. DOCUMENT 2

DOCUMENT 4 DOCUMENT 3 Betty Harris’ job, 1942 I went to work in the mine when I was twenty-three. I pull coal carts and work from six in the morning to six at night. I stop about an hour to eat. For lunch I have bread and butter but nothing to drink. I never have holidays and don’t have any health benefits. My cousin looks after my children in the daytime. I am very tired when I get home at night; I fall asleep sometimes before I get washed…

1. Write the number of the document you would consult.

• To describe what a worker’s food was like in a mine. • To count the number of workers. • To learn how many hours people worked in 1842. • To learn what the work environment was like. • To learn what materials were used to build factories. • To describe machines in an old factory. 62

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

DOCUMENT 1

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2. Look at the documents on the previous page and answer.

• Where was the factory located? In the city. / In the countryside. / By the sea. • How many people worked in the factory? A few. / About 20. / Over 100. • How long did they work each day? 12 hours. / 6 hours. / 9 hours. • What machines did they use? Ploughs. / Steam hammers and looms. / Picks and shovels. • There was a lot of pollution because the factories burned coal. / used electricity. / depended on nuclear power.

© 2006 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S. L.

3. Imagine you have to write the story of your life. Classify and write the numbers of the documents you could use for your investigation. 1. A photo of you when you were born 2. The floor plan of your home 3. A toy you had when you were a baby 4. A video of your last birthday

Sources Primary Secondary

5. Your school report cards 6. Some clothes you had when you were little

Sources

7. Cards you sent at Christmas or postcards from holidays

Graphics

8. Your birth certificate

Objects

Texts

9. Your family photo album 10. Your medical records

4. Write the name of other sources you could use for your autobiography.

• • • • •

Primary: Secondary: Graphics: Texts: Objects: 63

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