Experiencias de Aprendizaje 6to Grado

 

?.µ irg`d

NGZUAPG @A ZANQUAZGNFÞM G

UZFLGZFG

LFMF^PAZFD @A A@QNGNFÞM

 

?.µ irg`d

ARUAZFAMNFG @A GUZAM@FXGHA

LFMF^PAZFD @A A@QNGNFÞM

7

 

7. Mds ndmdnalds y raiucglds muastrgs aldnfdmas pgrg cdirgr muastrgs latgs

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

7.  Mds ndmdnalds y raiucglds muastrgs aldnfdmas pgrg cdirgr muastrgs latgs ?.µ irg`d

Ng`g `ìg qua alpfazg vfama ndm muavgs gntfvf`g`as a fmtarasgmtas dpdrtumf`g`as pgrg gpram`ar. Am ng`g umg `a accgs gpgranam ratds y vglds tdlgm`d `anfsfdmas, am cgs qua fmtarvfamam muastrgs aldnfdmas. Udr ahalpcd, nþld la drigmfzgræ pgrg pd`ar astu`fgr, quæ bgræ sf tamid umg `fofnuctg` pgrg rasdcvar umg tgrag, atn. Udr accd, manasftd ndmdnarla a f`amtfofngr lfs aldnfdmas pgrg gpram`ar g raiucgrcgs, gsaiurçm`dla `a qua cgs `anfsfdmas qua vdy tdlgm`d sagm g pgrtfr `a cg raocaxfþm. ^f tdld cgs `anfsfdmas g`anug`gs, pd`ræ nulpcfr lfs latgs. AC ZAPD ^AZÇ8 ´Wuæ pua`d bgnar pgrg vgcdrgrla y vgcdrgr g cds `alçs4 ´Nþld f`amtfofnd cd qua sfamtd y cd axprasd `a lgmarg gsartfvg4 ´Nuçcas sdm lfs latgs y nþld cgs pua`d cdirgr4 ´WQÆ GUZAM@AZÆ4 Gpram`aræ g randmdnar cd vgcfdsg d vgcfdsd qua sdy, alpcagr astrgtaifgs pgrg raiucgr lfs aldnfdmas y `grla nuamtg `a qua sdy ngpgz `a cdirgr lfs latgs nugm`d la cd prdpdmid. ´WQÆ ZAGCFXGZÆ UGZG CDIZGZCD4 Ugrg cdirgrcd, ragcfzgræ cgs sfiufamtas gnnfdmas8   Zandmdnar y vgcdrgr lfs nugcf`g`as.   Zandmdnar cds ngljfds qua sa `gm am lì.   F`amtfofngr lfs aldnfdmas am `fstfmtgs sftugnfdmas `a cg vf`g `fgrfg pgrg gpram`ar g raiucgrcgs.   F`amtfofngr nþld pua`d cdirgr lfs latgs.  latgs.  

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´NQÇC ^AZÇ AC UZD@QNPD4 U ZD@QNPD4 Acgjdrgr um ngrtac ndm lfs latgs.

7

 

7. Mds ndmdnalds y raiucglds muastrgs aldnfdmas pgrg cdirgr muastrgs latgs

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

La ndmdznd y la qufard 

GNPF_F@G@ 7 

¡Alpanalds!   Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cg sfiufamta latg8

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Zandmdnar lfs nugcf`g`as y bgjfcf`g`as.   Cad cd sfiufamta8  sfiufamta8 

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La flgifmd qua vdy g ragcfzgr um irgm vfgha y qua ac æxftd qua tamig `apam`arç `a qua luastra y utfcfna lfs lahdras nugcf`g`as. Am lf lgcatg, `ajaræ ccavgr cd lahdr `a lf parsdmg.    Gbdrg, ´quæ `ajd `ajd  ndcdngr ndcdngr am  am lf lgcatg4

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Lfs nugcf`g`as

Lfs bgjfcf`g`as Ahalpcd8 Bgid `fvarsds tfpds `a

Ahalpcd8 Glgjca 

mu`ds.

 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTT

 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  

´Zasuctþ oçnfc randmdnar lfs nugcf`g`as y bgjfcf`g`as4, ´pdr quæ4  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTT ´^famtd d nrad qua la ndmdznd jfam4, ´pdr quæ4 ´Wuæ gspantds `ajd lahdrgr4  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  

Cgs nugcf`g`as sdm cgs ngrgntarìstfngs qua `fstfmiuam y `aofmam g cgs parsdmgs, cgs pd`alds randmdnar ndm ac trgtd `fgrfd. 

Cg bgjfcf`g` as nugm`d umg parsdmg tfama ognfcf`g` pgrg ragcfzgr gciumg tgrag. 

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7. Mds ndmdnalds y raiucglds muastrgs aldnfdmas pgrg cdirgr muastrgs latgs

  Ndmtfmød ndm Ndmtfmød ndm asta irgm vfgha pgrg ndmdnarla lçs.   Ndlpcatd Ndlpcatd cgs  cgs orgsas saiøm cd qua sfamtd sfamtd d  d pfamsd pfamsd gnarng  gnarng `a lì8

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A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

Cd qua lçs la iustg `a lì as ………………………………………………...….   ………………………………………………...…. ^dy ngpgz `a ……….………………..…  ……….………………..… 

Cd qua lamds la iustg `a lì as ……………………………………………………………….   ………………………………………………………………. Wufsfarg sar ngpgz `a …………………….  …………………….  

Gcid qua bgid luy jfam as ……..  ……..   ……………………………………………………..… ……………………………………………………..… 

Gcid qua md bgid jfam as …………….  …………….   ……………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………. 

^dy vgcfdsg d vgcfdsd pdrqua ……………………………………………………………   ……………………………………………………………

Nrad qua pua`d lahdrgr am ……..  ……..   …………………………………………………...…….   …………………………………………………...…….

  Cad cg Cad cg sfiufamta sftugnfþm8 Qmg drigmfzgnfþm fmtarmgnfdmgc `a gpdyd g cg g`dcasnamnfg ndmvdng g astu`fgmtas `a saxtd irg`d pgrg amndlam`grcas `fvartf`gs tgrags saiøm sus ngrgntarìstfngs. Ac raqufsftd as pujcfngr um gmumnfd fm`fngm`d sus lahdras bgjfcf`g`as y nugcf`g`as.   G pgrtfr `a cg canturg, prapgrd prapgrd um  um gmumnfd sdjra lì8

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bttps8//flgia.ocgtfndm.ndl/fndms/pmi/17:/:207/:20766?.pmi …………………………………………………………………………………….

   Vd sdy ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………   ………………………………………………………………………………………………   ………………………………………………………………………………………………   ………………………………………………………………………………………………  

  Ndlpgrtd cd qua gpram`ì. Acfhd um Acfhd  um gspantd qua qufarg lahdrgr `a lì. Cd ndlpgrtd ndlpgrtd ndm  ndm um oglfcfgr pgrg qua la gyu`a g supargr asa gspantd y samtfrla lahdr ndmlfid lfslg d ndmlfid lfsld.  

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Cgs parsdmgs sdlds vgcfdsgs y ømfngs. Pamalds bgjfcf`g`as, nugcf`g`as y tgljfæm gspantds pdr lahdrgr, qua odrlgm pgrta `a muastrg lgmarg `a sar.

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7. Mds ndmdnalds y raiucglds muastrgs aldnfdmas pgrg cdirgr muastrgs latgs

GNPF_F@G@ : 

Astdy ngljfgm`d

¡Alpanalds!   Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cg sfiufamta latg8

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Zandmdnar cds ngljfds qua sa `gm am lì

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

  Djsarvd Djsarvd gtamtglamta  gtamtglamta cgs flçiamas `a Kgrfmg am tras atgpgs `a su vf`g8

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G`dcasnamnfg Mf÷az 

Fmogmnfg

‐ ´Wuæ `foaramnfgs amnuamtrd am ac nuarpd `a Kgrfmg ndm racgnfþm g cgs atgpgs gmtarfdras4TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT gmtarfdras4TTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT ‐ ´Am quæ atgpg la amnuamtrd yd4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT   Gbdrg, Gbdrg, raspdm`d  raspdm`d88 

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´^famtd qua lf nuarpd astç ngljfgm`d4 ^Ì (

) MD (

)

^f lgrquæ –^Ì“, fm`fnd8 ´nuçcas ´nuçcas sdm astds ngljfds4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT ´Nþld la sfamtd ndm astds ngljfds4 Ndmtamtg d ndmtamtd ( ) Prfsta ( ) Ldcastg d ldcastd

Uradnupg` Uradnupg`gg d pradnupg`d ( Gvaridmzg`g d gvaridmzg`d ( Aldnfdmg`g d aldnfdmg`d

) ) 0

 

7. Mds ndmdnalds y raiucglds muastrgs aldnfdmas pgrg cdirgr muastrgs latgs

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

Ndlpcatd ac sfiufamta nug`rd pgrg `grla nuamtg `a cds c ds ngljfds qua ba tamf`d. Astdy nranfam`d Bgjrçs mdtg`d qua tu nuarpd alpfazg g ngljfgr. Wufzç astds ngljfds ta bgrçm samtfr um pdnd ndmoum`f`g d ndmoum`f`d. Uard gcæirgta, pdrqua sfimfofng qua astçs nranfam`d. Astçs fmfnfgm`d cg atgpg `a cg g`dcasnamnfg y `ahgm`d gtrçs cg atgpg `a cg mf÷az. Astds ngljfds pua`am sar g vanas ndmousds, pard pdnd g pdnd ta frçs g`gptgm`d.   Ndlpcatd Ndlpcatd asta  asta nug`rd pgrg `grla nuamtg `a cds ngljfds qua ba tamf`d8

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Nþld arg nugm`d tamìg 1 d ? g÷ds La iustgjg huigr g…………………………………………………………  g…………………………………………………………  La `fvartìg…………………………………………………………..…………  `fvartìg…………………………………………………………..………… 

Wuarìg astgr ndm………………………………………….………………….  ndm………………………………………….………………….  La iustgjg fr g ………………………………………………………………  ………………………………………………………………  La iustgjg vastfrla …………………………………….…... 

Nþld sdy gbdrg La iustg huigr g……………………………………….  g……………………………………….  La `fvfarta………………………………………………………….……….  `fvfarta………………………………………………………….……….  Wufard astgr ndm…………………………………………………..………  ndm…………………………………………………..………  La iustg fr g ……………………………………………………….……….  ……………………………………………………….……….  La iustg vastfrla …………………………………………….………...  …………………………………………….………... 

‐  ´Wuæ `foaramnfgs amnuamtrd amtra nþld arg gmtas y nþld sdy gbdrg4 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….…..     _dy g asnrfjfr um asnrfjfr um ndrrad d umg ngrtg.

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^a trgtg `a asnrfjfrca um ndrrad d umg ngrtg g cg parsdmg am qufam lçs ndmoìd pgrg ndmtgrca nþld la sfamtd ndm cds ngljfds qua astdy vfvfam`d.   Ndlpgrtd cd qua gpram`ì. Am ngsg, ndmvarsd ndmvarsd ndm  ndm umg parsdmg g`uctg `a lf ndmofgmzg y ca pf`d pf`d qua  qua la nuamta su prdpfg axparfamnfg `a vf`g `a nugm`d oua g`dcasnamta.

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1

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

7. Mds ndmdnalds y raiucglds muastrgs aldnfdmas pgrg cdirgr muastrgs latgs

GNPF_F@G@ >

Cgs aldnfdmas sdm pgrta `a lì y cgs raiucd

¡Alpanalds!   Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cg sfiufamta latg8 F`amtfofngr lfs aldnfdmas am `fstfmtgs sftugnfdmas `a cg vf`g `fgrfg pgrg gpram`ar g raiucgrcgs.

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  Djsarvd Djsarvd cgs  cgs sfiufamtas flçiamas y cad cad cd  cd qua `fnam Zdslary y Cufs8

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Ngsd :

Ngsd 7 ¡Wuæ gcairìg, igmæ ac ndmnursd! _gcfþ cg pamg ac asouarzd.

¡Uar`ì, ac ndmnur ndmnursd! sd! Uard la prapgræ pgrg cg prþxflg vaz.

  Zaocaxfdmd am ng`g ngsd y raspdm`d y raspdm`d88  Ngsd 78 ‐  Zdslary astç ………………….……..……………… pdrqua …………....................................... …………....................................... Ngsd :8 ‐  Cufs astç ……………………………………. …………………………………….………… pdrqua ……….…………………….………………….  ……….…………………….…………………. 

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‐  ´Wuæ pfamsd `a cg gntftu` `a Cufs4 ............................................................................ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………   ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………   G cgs parsdmgs mds gcairg igmgr y mds iustg gcngmzgr cd qua mds

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prdpdmalds. Bgy am qua md sfmtglds cd cdirglds y asg sftugnfþm pua`a prdvdngr quadngsfdmas mds amdhalds d mds trfstas d orustrg`ds. Cd flpdrtgmta as gmgcfzgr cg sftugnfþm, f`amtfofngr quæ iamarþ cg aldnfþm, gpram`ar g raiucgrcg pgrg md `g÷grmds y saiufr g`acgmta trgtgm`d `a sar lahdras ng`g `ìg. ¡_gcdrg tu asouarzd! ?

 

7. Mds ndmdnalds y raiucglds muastrgs aldnfdmas pgrg cdirgr muastrgs latgs

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

Am cgs sfiufamtas orgsas fmndlpcatgs, f`amtfofnd f`amtfofnd gciumg  gciumg `a cgs ngusgs qua drfifmgm lf aldnfþm y sus ndmsanuamnfgs. Ugrg accd, prflard cad cad ac  ac ahalpcd `a Hugm8 Astdy gcaira pdrqua gpram`ì g lgmahgr jfnfncatg.  jfnfncatg.  Amtdmnas, la sfamtd sgtfsoanbd ndmlfid lfsld.

‐ Astdy ldcastg d ldcastd pdrqua ………………………………………….………………  ………………………………………….………………  Amtdmnas,, …………………………………………………………………………………..…………  Amtdmnas …………………………………………………………………………………..…………  ‐ ^famtd varióamzg pdrqua ……………………………………………………………………..  ……………………………………………………………………..  Amtdmnas, …………………………………………………………………………………….....……  …………………………………………………………………………………….....……  ‐ La sfamtd trfsta pdrqua ……………………………..…………………………………….....  ……………………………..…………………………………….....  Amtdmnas, …………………………………………………………………………….………..…..…  …………………………………………………………………………….………..…..…  ‐ ^famtd lfa`d pdrqua ……………………………………………..…………………………….  ……………………………………………..…………………………….  Amtdmnas, ………………………………………………………………………………….………….  ………………………………………………………………………………….………….  ‐ La sfamtd gjurrf`g d gjurrf`d pdrqua …………………………………..…….………  …………………………………..…….………  

Amtdmnas, ……………………………………………………………………..………………..….…  ……………………………………………………………………..………………..….…  ‐ La sfamtd pradnupg`g d pradnupg`d pdrqua ………………………………………  ………………………………………  Amtdmnas,, ………………………………………………………………………………………..……  Amtdmnas ………………………………………………………………………………………..……    G ndmtfmugnfþm, amnuamtrd ndmtfmugnfþm, amnuamtrd `ds astrgtaifgs pgrg supargr d raiucgr cgs sfiufamtas aldnfdmas8

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LFA@D 7……………………………… …………………………….….   …………………………….…. :……………………………… ……………………………….. 

AMDHD  7……………………………… …………………………..……   …………………………..…… :……………………………… …………………………….….   …………………………….….

PZF^PAXG  7.………………………….…… ………………………………….. ………………………………… :………………………………… ....……………………………… ………………………………....

As flpdrtgmta gpram`ar g raiucgr muastrgs aldnfdm aldnfdmas as y sgjar racghgrmds, as `anfr, bgnar qua muastrd nuarpd sa sfamtg jfam pgrg qua astalds lçs trgmqufcgs d trgmqufcds, pd`glds pamsgr lahdr y tdlgr `anfsfdm `anfsfdmas as gnartg`gs. 9

 

7. Mds ndmdnalds y raiucglds muastrgs aldnfdmas pgrg cdirgr muastrgs latgs

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

  La flgifmd flgifmd  qua astdy trfsta, ldcastg d ldcastd, y amtdmnas…  amtdmnas…  

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Zaspfrd prdoum`gl prdoum`glamta8 amta8 tdld  tdld gfra pdr cg mgrfz y cd jdtd camtglamta pdr cg jdng.

Aspard umds lfmutds gmtas `a `anfr d bgnar gcid, pgrg asd nuamtd bgstg :5. Gc tarlfmgr `a ndmtgr, la sfamtd lçs trgmqufcg d trgmqufcd. 

Gbdrg, prgntfnd ac sfiufamta aharnfnfd8

Ndmvfartd um pamsglfamtd maigtfvd am umd pdsftfvd. Uamsglfamtd Uamsglfam td maigtfvd  maigtfvd  Cgs gntfvf`g`as asndcgras sdm `foìnfcas, nrad qua md pd`ræ raspdm`ar cgs praiumtgs.

Uamsglfamtd Uamsglfam td pdsftfvd pdsftfvd   Cg gntfvf`g` trga praiumtgs samnfccgs y dtrgs lçs ndlpcahgs, cgs rasdcvaræ.

Md igmgræ, lahdr md bgid mg`g. Lfs pg`ras la ngstfigrçm sf cas nuamtd cd qua pgsþ. Md tamid fmtarmat, md gpram`aræ.   Acfhd umd Acfhd umd `a cds aharnfnfds qua ba gpram`f`d. Cuaid `a prgntfngrcd, raspdm`d raspdm`d88 ‐ ´Nþld la samtì gc prgntfngrcd4................................................................................ ‐ ´La gcfvfþ d racghþ4.................................................................................................. ‐ ´Wuæ dtrg f`ag tamid pgrg racghgrla4.....................................................................

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Ndlpgrtd  ndm lf oglfcfg `fstfmtgs f`ags pgrg racghgrsa y cds fmvftd fmvftd   g ragcfzgr cds   Ndlpgrtd  aharnfnfds.

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7. Mds ndmdnalds y raiucglds muastrgs aldnfdmas pgrg cdirgr muastrgs latgs

GNPF_F@G@ 0

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

Cd qua sdy ngpgz `a bgnar pgrg cdirgr lfs latgs

¡Alpanalds!   Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cg sfiufamta latg F`amtfofngr nþld pua`d cdirgr lfs latgs.

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Djsarvd y Djsarvd  y raspdm`d raspdm`d cgs  cgs praiumtgs8

‐ ´Nuçc as ac sua÷d `a cg mf÷g4 ´V ac `ac mf÷d4  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT ‐ ´Wuæ `ajarç bgnar cg mf÷g pgrg ccaigr g sar gstrdmgutg4  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT ‐ ´Wuæ `ajarç bgnar ac mf÷d pgrg ccaigr g sar pfmtdr4  

 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT ‐ ´Nuçc as lf sua÷d4 ´Cd ba pamsg`d4  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT

6

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

7. Mds ndmdnalds y raiucglds muastrgs aldnfdmas pgrg cdirgr muastrgs latgs

  @asnujrd @asnujrd cd  cd qua as gcngmzgr um sua÷d.

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G Lfrfgl ca amngmtg cds `apdrtas, accg as umg lgrgtdmfstg y tfama umg latg qua qufara nulpcfr, ndlpatfr am ngrrargs `a 0: kl. Accg sa asouarzg g `fgrfd, sa prapgrg ndrrfam`d td`ds cds `ìgs, gnu`fam`d gc iflmgsfd y nuf`gm`d su gcflamtgnfþm. G vanas sa sfamta gidtg`g, pard tgljfæm gcid orustrg`g, pdrqua gciumgs parsdmgs ca `fnam qua, ndld as jghftg y `acig`g, md nraam qua cd ndmsfig. Gc ndlfamzd su oglfcfg md cg gpdygjg y asd cg pdmìg luy trfsta, pard, nugm`d sa `fardm nuamtg `a su `anfsfþm, ca `fhardm –ac qua sa asouarzg cd ndmsfiua“.  ndmsfiua“.    Ufamsd y Ufamsd y raocaxfdmd raocaxfdmd sdjra  sdjra cg bfstdrfg `a Lfrfgl8 ‐ ´Wuæ qufara ndmsaiufr Lfrfgl4 ‐ ´Wuæ astç bgnfam`d Lfrfgl pgrg ndmsaiufr su latg4 ‐ ´Nrad qua gcngmzgr muastrgs latgs as oçnfc d `foìnfc4, ´pdr quæ4



Qmg latg as um cdird qua `asaglds gcngmzgr am um `atarlfmg`d pcgzd, ragcfzgm`d cgs gntfvf`g`as qua sagm manasgrfgs. Zaqufara `ac ndmdnflfamtd `a cgs c gs prdpfgs bgjfcf`g`as, gsì ndld `a lunbg vdcumtg` y `anfsfþm. `anf sfþm.

  Ndlpcatd Ndlpcatd am  am ac sfiufamta ranug`rd, lgrnd lgrnd  –^ì“ d –Md“.  –Md“. 



´Wuæ bgid nugm`d la prdpdmid umg latg4 g.  Nugm`d la prdpdmid gcid, md pgrd bgstg ndmsaiufrcd.   j. Nugm`d gcid la sgca lgc, la `g nþcarg y cd `ahd. n.  ^falpra `ahd cgs ndsgs g la`fgs.

`.  ^falpra trgtd `a tarlfmgr jfam cd qua ndlfamzd. a.  Udmid td`d lf alpa÷d y asouarzd pgrg cdirgr cd qua la prdpdmid. o.  Md la iustgm cds ratds; vdy pdr cd oçnfc.

^ì

Md

i.  ^f gcid la sgca lgc, cd vuacvd g bgnar ndm lçs nuf`g`d y asouarzd. b.  Vd `anf`d quæ bgnar tdlgm`d am nuamtg cds juamds ndmsahds `a lf oglfcfg, lfs glfigs y glfids. 75

 

7. Mds ndmdnalds y raiucglds muastrgs aldnfdmas pgrg cdirgr muastrgs latgs

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

^f ba ndmtastg`d –^ì  –^ì “ am g, `, a, i y b,  b, vdy luy jfam8 sdy parsavargmta, cgjdrfdsg d cgjdrfdsd, y alpa÷dsg d alpa÷dsd.

^f ba ndmtastg`d "^ì"  "^ì"   amnugcf`g`as, j, n y  o , accgs manasftd raiucgr glfs aldnfdmas randmdnar nuçcas sdm lfs ta gyu`grçm cdirgr tus latgs.y Zanuar`g, mg`fa as paroantd mf td`d cd bgnalds jfam.

–Ugsd g pgsd sa vg cahds“, `fna ac raorçm. Qm sua÷d md sa cdirg ndld pdr grta `a lgifg. ^a ndmsfiua pdnd g pdnd ndm asouarzd y vdcumtg`.  

Cgs ncgvas pgrg cdirgr ndm æxftd lfs latgs sdm ndmdnar jfam lfs nugcf`g`as y bgjfcf`g`as; sar parsavargmta, alpa÷dsg d alpa÷dsd, raspdmsgjca y dptflfstg; gnaptgr ratds y md ratrdna`ar gmta cgs g`varsf`g`as.

  Gbdrg, pfamsd pfamsd am  am lì lfslg d am lì lfsld y pcgmtad pcgmtad lfs  lfs latgs.



´Wuæ as cd lçs flpdrtgmta pgrg lì am asta ldlamtd4  

´Nuçcas sdm cds fmtarasas d `asads qua tamid gbdrg4

  Cuaid, acfhd acfhd umg  umg latg qua pua`g cdirgr g ndrtd pcgzd y raspdm`d raspdm`d am  am ac sfiufamta nug`rd cd qua manasftd pgrg ndmsaiufrcg.



77

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

7. Mds ndmdnalds y raiucglds muastrgs aldnfdmas pgrg cdirgr muastrgs latgs

Cg latg qua qufard cdirgr as ………………………………………………………………………………………   ……………………………………………………………………………………… ´Wuæ manasftd pgrg cdirgr lf latg4 ´Ndm quæ vgcdras la f`amtfofngræ4 Urflard8

´Nuçcas sarìgm cds pgsds qua vdy g saiufr4

^aium`d8

Parnard8

´Nþld la vad cuaid `a cdirgr lf latg4

  Ndmvarsd ndm Ndmvarsd ndm lf oglfcfg sdjra cg flpdrtgmnfg `a sar parsavargm parsavargmta ta y asodrzgrsa pdr cdirgr muastrgs latgs.



Lfs raocaxfdmas ofmgcas 

´Wuæ gpram`ì `a lì lfslg d `a lì lfsld4

´Nþld gpram`ì g lgmahgr lfs aldnfdmas4

´Ugrg quæ la sfrva raiucgr lfs aldnfdmas y pcgmtagrla latgs4

7:

 

?.µ irg`d

ARUAZFAMNFG @A GUZAM@FXGHA

LFMF^PAZFD @A A@QNGNFÞM

:

 

5

:. Nuf`glds ac giug am oglfcfg y ndlumf`g` ?.d irg`d Ac giug as um ranursd luy flpdrtgmta tgmtd pgrg cg vf`g ndld pgrg ac `asgrrdccd `a cgs gntfvf`g`as andmþlfngs; sfm aljgrid, cgs gnnfdmas pdnd raspdmsgjcas `a cgs parsdmgs, am cg odrlg ndld cg djtfamam, trgmspdrtgm, usgm d `asanbgm, bgnam qua asta jfam sag ng`g vaz lçs asngsd.

AC ZAPD ^AZÇ8 ´Wuæ prdjcalg f`amtfofnd am ac usd `ac giug4 ´Wuæ gnnfdmas prdpdmid pgrg bgnar um usd raspdmsgjca `ac giug4

´WQÆ GUZAM@AZÆ4 Gpram`aræ g usgr raspdmsgjcalamta ac giug am ac bdigr y cg ndlumf`g`; pgrg accd, ndmdnaræ cg sftugnfþm `a cds ranursds bì`rfnds ndm cds qua nuamtg ac Uarø, axpcfngræ ac usd `a tænmfngs pgrg djtamar giug y cg odrlg ndld sa pua`am prasarvgr y gprdvanbgr g`anug`glamta.

´WQÆ ZAGCFXGZÆ UGZG CDIZGZCD4 Ugrg cdirgrcd, ragcfzgræ cgs sfiufamtas gnnfdmas8 gi ug.   Caar fmodrlgnfþm sdjra cds ranursds bì`rfnds y ac usd `ac giug.   Drigmfzgr fmodrlgnfþm sdjra cds ranursds bì`rfnds. gi ug.   Axpcfngr ac usd `a tænmfngs gmnastrgcas pgrg djtamar ac giug.   Qtfcfzgr cg namtamg `a lfccgr, cgs umf`g`as `a lfccþm y ac vgcdr pdsfnfdmgc pgrg ndlpram`ar sftugnfdmas racgnfdmg`gs ndm cg rasarvg `a giug qua bgy am ac Uarø. gnnfdmas pgrg ac usd raspdmsgjca `ac giug, g pgrtfr `a cg   Urdpdmar f`amtfofngnfþm `a gciumgs ngrgntarìstfngs `ac ndmsuld `a giug am cg oglfcfg.   Acgjdrgr y pujcfngr um gofnba sdjra ac usd raspdmsgjca `ac giug.

´NQÇC ^AZÇ AC UZD@QNPD4 Acgjdrgr um gofnba sdjra ac nuf`g`d `ac giug.

¡Pa fmvftglds g `asgrrdccgr cgs sfiufamtas gntfvf`g`as! 7

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

:. Nuf`glds ac giug am oglfcfg y ndlumf`g`

GNPF_F@G@ 7 

Muastrds ranursds bì`rfnds

¡Alpanalds! Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cdir gr cg sfiufamta latg  

Drigmfzgr fmodrlgnfþm sdjra cds ranursds bì`rfnds am ac Uarø y nþld ac giug ccaig g cds c ds bdigras.

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8  ‐ ´@a `þm`a sa djtfama giug am lf cdngcf`g`4 ‐ ´Udr quæ as flpdrtgmta ndmdnar lçs sdjra asta ranursd4   Gbdrg,



cad ac sfiufamta taxtd8

Cgs ouamtas jçsfngs `a ranursds bì`rfnds am ac Uarø astçm ndlpuastgs pdr icgnfgras, cgids y cgiumgs, rìds y gnuìoards. Astgs ouamtas astçm `fvf`f`gs am tras raifdmas bf`rdirçofngs8 cg `ac Ugnìofnd, cg `ac Glgzdmgs y cg `ac Pftfngng. Ac Uarø nuamtg ndm umg juamg rasarvg bì`rfng; sfm aljgrid, `dm`a bgy lçs pdjcgnfþm, bgy lamds ranursd bì`rfnd, y `dm`a bgy lamds pdjcgnfþm, gjum`g ac ranursd. Axfsta umg ouarta tam`amnfg g pdjcgr cg Ndstg, qua as um çrag luy sang, y cg lgydr ngmtf`g` `a giug sa amnuamtrg am cg ^acvg. Ac giug sfiua um prdnasd pgrg su ndmsuld. Urflard, sa bgna cg ngptgnfþm `a astgs ouamtas; `aspuæs, cg pdtgjfcfzgnfþm y ac trgtglfamtd (purfofngnfþm); cuaid, sa gclgnamg y, ofmgclamta, sa `fstrfjuya g cds bdigras pgrg su usd. u sd.

  Cuaid `a caar,



raspdm`d cgs sfiufamtas praiumtgs8

´Nuçcas sdm cgs ouamtas `a ranursds bì`rfnds4  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT

´@þm`a axfsta lgydr ngmtf`g` `a ranursd bì`rfnd am ac Uarø4  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT

:

 

:. Nuf`glds ac giug am oglfcfg y ndlumf`g`

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

‐ ´Wuæ tfpd `a ouamta `a giug axfsta am lf cdngcf`g`4  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT ‐ ´Am quæ raifþm mgturgc `ac Uarø sa raqufara lçs giug4, ´pdr quæ4  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT ‐ ´Wuæ prdnasd sfiua ac giug pgrg ccaigr g lf ngsg4  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT ‐ ´Udr quæ as flpdrtgmta nuf`gr asta ranursd4  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT    



Dr`amd  lfs raspuastgs y ndm accgs acgjdrd  um drigmfzg`dr vfsugc (lgpg ndmnaptugc, lgpg lamtgc d asqualg `a ccgvas). Gndlpg÷d  cgs f`ags ndm `fjuhds.

Zaocaxfdmd sdjra cd qua gpram`ì8 ‐ ´Ndlpram`ì cg ofmgcf`g` ndm qua sa asnrfjfþ ac taxtd4 ‐ ´Zacgnfdmæ cgs f`ags `ac taxtd pgrg acgjdrgr lf drigmfzg`dr vfsugc4 ‐ ´Ac drigmfzg`dr qua acgjdræ ndmtfama fmodrlgnfþm sdjra cds ranursds bì`rfnds4 ‐ ´Wuæ pgsds saiuì pgrg acgjdrgr lf drigmfzg`dr4 ‐ ´Wuæ `fofnuctg`as tuva4, ´nþld cgs suparæ4 ‐ ´Udr quæ la fmtarasgrìg ndmdnar sdjra ac giug y su nuf`g`d4

Zanuar`g8 Iugr`g am tu pdrtgodcfd ac drigmfzg`dr qua bgs acgjdrg`d, ta sarvfrç pgrg acgjdrgr tu gofnba.

>

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

:. Nuf`glds ac giug am oglfcfg y ndlumf`g`

GNPF_F@G@ : 

Qsd `a tænmfngs gmnastrgcas pgrg djtamar giug  

¡Alpanalds! Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cg sfiufamta latg8

Axpcfngr nþld sa ndljfmgm cg tanmdcdiìg gmnastrgc y cg ld`armg pgrg djtamar giug, qua sarç tdlg`d am nuamtg am cg acgjdrgnfþm `ac gofnba.  Nugm`d g Hugm ca praiumtgrdm `a `þm`a sa djtamìg ac giug am su cdngcf`g`, æc raspdm`fþ qua cg sgngjgm `ac sujsuacd, gprdvanbgm`d cgs ofctrgnfdmas, prfmnfpfd `a umg tænmfng gmnastrgc.

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8 ‐  ´Am quæ raifþm nraas qua vfva Hugm4 ‐  ´Wuæ amtfam`d pdr tænmfng gmnastrgc4 ‐  ´Wuæ `foaramnfgs bgy amtra umg tænmfng gmnastrgc y umg tænmfng ld`armg4 Uraiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm  fmvastfignfþm  ´Nþld pd`alds `gr sdcunfþm gc prdjcalg `a cg asngsaz `ac giug alpcagm`d cg tanmdcdiìg gmnastrgc y cg tanmdcdiìg ld`armg4

 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTT   TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTT     



Asnrfjd umg d `ds pdsfjcas raspuastgs g cg praiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm ndm sus raspantfvds oum`glamtds.

¡Luy jfam! Ugrg odrlgrla umg lahdr dpfmfþm, manasftd um pcgm a fmvastfigr. @a asa ld`d, lf dpfmfþm astgrç jgsg`g am avf`amnfg nfamtìofng.  



Asnrfjd lf pcgm `a fmvastfignfþm am ac nug`armd d am umg bdhg `a raøsd. Ugrg accd, bgid  umg cfstg `a gnnfdmas qua la parlftfrçm djtamar cgs f`ags y cg fmodrlgnfþm qua manasftd, gsì ndld umg cfstg `a lgtarfgcas d ranursds.

 



Cad ac taxtd –Cg sfaljrg y cg ndsanbg `ac giug, umg tænmfng gmnastrgc qua g øm oumnfdmg“ y, am umg bdhg, gmdtd cgs raspuastgs g cgs praiumtgs qua sa prasamtgm g ndmtfmugnfþm. Astg fmodrlgnfþm la gyu`grç g raspdm`ar cg praiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm. ‐  ´Nuçc arg ac prdjcalg `a cg ndlumf`g` ndm racgnfþm gc giug4 ‐  ´Am quæ ndmsfstìg cg tænmfng gmnastrgc pgrg cg sfaljrg y ndsanbg `ac giug qua ragcfzgjgm am cg ndlumf`g`4 ‐  ´Wuæ bfnfardm cds pdjcg`dras ndm gyu`g `a cg tanmdcdiìg pgrg rasdcvar r asdcvar ac prdjcalg `a asngsaz `a giug4

0

 

:. Nuf`glds ac giug am oglfcfg y ndlumf`g`

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

Cg sfaljrg y cg ndsanbg `ac giug, umg tænmfng gmnastrgc qua gøm oumnfdmg Am Ugrgs, umd `a cds safs `fstrftds `a cg prdvfmnfg `a Ngmigccd, Gygnunbd, cds pdjcg`dras ndlamzgrdm g anbgr `a lamds sus cgiumgs y bula`gcas gjum`gmtas, gsì ndld sus nglpds var`as ndm odccgha pgrg su igmg`d. Astg, gc fiugc qua lunbgs zdmgs gctdgm`fmgs, bg ndlamzg`d g suorfr `a astræs bì`rfnd, umd `a cds aoantds `ac ngljfd ncflçtfnd. G÷ds gtrçs, axfstìg gjum`gmta mavg`g pdr cd qua tamìgm lunbg giug; pard, ndm ac pgsd `a cds g÷ds, ac mavg`d alpazþ g `asgpgranar, ac giug `fslfmuyþ, cds puqufgcas ndlamzgrdm g sangrsa. Ugrgs sa amnuamtrg g lçs `a >555 latrds sdjra ac mfvac `ac lgr. G astg gcturg, cgs tfarrgs md sdm luy prd`untfvgs y cg igmg`arìg sa ndmvfarta am cg gntfvf`g` prfmnfpgc pgrg ac sustamtd andmþlfnd `a cgs oglfcfgs. Cg nrfgmzg `a gcpgng, pdr ahalpcd, as umg gctarmgtfvg flpdrtgmta, pard fmsdstamfjca sf ac giug ndmtfmøg `fslfmuyam`d.

´Nþld sfaljrgm y ndsanbgm ac giug4 Cg gntfvf`g` `a sfaljrg y ndsanbg `a giug astç jgsg`g am umg prçntfng gmnastrgc `a iastfþm `ac ranursd bì`rfnd. Astg astrgtaifg ndmsfsta am cg ndmstrunnfþm `a `fquas `a pfa`rg ndm møncads `a grnfccg, qua parlftam ac gclgnamglfamtd `a cg ccuvfg am cgs cgiumgs y cgiumfccgs. Asta prdna`flfamtd, g su vaz, prdpfnfg qua ac giug, gc fmofctrgrsa g trgvæs `ac suacd y sujsuacd, gcflamta g cds gnuìoards qua `gm drfiam g cds dhds `a giug d puqufds, y parlfta ac lahdrglfamtd `a cds bula`gcas. bu la`gcas. Am cg ndlumf`g` `a Ugrgs, pgrg lahdrgr ac usd aofnfamta `ac giug gclgnamg`g, bgm fmndrpdrg`d cg fmstgcgnfþm `a umg vçcvucg raiucg`drg `a sgcf`g `a ngu`gc. Ndm asta `fspdsftfvd ndmtrdcgm ac usd rgnfdmgc `ac ` ac ranursd.

  Ndm gyu`g `a um drigmfzg`dr vfsugc,



axpcfnd  nþld sa vfmnucþ cg tanmdcdiìg

gmnastrgc ndm cg tanmdcdiìg ld`armg pgrg sdcunfdmgr ac prdjcalg `a ogctg `a giug qua sa `asnrfja am ac taxtd.   Ndmtrgstd cg raspuastg fmfnfgc qua `f g cg praiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm ndm cgs f`ags qua pcgslæ am ac drigmfzg`dr vfsugc. Cuaid, am umg bdhg, asnrfjd lf raspuastg  



`aofmftfvg g cg praiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm. Ndlamtd  am lf oglfcfg quæ as cd qua bfnfardm am cg ndlumf`g` `a Ugrgs. Zagcfzglds umg ccuvfg `a f`ags y prdpdmalds ac usd `a cg tanmdcdiìg gmnastrgc y ld`armg pgrg iamargr giug cflpfg am muastrd bdigr d ndlumf`g`, qua ogvdrazng ac nuf`g`d `a cg sgcu` y cg ndmsarvgnfþm n dmsarvgnfþm `ac gljfamta.

Zaocaxfdmd sdjra cd qua gpram`ì8 prai umtg `a fmvastfignfþm4  ‐ ´Urdpusa cg raspuastg fmfnfgc g cg praiumtg ‐ ´Qjfquæ am ac taxtd cgs f`ags qua la parlftfardm raspdm`ar cg praiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm4 ‐ ´Axpcfquæ am um drigmfzg`dr vfsugc nþld sa ndljfmgm cg tanmdcdiìg gmnastrgc y ld`armg pgrg djtamar giug cflpfg4 ‐ ´Urdpusa gctarmgtfvgs g lf oglfcfg pgrg iamargr giug cflpfg am ac bdigr d cg ndlumf`g` qua ogvdrazngm muastrg sgcu` y cg ndmsarvgnfþm `ac gljfamta4

1

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

:. Nuf`glds ac giug am oglfcfg y ndlumf`g`

GNPF_F@G@ > 

´Wuæ ngmtf`g` `a giug bgy am ac Uarø4

¡Alpanalds! Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cg sfiufamta latg8

Zaprasamtgr racgnfdmg`gs ndm cg`a rasarvg `aacgiug bgy am ac Uarø, utfcfzgm`d sftugnfdmas cg namtamg `a lfccgr, umf`g`as lfccþm, vgcdrqua pdsfnfdmgc y sus aqufvgcamnfgs. Zaprasamtd cgs namtamgs `a lfccgr Urdjcalg 78 Am cg pçifmg waj `a cg Gutdrf`g` Mgnfdmgc `ac Giug (GMG) sa rapdrtg qua, am ac Uarø, am ac g÷d :5:5, cg rasarvg gclgnamg`g `a cds gnuìoards as `a :72 1?> LLN L LN y qua ng`g g÷d cg rangrig astflg`g `a astds gnuìoards as `a 101 :26 LLN. ´Nuçmtg giug sa ndmsula pdr g÷d am ac Uarø4

LLN < lfccdmas `a latrds nøjfnds 

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8 ‐ ´Wuæ ndmdznd `a cds gnuìoards4 ´Nþld sa rangrigm4 ‐ ´@a quæ lgmarg pua`d raprasamtgr astgs ngmtf`g`as4  



Djsarvd umg odrlg `a raprasamtgr cds `gtds `ac prdjcalg usgm`d ac çjgnd y ndlpcatd8

  Gbdrg,



cad muavglamta ac prdjcalg y raspdm`d cg praiumtg8

‐ ´Wuæ tam`rìg qua bgnar pgrg sgjar nuçmtg giug sa ndmsula pdr g÷d am ac Uarø4 Am ac sfiufamta asqualg, ujfnd cgs ngmtf`g`as8 Zangrig gmugc  --------------------- 

Zasarvg gclgnamg`g 

    ´ ´ 

---------------------------- 

Ndmsuld 

?

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

:. Nuf`glds ac giug am oglfcfg y ndlumf`g`

 



Qjfnd cds `gtds am ac tgjcard `a vgcdr pdsfnfdmgc y ragcfzd cg dpargnfþm. Zangrig gmugc astflg`g Zasarvg gclgnamg`g Ndmsuld gmugc astflg`d

Amtdmnas, ac ndmsuld gmugc astflg`d `a giug am ac Uarø as `a >:? 9:? LLN. Asnrfjd astg ngmtf`g` am catrgs8 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT

¡Luy jfam, rasdcvì ac prdjcalg! Gbdrg, raprasamtd astg ngmtf`g` am um çjgnd.   Lgrnd cds `ìiftds am ac irçofnd. 

¡Djsarvæ qua cds mølards am asta prdjcalg tfamam ? `ìiftds! Wufara `anfr qua umd `a sus `ìiftds sa ujfng am cg namtamg `a lfccgr (Nl).

Qmg namtamg `a lfccgr aqufvgca g 755 555 umf`g`as. Zandmdznd ac vgcdr pdsfnfdmgc `a um `ìiftd    Djsarvd ac sfiufamta mølard8 >:? 9:?. Cuaid, axpcfnd  sf ac `ìiftd : tfama ac lfsld vgcdr am cgs `foaramtas pdsfnfdmas qua dnupg. Qtfcfzd ac tgjcard `a vgcdr 

pdsfnfdmgc pgrg var cg ujfngnfþm `ac `ìiftd :.

Cds `ìiftds `a um mølard, saiøm su pdsfnfþm, tdlgm `fstfmtds `fstfmt ds vgcdras.

 

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Zagcfzd  cg `asndlpdsfnfþm `a cg ngmtf`g`, qua la gyu`grç g raspdm`ar cg praiumtg8 >:? 9:? < >55 555 + :5 555 + ?555 + 955 + :5 + ?

9

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

:. Nuf`glds ac giug am oglfcfg y ndlumf`g`

 

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Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8 ´:5 555 as fiugc qua :54 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT ´Ac `ìiftd : tfama ac lfsld vgcdr am cgs `foaramtas pdsfnfdmas qua dnupg4, ´pdr quæ4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT

 

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¡Jfam!  Gbdrg, gmgcfzd ac `ìiftd ? am ac mølard >:? 9:?. Ndld am ac ahalpcd gmtarfdr, sfid cds pgsds pgrg cg `asndlpdsfnfþm `ac mølard y raspdm`d8 >:? 9:? < >55 555 + :5 555 + ?555 + 955 + :5 + ? ´?555 as fiugc qua ?4 TTTTTTTT, ´pdr quæ4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT

Zaprasamtd cgs umf`g`as `a lfccþm y ndlpgrd Urdjcalg :. Am ac g÷d 7661, ac Uarø tamìg 79 5:1 5:0 bgjftgmtas y umg rasarvg `a giug `a : 50> 102 LLN; am ac g÷d :57>, cg pdjcgnfþm arg `a >5 5?9 727 bgjftgmtas y bgjìg umg rasarvg `a giug `a 7 6>1 ?:7 LLN; am cg gntugcf`g`, cg pdjcgnfþm as `a >: ?:1 602 bgjftgmtas y cg rasarvg `a giug as 7 966 577 LLN. ´Am quæ g÷d sa tuvd lgydr ngmtf`g` `a rasarvg `a giug y am quæ g÷d cg lamdr ngmtf`g`4

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8 ‐ ´Cg rasarvg `a giug astç a stç gulamtg`d d `fslfmuyam`d am ac Uarø4 ‐ ´Ndm quæ lgtarfgcas pua`d raprasamtgr ac prdjcalg4 r asdcvar ac prdjcalg4 ‐ ´Wuæ irçofnd utfcfzgrìg pgrg rasdcvar  

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Djsarvd umg odrlg `a rasdcvar ac prdjcalg prd jcalg utfcfzgm`d ac çjgnd y ndlpcatd. Zasarvg `a giug 7661

Zasarvg `a giug :57>

Zasarvg `a giug :5:5

¡Cds mølards am asta prdjcalg tfamam 9 `ìiftds! Wufara `anfr qua umd `a sus `ìiftds sa ujfng am cg umf`g` `a lfccþm (QL).  

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Asnrfjd cds mølards am ac tgjcard `a vgcdr pdsfnfdmgc.

Zasarvg `a giug 7661

Zasarvg `a giug :57>

Qmg umf`g` `a lfccþm aqufvgca g 7 lfccþm `a umf`g`as, as `anfr8 7 QL < 7 555 555 Q 

Zasarvg `a giug :5:5

2

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

:. Nuf`glds ac giug am oglfcfg y ndlumf`g`

ndlpgrd cgs ngmtf`g`as. Ugrg accd, djsarvd cds `ìiftds `a ng`g ndculmg `a fzqufar`g g `aranbg, la `dy nuamtg  `a nuçc as ac lgydr y utfcfzd  umd `a cds sfiufamtas sfimds8 = (lgydr qua),

  Ndm gyu`g `ac tgjcard `a vgcdr pdsfnfdmgc,

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3 (lamdr qua), < (fiugc), saiøm ndrraspdm`g.  

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Ndlpcatd ac nug`rd ndm cgs ngmtf`g`as `a rasarvg `a giug y asnrfjd amtra cgs ngmtf`g`as ac sfimd 3, = d 1 ?:7  G÷d8

 G÷d8 :57>

 G÷d8

¡Jfam! Ofmgclamta, raspdm`d cg praiumtg `ac prdjcalg8 ‐ ´Am quæ g÷d sa tuvd lgydr ngmtf`g` `a rasarvg `a giug y am quæ g÷d sa tuvd cg lamdr ngmtf`g`4 Am ac g÷d TTTTTTTTTTTT sa tuvd lgydr ngmtf`g` `a rasarvg `a giug y am ac g÷d TTTTTTTTTTT sa tuvd cg lamdr ngmtf`g` `a rasarvg `a giug.

¡Luy jfam! Ba raocaxfdmg`d y rasuactd um prdjcalg lçs. As flpdrtgmta dr`amgr cds `gtds y raspatgr ac vgcdr pdsfnfdmgc.   Gbdrg,

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raspdm`d8

‐ ´Amndmtræ dtrg odrlg lçs samnfccg `a rasdcvar ac prdjcalg4, ´nþld cd bfna4

ujfnd um `gtd nurfdsd am ac prdjcalg : sdjra cg rasarvg `a giug am ac Uarø. Asg fmodrlgnfþm pua`d utfcfzgrcg am ac gofnba qua acgjdrgræ.

  Pgljfæm,

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Zaocaxfdmd sdjra cd qua gpram`ì8 ‐ ´Qtfcfnæ irçofnds pgrg raprasamtgr cds `gtds `ac prdjcalg4 ‐ ´Wuæ raprasamtgnfþm la parlfta `foaramnfgr cg namtamg `a lfccgr y cg umf`g` `a lfccþm4 ‐ ´Axpcfquæ pdr quæ um `ìiftd tfama vgcdras `foaramtas saiøm su pdsfnfþm4 ‐ ´Wuæ `fofnuctg`as tuva y nþld cgs rasdcvì4 ‐ ´Qjfquæ ac `gtd nurfdsd am ac prdjcalg :4 ‐ ´Udr quæ as manasgrfd ndlpram`ar sftugnfdmas sdjra cg rasarvg `a giug am ac Uarø4

6

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

:. Nuf`glds ac giug am oglfcfg y ndlumf`g`

GNPF_F@G@ 0 

´Qsglds raspdmsgjcalamta ac giug4

¡Alpanalds! Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cg sfiufamta latg8

Urdpdmar `a gnnfdmas pgrg ac usd raspdmsgjca ras pdmsgjca `ac giug, g pgrtfr `aoglfcfg. cg f`amtfofngnfþm f `amtfofngnfþm gciumgs ngrgntarìstfngs `ac ndmsuld `a giug am cg  

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Gmgcfzd cg sfiufamta sftugnfþm. Cuaid, raspdm`d cgs praiumtgs am lf nug`armd d am umg bdhg `a raøsd8 _fclg, umg astu`fgmta `a ?.µ irg`d, vfva am umg zdmg `dm`a ac sarvfnfd `a giug pgrg cgs ngsgs sa fmtarrulpa ndm oranuamnfg. ^fm aljgrid, bg djsarvg`d qua gciumds `a sus vanfmds rfaigm ac hgr`ìm am axnasd, cgvgm cgs vara`gs `ahgm`d ndrrar ac giug y `ahgm cds ng÷ds gjfartds.

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8  raspdm`d8  ´Wuæ prdjcalg f`amtfofnd am astg canturg4

 

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´Asta prdjcalg as um gsumtd pøjcfnd4, ´pdr quæ4

´Udr quæ `ajarìg fmtarasgrla asta prdjcalg4

Axpcfnd nþld usglds ac giug am ngsg; pgrg accd, la gpdyd am cgs sfiufamtas praiumtgs8 ‐ ´Am quæ usglds lçs ac giug4 ‐ ´Nþld usglds ac giug am ac rfaid `a cgs pcgmtgs u dtrg gntfvf`g`4

‐ ´@ahglds ndrrar ac giug gc jg÷grmds y napfccgrmds cds `famtas4 ¡Luy jfam! Gbdrg qua ndmdznd gciumgs ngrgntarìstfngs `ac ndmsuld `a giug am lf oglfcfg, asnrfjd gnnfdmas qua pua`d ragcfzgr pgrg su usd raspdmsgjca.   Ndmvarsd ndm lf oglfcfg sdjra lf prdpuastg, asnunbd sus dpfmfdmas y gmdtd  sus suiaramnfgs. Humtds prdpdmalds gnnfdmas pgrg ac usd raspdmsgjca `ac giug. Asnrfjd cds gnuar`ds am um ngrtac y cd pujcfnd am um cuigr vfsfjca.

Zaocaxfdmd sdjra cd qua gpram`ì8 ‐ ´Zandmdnì ac prdjcalg ndld um gsumtd pøjcfnd4 ‐ ´Axpcfquæ nþld usglds ac giug am ngsg4 ‐ ´Urdpusa gnnfdmas ndm lf oglfcfg pgrg ac juam usd `ac giug4 gi ug4

Zanuar`g8 Drigmfzg am tu pdrtgodcfd ac ngrtac ndm cds gnuar`ds y cgs gnnfdmas pgrg prdldvar ac usd `ac giug am cg ndlumf`g`. Pa sarvfrçm pgrg acgjdrgr ac gofnba.

75

 

:. Nuf`glds ac giug am oglfcfg y ndlumf`g`

GNPF_F@G@

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

Caalds um gofnba pgrg randmdnar sus ngrgntarìstfngs  

¡Alpanalds! Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cg sfiufamta latg8

Zandmdnar cgs ngrgntarìstfngs `a um gofnba gc caarcd. Ugrg `gr g ndmdnar cg flpdrtgmnfg `ac nuf`g`d `ac giug am cg oglfcfg y cg ndlumf`g`, acgjdrgræ um gofnba.

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8 ‐ ´Wuæ as um gofnba4 ´Ugrg quæ sfrva4 ‐ ´Wuæ ngrgntarìstfngs tfama4

Gmtas `a caar    Djsarvd ac gofnba y raspdm`d cgs praiumtgs8 

‐ ´Udr `þm`a alpanæ g djsarvgr ac gofnba4 ‐ ´G qufæm d g qufæmas astgrç `frfif`d4 ‐ ´Wuæ sa qufara ndlumfngr ndm ac gofnba4

77

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

:. Nuf`glds ac giug am oglfcfg y ndlumf`g`

Gc caar  

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@ajd tamar am nuamtg cd sfiufamta8 ‐ F`amtfofngr ac talg, as `anfr, `a quæ trgtg ac gofnba. ‐ Djsarvgr sf cgs flçiamas sa racgnfdmgm ndm ac taxtd asnrftd. ‐ F`amtfofngr ac ascdigm, orgsa d f`ag jrava qua raouarzg ac prdpþsftd `ac gofnba. ‐ Zandmdnar gc gutdr d gutdras `ac gofnba. g ofnba.

Cuaid `a caar ac gofnba  

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Zaspdm`d8 ‐ ´Wuæ lamsgha trgmslfta ac gofnba4 ‐ ´G qufæmas sa `frfia asta gofnba4, ´pdr quæ4 ‐ ´Wufæm d qufæmas sdm cds gutdras4 gut dr4 ‐ ´Nuçc nrad qua as ac prdpþsftd `ac gutdr4 ‐ ´Wuæ racgnfþm amnuamtrd amtra cg flgiam y ac taxtd asnrftd4 ‐ ´Astdy `a gnuar`d ndm ac lamsgha `ac gofnba4, ´pdr quæ4 ‐ ´Wuæ dtrds acalamtds amnuamtrd am ac gofnba4 ‐ ´Nuçc sarç su utfcf`g`4

  G pgrtfr `a cgs raspuastgs,

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acgjdrd  umg cfstg am cg qua prasamta cgs

ngrgntarìstfngs `a um gofnba.   Astg fmodrlgnfþm la sarvfrç pgrg `fsa÷gr y acgjdrgr lf gofnba.

Zaocaxfdmd sdjra cd qua gpram`ì8 gb drg4 ‐ ´Wuæ sgjìg `a cds gofnbas4 ´Wuæ sæ gbdrg4 ‐ ´Wuæ `fofnuctg`as tuva pgrg randmdnar cgs ngrgntarìstfngs `a um gofnba y nþld cgs suparæ4 ngrg ntarìstfngs `a um gofnba4 ‐ ´Ugrg quæ la sfrva randmdnar cgs ngrgntarìstfngs

Zanuar`g8  Iugr`g am tu pdrtgodcfd cg cfstg qua bgs acgjdrg`d ndm cgs ngrgntarìstfngs `ac gofnba. Pa sarvfrç pgrg acgjdrgr tu gofnba am cg sfiufamta gntfvf`g`.

7:

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

:. Nuf`glds ac giug am oglfcfg y ndlumf`g`

NPF_F@G@ ? 

Acgjdrglds um gofnba sdjra ac nuf`g`d `ac giug 

¡Alpanalds! Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cg sfiufamta latg8

Acgjdrgr y pujcfngr um gofnba ndm randlam`gnfdmas sdjra ac nuf`g`d `ac giug am cg oglfcfg y cg ndlumf`g`. Cg acgjdrgnfþm `a um gofnba (am asta ngsd, pgrg prasamtgr randlam`gnfdmas sdjra ac nuf`g`d `ac giug am cg oglfcfg y ndlumf`g`) pgsg pdr um prdnasd `a `fsa÷d, asnrfturg a fcustrgnfþm pgrg cuaid sar pujcfng`d. @ajd tamar am nuamtg qua ac gofnba cd acgjdrgræ g lgmd y utfcfzgræ cds lgtarfgcas qua tamid am ngsg.

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8 ‐ ´Udr quæ as flpdrtgmta nuf`gr ac giug4 ‐ ´Nuçc as cg flpdrtgmnfg `ac gofnba pgrg `foum`fr cd qua gpram`ì sdjra ac nuf`g`d `ac giug4

¡G pcgmfofngr!    Ugrg tamar cgs f`ags ncgrgs sdjra cd qua tam`rç lf gofnba,

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raspdm`d  cgs

sfiufamtas praiumtgs am lf nug`armd d am umg bdhg `a raøsd. ‐  ´Ugrg quæ vdy g asnrfjfr ac gofnba4 ‐  ´Wufæm d qufæmas caarçm lf gofnba4 ‐  ´Wuæ fmodrlgnfþm `a cgs gntfvf`g`as gmtarfdras utfcfzgræ4 Zavfsgræ lf pdrtgodcfd y sacannfdmgræ cg fmodrlgnfþm qua la sfrvg. ‐  ´Wuæ camiugha usgræ8 odrlgc d fmodrlgc4, ´pdr quæ4 ‐  ´Wuæ ascdigm d orgsa usgræ pgrg ccglgr cg gtamnfþm sdjra ac nuf`g`d `ac giug4 ‐  ´Wuæ tfpds y tglg÷ds `a catrg usgræ pgrg ccglgr cg gtamnfþm `a cgs parsdmgs qua caarçm ac gofnba4 ‐  ´Wuæ flçiamas utfcfzgræ4 ‐  ´Wuæ randlam`gnfdmas jrfm`græ4

¡Flpdrtgmta! Ac gofnba `aja ndlumfngr um lamsgha raocaxfvd oramta gc talg. Cgs flçiamas, g`alçs, sdm luy flpdrtgmtas, puas raouarzgm ac lamsgha `ac gofnba. Cgs randlam`gnfdmas y ac ascdigm, pdr dtrg pgrta, `ajam sar jravas y pranfsds.

7>

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

:. Nuf`glds ac giug am oglfcfg y ndlumf`g`

¡@fsa÷d lf gofnba!   Am lf nug`armd u bdhg `a raøsd,



acgjdrd  ac jdnatd `a lf gofnba. Ugrg accd,

tamid am nuamtg cd sfiufamta8  

‐ Cg fmodrlgnfþm lçs `astgngjca sarçm cgs randlam`gnfdmas qua `græ pgrg ac nuf`g`d `ac giug am ac bdigr y cg ndlumf`g`. ndbara mtas ndm cgs f`ags qua asnrfjg. ‐  Cgs flçiamas qua usa `ajam sar ndbaramtas ‐  Cds ndcdras y tfpds `a catrg `ajam gyu`gr g `fstfmiufr cg fmodrlgnfþm flpdrtgmta. Ndmsarvd cg astætfng. ‐  Cg `fstrfjunfþm `a taxtds a flçiamas `aja dnupgr cds aspgnfds `ac pgpac `a lgmarg dr`amg`g pgrg cg canturg çifc.

Qtfcfzg td`g tu nragtfvf`g` y ranuar`g qua tu pcgm as cg rutg g saiufr.   saiufr.

  Gbdrg,



luastrd  lf `fsa÷d g um oglfcfgr, glfigs d glfids y cas pf`d  sus

dpfmfdmas g pgrtfr `a cgs sfiufamtas praiumtgs8 ‐  ´Uua`am caar cgs f`ags `ac gofnba4 ‐  ´Cgs flçiamas gyu`gm g ndlpram`ar ac nuf`g`d `ac giug4 ‐  ´Wuæ pd`rìg lahdrgr4  



Zaifstrd sus raspuastgs, tamid am nuamtg sus dpfmfdmas y lahdrd lf `fsa÷d.

  ¡Wuæ juamd!, yg nuamtd ndm ac `fsa÷d y cg pcgmfofngnfþm `a lf gofnba. Gbdrg,



astdy cfstg d cfstd pgrg acgjdrgr cg varsfþm ofmgc.

¡G asnrfjfr a fcustrgr lf gofnba! ravfsd lf pcgmfofngnfþm y varfofnd lf `fsa÷d. As oum`glamtgc randr`gr qua `ajd `ahgr ncgrg cg flpdrtgmnfg `ac nuf`g`d `ac

  Gc asnrfjfr lf gofnba,

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

 



 

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giug am lfs randlam`gnfdmas. Urasamtd fcustrgnfdmas qua gndlpg÷am gc taxtd, tgljfæm um ascdigm d orgsa qua ccgla cg gtamnfþm `ac cantdr. Alpcad catrgs `a tglg÷ds `foaramtas. Nuf`d qua lf gofnba sa vag dr`amg`d y astætfnglamta girg`gjca g cg vfstg. Qtfcfzd cds nrftarfds qua gpgranam am cg tgjcg pgrg pgr g avgcugr lf gofnba.

70

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

:. Nuf`glds ac giug am oglfcfg y ndlumf`g`

Nrftarfds 

^ì  

Md 

´Am quæ `ajd lahdrgr4  

´Qsæ cg pcgmfofngnfþm y ac `fsa÷d pgrg acgjdrgr ac gofnba4 ´Qsæ fmodrlgnfþm `a cgs gntfvf`g`as gmtarfdras pgrg cgs randlam`gnfdmas prasamtg`gs prasamtg`gs am ac gofnba4 ´Ac ascdigm d orgsa qua usæ as jrava, drfifmgc y ccglgtfvd pgrg ac cantdr4 ´Ac ascdigm iugr`g racgnfþm ndm cg flgiam d cgs flçiamas4 ´Cds taxtds y cgs fcustrgnfdmas `ac gofnba sa luastrgm dr`amg`ds y jfam `fstrfjuf`ds4 ´Cds tfpds y tglg÷ds `a catrg parlftam f`amtfofngr cg fmodrlgnfþm qua sa qufara ndlumfngr4 ´Qsæ g`anug`glamta cds sfimds `a pumtugnfþm y cgs lgyøsnucgs4 ´Ac gofnba as girg`gjca y gtrgntfvd pgrg ac cantdr4 ´Ac gofnba prasamtg um lamsgha ncgrd pgrg nuf`gr ac giug am ac bdigr y cg ndlumf`g`4 ´Cgs randlam`gnfdmas prasamtg`gs iamargrçm ndlprdlfsds pgrg ac cantdr4

Zaocaxfdmd sdjra cd qua gpram`ì8 ‐ ´Wuæ gpram`ì gc pcgmfofngr cg acgjdrgnfþm `ac gofnba4 ‐ ´Wuæ `fofnuctg`as sa prasamtgrdm4, ´nþld cgs suparæ4 ‐ ´Ugrg quæ la sfrvfþ pcgmfofngr4 ‐ ´Wuæ gnnfdmas la ba prdpuastd ragcfzgr am oglfcfg pgrg ac nuf`g`d `ac giug4  



¡Luy jfam! Vg tamid lf gofnba ndm randlam`gnfdmas sdjra ac nuf`g`d `ac giug

am cg oglfcfg y cg ndlumf`g`.   Gbdrg, ndcdnd lf gofnba am um cuigr vfsfjca `a lf bdigr y, sf la as pdsfjca, cd pujcfnd tgljfæm pdr dtrds la`fds (vamtgmg bgnfg cg ngcca, YbgtsGpp, atn.). Cd flpdrtgmta as `foum`fr ac nuf`g`d `ac giug am lf oglfcfg y ndlumf`g` pdr ac jfamastgr `a td`gs y td`ds.

Lfs raocaxfdmas ofmgcas ´Wuæ `ajalds bgnar pgrg usgr raspdmsgjcalamta ac giug4

´Nþld mds drigmfzglds am oglfcfg pgrg usgr raspdmsgjcalamta ac giug4

´Udr quæ `ajalds usgr raspdmsgjcalamta ac giug4

¡Cd cdiræ! 

71

 

?.µ irg`d

ARUAZFAMNFG @A GUZAM@FXGHA

LFMF^PAZFD @A A@QNGNFÞM

>

 

5

>. Nuf`gm`d muastrg sgcu`, nuf`glds g muastrg oglfcfg µ

?.  irg`d Gntugclamta, axfsta fmodrlgnfþm `fvarsg raspantd g cgs `fstfmtgs odrlgs `a pravamfr y trgtgr ac ND_F@-76, gsì ndld sdjra cg oanbg am cg qua sa tam`rç umg vgnumg. Lunbg `a astg fmodrlgnfþm `foum`f`g amtra cg pdjcgnfþm pdr `foaramtas la`fds, ndld cg tacavfsfþm, cg rg`fd y ac fmtarmat, pua`a ccavgrmds g tdlgr `anfsfdmas sdjra ac nuf`g`d `a muastrg sgcu` y cg `a muastrg oglfcfg.

AC ZAPD ^AZÇ8  ´Wuæ `ajalds bgnar ndld oglfcfg pgrg tdlgr `anfsfdmas sdjra ac nuf`g`d `a cg sgcu`4

´WQÆ GUZAM@AZÆ4 Gpram`aræ g pravamfr gciumgs amoarla`g`as, ndmdnfam`d lahdr cg flpdrtgmnfg `a cgs vgnumgs y ac usd `a ouamtas ndmofgjcas pgrg tdlgr `anfsfdmas gprdpfg`gs am ac nuf`g`d `a muastrg sgcu`.  

´WQÆ ZAGCFXGZÆ UGZG CDIZGZCD4 Ugrg cdirgrcd, ragcfzgræ cgs sfiufamtas gnnfdmas8   Gmgcfzgr um ngsd pgrg gsulfr umg pdsfnfþm nrìtfng raspantd g cg ndmofgjfcf`g` `a cgs ouamtas. 

` a ouamtas ndmofgjcas.   Zaocaxfdmgr y gsulfr umg pdsfnfþm nrìtfng raspantd gc usd `a pgtþi amds ngusgm amoarla`g`as fmoannfdsgs   Axpcfngr qua cds lfnrddrigmfslds pgtþiamds

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y qua cgs vgnumgs sdm umg odrlg aoantfvg pgrg pravamfrcgs.   Zasdcvar prdjcalgs sdjra cgs nglpg÷gs `a vgnumgnfþm, bgnfam`d usd `a cgs prdpfa`g`as `a cg `fvfsfþm y cg luctfpcfngnfþm `a mølards mgturgcas.   Acgjdrgr y pujcfngr umg ngrtfccg ndm randlam`gnfdmas pgrg ac nuf`g`d `a cg sgcu`.

´NQÇC ^AZÇ AC UZD@QNPD4 Acgjdrgr umg ngrtfccg ndm randlam`gnfdmas pgrg ac nuf`g`d `a ` a cg sgcu`.

¡Pa fmvftglds g `asgrrdccgr cgs sfiufamtas gntfvf`g`as!

7

 

>. Nuf`gm`d muastrg ssgcu`, gcu`, nuf`glds g muastrg oglfcfg

GNPF_F@G@ 7 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

Nuf`d lf sgcu` y cg `a lf oglfcfg  

¡Alpanalds! Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cdir gr cg sfiufamta latg8  

@ajgtfr gnarng `a cg `fousfþm `a fmodrlgnfþm ogcsg am ac trgtglfamtd y cg nurg `a cgs amoarla`g`as.   Cad ac sfiufamta ngsd8

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Hucfg cayþ ac tftucgr `a um parfþ`fnd8 –Qmg muavg apf`alfg. Cg vgrfnacg“ y axpcfngjg qua cds ngsds `a vgrfnacg bgjìgm gulamtg`d ndmsf`argjcalamta am cd qua vg `ac g÷d. Pgljfæm `anìgm qua ac Lfmfstarfd `a ^gcu` (Lfmsg) bg prdirglg`d cg Hdrmg`g Mgnfdmgc `a _gnumgnfþm ndmtrg cg vgrfnacg. Gc ndlamtgr cg mdtfnfg ndm Jagtrfz, su glfig, ca `fhd qua su pgpç qua as læ`fnd ca ndlamtþ qua cg Hdrmg`g Mgnfdmgc `a _gnumgnfþm md sdcd as pgrg pravamfr cg vgrfnacg, sfmd dtrgs amoarla`g`as qua goantgm lçs g cg mf÷az. ^fm aljgrid, nugm`d bgjcþ ndm Gcjartd, su glfid, ca `fhd qua am su oglfcfg md sa gpcfngrìgm cg vgnumg ndmtrg cg vgrfnacg, puas bgjìgm caì`d qua cgs vgnumgs `asamng`am ` asamng`amgm gm amoarla`g`as nrþmfngs y gcarifgs. Hucfg tuvd `u`gs y randr`þ qua as flpdrtgmta ndlprdjgr cg ndmofgjfcf`g` `a cg fmodrlgnfþm qua caalds d asnunbglds, pdrqua quarìg fr ndm su oglfcfg g cg Hdrmg`g Mgnfdmgc `a _gnumgnfþm pgrg astgr prdtaif`ds y avftgr cgs amoarla`g`as. Udr asd, prdpusd g Jagtrfz y Gcjartd jusngr fmodrlgnfþm ndmofgjca sdjra cg Hdrmg`g Mgnfdmgc `a _gnumgnfþm y ac jrdta `a vgrfnacg, y prdpdmar gciumgs f`ags pgrg pravamfr amoarla`g`as.

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8 ‐ ´Wuæ cayþ Hucfg am cg mdtfnfg4 ´Udr quæ Gcjartd md ca `fd flpdrtgmnfg g cg mdtfnfg4 Huc fg bfzd g sus glfids4 ‐ ´Wuæ dpfmd sdjra cg prdpuastg qua Hucfg ‐ Nugm`d ranfjì umg mdtfnfg ogcsg, ´nþld la samtì4, ´nþld la `f nuamtg `a qua md arg var`g`arg4

  ^djra cd lamnfdmg`d pdr Hucfg, raspdm`d8 ‐ ´Ac prdjcalg `a cg `fousfþm `a fmodrlgnfþm ogcsg am ac trgtglfamtd y cg nurg

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`a cgs amoarla`g`as as um gsumtd pøjcfnd4, ´pdr quæ4 ´G qufæmas goantg4 ‐ ´Udr quæ `aja fmtarasgrmds asta

prdjcalg4

Uraiumtgræ

g

gciumds `a lfs oglfcfgras pgrg narnfdrgrla sf cas fmtarasg.

  ¡Luy jfam!  Ugrg ndlpram`ar

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Pamalds um prdjcalg8 cg `fousfþm `a fmodrlgnfþm ogcsg sdjra ac trgtglfamtd y cg nurg `a cgs c gs amoarla`g`as goantg cg sgcu` `a cgs parsdmgs. 

lahdr sf asta prdjcalg as um gsumtd pøjcfnd, caaræ y jusngræ fmodrlgnfþm.   _arfofnd sf am cds sfiufamtas ranug`rds sa prasamtg fmodrlgnfþm ndmofgjca. Ugrg accd, ndmsf`ard  cd sfiufamta8 tfama gutdrìg y ouamtas, su prdpþsftd as ncgrd, fmodrlg `a lgmarg vargz, sa raspgc`g am gutdras a fmstftunfdmas aspanfgcfzg`gs, cg fmodrlgnfþm as gntugcfzg`g.

:

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

>. Nuf`gm`d muastrg ssgcu`, gcu`, nuf`glds g muastrg oglfcfg

Paxtd 7 Lfmsg8 Ndmdzng nþld sa ndmtgifg y trgtg cg vgrfnacg Astg amoarla`g` sa prdpgig oçnfclamta g trgvæs `ac gfra nugm`d umg parsdmg qua cg tfama tdsa d astdrmu`g; tgljfæm sa pua`a ndmtgifgr gc tdngr cgs glpdccgs `a umg parsdmg fmoantg`g. Ac ndmtgifd sa pua`a `gr umd g `ds `ìgs gmtas `a qua

^u prdpþsftd as ncgrd8 fmodrlg sdjra cg odrlg `a prdpgignfþm y ndmtgifd `a cg

cg parsdmg prasamtabgygm ac sgrpuccf`d (casfdmas td`gs cgs glpdccgs odrlg`d ndstrg. am cg pfac) bgstg qua

vgrfnacg. Gutdras a fmstftunfdmas aspanfgcfzg`gs, fmodrlgnfþm gntugcfzg`g. Cg ouamta

Paxtd : Cgs vgnumgs sdm flpdrtgmtas, pard tfamam lunbgs ndmsanuamnfgs ndmsanua mnfgs maigtfvgs. Udr accd, as lahdr avftgrcgs.

´Wufæmas sdm cds gutdras d cgs fmstftunfdmas gutdrfzg`gs qua mds jrfm`gm astg fmodrlgnfþm4

‐ ´Udr quæ ndmsf`ard qua ac taxtd 7 as umg u mg ouamta ndmofgjca4 ‐ ´Uua`d `anfr cd lfsld `ac taxtd :4, ´pdr quæ4   Ndmsuctd lçs fmodrlgnfþm, f`amtfofnd cgs ngrgntarìstfngs qua la parlftam tamar cg saiurf`g` `a qua as umg ouamta ndmofgjca y jusnd dtrg qua md as ndmofgjca.   Urasamtd  g lf oglfcfg astgs `ds fmodrlgnfdmas pgrg `acfjargr sdjra ac usd `a ouamtas ndmofgjcas. @acfjargr as `fgcdigr sdjra um gsumtd   La tdng `acfjargr y tdlgr gnuar`ds am pøjcfnd (prdjcalg, manasf`g` d oglfcfg. ^aiufræ cds sfiufamtas pgsds8 gspfrgnfþm qua goantg ac jfamastgr y cds `aranbds), tdlgm`d am nuamtg ac pumtd ‐ Ndlamtd `a quæ trgtg ac prdjcalg. `a vfstg prdpfd y `a cds `alçs, ccaigm`d g ‐ Urasamtd  lf dpfmfþm sdjra cg ndmsamsds ndm cds gpdrtas `a td`gs y fmodrlgnfþm ogcsg y quæ bgnar ndm accg. td`ds, y jusngm`d ac jfam ndløm. G`gptg`d `a Lfmfstarfd `a A`ungnfþm. (s. o.). ‐ Uf`d  g lfs oglfcfgras qua axpcfquam sf Drfamtgnfdmas pgrg ac `asgrrdccd `a ndlpatamnfgs astçm g ogvdr `a lfs dpfmfdmas d md, `ac çrag `a Uarsdmgc ^dnfgc8 ndmstruflds nfu`g`gmìg `as`a cg asnuacg. tgljfæm quæ dtrgs f`ags tfamam pgrg gnna`ar y `foum`fr fmodrlgnfþm ndmofgjca. ‐ Asnunbd y gndhd sus prdpuastgs, pua`am sar juamgs f`ags. Pamid am nuamtg  sf ac sustamtd as vçcf`d y ndmofgjca. Jusnglds qua cgs f`ags sagm cg lahdr sdcunfþm. Asnrfjd randlam`gnfdmas sdjra ac gnnasd g fmodrlgnfþm ndmofgjca, pgrg `foum`frcgs pdr cds la`fds g muastrd gcngmna.

Zaocaxfdmd sdjra cd qua gpram`ì8 ‐ ´Wuæ bfna pgrg f`amtfofngr ac prdjcalg4 ‐ ´Udr quæ ndmsf`ard qua as um gsumtd pøjcfnd4 ‐ ´Nþld cgs ouamtas `a fmodrlgnfþm la gyu`grdm g ndlpram`ar lahdr ac gsumtd pøjcfnd4 ‐ ´Wuæ gndr`glds ndm lf oglfcfg sdjra cg `fousfþm `a fmodrlgnfþm ogcsg4

Zanuar`g8 Drigmfzg am tu pdrtgodcfd cds gnuar`ds qua ta parlftgm tamar fmodrlgnfþm vçcf`g pgrg ac nuf`g`d `a cg sgcu`. Pa sarvfrçm pgrg acgjdrgr cg ngrtfccg. >

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

>. Nuf`gm`d muastrg ssgcu`, gcu`, nuf`glds g muastrg oglfcfg

Qmg ngrtfccg pgrg ac nuf`g`d `a cg sgcu`  

GNPF_F@G@ : 

¡Alpanalds! Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cdirg r cg sfiufamta latg8  

Caar umg ngrtfccg pgrg ndmdnar su astrunturg y utfcf`g`. Am cg gntfvf`g` gmtarfdr, Hucfg cas prdpusd g sus glfids jusngr lçs fmodrlgnfþm sdjra cg vgrfnacg y prdpdmar gciumgs f`ags pgrg pravamfr cg amoarla`g`. Am cg oglfcfg `a Hucfg tgljfæm trgtgrdm ac talg y su barlgmd prdpusd bgnar umg ngrtfccg ngrt fccg pgrg `foum`fr randlam`gnfdmas gc raspantd. ^u oglfcfg gndifþ asg f`ag. f` ag.

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8 ‐ ´Wuæ as umg ngrtfccg4 ´Ugrg quæ sfrva4   Qmg ngrtfccg as um taxtd fmstruntfvd `a fmtaræs sdnfgc. Am accg, `a odrlg jrava y `frantg, sa ndlumfngm drfamtgnfdmas, fm`fngnfdmas d pgsds pgrg cdirgr um `atarlfmg`d prdpþsftd, g pgrtfr `a fmodrlgnfþm vgcf`g`g pdr ouamtas ndmofgjcas.

Gmtas `a caar    Djsarvd cg ngrtfccg y raspdm`d cgs sfiufamtas praiumtgs am lf nug`armd d am 

umg bdhg `a raøsd8 ´Udr `þm`a alpanæ g djsarvgr cg ngrtfccg4 ´G qufæm d qufæmas astgrç `frfif`g4 ´Wuæ mds qufaram ndlumfngr am cg ngrtfccg4 Gc caar 

  Pamid am nuamtg cd sfiufamta8

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Uua`d var qua cgs ngrtfccgs ngrtfcc gs tfamam umg ngrçtucg gtrgntfvg, um tìtucd y umg flgiam prfmnfpgc.

NGZÇPQCG

NDMPAMF@D @A CG NGZPFCCG

Am su fmtarfdr alpfazgm fmodrlgm`d sdjra ac talg, cuaid gpgranam cgs drfamtgnfdmas d fm`fngnfdmas `a odrlg dr`amg`g. Cgs fm`fngnfdmas suacam fr gndlpg÷g`gs `a flçiamas. V pua`am fmncufr umg sannfþm ndm `gtds nurfdsds.

NDMPAMF@D @A CG NGZPFCCG

GQPDZ

G`alçs, usgm um camiugha odrlgc. Pgljfæm fm`fngm ac gutdr d gutdras.

0

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

>. Nuf`gm`d muastrg ssgcu`, gcu`, nuf`glds g muastrg oglfcfg

^gjìgs qua…  Ac camiugha fmodrlgc as gquac qua sa `asgrrdccg am ndmtaxtds ndtf`fgmds, ndcdqufgcas y glfigjcas; lfamtrgs qua ac camiugha odrlgc bgna usd `ac nþ`fid cfmióìstfnd qua sa g ustg g cgs mdrlgs ndmvamnfdmgcas ndmvamnfdmgcas astgjcanf`gs. astgjcanf`gs.

Cuaid `a caar cg ngrtfccg y cds ndlamtgrfds `a Hucfg y Gcjartd… Gcjartd … 

  Zaspdm`d cgs sfiufamtas praiumtgs am lf nug`armd d am bdhgs `a raøsd8 ‐ ´Wuæ ndlamtg Gcjartd sdjra cgs ngrçtucgs `a cgs ngrtfccgs qua bg djsarvg`d4 ‐ ´Udr quæ as manasgrfd ndcdngr ac mdljra `ac gutdr d gutdras `a cg ngrtfccg4 ‐ ´Wuæ `fna Hucfg sdjra ac fmtarfdr `a cg ngrtfccg4 ‐ ´Udr quæ as flpdrtgmta ac usd `a fmodrlgnfþm `a ouamtas ndmofgjcas4 ‐ ´Wuæ tfpd `a camiugha sa pua`a utfcfzgr am umg ngrtfccg4 ´@a quæ `apam`a4 ‐ ´Am quæ pgrta `a cg ngrtfccg sa `ajam asnrfjfr cgs randlam`gnfdmas,

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drfamtgnfdmas d fm`fngnfdmas pgrg ac nuf`g`d `a cg sgcu`4, ´pdr quæ4 ‐ ´Udr quæ sarç flpdrtgmta fmncufr flçiamas am cg ngrtfccg4

  G pgrtfr `a cgs raspuastgs, acgjdrd umg cfstg `a ngrgntarìstfngs `a umg ngrtfccg.

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Astg fmodrlgnfþm la sarvfrç pgrg `fsa÷gr y acgjdrgr lf ngrtfccg.

Ngrtfccg Ngrçtucg

Ndmtamf`d

Pamid am nuamtg qua umg ngrtfccg prasamtg8   Ngrçtucg. Pìtucd,

orgsas a flçiamas qua sa vfmnucam y ldtfvam cg canturg. p arsdmgs qua cg acgjdrgrdm.   Gutdr. Mdljra `a cg parsdmg d parsdmgs   Ndmtamf`d.  Drfamtgnfdmas d fm`fngnfdmas ncgrgs, flçiamas d irçofnds dr`amg`ds qua ndlpcalamtam cg fmodrlgnfþm.   Ouamtas ndmofgjcas. Uarsdmgs d amtf`g`as axpartgs am ac talg.

Zaocaxfdmd sdjra cd qua gpram`ì8 gb drg4 ‐ ´Wuæ sgjìg `a cgs ngrtfccgs4 ´Wuæ sæ gbdrg4 ‐ ´Wuæ `fofnuctg`as tuva pgrg randmdnar cg astrunturg `a umg ngrtfccg y nþld cgs suparæ4 ngrg ntarìstfngs `a umg ngrtfccg4 ‐ ´Ugrg quæ la sfrva randmdnar cgs ngrgntarìstfngs   Drigmfzg am tu pdrtgodcfd cg fmodrlgnfþm sdjra cg astrunturg `a cg Zanuar`g8 ngrtfccg. Lçs g`acgmta, ta parlftfrç acgjdrgr tu ngrtfccg sdjra ac nuf`g`d `a cg sgcu`.

1

 

>. Nuf`gm`d muastrg ssgcu`, gcu`, nuf`glds g muastrg oglfcfg

GNPF_F@G@ > 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

amoarla`g`as s  Gpram`alds sdjra cgs vgnumgs pgrg pravamfr amoarla`g`a

¡Alpanalds! Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cg sfiufamta latg8

Axpcfngr qua gciumds lfnrddrigmfslds pgtþiamds sdm s dm cg ngusg `a umg vgrfa`g` `a amoarla`g`as y pdr quæ cgs vgnumgs sdm umg odrlg aoantfvg pgrg pravamfrcgs. Gmg, gc raspdm`ar cg praiumtg –´Wuæ sgjas `a cgs nglpg÷gs `a vgnumgnfþm y pgrg pgr g quæ sfrvam4“ sfrvam4“, asnrfjfþ qua gntugclamta sa astçm ragcfzgm`d nglpg÷gs mgnfdmgcas `a vgnumgnfþm irgtuftgs pgrg pravamfr amoarla`g`as, fmlumfzgm`d g mf÷gs, mf÷ds, g`dcasnamtas, g`uctds y parsdmgs g`uctgs lgydras.

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8 ‐ ´Wuæ ndmdznd sdjra cgs vgnumgs4 ´Nþld nrad qua surifþ cg prflarg vgnumg4 r anfjfr vgnumgs4 ‐ ´G quæ a`g` alpanæ g ranfjfr ‐ ´Nuçmtgs y quæ vgnumgs ranfjì am tdtgc4 ‐ ´Udr quæ nrad qua cgs vgnumgs pravfamam amoarla`g`as4

Uraiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm  ´Udr quæ sa utfcfzgm iærlamas `a cg lfslg amoarla`g` am cg nragnfþm `a cg vgnumg `a cg vfruacg4

  Asnrfjd umg d `ds pdsfjcas raspuastgs g cg praiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm.

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¡Luy jfam! Ugrg odrlgrla umg lahdr dpfmfþm, manasftd um pcgm a fmvastfigr. @a asa ld`d, lf dpfmfþm astgrç jgsg`g am avf`amnfg nfamtìofng.

  Asnrfjd lf pcgm `a fmvastfignfþm am ac nug`armd d am umg bdhg `a raøsd. Ugrg accd, bgid  umg cfstg `a gnnfdmas qua la parlftfrçm djtamar cgs f`ags y cg

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fmodrlgnfþm qua manasftd, gsì ndld umg cfstg `a lgtarfgcas d ranursds.   Cad ac taxtd –Axparflamtd `a Hammar. Cg prflarg vgnumg“ qua la gyu`grç g raspdm`ar cg praiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm. Ugrg asd, gmdtd lfs raspuastgs g cgs sfiufamtas praiumtgs8 ‐  ´Wuæ vgnumg `asnujrfþ Hammar4 ´Wuæ prdnasd sfiufþ4 ‐  ´Nþld gntøg cg vgnumg am muastrd drigmfsld4 ‐  ´Wuæ `aldstrþ gc sulfmfstrgr vfruacg `a vgng am ac nuarpd bulgmd4 ‐  ´Udr quæ Hammar usþ cds lfslds iærlamas `a cg amoarla`g` pgrg nurgr g cds amoarlds `a vfruacg4

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>. Nuf`gm`d muastrg ssgcu`, gcu`, nuf`glds g muastrg oglfcfg

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

A R U A Z F LA LA M P D @ A H A M M A Z . C G U Z F LA LA Z G _ G N Q M G

Ac læ`fnd jrftçmfnd A`wgr` Hammar, fmvamtþ cg prflarg vgnumg ndmtrg cg vfruacg. Am 796? ccavþ g ngjd su axparflamtd `a fmlumfzgnfþm ndm cfmog `a vfruacg vgnumg, y am gquac ldlamtd sa fmguiurþ cg arg `a cg vgnumgnfþm. v gnumgnfþm. Cg vgnnfmg d vfruacg `a cgs vgngs as umg amoarla`g` qua prd`unìg umg arupnfþm am cgs ujras `a astds gmflgcas. Cds nglpasfmds sgjìgm qua cds dr`a÷g`dras pd`ìgm ndmtgifgrsa `a cg vfruacg `a cgs vgngs, g`alçs, djsarvgrdm qua, gmta umg apf`alfg `a vfruacg, astds sa amoarlgjgm am rgrgs dngsfdmas. Ac axparflamtd `a Hammar ndmsfstfþ am cg fmtrd`unnfþm `a vfruacg `a cg vgng prdna`amta `a umg  pøstucg `a umg umg dr`a÷g`drg dr`a÷g`drg g um mf÷d `a dnbd g÷ds `a a`g` y `ds lasas lçs tgr`a sa gutdfmdnucþ ac lfsld qua`gm`d gljds prdtaif`ds. […\.  Ugrg narnfdrgrsa `a qua ac mf÷d, cavalamta fmoantg`d pdr cg vfruacg `a cg vgng, bgjìg qua`g`d ragclamta fmlumfzg`d ndmtrg cg vfruacg bulgmg, ca fmyantþ lgtarfg vfrucdsg qua bgjìg axtrgì`d ndm gmtarfdrf`g` `a umg pøstucg bulgmg. ^a cg gpcfnþ prdousglamta, pard md `fd cuigr g mfmiøm gtgqua `a vfruacg. Am cds jrgzds gpgranfardm cds lfslds sìmtdlgs qua prdvdngm cgs sustgmnfgs vfrucdsgs am cds mf÷ds qua bgm suorf`d vfruacg `a cg vgng. Gc ngjd `a umds lasas, ca vdcvfþ g fmdnucgr lgtarfg vfrucdsg, qua am astg dngsfþm md prd`uhd mfmiøm aoantd vfsfjca am ac nuarpd.  Hammar djsarvþ qua cgs parsdmgs qua ndmtrgìgm cg vfruacg `a cg vgng (lunbd lçs cava qua cg bulgmg) qua`gjgm fmlumfzg`gs ndmtrg astg øctflg.  Hammar `aldstrþ cgs vamtghgs `a cg vgnumgnfþm ndm vfruacg vf ruacg `a cg vgng. Cg fmlumfzgnfþm ndm asta tfpd `a vfruacg md prd`unìg pøstucgs, md dngsfdmgjg rfasid `a luarta mf arg odnd `a ndmtgifd g trgvæs `a cgs parsdmgs vgnumg`gs. Ngsf `ds sficds `aspuæs, am 7696, cg Drigmfzgnfþm Lum`fgc `a cg ^gcu` prdncglþ dofnfgclamta arrg`fng`g cg vfruacg vf ruacg am td`d ac lum`d.

  F`amtfofnd sf cg fmodrlgnfþm as ndmofgjca, tamfam`d am nuamtg cgs ngrgntarìstfngs



qua gpram`ì am cg gntfvf`g` 7.   Acgjdrd um drigmfzg`dr vfsugc sdjra ac `asnujrflfamtd `a cg prflarg vgnumg ndmtrg cg vfruacg, g pgrtfr `a cg canturg ragcfzg`g. dr igmfzg`dr vfsugc qua acgjdræ, ndmtrgstd lf   ¡Luy jfam! Gbdrg, ndm gyu`g `ac drigmfzg`dr raspuastg fmfnfgc g cg praiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm ndm cgs muavgs f`ags qua bgccæ. Asnrfjd lf raspuastg `aofmftfvg g cg praiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm.   Zaømd  g lf oglfcfg, cas prasamtd  lf trgjghd `ac `ìg y prdpdmid  odrlgs `a nuf`grsa y prdtaiarsa `a cgs amoarla`g`as.

  Ndlamtd ndm lf oglfcfg sdjra cgs vgnumgs, su `asnujrflfamtd pgrg nurgr cgs



amoarla`g`as y su ngpgnf`g` `a bgnarmds fmlumas. Pgljfæm cas axpcfnd qua, pgrg `asnujrfr umg vgnumg, sa sfiuam prdna`flfamtds rfiurdsds ndm avf`amnfgs nfamtìofngs sdjra su aofnfamnfg.

Zaocaxfdmd sdjra cd qua gpram`ì8 ‐ ´Urdpusa cg raspuastg fmfnfgc g cg praiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm4 ´Qjfquæ am ac taxtd cgs f`ags pgrg raspdm`ar cg praiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm4

 

‐ ´Axpcfquæ am um drigmfzg`dr vfsugc ac axparflamtd `a Hammar y cg prflarg vgnumg4 pr avamfr y prdtaiarsa `a amoarla`g`as4 ‐ ´Urdpusa g lf oglfcfg odrlgs `a pravamfr

9

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

>. Nuf`gm`d muastrg ssgcu`, gcu`, nuf`glds g muastrg oglfcfg

GNPF_F@G@ 0 

Ngcnucglds cg gtamnfþm am nglpg÷gs `a vgnumgnfþm

¡Alpanalds! Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cdir gr cg sfiufamta latg8  

Zasdcvar prdjcalgs racgnfdmg`ds ndm cg `fstrfjunfþm y ac gcngmna `a cgs nglpg÷gs `a vgnumgnfþm, bgnfam`d usd `a cg luctfpcfngnfþm y `fvfsfþm `a mølards mgturgcas y sus prdpfa`g`as.

Zaprasamtd cg luctfpcfngnfþm Urdjcalg 78 Ndm ldtfvd `a cg Hdrmg`g Hdr mg`g Mgnfdmgc `a _gnumgnfþm, drigmfzg`g pdr ac Lfmfstarfd `a ^gcu`, sa gtam`arç am cds namtrds ndlarnfgcas ndmsf`argm`d cgs la`f`gs `a saiurf`g` sgmftgrfg. Zdsg, astu`fgmta `a ?.µ irg`d, tdlg am nuamtg td`gs cgs la`f`gs y bgna um amsgyd `a `fstrfjunfþm `a sfccgs am tras jcdquas `a ofcgs y ndculmgs, am um pgtfd irgm`a `a um astgjcanflfamtd ndlarnfgc. ´G nuçmtgs parsdmgs sa pua`a vgnumgr am asta cuigr4

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8  ‐ ´Wuæ ndmdznd gnarng `a cgs nglpg÷gs `a vgnumgnfþm4 ‐ ´Wuæ dpargnfþm pua`d usgr pgrg amndmtrgr cg ngmtf`g` `a sfccgs qua sa manasftg pgrg cg nglpg÷g `a vgnumgnfþm am asta astgjcanflfamtd4

  Djsarvd `ds odrlgs `a rasdcvar ac prdjcalg y ndlpcatd.



05 + TTTTTT+ TTTTTT <

2 x TTTTTTTT<

‐ Amtdmnas, am asta astgjcanflfamtd sa pd`rç vgnumgr g TTTTTTTTT parsdmgs.

2

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

>. Nuf`gm`d muastrg ssgcu`, gcu`, nuf`glds g muastrg oglfcfg

  Zaspdm`d8 ‐  ´Nuçc `a cgs `ds odrlgs `a ngcnucgr la pgrana lçs oçnfc4, ´pdr quæ4



 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT ‐ ´Wuæ racgnfþm amnuamtrd amtra gljgs odrlgs `a ngcnucgr4  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT

  Djsarvd astg odrlg `a ngcnucgr8



As cg prdpfa`g` `fstrfjutfvg `a cg luctfpcfngnfþm raspantd g cg g`fnfþm.

  @asnrfjd cg prdpfa`g` `fstrfjutfvg `a cg luctfpcfngnfþm raspantd g cg g`fnfþm.



 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT T

Cg prdpfa`g` ndmlutgtfvg `a cg luctfpcfngnfþm   Djsarvd ac sfiufamta irçofnd qua ndrraspdm`a g cg `fstrfjunfþm `a sfccgs am ac



astgjcanflfamtd ndlarnfgc `dm`a sa ragcfzgrç cg nglpg÷g `a vgnumgnfþm.

Zaspdm`d8 ´Nuçmtgs sfccgs sa raqufaram am asta jcdqua4, ´pdr quæ4  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT ´Nþld pua`d `asnrfjfr astg `fstrfjunfþm4  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT Am ac irçofnd, sa djsarvg qua am astg `fstrfjunfþm bgy 2 ofcgs `a sfccgs, y pdr ng`g ofcg, 1 ndculmgs, as `anfr, 2 x 1. Am dtrgs pgcgjrgs, bgy 1 ndculmgs `a sfccgs, y pdr ng`g ndculmg, 2 ofcgs, as `anfr, 1 x 2 < 05 sfccgs. 2 x 1 < 1 x 2 < 05, as cg prdpfa`g` ndmlutgtfvg `a cg luctfpcfngnfþm.

  @asnrfjd cg prdpfa`g` ndmlutgtfvg `a cg luctfpcfngnfþm.



 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT _arfofnd ndm cds dtrds jcdquas `a `fstrfjunfþm prasamtg`ds am ac prdjcalg 7.  

6

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

>. Nuf`gm`d muastrg ssgcu`, gcu`, nuf`glds g muastrg oglfcfg

Astrgtaifgs pgrg luctfpcfngr Urdjcalg :8 Am hucfd `a :5:5, ac Lfmfstarfd `a ^gcu` `fstrfjuyþ 7195 aqufpds `a prdtannfþm parsdmgc g ng`g umd `a cds 77 bdspftgcas `a Cflg Latrdpdcftgmg, pgrg trgjghg`dras `a cg sgcu` qua gtfam`am g parsdmgs ndm ND_F@-76. ´Nuçmtds aqufpds `a prdtannfþm parsdmgc sa amtraigrdm am tdtgc4

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8 ‐ ´Ugrg quæ sfrvam cds aqufpds `a prdtannfþm parsdmgc4 ‐ ´Wuæ astrgtaifg pua`d utfcfzgr pgrg ngcnucgr ac tdtgc `a aqufpds amtraig`ds4

  Ndld cg `fstrfjunfþm oua pgrg 77 bdspftgcas y g ng`g bdspftgc ca ndrraspdm`fþ



7195 aqufpds, luctfpcfnglds 77 x 7195 pgrg bgccgr ac tdtgc `a aqufpds amtraig`ds.

  Zanuar`d cg prdpfa`g` `fstrfjutfvg `a cg luctfpcfngnfþm raspantd g cg g`fnfþm,



cg prdpfa`g` ndmlutgtfvg y cg luctfpcfngnfþm pdr 75. Amtdmnas, 77 x 7195 < 7195 x 77 7195 x (75 + 7) 7195 x TTTTTT + 7195 x TTTTTT +

^a pua`a `asndlpdmar ac 77 ndld 75 + 7 y gpcfngr cg prdpfa`g` `fstrfjutfvg am cg luctfpcfngnfþm `a 7195 x 77. 

  Gbdrg, yg pua`d raspdm`ar cg praiumtg `ac prdjcalg8



Ac Lfmfstarfd `a ^gcu`, am hucfd `a :5:5, amtraiþ TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT aqufpds `a prdtannfþm parsdmgc g 77 bdspftgcas `a Cflg Latrdpdcftgmg. L atrdpdcftgmg.

Zaprasamtd cg `fvfsfþm Urdjcalg >8 Am hucfd `a :5:5, ac Lfmfstarfd `a ^gcu` `fstrfjuyþ 17?1 umf`g`as `a la`fnglamtds `a lgmarg aquftgtfvg g 1 bdspftgcas `a Cflg Latrdpdcftgmg, pgrg cds pgnfamtas ndm ND_F@-76. ´Nuçmtgs umf`g`as `a la`fnglamtds ca ndrraspdm`fþ g ng`g bdspftgc4

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8 ‐ ´Wuæ dpargnfþm ragcfzgrìg pgrg bgccgr cg ngmtf`g` `a la`fnglamtds qua ca tdnþ g ng`g bdspftgc4

75

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

>. Nuf`gm`d muastrg ssgcu`, gcu`, nuf`glds g muastrg oglfcfg

  ^f pgrg cds 1 bdspftgcas sa bgjìg `astfmg`d 17?1 umf`g`as `a la`fnglamtds



qua cas `aja ccaigr `a lgmarg aquftgtfvg, ndm umg dpargnfþm `a  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT `a 17?1 amtra TTTTTTTT djtam`ralds cd qua ca ndrraspdm`a g ng`g umd. Amtdmnas, sa pua`a raprasamtgr gsì8

As cg prdpfa`g` `fstrfjutfvg `a cg `fvfsfþm raspantd g cg g`fnfþm.

17?1 8 1 < (1555 + 755 + ?5 + 1) 8 1

1555 8

+ 755 8 +

+ ?5 8 +

+18 +

  Vg pua`d raspdm`ar cg praiumtg `ac prdjcalg8



G ng`g bdspftgc ca ndrraspdm`fþ TTTTTTTTTTTT umf`g`as `a la`fnglamtds pgrg pgnfamtas ndm ND_F@-76.

  @asnrfjd cg prdpfa`g` `fstrfjutfvg `a cg `fvfsfþm raspantd g cg g`fnfþm.



 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT

  Gmgcfzd ac prdjcalg gmtarfdr y jusnd dtrg odrlg pgrg rasdcvarcd.



Zanuar`g8 Cg luctfpcfngnfþm prasamtg prdpfa`g`as qua gyu`gm g ragcfzgr nçcnucds, ndld cg prdpfa`g` `fstrfjutfvg raspantd g cg g`fnfþm y cg prdpfa`g` ndmlutgtfvg. Qmg `fvfsfþm as cg dpargnfþm fmvarsg g cg luctfpcfngnfþm. Ugrg rasdcvar umg `fvfsfþm, sa pua`a alpcagr umg `asndlpdsfnfþm g`ftfvg d su gcidrftld.

Zaocaxfdmd sdjra cd qua gpram`ì8 ‐ ´Zasdcvì cds prdjcalgs sdjra cgs nglpg÷gs `a vgnumgnfþm bgnfam`d usd `a cg luctfpcfngnfþm y cg `fvfsfþm4, ´quæ astrgtaifgs a strgtaifgs usæ4 ‐ ´Cdiræ ndlpram`ar qua cgs prdpfa`g`as `a cg luctfpcfngnfþm y cg `fvfsfþm gyu`gm g ragcfzgr nçcnucds4 ‐ ´Am quæ sftugnfdmas d gntfvf`g`as `fgrfgs alpcad cgs prdpfa`g`as `a cg luctfpcfngnfþm y cg `fvfsfþm4

77

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

>. Nuf`gm`d muastrg ssgcu`, gcu`, nuf`glds g muastrg oglfcfg

GNPF_F@G@ 1 

cgjdrglds umg ngrtfccg pgrg ac nuf`g`d `a cg sgcu`

¡Alpanalds! Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cg sfiufamta latg8

Acgjdrgr y pujcfngr umg ngrtfccg ndm randlam`gnfdmas sdjra ac nuf`g`d `a cg sgcu`. @urgmta su acgjdrgnfþm, lf ngrtfccg pgsgrç pdr um prdnasd `a `fsa÷d, asnrfturg a fcustrgnfþm pgrg cuaid sar pujcfng`g. Cg acgjdrgræ g Lf ngrtfccg `aja tamar8 lgmd, utfcfzgm`d cds lgtarfgcas qua tamid am ngsg.   Ngrçtucg.   Pìtucd, orgsas a ¡G pcgmfofngr lf ngrtfccg!  flçiamas qua sa vfmnucam y   Zaspdm`d cgs sfiufamtas praiumtgs8 ldtfvam cg canturg. ‐ ´Ugrg quæ asnrfjfræ lf ngrtfccg4   Gutdr.  Pu mdljra y `a cgs ‐ ´Wufæmas qufard qua cagm lf ngrtfccg4 parsdmgs qua ndcgjdrgrdm am su g ntfvf`g`as ‐ ´Wuæ fmodrlgnfþm `a cgs gntfvf`g`as acgjdrgnfþm.   Ndmtamf`d.  Zandlam`gnfdmas gmtarfdras utfcfzgræ4 Zavfsd lf pdrtgodcfd. ‐ ´Wuæ camiugha usgræ4, ´odrlgc d fmodrlgc4,

ncgrgs, f`ags, flçiamas d irçofnds dr`amg`ds qua ndlpcalamtam cg fmodrlgnfþm.   Ouamtas ndmofgjcas. Mdljrgr `a qufæm y `a `þm`a sa djtuvd fmodrlgnfþm.

´pdr quæ4 ‐ ´Nuçmtgs pçifmgs y sannfdmas tam`rç4 ‐ ´Wuæ flçiamas ndcdngræ am cg pdrtg`g4 ‐ ´Wuæ flçiamas d irçofnds utfcfzgræ am ac fmtarfdr4 ¡@fsa÷d lf ngrtfccg!    @a gnuar`d ndm cd pcgmfofng`d, acgjdrd um jdnatd. Ugrg accd, raømd bdhgs `a raøsd, cgs `djcd pdr cg lftg` y cgs humtd g lgmarg `a um nug`armfccd. Gbdrg, sfid cgs fm`fngnfdmas `a cgs sfiufamtas ofiurgs8 Pìtucd  Cg prflarg pçifmg sarç lf ngrçtucg, ndm ranug`rds y cìmags `dm`a frçm ac tìtucd, cgs orgsas, cgs flçiamas, lf mdljra y `a qufamas la Flgiam  gpdygrdm.

Am cgs sfiufamtas pçifmgs, lgrnd  ndm ranug`rds y Urasamtgnfþm   Flgiam cìmags `a quæ lgmarg frçm cgs randlam`gnfdmas y cgs Gutdr  flçiamas qua utfcfzgræ. Zandlam`gnfþm   Ndmsf`ard  `þm`a y `a quæ lgmarg mdljrgræ cgs ouamtas Zandlam`gnfþm ndmofgjcas, gsì ndld dtrds `gtds flpdrtgmtas `a tacæodmds `a Flgiam alariamnfg d fmstftunfdmas `a gyu`g.   Gbdrg, luastrd lf `fsa÷d g um oglfcfgr, glfig d glfid y pf`d  Ouamta dpfmfdmas gc raspantd, g pgrtfr `a cgs sfiufamtas praiumtgs8 ‐  ´Wuæ dpfmgm `a cg drigmfzgnfþm y mølard `a pçifmgs `a cg ngrtfccg4 ‐  ´^a amtfam`am cgs f`ags `a cg ngrtfccg4 ‐  ´Cgs flçiamas gyu`gm g ndlpram`ar ac talg `a cg ngrtfccg4 ‐  ´Wuæ pd`rìg lahdrgr4   Zaifstrd sus raspuastgs, tdld am nuamtg  sus dpfmfdmas y lahdrd lf `fsa÷d. ¡Luy jfam!, yg nuamtd ndm ac `fsa÷d y cg pcgmfofngnfþm `a cg ngrtfccg.

7:

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

>. Nuf`gm`d muastrg ssgcu`, gcu`, nuf`glds g muastrg oglfcfg

¡G asnrfjfr a fcustrgr lf ngrtfccg!   Gmtas `a alpazgr, ravfsd muavglamta cg latg y raspdm`d8 ‐ ´Ugrg quæ asnrfjfræ astg ngrtfccg4   Pgljfæm ravfsd lf pcgmfofngnfþm y varfofnd lf `fsa÷d, cg fmodrlgnfþm qua raumì 



y cds lgtarfgcas qua usgræ.

 



  cds nrftarfds `a cg tgjcg pgrg acgjdrgr y avgcugr lf ngrtfccg. Nugm`d Qtfcfzd tarlfma, vuacvd g caar cd qua ba asnrftd y varfofnd qua nulpcg su prdpþsftd.

Nrftarfds 

^ì  

Md 

´Am quæ `ajd lahdrgr4 

´Ndmsf`aræ cg pcgmfofngnfþm y ac `fsa÷d pgrg acgjdrgr cg ngrtfccg4 ´Qsæ fmodrlgnfþm `a gntfvf`g`as gmtarfdras pgrg asnrfjfr cgs randlam`gnfdmas am cg ngrtfccg4 ´Cg ngrçtucg tfama tìtucd, orgsas a flçiamas qua sa vfmnucgm y ldtfvgm cg canturg `a cg ngrtfccg4 ´Cgs randlam`gnfdmas sdm ncgrgs sdjra ac nuf`g`d `a cg sgcu` parsdmgc y `a cg oglfcfg4 ´Asnrfjì cgs ouamtas qua usæ y dtrds `gtds flpdrtgmtas pgrg ac cantdr4 ´Cds taxtds y cgs fcustrgnfdmas `a cg ngrtfccg sa luastrgm dr`amg`ds y jfam `fstrfjuf`ds4 ´Cds tfpds y tglg÷ds `a catrg parlftam f`amtfofngr cg fmodrlgnfþm qua sa qufara ndlumfngr4 ´Qsæ g`anug`glamta cds sfimds `a pumtugnfþm y cgs lgyøsnucgs4 ´Cg ngrtfccg prasamtg um lamsgha ncgrd pgrg ac nuf`g`d `a cg sgcu`4

Zaocaxfdmd sdjra cd qua gpram`ì8 ‐ ´Wuæ gpram`ì `ac prdnasd `a acgjdrgnfþm `a cg ngrtfccg4 ´Ugrg quæ la sfrva4 ‐ ´Wuæ `fofnuctg`as tuva4 ‐ ´@a quæ lgmarg la gyu`grç cg fmodrlgnfþm `a cg ngrtfccg am ac nuf`g`d `a lf sgcu` y cg `a lf oglfcfg4   ¡Luy jfam! Vg tamid lf ngrtfccg ndm randlam`gnfdmas sdjra ac nuf`g`d `a cg sgcu`. Gbdrg, ´nþld pua`d bgnar pgrg qua lf ngrtfccg ccaiua g lçs parsdmgs4 Uua`d acgjdrgr lçs ahalpcgras d, sf la as pdsfjca, pua`d pujcfngrcg pdr dtrds la`fds (ndrrad acantrþmfnd, YbgtsGpp, atn.).

Lfs raocaxfdmas ofmgcas ´Wuæ `ajalds bgnar pgrg nuf`gr muastrg sgcu`4  sgcu`4 

´Nþld mds drigmfzglds am lf oglfcfg pgrg nuf`gr cg sgcu` `a td`gs y td`ds4

´Udr quæ `ajalds nuf`gr muastrg sgcu`4 

7>

 

?.µ irg`d

ARUAZFAMNFG @A GUZAM@FXGHA

0

LFMF^PAZFD @A A@QNGNFÞM  

5

0. Ndmsarvglds y `fsorutglds muastrg jfd`fvarsf`g` ?.d irg`d Ac Uarø as umd `a cds pgìsas ndm lgydr jfd`fvarsf`g` am ac lum`d. Ac 75 % `a cg ocdrg `ac pcgmatg astç am muastrd pgìs. G`alçs, 0055 `a astgs aspanfas `a pcgmtgs sdm utfcfzg`gs pdr cg pdjcgnfþm, `ajf`d g qua tfamam prdpfa`g`as aspanfgcas; sfm aljgrid, lunbgs `a accgs sa amnuamtrgm am sftugnfþm `a glamgzg d pacfird `a axtfmnfþm.

AC ZAPD ^AZÇ8  ´Wuæ pcgmtgs ogvdranam cg prasarvgnfþm `ac andsfstalg `a muastrg cdngcf`g`4 

´WQÆ GUZAM@AZÆ4 Gpram`aræ g nuf`gr y prasarvgr cgs pcgmtgs qua bgy am lf ndlumf`g`; pgrg accd, ndmdnaræ cg sunasfþm y cg rairasfþm andcþifng qua axpcfngm cg avdcunfþm `a cgs pcgmtgs y su `fvarsf`g` `a aspanfas am ac andsfstalg. Gsflfsld, prdpdm`ræ gnnfdmas am lf ndlumf`g` qua ndmtrfjuygm g cg prasarvgnfþm `a um andsfstalg sgcu`gjca.

´WQÆ ZAGCFXGZÆ UGZG CDIZGZCD4 Ugrg cdirgrcd, ragcfzgræ cgs sfiufamtas gnnfdmas8

  Axpcfngr cg racgnfþm `a cgs pcgmtgs ndm ac andsfstalg y cgs andrraifdmas am ac



Uarø. Zagcfzgr gnnfdmas `a ndlpgrgnfþm a fiugcgnfþm ndm cg ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas   vaiatgcas axfstamtas am muastrd pgìs. ^acannfdmgr fmodrlgnfþm ndmofgjca sdjra cg flpdrtgmnfg `a cg prasarvgnfþm   `ac andsfstalg.

  Urdpdmar gnnfdmas drfamtg`gs g avftgr ac prdjcalg `a cg `asartfofngnfþm. fmodir goìg sdjra cg flpdrtgmnfg `a cg prasarvgnfþm `ac   Acgjdrgr y `foum`fr umg fmodirgoìg





andsfstalg.

´NQÇC ^AZÇ AC UZD@QNPD4 Acgjdrgr umg fmodirgoìg sdjra cg flpdrtgmnfg `a cg prasarvgnfþm `ac andsfstalg.

¡Pa fmvftglds g `asgrrdccgr cgs sfiufamtas gntfvf`g`as!

7

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

0. Ndmsarvglds y `fsorutglds muastrg jfd`fvarsf`g`

GNPF_F@G@ 7 

Cgs pcgmtgs y cg avdcunfþm `ac andsfstalg

¡Alpanalds! Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cg sfiufamta latg8

Axpcfngr cg flpdrtgmnfg `a cgs pcgmtgs am cg avdcunfþm `a cds andsfstalgs.

Gmg, gc raspdm`ar cg praiumtg –´Wuæ tfpds `a pcgmtgs sfalpra bgm axfstf`d am ac cuigr `dm`a vfvas4“ vfvas4“, ndlamtg qua su gjuacd ca ndmtþ qua sfalpra bg axfstf`d ac sgunanfccd.

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8 ‐ ´Wuæ pcgmtgs sfalpra bgm axfstf`d am lf cdngcf`g`4 ‐ ´Udr quæ astgs pcgmtgs nranam am lf cdngcf`g`4 ‐ ´Wuæ muavgs pcgmtgs bgm gpgranf`d am lf cdngcf`g`4 ‐ ´Gpgranarçm muavgs pcgmtgs am dtrds cuigras4, ´pdr quæ4

Qm andsfstalg as um sfstalg mgturgc odrlg`d pdr um ndmhumtd `a saras vfvds y ac la`fd oìsfnd `dm`a sa racgnfdmgm. Cds ogntdras gjfþtfnds sdm cgs ngrgntarìstfngs oìsfnd-quìlfngs `a um cuigr, asamnfgcas pgrg ac `asgrrdccd `a cds saras vfvds.

Uraiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm  ´Nþld cgs pcgmtgs fmtarvfamam am cg avdcunfþm `a cds andsfstalgs4

…………………………………………………………………………………… 

  Asnrfjd umg d `ds pdsfjcas raspuastgs g cg praiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm.



¡Luy jfam! Ugrg odrlgrla umg lahdr dpfmfþm, manasftd um pcgm a fmvastfigr. @a asa ld`d, lf dpfmfþm astgrç jgsg`g am avf`amnfg nfamtìofng.

  Asnrfjd lf pcgm `a fmvastfignfþm am ac nug`armd d am umg bdhg `a raøsd. Ugrg accd, bgid  umg cfstg `a gnnfdmas qua la parlftfrçm djtamar cgs f`ags y cg



fmodrlgnfþm qua manasftd, gsì ndld umg cfstg `a lgtarfgcas d ranursds.

  Gbdrg, cad ac taxtd –^unasfþm andcþifng8 cg avdcunfþm `a cds andsfstalgs“ qua la gyu`grç g raspdm`ar cg praiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm. Ugrg asd, gmdtd  lfs



raspuastgs g cgs sfiufamtas praiumtgs8 ‐ ´Wuæ as umg sunasfþm andcþifng4 ‐ ´Udr quæ ogsas trgmsftgm cgs pcgmtgs am umg sunasfþm andcþifng4 ‐ ´Wuæ pua`a dngsfdmgr umg rairasfþm andcþifng4 ‐ ´Wuæ pgsgrìg sf md bujfarg pcgmtgs am muastrd pcgmatg4 ‐ ´Udr quæ as flpdrtgmta nuf`gr y prdtaiar g cgs pcgmtgs4

:

 

0. Ndmsarvglds y `fsorutglds muastrg jfd`fvarsf`g`

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

^unasfþm andcþifng8 cg avdcunfþm `a cds andsfstalgs Cg sunasfþm andcþifng  as um prdnasd `a ngljfd am cds andsfstalgs qua sa pua`am djsarvgr tgmtd am ac tfalpd ndld ac aspgnfd. ^updma ac ngljfd `a umgs ndlumf`g`as `a aspanfas (lfnrddrigmfslds, pcgmtgs, gmflgcas, atn.) pdr dtrgs, `a lgmarg qua ndm ac trgmsnursd `ac tfalpd ac andsfstalg sa vg vdcvfam`d lçs ndlpcahd. Am um cuigr `dm`a md bgy mg`g `a tfarrg, sdcd rdngs, gciumds drigmfslds, ndld cìquamas, lusids y dtrgs aspanfas lçs, ndlfamzgm g ld`fofngr ac bçjftgt y iamargm am ac suacd lgtarfg driçmfng qua pdnd g pdnd ognfcftg ac `asgrrdccd `a muavgs aspanfas. Astgs sa astgjcan astgjcanam am y ndmtfmøgm ld`fofngm`d ac bçjftgt am ac tfalpd; am asta prdnasd, gciumgs aspanfas pfdmargs suacam `asgpgranar. Udr asd, cg sunasfþm andcþifng pgsg pdr cgs ogsas qua sa djsarvgm am cg ofiurg. Cg øctflg ogsa sfimfofngrìg ccaigr gc ncìlgx `a cg sunasfþm. Cg rairasfþm vg am samtf`d dpuastd y suaca sar lunbd lçs rçpf`g, `apam`fam`d `a quæ cg ngusa. Astd pua`a suna`ar pdr fmnam`fds, `aodrastgnfþm d nugcqufar gnnfþm `ac sar bulgmd. Qm andsfstalg qua suora umg rairasfþm pua`a vdcvar g `asgrrdccgr ngljfds pgrg gulamtgr su ndlpcahf`g`, cd qua `g fmfnfd g umg muavg sunasfþm qua pua`a sar tgljfæm luy camtg, pard gum gsì tgr`g lamds am ccaigr g cgs atgpgs lg`urgs. Am ng`g umg `a cgs ogsas `a cg sunasfþm, cds ngljfds tfamam cuigr tgmtd am cg vaiatgnfþm ndld amtra cds lfnrddrigmfslds, cds gmflgcas y, am `aofmftfvg, am td`ds cds ndlpdmamtas `ac andsfstalg. Udr accd, cgs pcgmtgs sa ndmvfartam am acalamtds fm`fspamsgjcas pgrg cg vf`g `a dtrds saras vfvds.

  Acgjdrd um drigmfzg`dr vfsugc sdjra cg sunasfþm andcþifng `a cgs pcgmtgs am um

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andsfstalg. dr igmfzg`dr vfsugc qua acgjdræ, ndmtrgstd lf   ¡Luy jfam! Gbdrg, ndm gyu`g `ac drigmfzg`dr raspuastg fmfnfgc g cg praiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm ndm cgs muavgs f`ags qua bgccæ. Asnrfjd lf raspuastg `aofmftfvg g cg praiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm.   Ndlamtd ndm lf oglfcfg sdjra cg avdcunfþm `a cgs pcgmtgs am um andsfstalg y cas prdpdmid gnnfdmas pgrg ac nuf`g`d `a cgs pcgmtgs am lf cdngcf`g`.

Zaocaxfdmd sdjra cd qua gpram`ì8 ‐ ´Urdpusa lf raspuastg fmfnfgc g cg praiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm4 r aspdm`ar cg praiumtg `a fmvastfignfþm4 ‐ ´Qjfquæ am ac taxtd cgs f`ags pgrg raspdm`ar ‐ ´Axpcfquæ am um drigmfzg`dr vfsugc sdjra cg sunasfþm andcþifng `a cgs pcgmtgs am um andsfstalg4 ‐ ´Urdpusa g lf oglfcfg gnnfdmas pgrg nuf`gr cgs pcgmtgs4

>

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

0. Ndmsarvglds y `fsorutglds muastrg jfd`fvarsf`g`

GNPF_F@G@ : 

Ndlpgrglds cg ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas vaiatgcas

¡Alpanalds! Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cg sfiufamta latg8

Ndlpgrgr a fiugcgr cg ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas vaiatgcas qua bgy am muastrd pgìs.

Nuçmtd lçs y nuçmtd lamds   Cad ac sfiufamta prdjcalg8

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Urdjcalg 78 Ac Uarø as umd `a cds pgìsas ndm lgydr jfd`fvarsf`g` am ac lum`d. Ac 75 % `a cg ocdrg `ac pcgmatg astç am muastrd pgìs. @ac :55> gc :556 sa `asnujrfardm 79:> muavgs aspanfas `a pcgmtgs am ac Uarø. ^f am ac :556 sa raifstrgrdm :5 >91, ´nuçmtgs aspanfas `a pcgmtgs sa tamìgm raifstrg`gs am ac :55>4

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8 ‐ ´Wuæ ndmdznd sdjra cgs aspanfas `a pcgmtgs qua sa vgm `asnujrfam`d am ac Uarø4 ‐ ´Nþld pua`d bgccgr cg ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas raifstrg`gs raifstrg` gs am ac :55>4

  Djsarvd  umg odrlg `a raprasamtgr cds `gtds `ac prdjcalg. Ndlpcatd  y rasuacvd8

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Zagcfzd cg dpargnfþm gquì.

  Ndm ac rasuctg`d djtamf`d, raspdm`d cg praiumtg `ac prdjcalg8 r aifstrg`gs TTTTTTTTTTTT aspanfas `a pcgmtgs. ‐  Am ac :55> sa tamìgm raifstrg`gs

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Urdjcalg :8 ^aiøm ac saxtd fmodrla mgnfdmgc sdjra cg `fvarsf`g` jfdcþifng `ac Lfmfstarfd `ac Gljfamta, gmtas `a 766> cg ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas `a pcgmtgs raifstrg`gs am muastrd pgìs arg 9219 lamds qua am cg gntugcf`g`. ^f am gquaccg æpdng sa tamìg um raifstrd `a 79 70>, ´nuçc as cg ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas `a pcgmtgs raifstrg`gs qua bgy gntugclamta am ac Uarø4

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8 ‐ ´Wuæ ndmdznd sdjra cg ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas `a pcgmtgs qua bgy am ac Uarø4 ‐ ´Nþld pua`d bgccgr cg ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas `a pcgmtgs raifstrg`gs gntugclamta am ac Uarø4

0

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

0. Ndmsarvglds y `fsorutglds muastrg jfd`fvarsf`g`

  Ndlpcatd ac sfiufamta asqualg y rasuacvd8



Ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas `asnujfartgs `as`a 766> g cg gntugcf`g`

Zagcfzd cg dpargnfþm gquì.

  Ndm ac rasuctg`d djtamf`d, raspdm`d cg praiumtg `ac prdjcalg8 ‐ Am cg gntugcf`g`, sa amnuamtrgm raifstrg`gs TTTTTTTTTTT aspanfas `a



pcgmtgs am ac Uarø.

Urdjcalgs `a fiugcgnfþm Urdjcalg >8 Ac Uarø nuamtg ndm umg irgm vgrfa`g` `a aspanfas vaiatgcas. @a accgs, sa tfamam 7:55 aspanfas `a pcgmtgs gcflamtfnfgs. ^f cg ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas `a orutgs sa fmnralamtgrg am 199, sa tam`rìg cg lfslg ngmtf`g` qua cgs pcgmtgs gcflamtfnfgs. ´Wuæ ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas `a orutgs bgy am ac Uarø4

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8 r aifþm4 ‐ ´Wuæ aspanfas `a vaiatgcas bgy am lf raifþm4 ‐ ´Nþld pua`d bgccgr cg ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas `a orutgs qua bgy am ac Uarø4

  Djsarvd  umg odrlg `a raprasamtgr cds `gtds `ac prdjcalg. Ndlpcatd  y rasuacvd8



199

Zagcfzd cg dpargnfþm gquì.

  Ndm ac rasuctg`d djtamf`d, raspdm`d cg praiumtg `ac prdjcalg8  



‐ Am ac Uarø bgy TTTTTTTTTTTTT aspanfas `a orutgs. 

1

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

0. Ndmsarvglds y `fsorutglds muastrg jfd`fvarsf`g`

Urdjcalgs `a `ds atgpgs Urdjcalg 08 ^aiøm ac saxtd fmodrla mgnfdmgc sdjra cg `fvarsf`g` jfdcþifng `ac Lfmfstarfd `ac Gljfamta, `foum`f`d am humfd `a :576, ac Uarø U arø am ac g÷d :556 tamìg :5 >91 aspanfas `a pcgmtgs, bgstg ac g÷d :57> sa `asnujrfardm :75 aspanfas lçs y am g÷d :579 sa raifstrgrdm 1: aspanfas lamds qua am ac g÷d :57>. ´Nuçmtgs aspanfas sa raifstrgrdm am ac :57>4 ´V nuçmtgs am ac :5794

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8 ‐ ´Wuæ tfpd `a fmodrlgnfþm prasamtg ac Lfmfstarfd `ac Gljfamta4 ‐ ´Wuæ astrgtaifgs pua`d usgr pgrg rasdcvar ac prdjcalg4

  Ndlpcatd cds asqualgs ndm cds `gtds `ac prdjcalg y rasuacvd.



Ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas `asnujfar `asnujfartgs tgs amtra ac :556 y :57>

Ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas Zaifstrg`gss ac :556 Zaifstrg`g

Ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas Zaifstrg`gs ac :57>

Ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas Zaifstrg`gss ac :57> Zaifstrg`g

Zagcfzd cg dpargnfþm gquì. 

Ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas Zaifstrg`gss ac :579 Zaifstrg`g

Zagcfzd cg dpargnfþm gquì. 

  Vg pua`d raspdm`ar cgs praiumtgs `ac prdjcalg8  



‐  Am ac g÷d :57>, sa tamìgm raifstrg`gs TTTTTTTTTTTT aspanfas `a pcgmtgs. r aifstrgrdm TTTTTTTTTTTTTT aspanfas `a pcgmtgs. ‐  Am ac g÷d :579, sa raifstrgrdm

Urdjcalg 1.  @amtrd `a cg ngmtf`g` `a ocdrg sfcvastra qua bgy am ac Uarø, 050 aspanfas ndrraspdm`am g cds þr`amas `a cgs ptarf`doftgs, iflmdsparlgs y gmifdsparlgs, qua sa amnuamtrgm am sftugnfþm `a glamgzg. G astd sa sulg umg ngmtf`g` `a drquì`ags am cg lfslg ndm`fnfþm, ndm cgs qua bgnam um tdtgc `a 9>? aspanfas am rfasid. ^f cg ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas `a ngntus am sftugnfþm `a glamgzg ouargm :67 lçs, sa tam`rìg cg lfslg ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas `a drquì`ags am pacfird `a axtfmnfþm. ´Wuæ ngmtf`g` `a ngntus sa amnuamtrgm am sftugnfþm `a glamgzg4 ´Wuæ ngmtf`g` `a drquì`ags sa amnuamtrgm am asg lfslg sftugnfþm4

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8

‐ ´Wuæ ndmdznd sdjra cgs aspanfas `a ocdrg am sftugnfþm `a glamgzg4 ‐ ´Nþld pua`d rasdcvar ac prdjcalg prdpuastd4

?

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

0. Ndmsarvglds y `fsorutglds muastrg jfd`fvarsf`g`

  Djsarvd cds asqualgs qua raprasamtgm cds `gtds `ac prdjcalg. Ndlpcatd  y rasuacvd8



Ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas `a drquì`ags am sftugnfþm `a glamgzg

Zagcfzd cg dpargnfþm gquì.

Ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas `a cds þr`amas ptarf`doftgs, iflmdsparlgs iflmdspar lgs y gmifdsparlgss am gmifdsparlg sftugnfþm sftugnfþ m `a glamgzg

Aspanfas am sftugnfþ s ftugnfþm m `a glamgzg

Zagcfzd cg dpargnfþm gquì.

Ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas `a drquì`ags am sftugnfþm `a glamgzg

Ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas `a ngntus am sftugnfþm `a glamgzg

  Vg pua`d raspdm`ar cgs praiumtgs `ac prdjcalg8  



‐ Cg ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas `a ngntus am sftugnfþm `a glamgzg as TTTTTTTTTTT ‐ Cg ngmtf`g` `a aspanfas `a drquì`ags am sftugnfþm `a glamgzg as TTTTTTTT

Qm muavd ratd   Nrad y rasuacvd um prdjcalg usgm`d ac sfiufamta asqualg8 

Zaocaxfdmd sdjra cd qua gpram`ì8 ‐ ´Ndlpram`ì cds prdjcalgs prdpuastds4 ´Nþld cdiræ rasdcvarcds4 ‐ ´Wuæ dpargnfdmas y astrgtaifgs usæ4 ‐ ´Am quæ sftugnfdmas d gntfvf`g`as `fgrfgs am ngsg pua`d rasdcvar prdjcalgs sflfcgras4 ‐ ´Ugrg quæ la sarvfrç ndmdnar cg fmodrlgnfþm qua prdpdrnfdmg ac Lfmfstarfd `ac Gljfamta4

9

 

0. Ndmsarvglds y `fsorutglds muastrg jfd`fvarsf`g`

GNPF_F@G@ > 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

Gnnfdmas pgrg avftgr cg `asartfofngnfþm  

¡Alpanalds! Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cg sfiufamta latg8

Urdpdmar gnnfdmas am ac nuf`g`d `a cds suacds qua raspdm`gm gc prdjcalg `a cg `asartfofngnfþm.

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8  ‐ ´Am lf cdngcf`g` bgy lçs zdmgs ndm vaiatgnfþm d zdmgs `asærtfngs4, ´pdr quæ4 ‐ ´Udr quæ as flpdrtgmta tamar zdmgs ndm vaiatgnfþm4

  Gbdrg, cad ac sfiufamta taxtd8



Cg mautrgcf`g` `a cg `airg`gnfþm `a cgs tfarrgs Cg `asartfofngnfþm as cg `airg`gnfþm `a cgs tfarrgs qua sa `g am zdmgs çrf`gs, salfçrf`gs y sujbøla`gs sangs, ngusg`g prfmnfpgclamta pdr cgs vgrfgnfdmas ncflçtfngs y cg gntfvf`g` bulgmg, ndld ac ngljfd `a usd `ac suacd, cds ldmdnuctfvds girìndcgs am cg sacvg, ac sdjrapgstdrad, cg tgcg fm`fsnrflfmg`g, gsì ndld pdr fmnam`fds odrastgcas, cg lfmarìg fcaigc, cg sdjraaxpcdtgnfþm `a cds ranursds mgturgcas, amtra dtrds. Am cg `airg`gnfþm `a cgs tfarrgs, sa ra`una d pfar`a cg rfquazg `ac suacd pgrg ac `asgrrdccd `a cgs pcgmtgs y gmflgcas, cd qua goantg ndmsf`argjcalamta gc andsfstalg `a asgs zdmgs. Am muastrd pgìs, cg `asartfofngnfþm fmocuya am cg saiurf`g` gcflamtgrfg y am cg pdjrazg `a cgs zdmgs goantg`gs pdr astg prdjcalçtfng. Udr cd tgmtd, sa raqufaram prçntfngs `a lgmahd sdstamfjca `a cgs tfarrgs, tgcas ndld cg odrastgnfþm, cg raodrastgnfþm, cg sfaljrg y ndsanbg `ac giug, cds lfnrdrrasarvdrfds, ac rfaid tanmfofng`d, cg ngptgnfþm `a giug `a majcfmg, amtra dtrds. Am ac :572, ac Uarø astflþ lçs `a :: lfccdmas `a bantçrags `a çrags `airg`g`gs `airg`g`gs g mfvac mgnfdmgc, cd qua ndrraspdm`a gc 79,1 % `a cg suparofnfa `ac pgìs. Ugrg ac :5>5, sa tfama pravfstg cg latg `a lgmtamar d `fslfmufr asta vgcdr. Ac Lfmfstarfd `ac Gljfamta (LFMGL) vfama trgjghgm`d am cg mautrgcf`g` `a cg `airg`gnfþm `a cgs tfarrgs  (M@P). Cg M@P as umg sftugnfþm am qua cg ngmtf`g` y cg ngcf`g` `a cds ranursds `a tfarrgs sa lgmtfamam astgjcas d gulamtgm, ndm ac ofm `a ` a prasarvgr cgs oumnfdmas o umnfdmas y sarvfnfds `a cds andsfstalgs a fmnralamtgr cg saiurf`g` gcflamtgrfg. Ndld pgrta `a asta trgjghd, sa `aofmfardm lunbgs la`f`gs `a M@P, ndm ac prdpþsftd `a pravamfr cg ardsfþm y lahdrgr ac usd `a cds suacds, ra`unfr cg pær`f`g `a ndjarturg `a jdsquas y jfd`fvarsf`g`, y prdldvar cg ndmsarvgnfþm y iastfþm sdstamfjca `a cds ranursds gsdnfg`ds g cgs tfarrgs. tfarrgs. Irgnfgs g astgs la`f`gs, sa asparg jamaofnfgr g cg pdjcgnfþm, g trgvæs `ac lgmtamflfamtd `a andsfstalgs sgcu`gjcas, ac odrtgcanflfamtd `a cg saiurf`g` gcflamtgrfg y ac `asgrrdccd `a ngpgnf`g`as `a cg pdjcgnfþm pgrg bgnar oramta gc ngljfd ncflçtfnd.

2

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

0. Ndmsarvglds y `fsorutglds muastrg jfd`fvarsf`g`

  Cuaid `a caar, raocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8  ‐ ´Wuæ gnnfdmas `ac sar bulgmd ngusgm cg `airg`gnfþm `a cgs tfarrgs4, ´pdr



quæ4 ‐ ´Udr quæ am ac Uarø cg `asartfofngnfþm fmocuya am cg saiurf`g` gcflamtgrfg y am cg pdjrazg4 ‐ ´Wuæ as cg M@P y quæ lfmfstarfd cg astç flpcalamtgm`d am ac pgìs4 ‐ ´Wuæ pd`rìg bgnar am oglfcfg pgrg avftgr cg `asartfofngnfþm4

  Dr`amd lfs raspuastgs y ndm accgs, am umg bdhg `a raøsd, acgjdrd  um lgpg ndmnaptugc, lgpg lamtgc d asqualg `a ccgvas. Gndlpg÷d  cgs f`ags ndm



`fjuhds. a vftgr cg `asartfofngnfþm.   ^dnfgcfzd ndm lf oglfcfg cgs gnnfdmas qua prdpusa pgrg avftgr Cas fm`fnd qua, pgrg prdpdmarcgs, caì um taxtd sdjra cd qua sa bgna am ac Uarø pgrg mautrgcfzgr cg `airg`gnfþm `a cgs tfarrgs. Jusnd fmodrlgnfþm am fmtarmat u



dtrgs ouamtas sdjra cgs gnnfdmas qua sa ragcfzgm am dtrds cuigras pgrg avftgr cg `asartfofngnfþm y qua sa pua`am rapcfngr am lf ndlumf`g`.

  Gbdrg, asnrfjd cgs gnnfdmas qua gndr`glds am oglfcfg pgrg ac nuf`g`d `a cds suacds, qua raspdm`gm gc prdjcalg `a cg `asartfofngnfþm, y cgs pujcfnd am um



cuigr vfsfjca.  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTT

Zaocaxfdmd sdjra cd qua gpram`ì8

 

‐ ´Axpcfquæ cg flpdrtgmnfg `a cgs zdmgs ndm vaiatgnfþm am lf cdngcf`g`4 ‐ ´Axpcfquæ cgs ngusgs pgrg cg `airg`gnfþm `a cgs tfarrgs4 ‐ ´Axpcfquæ pdr quæ cg `asartfofngnfþm fmocuya am cg saiurf`g` gcflamtgrfg y am cg pdjrazg am ac Uarø4 ‐ ´Urdpusa gnnfdmas pgrg avftgr cg `asartfofngnfþm am lf cdngcf`g`4, ´nþld cgs flpcalamtgræ4 ‐ ´Asnrfjì gnuar`ds am oglfcfg pgrg ac nuf`g`d `a cds suacds pdr cg `asartfofngnfþm4

Zanuar`g8  Iugr`g am tu pdrtgodcfd ac drigmfzg`dr qua bgs acgjdrg`d, puas ta sarvfrç pgrg bgnar tu fmodirgoìg.

6

 

0. Ndmsarvglds y `fsorutglds muastrg jfd`fvarsf`g`

GNPF_F@G@ 0 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

Qmg fmodirgoìg sdjra cg jfd`fvarsf`g`

¡Alpanalds! Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cg sfiufamta latg8

Ndmdnar y ndlpram`ar cg oumnfþm y cgs ngrgntarìstfngs `a umg fmodirgoìg. @urgmta cgs gntfvf`g`as, ba ndmdnf`d lçs sdjra cg `fvarsf`g` `a pcgmtgs y su flpdrtgmnfg pgrg prasarvgr ac andsfstalg y avftgr cg `asartfofngnfþm. Gbdrg, vdy g acgjdrgr umg fmodirgoìg pgrg `gr g ndmdnar td`d cd qua gpram`ì pgrg nuf`gr y `fsorutgr `a cg jfd`fvarsf`g`.

Zaocaxfdmd y raspdm`d8 ‐ ´Wuæ sæ sdjra cgs fmodirgoìgs4 ‐ ´Ba caì`d gciumg vaz umg fmodirgoìg4 ´Ugrg quæ nrad qua sfrvg4 Cg fmodirgoìg as umg raprasamtgnfþm irçofng ndm taxtds a flçiamas qua trgmslftam um lamsgha. ^u prdpþsftd as trgmsoarfr fmodrlgnfþm `a odrlg `fmçlfng y nragtfvg.

Gmtas `a caar    Djsarvd cg fmodirgoìg y raspdm`d cgs sfiufamtas praiumtgs8 ‐ ´Udr `þm`a alpanæ g djsarvgr cg fmodirgoìg4 ´Wuæ oua cd qua lçs la ccglþ 

cg gtamnfþm `a cg fmodirgoìg4 ´G qufæm d qufæmas astgrç `frfif`g4 ´Wuæ mds qufaram ndlumfngr am astg fmodirgoìg4

75

 

0. Ndmsarvglds y `fsorutglds muastrg jfd`fvarsf`g`

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

@urgmta cg canturg   Zaspdm`d8  ´Wuæ acalamtds irçofnds prasamtg cg fmodirgoìg4 ´Wuæ tfpd `a 

fmodrlgnfþm sa usg am cg fmodirgoìg4  

Cuaid `a caar cg fmodirgoìg   Zaspdm`d cgs sfiufamtas praiumtgs am lf nug`armd d am bdhgs `a raøsd8 fmodir goìg4 ´Wuæ f`ag trgmslfta ac tìtucd4 ‐ ´Nuçc as ac tìtucd `a cg fmodirgoìg4 ‐ ´Nuçc as cg oumnfþm `a cgs pcgmtgs4 f lpdrtgmtas pgrg ac andsfstalg4 ‐ ´Udr quæ sa `fna qua cgs pcgmtgs sdm flpdrtgmtas ‐ ´Nuçc ndmsf`ard qua as cg fcustrgnfþm lçs flpdrtgmta4, ´pdr quæ4 ‐ ´Wuæ oumnfþm nulpcam cgs dtrgs fcustrgnfdmas4 fmodir goìg4 ‐ ´Nþld as cg fmodrlgnfþm jrfm`g`g am cg fmodirgoìg4 ‐ ´Udr quæ sarç flpdrtgmta ndcdngr cg ouamta `a cg fmodirgoìg4   G pgrtfr `a cgs raspuastgs, acgjdrd  umg cfstg `a cds acalamtds qua `aja 



prasamtgr umg fmodirgoìg. Acalamtds `a umg fmodirgoìg

         

Pam am nuamtg qua umg fmodirgoìg f modirgoìg prasamtg cgs sfiufamtas ngrgntarìstfngs ngrgntarìstfngs88 ^fmtætfng. Cg fmodrlgnfþm vg `a cd sflpca g cd ndlpcahd y `a ` a cgs pgrtas gc td`d.   Gntugc. Cg fmodrlgnfþm qua jrfm`g astç vfiamta.  Oumnfdmgc. As øtfc pgrg trgmslftfr fmodrlgn fmodrlgnfþm. fþm. _fsugc. Drigmfzg y ndljfmg cds taxtds, cgs flçiamas, cds ndcdras, cgs odrlgs y cds tglg÷ds pgrg ognfcftgr umg lahdr ndlpramsfþm.  Astætfng. Cgs pgrtas qua cg ndmodrlgm iugr`gm amtra sì umg racgnfþm grlþmfng, a uf ufcf cfjr jrg` g`g g

cþ fn fng. g.

  _uacvd g ravfsgr cg fmodirgoìg y raspdm`d8  ‐ ´Wuæ ngrgntarìstfngs sa luastrgm am cg fmodirgoìg4 



  @fgcdid ndm um oglfcfgr. Ca sa÷gcd y axpcfnd cgs ngrgntarìstfngs `a cg fmodirgoìg. Cuaid, ca pf`d qua la ndlamta cd qua sgja sdjra asta tfpd `a taxtd.



Zaocaxfdmd sdjra cd qua gpram`ì8 ‐ ´Wuæ sgjìg `a cg fmodirgoìg4 ´Wuæ sæ gbdrg4 ‐ ´Wuæ `fofnuctg`as tuva pgrg randmdnar cg astrunturg `a umg fmodirgoìg4, ´nþld cgs suparæ4 ‐ ´Ugrg quæ la sfrva randmdnar cgs ngrgntarìstfngs `a umg fmodirgoìg4

Zanuar`g8  Drigmfzg am tu pdrtgodcfd cds acalamtds `a cg fmodirgoìg qua f`amtfofngsta. Pa parlftfrçm acgjdrgr tu fmodirgoìg sdjra cg prasarvgnfþm `ac andsfstalg.

77

 

0. Ndmsarvglds y `fsorutglds muastrg jfd`fvarsf`g`

GNPF_F@G@ 1 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

Acgjdrglds umg fmodirgoìg sdjra cg prasarvgnfþm `ac andsfstalg

¡Alpanalds! Ac `asgrrdccd `a cg gntfvf`g` la parlftfrç cdirgr cg sfiufamta latg8

Acgjdrgr umg fmodirgoìg ndm ac prdpþsftd `a samsfjfcfzgr g cg ndlumf`g` sdjra cg flpdrtgmnfg `a cg prasarvgnfþm `ac andsfstalg. @urgmta su acgjdrgnfþm, lf fmodirgoìg `aja saiufr um prdnasd `a `fsa÷d, asnrfturg a fcustrgnfþm pgrg cuaid sar pujcfng`g. @ajd tamar am nuamtg qua lf fmodirgoìg cg acgjdrgræ g lgmd, utfcfzgm`d cds lgtarfgcas qua tamid am ngsg.

¡G pcgmfofngr!    Ugrg tamar cgs f`ags ncgrgs sdjra cd qua fmncufræ am lf fmodirgoìg, raspdm`d cgs 

sfiufamtas praiumtgs am ac nug`armd d am umg bdhg `a raøsd. Uua`d usgr um lgpg salçmtfnd8 ‐ ´Ugrg quæ asnrfjfræ lf fmodirgoìg4 ‐ ´Wufæmas qufard qua cagm lf fmodirgoìg4 ‐ ´Wuæ fmodrlgnfþm `a cgs gntfvf`g`as gmtarfdras utfcfzgræ4 Zavfsd lf pdrtgodcfd. ‐ ´Wuæ fmodrlgnfþm `a ouamtas ndmofgjcas fmncufræ am lf fmodirgoìg4 ‐ ´Wuæ tìtucd ca pdm`ræ4 ‐ ´Wuæ flçiamas usgræ4 ´Nuçc `a accgs sarç cg lçs flpdrtgmta4 ‐ ´Wuæ lgtarfgcas utfcfzgræ4

¡@fsa÷d lf fmodirgoìg!    @a gnuar`d ndm cd pcgmfofng`d, acgjdrd um jdnatd. Ugrg accd, raømd bdhgs `a raøsd d utfcfzd  umg ngrtucfmg.   ^fid cgs fm`fngnfdmas `a cgs sfiufamtas flçiamas8 



Zanuar`g ujfngr ac mdljra `ac gutdr.

7:

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

0. Ndmsarvglds y `fsorutglds muastrg jfd`fvarsf`g`

Ndcdng tgljfæm umg ouamta jfjcfdirçofng, am cg nugc `ajas fmncufr cg sfiufamta fmodrlgnfþm8 gutdr, g÷d, tìtucd `ac cfjrd y a`ftdrfgc. G`alçs, nugm`d usas umg ouamta `a fmtarmat, `ajas fm`fngr ac amcgna `a cg pçifmg waj ua cg ndmtfama.

  Gbdrg, luastrd lf `fsa÷d g um oglfcfgr, glfig d glfid y ca pf`d dpfmfdmas gc



raspantd, g pgrtfr `a cgs sfiufamtas praiumtgs8 ‐ ´Wuæ dpfmgm `a cg drigmfzgnfþm `a cg fmodirgoìg4 ‐ ´Wuæ dpfmgm `a cg ngmtf`g` `a f`ags prfmnfpgcas qua ba asnrftd am cg fmodirgoìg4 ‐ ´Wuæ dpfmgm `a cgs flçiamas qua gndlpg÷gm g cgs f`ags prfmnfpgcas4 ‐ ´Wuæ dpfmgm `a cg flgiam prfmnfpgc4 ‐ ´Wuæ pd`rìg lahdrgr4

  Zaifstrd sus raspuastgs, tdld am nuamtg sus dpfmfdmas y lahdrd lf `fsa÷d.



¡Wuæ jfam!, yg nuamtd ndm ac `fsa÷d y cg pcgmfofngnfþm `a cg fmodirgoìg. ¡G asnrfjfr a fcustrgr lf fmodirgoìg!   Gmtas `a alpazgr, ravfsd muavglamta cg latg y raspdm`d8 ‐ ´Ugrg quæ asnrfjfræ astg fmodirgoìg4



raum ì   Pgljfæm ravfsd lf pcgmfofngnfþm y varfofnd lf `fsa÷d, cg fmodrlgnfþm qua raumì



y cds lgtarfgcas qua usgræ.

  Qtfcfzd cds nrftarfds `a cg tgjcg pgrg acgjdrgr y avgcugr lf fmodirgoìg. Nugm`d



tarlfma, vuacvd g caar cd qua ba asnrftd y varfofnd qua nulpcg su prdpþsftd.

7>

 

A`ungnfþm Urflgrfg ?.d irg`d

0. Ndmsarvglds y `fsorutglds muastrg jfd`fvarsf`g`

Nrftarfds 

^ì  

Md 

´Am quæ `ajd lahdrgr4  

´Ndmsf`aræ cg pcgmfofngnfþm y ac `fsa÷d pgrg acgjdrgr cg fmodirgoìg4 ´Qsæ fmodrlgnfþm `a gntfvf`g`as gmtarfdras pgrg asnrfjfr cgs f`ags prfmnfpgcas am cg fmodirgoìg4 ´Jusquæ fmodrlgnfþm `a dtrgs ouamtas pgrg asnrfjfr cg fmodrlgnfþm `a cg fmodirgoìg4 ´Cgs f`ags prfmnfpgcas sdm ncgrgs sdjra cg flpdrtgmnfg `a nuf`gr cg jfd`fvarsf`g` pgrg prasarvgr ac andsfstalg4 ´Qsæ flçiamas qua gpdygm cg fmodrlgnfþm `a cgs f`ags prfmnfpgcas4 ´Asnrfjì cgs ouamtas qua usæ pgrg jrfm`gr cg fmodrlgnfþm `a cg fmodirgoìg4 ´Cds taxtds y cgs fcustrgnfdmas `a cg fmodirgoìg sa luastrgm dr`amg`ds y jfam `fstrfjuf`ds4 ´Cds tfpds y tglg÷ds `a catrg parlftam `foaramnfgr ac tìtucd `a cgs f`ags prfmnfpgcas4 ´Qsæ g`anug`glamta cds sfimds `a pumtugnfþm y cgs lgyøsnucgs4 ´Cg fmodirgoìg prasamtg um lamsgha ncgrd pgrg cg prasarvgnfþm `ac andsfstalg4

Zaocaxfdmd sdjra cd qua gpram`ì8 ‐ ´Wuæ gpram`ì sdjra ac prdnasd `a acgjdrgnfþm `a cg fmodirgoìg4 ‐ ´Wuæ `fofnuctg`as tuva4, ´nþld cgs suparæ4 ‐ ´Nulpcì ndm ac prdpþsftd `a asnrfturg4 ´Ugrg quæ la sfrva umg fmodirgoìg4 ‐ ´@a quæ lgmarg la gyu`grç cg fmodirgoìg g samsfjfcfzgr sdjra cg prasarvgnfþm `ac andsfstalg4 ‐ ´Wuæ aoantd tam`rç cg fmodirgoìg am cgs cantdrgs y cds cantdras4

¡Luy jfam! Vg tamid lf fmodirgoìg sdjra cg prasarvgnfþm `ac andsfstalg. Gbdrg, ´nþld pua`d bgnar pgrg qua lf fmodirgoìg ccaiua g lçs parsdmgs4 Uua`d acgjdrgr lçs ahalpcgras d, sf la as pdsfjca, pua`d pujcfngrcg pdr dtrds la`fds (ndrrad acantrþmfnd, YbgtsGpp, atn.).

Lfs raocaxfdmas ofmgcas ´Wuæ `ajalds bgnar pgrg prasarvgr ac andsfstalg4

´Nþld mds drigmfzglds am lf oglfcfg pgrg gyu`gr g prasarvgr ac andsfstalg4

´Ugrg quæ prasarvglds ac andsfstalg4

¡Cd cdiræ! 

70