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Team Team 48 Prosecutor
2017 ICC MOOT COURT COMPETITION IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
THE OFFICE OF THE PROSECUTOR
Team Number: 48 Total Wor !ou"t:
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Team Team 48 Prosecutor
#r$%$"al: English
&ate: 24 'ebruar( 2017
THE APPEALS CHAMBER
SITUATION RELATING TO VALARIA
IN THE CASE OF TARRION BANNISTER
The Office of the Prosector!s S"#issions in the A$$e%l fro# the Pre&Tri%l Ch%#"er!s 'ecision on Confir#%tion of Ch%rges %g%inst 'efen(%nt T%rion B%nnister of V%l%ri%
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Team 48 Prosecutor
TABLE OF CONTENTS
T%"le of Contents))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))* List of A""re+i%tions)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))), In(e- of Athorities)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))). STATEMENT of F%cts)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))/ Isses R%ise()))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))0 S##%r1 of Arg#ents)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))2 3ritten %rg#ents))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))44 I) THE COURT HAS 5URIS'ICTION OVER THE CASE6 CONSI'ERING THAT THE INTERIM MILITAR7 REGIME6 BEING THE LA3FUL GOVERNMENT OF VALARIA6 3AS COMPETENT TO ACCEPT THE 5URIS'ICTION OF THE HONORABLE COURT ON BEHALF OF VALARIA ................................................................................................. 11 A) The Interi# Go+ern#ent Possesses the C%$%cit1 to Acce$t the 5ris(iction of the Cort A$$l1ing the Politic%l Test %n( the Effecti+e Control Test U$hel( in the A$$lic%tion of Eg1$t to this Cort................................................................................................................. 11 i) The Milit%r1 Go+ern#ent of V%l%ri% Possesses Sfficient Intern%tion%l Recognition "1 UN& Me#"er St%tes to Constitte Pro$er Athorit1 "1 8hich to Acce$t the 5ris(iction of the Cort)................................................................................................................... 12 ii)
The Milit%r1 Go+ern#ent of V%l%ri% E-ercises Effecti+e Control o+er V%l%ri%).............13
B) In An1 C%se6 Effecti+e Control is the Pri#%r1 Consi(er%tion in the 'eter#in%tion of the Go+ern#ent 8hich #%1 Legiti#%tel1 Re$resent % St%te9 the Interi# Milit%r1 Go+ern#ent Being the Entit1 E-ercising Effecti+e Control it is the Legiti#%te Re$resent%ti+e of V%l%ri%) .............15 C) The Honor%"le Cort is Co#$etent to Rle on the Legiti#%c1 of the Interi# Go+ern#ent of V%l%ri% for the Li#ite( Pr$ose of 'eter#ining 5ris(iction o+er the C%se6 lest % Leg%l V%c# 3ol( Reslt6 There"1 Ren(ering the Res$onsi"le Persons Effecti+el1 I##ne fro# Cri#in%l Prosection).............................................................................................................. 17 II) THE 'OTHROC:7 RI'ER!S :ILLING OF ,6;;; VER'ACHE PEOPLE IS GENOCI'E PURSUANT TO ARTICLE .e1es................................................................................................................ 19 ii) The Ver(%che Peo$le For# % Protecte( Gro$ Accor(ing to the Pre+%iling 'efinition of %n Ethnic Gro$ in Intern%tion%l L%8 ............................................................................20
C)
The 'othroc>1 Ri(ers T%rgete( their Victi#s %s Me#"ers of the Ver(%che Peo$le) ..........22
') The Att%c>s Ag%inst the Ver(%che Peo$le Too> Pl%ce in the Conte-t of % M%nifest P%ttern of Si#il%r Con(ct 'irecte( Ag%inst the Ver(%che %s % Gro$) ...............................................23 III) TARION BANNISTER IS NOT E@CLU'E' FROM CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILIT7 FOR ACTS COMMITE' 3HEN HE 3AS ALREA'7 40 7EARS OL' REGAR'LESS OF HIS FORMER STATUS AS AN INVOLUNTAR7 CHIL' SOL'IER ............................................24
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Team 48 Prosecutor A) The Age of Cri#in%l Res$onsi"ilit1 is Cle%rl1 Sti$l%te( in Article 0 of the St%te %n( %s sch T%rion B%nnister #%1 "e hel( Accont%"le for the Cri#es Ch%rge( ..............................25 B) T%rrion B%nnister C%nnot Esc%$e Cri#in%l Li%"ilit1 on the Gron( of 'ress n(er Article *4 C3 I NTL L3 K P=A!TI!E 1-20 91@D P$erce- The aitian Crisis and the Future of Collecti%e !nforcement of Democratic 'o%ernance- 27 L3 K P #LI! IN I NTL USINESS 477->11 91>5@3
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Team 48 Prosecutor
!o"se"t-000 members o+ t*e erac*e )eo)le@D a" t*e $ll$"% o+ t*e erac*e )eo)le sat$s+( t*e eleme"ts o+ t*e cr$me eluc$ate $" Art$cle @9a3 T*ese eleme"ts are 91 t*at t*e )er)etrator $lle o"e or more )erso"sD 92 32 Lauter)ac*t )821D Grot$us- &e Cure ell$ Ac Pac$s L$br$ Tres 91@2>- b II- c3 I )ar III: BNeue re+ert uomo"o %uber"etur3 3 3 Iem e"$m est )o)ulus =oma"us sub re%$bus- co"sul$bus- $m)erator$bus3B
33 34 =ecor at 35 Prosecut$o"?s &ec$s$o" o" t*e &eclarat$o" u"er Art$cle 129 a" !om)la$"t re%ar$"% I"ter"at$o"al !r$mes !omm$tte $" E%()t
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Team 48 Prosecutor
t*at Suc* )erso" or )erso"s belo"%e to a )art$cular "at$o"al- et*"$cal- rac$al or rel$%$ous %rou)D 9 t*at t*e )er)etrator $"te"e to estro(- $" .*ole or $" )art- t*at "at$o"al- et*"$calrac$al or rel$%$ous %rou)- as suc*D a" 94 t*at t*e co"uct too )lace $" t*e co"tet o+ a ma"$+est )atter" o+ s$m$lar co"uct $recte a%a$"st %rou) or .as co"uct t*at coul $tsel+ e++ect suc* estruct$o"37 A) The 'othroc>1 Ri(ers :ille( Fi+e Thos%n( Ver(%che Peo$le) T*e +$rst eleme"t o+ %e"oc$e $s t*at $s t*e )er)etrator $lle o"e or more )erso"s- $"
t*e s$tuat$o" $" alar$a $t $s clear +rom t*e recor t*at "earl( +$/e t*ousa" erac*e )eo)le .ere $lle across t*e State o+ alar$a $" a ser$es o+ attacs )la""e a" coor$"ate b( Co*" Sleet bet.ee" 4 &ecember 201> a" 2> Ca"uar( 201@3 8 It $s l$e.$se clear +rom t*e recor t*at t*e ob,ect$o"s o+ t*e &e+e"se o "ot )erta$" to t*e sub,ect5matter ,ur$s$ct$o" o+ t*e court- rat*er t*e$r ob,ect$o" $s to t*e ual$+$cat$o" o+ suc* $m)ute $ll$"%s as %e"oc$e3
B) The Ver(%che Peo$le For# % Protecte( Gro$ 3hich M%1 "e the S"?ect of Genoci(e) T*e /$ct$ms .ere s$"%le out a" attace ue to t*e$r be$"% erac*e- .*at t*e
e+e"se $s)utes $s t*e class$+$cat$o" o+ t*e erac*e as a )rotecte %rou) .*$c* comes .$t*$" t*e e+$"$t$o" o+ %e"oc$e 40 as t*e a+oreme"t$o"e e+$"$t$o" o+ %e"oc$e )rotects +our classes o+ %rou)s "amel(: "at$o"al- et*"$cal- rac$al- a" rel$%$ous %rou)s413 T*e erac*e )eo)le +all .$t*$" t*e e+$"$t$o" o+ a" et*"$cal %rou)- a )rotecte %rou) .*$c* +alls .$t*$" t*e e+$"$t$o" o+ %e"oc$e3 i) The Ver(%che Peo$le For# % Protecte( Gro$ Accor(ing to the Pre+%iling 'efinition of %n Ethnic Gro$ in Intern%tion%l L%8 I+ t*e court +$"s t*at $t $s "ot )ersuas$/e t*at t*e erac*e )eo)le +all .$t*$"
t*e e+$"$t$o" o+ a" et*"$cal %rou) as co"tem)late $" Prosecutor /3 Ae(esu36 Recor !ara 3 37 Eleme"ts o+ !r$mes Art$cle @9a 38 =ecor at 39 =ecor at 8 40 =ecor at 41 I!T- T*e Prosecutor /3 rst$O- !ase No3 IT5855T- Cu%me"t 92 Au%ust 2001- )ara3 >>43 11
Team 48 Prosecutor
t*e )rosecutor res)ect+ull( subm$ts t*at t*e erac*e )eo)le are st$ll a )rotecte %rou) t*at +alls u"er t*e )rotect$o"s o+ Ge"oc$e3 W*$le $" Prosecutor /3 Ae(esu t*e I!T= *a l$m$te %e"oc$e to "at$o"al- et*"$calrac$al- a" rel$%$ous %rou)s- t*e /er( same tr$al c*amber $" t*e subseue"t case o+ Prosecutor /3 =uta%a"a seeme to *e%e $ts remars some.*at 42stat$"% t*at: BIt a))ears t*at +rom a rea$"% o+ t*e tra/au )re)arator$es o+ t*e Ge"oc$e !o"/e"t$o" t*at certa$" %rou)s- suc* as )ol$t$cal a" eco"om$c %rou)s *a/e bee" eclue +rom t*e )rotecte %rou)s- because t*e( are co"s$ere to be ?mob$le %rou)s? .*$c* o"e ,o$"s t*rou%* $"$/$ual- )ol$t$cal comm$tme"t3 T*at .oul seem to su%%est a co"trar$o" t*at t*e !o"/e"t$o" .as )resumabl( $"te"e to co/er relat$/el( stable a" )erma"e"t %rou)s 43B T*e erac*e )eo)le are "e$t*er a )ol$t$cal or eco"om$c %rou)D t*e( clearl( com)r$se a relat$/el( stable a" )erma"e"t %rou) as t*e erac*e )eo)le *a/e e$ste +or *u"res o+ (ears 44 .*$c* $s e/e" lo"%er t*a" t*e )er$o o+ e$ste"ce o+ some states toa(3 #t*er aut*or$t$es co"+$rm t*at t*e class$+$cat$o" o+ .*at co"st$tutes )rotecte %rou)s must rece$/e a more $"clus$/e e+$"$t$o" 4>D t*e U"$te Nat$o"s &ar+ur !omm$ss$o" state t*at Bt*e a))roac* tae" to eterm$"e .*et*er a %rou) $s a )rotecte o"e *as e/ol/e +rom a" ob,ect$/e to a sub,ect$/e sta"ar to tae $"to accou"t t*at collect$/e $e"t$t$es- a" $" )art$cular et*"$c$t(- are b( t*e$r /er( "ature soc$al co"structs- ?$ma%$"e? $e"t$t$es e"t$rel( e)e"e"t o" /ar$able a" co"t$"%e"t )erce)t$o"s a" "ot soc$al +acts- .*$c* are /er$+$able $" t*e same ma""er as "atural )*e"ome"a or )*(s$cal +acts 4@3 &ec$s$o"s subseue"t to Aa(esu *a/e %o"e a%a$"st Aa(esu?s )reom$"a"tl( ob,ect$/e a))roac* $" e+$"$"% t*e )rotecte %rou)s o+ %e"oc$e a" *a/e mo/e to.ars a more sub,ect$/e )er)etrator5base a))roac* or t*e co"tetual a))roac*3 T*e rat$o"ale +or suc* *as bee" eluc$ate $" Prosecutor 42 Sc*abas $" Tr$+terrer 43 Prosecutor /3 =uta%a"a- !ase No3 I!T=5@55T- Cu%eme"t- Tr$al !*amber- @ &ecember 13 Also Prosecutor /3 6usema- !ase No3 I!T=5@515T- Cu%eme"t- Tr$al !*amber- 27 Ca"uar( 2000- )ara3 1@23
44 =ecor at )ar 34 45 Sc*abas $" Tr$+terrer 46 =e)3 o+ t*e I"t?l !omm$ss$o" o+ I"u$r( o" &ar+ur to t*e U"$te Nat$o"s Secretar(5Ge"eral- Pursua"t S! =es3 1>@4 o+ 18 Se)tember 2004- Ge"e/a- 2> Ca"uar( 200>- )ara3 443 See also Sc*abas $" Tr$+terrer3
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Team 48 Prosecutor
/3 Cel$s$c .*$c* states t*at Bto attem)t to e+$"e a "at$o"al- et*"$cal- or rel$%$ous %rou) toa( us$"% ob,ect$/e a" sc$e"t$+$call( $rre)roac*able cr$ter$a .oul be a )er$lous eerc$se .*ose result .oul "ot "ecessar$l( corres)o" to t*e )erce)t$o" o+ t*e )erso"s co"cer"e b( suc* cate%or$sat$o" 473< 'urt*er $" a($s*ema a" =uM$"aa"a- t*e I!T= .oul also *a/e $"clue at least u"er t*e cate%or( o+ ?et*"$c %rou)s? a %rou) .*$c* $st$"%u$s*es $tsel+- as suc* 9sel+5$e"t$+$cat$o"D or- a %rou) $e"t$+$e as suc* b( ot*ers- $"clu$"% )er)etrators o+ t*e cr$mes 9$e"t$+$cat$o" b( ot*ers483 T*$s a))roac* .$ll later be re+erre to b( t*e I!T= $" Prosecutor /3 Sema"Ma as t*e co"tetual a))roac* .*ere$" $t rules t*at %rou) $e"t$+$cat$o" ;ou%*t to be assesse o" a case5b(5case bas$s b( re+ere"ce to t*e ob,ect$/e )art$culars o+ a %$/e" soc$al a" *$stor$cal co"tet- a" b( t*e sub,ect$/e )erce)t$o"s o+ t*e )er)etrator 43< I" Prosecutor /3 =uta%a"a- t*e I!T= /eere a.a( +rom $ts str$ctl( ob,ect$/e a))roac* $" Aa(esu- allo.$"% +or )er)etrator5base or /$ct$m5base )erce)t$o" a))roac* .$t* ue co"s$erat$o"- ac"o.le%$"% t*at .*$le a )urel( ob,ect$/e e+$"$t$o" .oul )ro/e )er$l$ous- a sub,ect$/e e+$"$t$o" alo"e .oul l$e.$se be eeme $"su++$c$e"t because t*e %rou)s *a to be relat$/el( stable a" )erma"e"t>03 T*e erac*e )eo)le meet t*e sta"ars set +ort* $" =uta%a"a a" t*e subseue"t %e"oc$e cases3 T*e( meet t*e ob,ect$/e eleme"t o+ relat$/e stab$l$t( a" )erma"e"ce- *a/$"% e$ste +or *u"res o+ (ears >1D as .ell as meet$"% t*e sub,ect$/e eleme"ts suc* as /$ct$m sel+5$e"t$+$cat$o" 9t*e erac*e *a/$"% $solate t*emsel/es as a $st$"ct %rou) a" l$/$"% outs$e o+ c$t$es a" /$lla%es >2- a" us$"% t*e )er)etrator5 base a))roac* are $e"t$+$e b( t*e )er)etrators as a %rou) $st$"%u$s*e b(
47 Prosecutor /3 Cel$s$c- !ase No3 IT5>5105A- Cu%eme"t- 14 &ecember 1- )ara370 48 Prosecutor / !lme"t a($s*ema a" #be =uM$"a"a- !ase No3 I!T=5>515T- I!T= T3 !*3- Cu%me"t21 6a( 1- )ara 8
49 Prosecutor / Laure"t Sema"Ma- !ase No3 I!T=575205T- I!T= T3 !*3- Cu%me"t- 1> 6a( 200- )ara 173
50 Prosecutor /3 =uta%a"a- !ase No3 I!T=5@55T- Cu%eme"t- @ &ecember 1- )ara3 >7 51 =ecor at 34 52 =ecor at 34 13
Team 48 Prosecutor
be$"% t*$r %e"ere 9as t*e( *a/e bee" soc$all( reco%"$Me as a $st$"ct %e"er %rou) $" alar$a +or *u"res o+ (ears >3 ii) The Ver(%che Peo$le %re %n Ethnic Gro$ e+en Un(er the 'efinition For8%r(e( in Prosector +) A>e1es As e+$"e $" Prosecutor /3 Ae(esu- a" et*"$c %rou) $s e+$"e as a ;%rou)
.*ose members s*are a commo" la"%ua%e or culture< >43 T*e erac*e )eo)le *a/e e/elo)e a *ea/$l( acce"te $alect o+ t*e alar$a" la"%ua%e>>t*e$r members o $"ee s*are a commo" la"%ua%e3 6oreo/er- t*e erac*e )eo)le s*are a $st$"ct culture- .$t* ma"( u"$ue customs a" $st$"ct$/e clot*$"%>@3 W*$le t*e erac*e )eo)le are )r$mar$l( $e"t$+$e b( t*e$r be$"% ;t*$r %e"er )eo)le< or t*ose .*o $e"t$+( "e$t*er as male "or +emale >7suc* c*aracter$Mat$o" $s "ot eclus$/el( ue to t*e$r %e"er but rat*er t*e$r %e"er $" a$t$o" to t*e$r cultural s)ec$+$c$t( a" u"$ue"ess3 T*ere are ma"( t*$r %e"er )eo)le across t*e %lobe- $+ %e"er .ere t*e sole cr$ter$o" o+ members*$) t*e" all t*$r %e"er )eo)le .oul be members o+ t*e erac*e but to t*e co"trar( t*ere are ma"( ot*er t*$r %e"er )eo)le t*at +orm %rou)s culturall( $st$"ct +rom o"e a"ot*er3 L$e t*e H$,ras o+ I"$aa"%laes* a" Pa$sta"- t*e 'aa+a+$"e o+ Pol("es$a- t*e S.or" $r%$"s o+ t*e ala"s- t*e erac*e amo"% Nat$/e Amer$ca" tr$bes>8- t*e erac*e )eo)le l$e.$se *a/e a $st$"ct culture3 E/e" amo"%st ;t*$r %e"er< )eo)let*e H$,ras- 'aa+a+$"e- a" erac*e )eo)le eac* *a/e a culture $st$"ct +rom o"e a"ot*er a" $st$"ct +rom t*e "at$o"al$t$es .*$c* t*e( belo"%3 T*e H$,ras .*o *a/e e$ste +or more t*a" 4-000 (ears *a/e rel$%$ous or$%$"s as e/otees o+ u*uc*ara 6ata 9a /ers$o" o+ t*e I"$a" mot*er %oess t*e( tae o" a $st$"ct more +em$"$"e .a( o+ ress a" b( a" emasculat$o" r$tual-
53 =ecor at 34 54 I!T=- T*e Prosecutor /3 Aa(esu- !ase No3 I!T=5@545T- Cu%me"t 92 Se)tember 18- )ara3 >13 55 =ecor at 56 =ecor at 34 57 =ecor at 58 =ecor at 14
Team 48 Prosecutor
*$,ras are bel$e/e to be /e*$cles o+ t*e %oess?s )o.er >3 #" t*e ot*er *a" +or t*e 'aa+a+$"e- $t $s "ot roote $" rel$%$ous or$%$" a" u"l$e t*e H$,ras .*$c* are +or t*e ma,or$t( /er( +em$"$"e because o+ t*e emulat$o" o+ t*e$r %oess- 'aa+a+$"e be*a/$or t()$call( ra"%es +rom +lambo(a"tl( +em$"$"e to co"/e"t$o"all( mascul$"e@03 S$m$larl(- t*e erac*e )eo)le .*o *a/e bee" soc$all( reco%"$Me as a u"$ue %rou)- $st$"ct +rom t*e$r "at$o"al$t(- +or *u"res o+ (ears @1- t*e( are culturall( $st$"ctD t*e( l$/e lar%el( outs$e c$t$es a" /$lla%es- *a/e ma"( u"$ue customs a" *a/e $st$"ct$/e clot*$"% @23 T*us $t $s .ell5establ$s*e t*at t*e erac*e )eo)le- a %rou) .*ose members s*are a commo" la"%ua%e a" culture- meet t*e e+$"$t$o" o+ a" et*"$c %rou) as +or.are $" Ae(esu3
C) The 'othroc>1 Ri(ers T%rgete( their Victi#s %s Me#"ers of the Ver(%che Peo$le) T*e erac*e )eo)le .ere s)ec$+$call( tar%ete b( t*e &ot*roc( =$ers "ot as
$"$/$uals o+ a $++ere"t %e"er but as a member o+ certa$" %rou)3 W$t* %e"oc$e+or t*e )er)etrator- t*e $"$/$ual /$ct$m $s ;a mea"s to a" e": a ste) +urt*er alo"% t*e )at* o+ estro($"% t*e %rou)< @3 T*us t*e /$ct$m o+ t*e cr$me o+ %e"oc$e $s t*ere+ore t*e %rou) $tsel+ a" "ot t*e $"$/$ual )erso"D t*e $"$/$ual $s ,ust a" eleme"t o+ t*e %rou) @4- as $" t*e s$tuat$o" $" alar$a- t*e tar%ete /$ct$m o+ t*e &ot*roc( r$ers are t*e erac*e )eo)le3 As "ote b( t*e I!T: ;Art$cle 4 9Q e+$"es %e"oc$e as o"e o+ se/eral acts comm$tte .$t* $"te"t to estro( $" .*ole or $" )art a "at$o"al- et*"$cal- rac$al or rel$%$ous %rou) as such3 T*e term ;as suc*< *as %reat s$%"$+$ca"ce- +or $t s*o.s t*at 59 E"c(clo)e$a o+ Worl !ultures 60 artlett- N3 H3D ase(- P3 L3 9200@3 BA =etros)ect$/e Stu( o+ !*$l*oo Ge"er5At()$cal e*a/$or $" Samoa" 'a?a+a+$"eB3 Arc*$/es o+ Seual e*a/$or
61 =ecor at 62 =ecor at 63 I"ter"at$o"al La. !omm$ss$o" 9IL!- &ra+t !oe o+ !r$mes 91@- UN &oc3 A>110- Art3 17!omme"tar( @
64 I!T=- T*e Prosecutor /3 6usema- !ase No3 I!T=5 @515A- Tr$al Cu%me"t 927 Ca"uar( 2000- )ara3 1@>3
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Team 48 Prosecutor
t*e o++e"ce reu$res $"te"t to estro( a collect$o" o+ )eo)le .*o *a/e a )art$cular %rou) $e"t$t(@>3< As em)*as$Me b( t*e I"ter"at$o"al La. !omm$ss$o"- t*e ec$s$/e cr$ter$o" o+ .*et*er or "ot a )art$cular /$ct$m $s a /$ct$m o+ %e"oc$e- $s t*at $t .as t*e members*$) o+ t*e /$ct$m $" t*e %rou) rat*er t*a" t*e $e"t$t( o+ t*e $"$/$ual t*at mae suc* )erso" t*e $mme$ate /$ct$m o+ t*e cr$me @@3 I" 14@- t*e Ge"eral Assembl( )rocla$me %e"oc$e a e)r$/at$o" o+ a %rou)s r$%*t to e$st@73 It $s clear t*at +or t*e &ot*roc( r$ers- t*e eterm$"$"% cr$ter$o" b( .*$c* t*e( select t*e $"$/$uals .*om t*e(/e $lle $s t*e$r members*$) $" t*e %rou) o+ erac*e )eo)le3
') The Att%c>s Ag%inst the Ver(%che Peo$le Too> Pl%ce in the Conte-t of % M%nifest P%ttern of Si#il%r Con(ct 'irecte( Ag%inst the Ver(%che %s % Gro$) S)ec$+$c $"te"t $s a" eleme"t o+ t*e cr$me- a" reu$res t*at t*e )er)etrator clearl(
$"te"e t*e result c*ar%e3 I" t*e case o+ %e"oc$e- t*e )er)etrator must $"te" t*at *$s or *er act$o"s .$ll result $" t*e estruct$o"- $" .*ole or $" )art- o+ a )rotecte %rou)@83 As "ote $" os"$a a" HerMe%o/$"a /3 Serb$a a" 6o"te"e%ro- ;T*e olus s)ec$al$s- t*e s)ec$+$c $"te"t to estro( t*e %rou) $" .*ole or $" )art- *as to be co"/$"c$"%l( s*o." 0y reference to particular circumstances- u"less a eneral plan to that end can 0e con%incinly demonstrated to e(ist1 a" +or a )atter" o+ co"uct to be acce)te as e/$e"ce o+ $ts e$ste"ce- $t .oul *a/e to be suc* t*at $t could only point to the e(istence of such intent 3
67 9GA =es3 @ 9I- UN &oc3 A@4A3 1 914@- )3 188 68 Geor%es A3 N3 =uta%a"a- !ase No3 I!T=5@55T- Tr$al Cu%eme"t- @ &ec3 1- R >3 69 9I3!3C3 =e)orts 2007 9I- ))3 1@517- )ara3 7D see also Cu%me"t- )ara%ra)*s 14> a" 1483 16
Team 48 Prosecutor
coor$"ate ser$es o+ attacs o" t*e erac*e )eo)le )la""e a" coor$"ate b( t*e$r leaer Co*" Sleet703 Suc* )atter" o+ co"uct b( t*e &ot*roc( =$ers coul o"l( )o$"t to t*e s)ec$+$c $"te"t to estro( t*e %rou) o+ t*e erac*e )eo)le3 6oreo/er- $t $s clear t*at t*e &ot*roc( r$ers $"te"e t*e estruct$o" o+ t*e erac*e in whole or in part D as *el b( t*e I!T A))eals !*amber as to t*e mea"$"% o+ estruct$o" $" .*ole or $" )art: ;E/e" $+ o"l( $" )art- mea"s see$"% to estro( a $st$"ct )art o+ t*e %rou) as o))ose to a" accumulat$o" o+ $solate $"$/$uals .$t*$" $t3 Alt*ou%* t*e )er)etrators o+ %e"oc$e "ee "ot see to estro( t*e e"t$re %rou) 333 t*e( must /$e. t*e )art o+ t*e %rou) t*e( .$s* to estro( as a $st$"ct e"t$t( .*$c* must be el$m$"ate as suc* 713< Nearl( +$/e t*ousa" erac*e )eo)le .ere tar%ete a" $lle b( t*e &ot*roc( =$ers $" a l$ttle o/er a mo"t* bet.ee" 4 &ecember 201> a" 2> Ca"uar( 201> $" t*$s coor$"ate cam)a$%" a%a$"st t*e erac*e )eo)le 72- t*e )o)ulat$o" o+ t*e erac*e )eo)le be$"% se/e" t*ousa" members7- t*e +$/e t*ousa" eat*s o+ t*e$r members .ere clearl( a substa"t$al estruct$o" o+ t*e erac*e )eo)le3 III)TARION BANNISTER IS NOT E@CLU'E' FROM CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILIT7 FOR ACTS COMMITE' 3HEN HE 3AS ALREA'7 40 7EARS OL' REGAR'LESS OF HIS FORMER STATUS AS AN INVOLUNTAR7 CHIL' SOL'IER Tar$o" a""$sters ecul)ator( e+e"se o+ *$s +ormer status as a c*$l sol$er $s "ot
e"umerate as a %rou" +or eclu$"% cr$m$"al res)o"s$b$l$t( +or acts comm$tte .*e" *e tur"e e$%*tee" (ears ol3 Art$cle 1 eluc$ates t*e %rou"s o+ eclu$"% cr$m$"al res)o"s$b$l$t( u"er t*e Statute3 A s)ec$+$c e"umerat$o" $s l$ste u"er Art$cle 191- t*e %rou" o+ be$"% a +ormer c*$l sol$er $s "ot o"e o+ t*e %rou"s e"umerate t*ere$"3 W*$le Art$cle 191 $" "ot a" eclus$/e l$st as Art$cle 19 )erm$ts t*e court to co"s$er %rou"s ot*er t*a" t*ose e"umerate $" Art$cle 191- t*e Statute *o.e/er clearl( )ro/$es t*at suc* a %rou" must er$/e +rom a))l$cable la. as set +ort* $" art$cle 21 .*$c* $s u"a/a$l$"% +or t*e e+e"se o+ +ormer status o+ a c*$l sol$er- a" most $m)orta"tl( Art$cle 19 clearl( st$)ulates t*at suc* co"s$erat$o" $s mae at Tr$al a" "ot t*e Pre5tr$al sta%e 743 70 =ecor at 71 =a$sla/ rst$c- !ase No3 IT5855A- Tr$al Cu%eme"t- 2 Au%3 2001- R >0D rst$- AC RR 1- 223 72 =ecor at 73 =ecor at 74 Art$cle 19 17
Team 48 Prosecutor
A) The Age of Cri#in%l Res$onsi"ilit1 is Cle%rl1 Sti$l%te( in Article 0 of the St%te %n( %s sch T%rion B%nnister #%1 "e hel( Accont%"le for the Cri#es Ch%rge( It $s ar%ue t*at Tar$o" a""$ster .as +ormerl( a c*$l sol$er a" $s "ot cr$m$"all(
res)o"s$ble +or t*e acts *e comm$tte as a c*$l- *o.e/er $t $s clear t*at .*e" reac*e t*e a%e o+ 18- *e became cr$m$"all( l$able +or t*e acts *e comm$tte as a" ault3 It $s clear u"er Art$cle 2@ o+ t*e statute t*at $s o"l( acts o+ )erso"s .*o .ere u"er t*e a%e o+ 18 at t*e t$me o+ t*e alle%e comm$ss$o" o+ a cr$me are t*ose .*o e",o( t*e )r$/$le%e o+ be$"% eclue +rom $ts ,ur$s$ct$o"3 U"t$l a" $"$/$ual reac*es t*e a%e o+ 1>- t*e( are )ote"t$al c*$l sol$er /$ct$ms )ursua"t to Art$cle 89b 9/$ o+ t*e =ome Statute .*$c* )ro*$b$ts t*e use o+ c*$lre" u"er t*e a%e o+ +$+tee" $" arme +orces or +or act$/e )art$c$)at$o" $" *ost$l$t$es7>3 T*e" +rom t*e a%e o+ 1> t*rou%* 17 t*e( ca""ot be t*e sub,ect o+ Art$cle 89b9/$ 9c*$l sol$er co"scr$)t$o" "or ca" t*e( be /$e.e as )er)etrators )ursua"t to Art$cle 2@- *o.e/er t*e mome"t suc* $"$/$ual tur"s 18- *e ca" be )rosecute as a )er)etrator o+ t*e cr$mes eluc$ate $" t*e =ome Statute 7@3 T*ere $s a" a))rec$able le"%t* o+ t$mea))ro$matel( (ears- bet.ee" .*e" a" $"$/$ual ceases to be a c*$l sol$er at 1> (ears ol 9)ursua"t to Art$cle 89b9/$ a" t*e t$me *e comes u"er t*e ,ur$s$ct$o" o+ t*e court at 18 (ears ol3 I" T*e Prosecutor /3 &om$"$c #"%.e" t*e e+e"ce subm$tte t*at #"%.e" s*oul be"e+$t +rom t*e $"ter"at$o"al le%al )rotect$o" as c*$l sol$er e/e" a+ter *e tur"e 18 9a" t*at suc* )rotect$o" s*oul $"clue- as a matter o+ la.- a" eclus$o" o+ $"$/$ual cr$m$"al res)o"s$b$l$t( +or t*e cr$mes u"er t*e Statute t*at *e ma( *a/e comm$tte- t*e Pre5Tr$al !*amber state t*at suc* subm$ss$o" o+ t*e e+e"ce ;$s e"t$rel( .$t*out le%al bas$s- a" t*e !*amber .$ll "ot e"terta$" $t +urt*er< 773 A" .*$le t*e )rosecut$o" reco%"$Mes t*at $" t*e #"%.e" case t*e accuse .as .ell $"to *$s late 0s .*e" *e .as ca)ture- *e "o"et*eless $s be$"% c*ar%e .$t* cr$mes *e *a comm$tte s$"ce *e tur"e e$%*tee" (ears ol because Art$cle 2@ o+ t*e Statute $s
75 Art$cle 89b9/$ 76 Art$cle 2@ 77 &ec$s$o" o" t*e !o"+$rmat$o" o+ !*ar%es A%a$"st &om$"$c #"%.e"- )ara%ra)* 1>0 18
Team 48 Prosecutor
clear a" u"amb$%uous- .$t*out a"( room +or +urt*er $"ter)retat$o"- t*at t*e a%e .*$c* t*e court co"s$ers t*e a%e o+ cr$m$"al res)o"s$b$l$t( $s e$%*tee" (ears ol 783 B) T%rrion B%nnister C%nnot Esc%$e Cri#in%l Li%"ilit1 on the Gron( of 'ress n(er Article *4
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