exercises in russian
December 15, 2016 | Author: Ursula Rossi | Category: N/A
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/.S.BELEVITSKAYA-
KHALIZEVA
r e.V.DONCHENKO
S.A.ZHIZHINA
IN G.F.
LEBEDEVA
SYNTAX LS.MURAVYOVA
D.I.FURSENKO
THE SIMPLE StNTfNCt
N.N.SHIYKO
3^%eign
^^
Pi,,, , -( ( , , -( . , , . . , . . . .. --
In
Modern Russian, some ad -
have acquired a purely nominal meaning and thus turned into nouns, or become substanti-
jectives
vized.
Such adjectives have acquired definite gender, e.g.:
.:
.:
•
•
•
masculine gender) feminine gender)
neuter gender)
Substantivized
adjectives
are
by adjecnumber tives, whose gender and depends on the gender and number frequently
the
of
qualified
substantivized
adjective,
e.g.:
16.
line the subjects.
out the following sentences. UnderState what part of speech each subject is.
1.
(.)
(.)
2.
3.
. ,., . (.)
5.
4.
(.)
7.
. ,
.
(.).
,
8.
--
9.
,
1
•
be
6.
-
NOTE
Like adjectives, participles substantivized and used
subject.
Substantivized
as
partici»
., . , , , , , . ,.. (, , likewise
pies
gender. Most of
.
-
.
have
a
definite
tiiem are mascu-
line,
17.
,
From
the verbs given below form present participles active and compose sentences using these participles as subjects.
•
The Subject expressed by
an Infinitive
18.
—
.)
of speech the subject
out the following sentences. State what parts are. (The subject is underlined
and the predicate
once, the predicate twice.)
2.
—
. (.) —
—
5.
. ;-
2*
(.
.
-
,
, . (. .)
. -, —
7.
-
—
1.
3.
. . ! ,,
-
-
•
.)
(.) (. .)
4.
—
,
6.
.
(.)
8.
NOTE
The subject may be an infinifive. With such a subject the predicate is generally a compound nominal one;
it
may be
a noun,
a substantivized adjective in the
comparative
or
the
superlative
19
, ; . . . .. (.) , . degree, or an adverb;
it
may
also
be an infinitive.
a
19.
Read the following sentences. Find the subject and the predicate. State what parts of speech they are. 1
.
—
—
. . . . 2.
, , ; ,
3.
—
.
4.
5.
—
6.
-
is
NOTE used
infinitive
generally
as
placed
predicate and
subject
before
the
uttered with
is
a
. , .,. , . pause after
the subject has
if
any modifiers, the pause is made word of the group,
.
TO
it;
after the last
20.
-
—
,
.
out the following sentences. Underline infinitives used as subject once and as predicate twice. Separate the subject and its modifiers from the predicate and its modifiers by a vertical line. Read the sentences aloud, making a pause between the subject group and the predicate group.
—
1.
. 2.
(.)
3.
(.)
—
20
4.
—
, ..
.
—
(.)
6.
(.)
(. .) ... -
(. .)
5.
. , , . . ,
The Subject
•
expressed by a Phrase
-
21.
.
,,.. .
. -
out from the following sentences the italicized phrases used as subject. Define the composition of each phrase. 1.
(. .)
.
2.
(.)
3.
(.)
(. .)
. . ..,, ,..-, , . , . (.)
7.
4.
—
.
6.
(. .)
(.-.)
(. .)
5.
8.
9.
(.) 22.
Read
Find the phrases used as subject. State the each phrase and the case and number of the words it
the following sentences.
composition of is
composed I.
2.
,
.
of.
, ... . .. . Ha
1.
-
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
,3.
4.
-
-
•
NOTE
The subject may be consisting lective
of
a
numeral
cardinal in
the
a
phrase or
col-
nomina21
--,
.
,
and noun in the genitive. Nouns following the nominative
tive
of
,
the numeral
or
-
take the genitive singular,
--
e.g.:
, ,.:, , .
, ,, , , ,-
Nouns following the numerals
. .
from
,. , , (..
tive plural,
e.g.:
,
),-
any
Following
nu-
cardinal
meral, adjectives and participles substantivized
(including
ones)
take the plural, e.g.:
.,
, .: ,
.:
take the geni-
etc.
-
, ,
and
to
also the numerals
,,
Following
--
numeral
the
adjectives
or
plural
itive
plural,
the
or
nominative
e.g.:
-- , , . —
the
Following or
, .:
22
in
the feminine take either the gen-
—
,,
,
adjectives
the
neuter
in
the
numeral masculine
invariably
genitive plural,
,
substantivized
e.g.:
take
or
the
.. , .,
23.
out the following sentences, putting the words in brackets in the required form. Point out the subjects.
()() (). 3
2
1.
). ).
( (). ), () () () ( () . ). () . 153
2.
3.
93
127
(,).
4
(-
4.
3
5.
253
138
(-
. , . . .. ., . . ... , , 6.
124
7. 8.
-
24.
,
Read the following sentences. Find the phrases used and define the composition of each phrase. Note the gender, number and case of the nouns in these phrases. as subjects
1.
—
3.
-
2.
48
4.
5.
—
6.
7.
•
NOTE
numerals occur with nouns or substantivized ad jectives denoting male persons Collective
, ,
,,
and and
with
the
which
nouns
are
used
only
.
in the plural, e.g.:
,,.: , -
a
also
Feminine nouns denoting female persons or female living beings never occur with collec23
, , , .
—-
-
,,
.:
,:
-.
,
(, , -
25.
numerin
col-
speech with nouns denot-
loquial
ing the young of
animals,
e.g.:
Collective
numerals
also
oc-
cur with nouns (names of objects)
used
only
the
in
plural,
e.g.:
.:
,,
numerals
Collective
be
,,,
used
nouns
with
invariably
and
al
the
can
also
personal
pro-
the pronoun
preceding the numer-
taking
the
nominative,
e.g.:
, .
,
--,-
.
Collective numerals also
occur
in phrases like:
,
which are used to single out number of individuals from
a a
group.
Nouns and adjectives used with nominative of a collective numeral invariably fake the gen-
the
..,
.,
used
als are occasionally
, .
.:
),
numerals. Collective
live
itive plural.
-
out the following sentences, putting the words in brackets in the required form. Find the subject of each sentence.
24
1.
()
().
(). ).
. ,
2.
((). ().
3.
4.
.
. .., ,, , (). () () )( ) ( ) ().. () .
5.
26.
6.
Read the following sentences. Copy them out, writing the numbers in words. Where possible, use collective numerals. Put the words in brackets in the required number and case.
. . 2
3
1.
4
2.
().
3.
5
120/.
4.
(-
3
. , ,, ( . {{{ ,{ -
5.
2
2
2
6.
8.
(),
2
() 4
2
9.
—
2
11.
.
7.
3
()
10.
2 2
).
().
4
27.
out the following sentences, supplying the missing subjects. The part of speech to be used as subject is indicated in brackets. 1.
...
•
as a noun). 2.
adjective or participle used
...
•
personal pronoun).
{5.
*' •
-
3.
«»
numeral, preposition
tive)
...
...
•
with personal pronoun). 4.
-
collective ...
-
cardinal numeral with noun in geni-
...
—
infinitive).
25
. . , . . . . , . . •
Peculiarities in the
Some
Agreement of the Predicate with the Subject
28.
Read the following sentences. Find the subject and the predicate in each sentence. State what part of speech the subject is and how the predicate agrees with it. 1.
(.)
(.)
(.)
(.
(.)
.)
2.
3.
-
4.
5.
, , . , ... ()()()()-()-.. , . ,;, , , , ., , , ,
{, ,, , , {, , ,, •
If
NOTE the
subject
is
a
collective
noun
the
etc.)
.
.
invariably in the
.),
predicate
is
singular,
29.
with
out
the
1.
the following sentences,
making the predicate agree
subject.
1917
2.
.
3.
4.
(. .) (. .)
5.
()
6.
30.
Compose
using the collective nouns given below as subjects.
)
)
2
sentences,
,
. . , ..
31.
Read the following sentences. Define the composition of the phrases used as subject. State how the predicate agrees with the subject.
.
. . . (.)
1.
(.)
3.
2.
, . , .. , - , ,, ,, , ,,, , . ! , ,(.)
(.)
(.)
(.)
7.
(. .)
5.
6.
.
8.
(.)
(.)
4.
10.
.
9.
NOTE
•
When
,
the
subject
one
is
of
words
the
. .
etc.
fol-
lowed by the genitive case of a noun, the predicate is generally in
.:
the singular,
e.g.:
{.) (.)
.
,
-
, .
--
When
the subject
nal numeral with a
genitive,
the
a
cardi-
noun
in the
is
predicate
may
be
either in the plural or in the sin-
gular.
In
some
cases,
however,
only the plural or only the sin-
gular
If
is
used.
such a subject contains the
definitive
pronoun
demonstrative pronoun
, or
the the
27
,
,
.:
.
,
predicate
invariably
is
. . ., plural,
(.)
. . , , .. 32.
once
—
the
in
e.g.:
out the following sentences. Underline the subject
and the predicate twice. State how the predicate agrees with the
subject.
(. .)
1.
(.)
..
4.
(. .)
-
, .:
-
, -
, , . ,
.:
.:
a
— 28
5.
-
2.
(.)
3.
-
(.) (.)
•
6.
NOTE
If
the
pronoun joined
subject in
is
a
noun
or
the nominative case
by the preposition
to
another noun or pronoun in the
instrumental
the
case,
predicate
takes the plural, e.g.:
. . .
The predicate
also
takes
the
homogeneous subjects joined by the conplural
if
junction
it
,
Cf.:
refers
to
e.g.:
In this sentence the subject
and object.
is
is
an
,)
(,
,,
-
-
, .:
,
The
used with a pronoun in the singular joined by the
predicate
personal
(,
,
)
,
preposition
noun
noun or
to a
invariably
is
the singular, e.g.:
in
.
- ) ). , In
,
pro-
in the instrumental case,
the
sentence,
this
subject
and the noun with the prepo-
is
{
sition
is
the ob-
, ,, -- ,, ,, ,-(
—
ject.
In
,
the
meaning
of
. ,. , , .. . ()
the phrases
are used.
-
In
such
cases
the
predicate
invariably takes the plural
the whole phrase
33.
in
is
and
the subject.
out the following sentences, putting the words brackets in the required form. 1.
(. .)
.()
2.
(. .) 4. (. .)
.
..
()
3.
()() , ()
7.
,
5.
()
(. .)
(.)
(.)
34.
. () --
., . . , -
(. .)
,
6.
8.
(.)
.
out the following sentences, replacing the homogeneous subjects joined by the conjunction by phrases as in the model below.
Model:
29
. ..
.? .
1.
2.
—
. , . , .« , '. , !» . «»,». ,.4.
3.
5.
-
6.
35.
Read the following sentences, in which the subjects are printed in italics. State the nature of the subject in each sentence and the number of the predicate.
/»,
1.
(.)
«»
...
(.)
6.
«xopouio
(.)
4.
... «
—
2.
(.)
3.
«». , «»-
5.
!»
—
7.
« » , .. , , ». «, . . . , . .» ..
,. 8.
:
9.
«!»:
(.)
(.)
10.
«,
11.
(. .)
—
. ., , ,
, --
, 30
—
-
--
(.)
•
NOTE The subject may be any part
of speech
used as a noun. Thus,
the unchangeable parts of speech (conjunctions,
adverbs,
preposi-
tions, particles, interjections)
be used as subjects,
Less is
frequently,
the
noun or pronoun
in
subject
an ob-
, .
, -
-
-
, .
Topoe
(
Horo a
—
-, -
3-
—
).
,
lique case*
verbal
subject
an
action,
the or
performer
even
several
clauses,
In
all
the above cases the verb
takes the singular (the 3rd person for
the
tenses,
present
and
the
and the future neuter,
for
the
PERSONAL SENTENCE •
THE SIMPLE PREDICATE
,., .
The Predicate expressed by a Verb
.
whole
also be a
past tense),
THE PREDICATE OF
36.
may
denoting
clause of
substantivized
or
form,
in
—
the
,.
Indicative
Mood
-
out the following text. In each sentence underline the subject once and the predicate twice. State the verb form of the predicate and how it agrees with the subject. Retell the text, using the same forms
of
predicates.
,
.--
, , . , . ,., , . .
.. * i.e.,
any
case, except the nominative.
31
, , . . .)
, .
.- ,
-
.,,
37.
out the following brackets in the present tense and the subject.
,
,-
(.
putting the verbs in each verb agree with
sentences,
making
(). (.) (.(), .)
-
() . . , , () . () . () , , .() ,.. 1.
, .., , -, . . 2.
3.
()
(.)
(. .)
(. .)
6.
4.
5.
(. .)
38.
.
Read the following
cates expressed 1.
by the verb
, , . 4.
(.)
5.
(.)
-
2.
(.)
, 32
-
,. -.
2-
3.
.
(.
:
.)
(.)
NOTE
•
1-
sentences. Find the predi-
i
Modern Russian, the forms 1st and 2nd persons the
In of
singular and
have express
plural fallen
presence,
being, the form for
both
singular
the verb
of
into
disuse.
existence,
is employed and plural,
, -. ,, . ., . ,, , 39.
Compose
three
sentences
and the subject in the singular and three sentences and the subject in the plural.
with the verb with the verb 40.
Read the following
Find the subject and the predicate in each sentence. Define the form of the predicate verb and state how it agrees with the subject. text.
. , ,... ,.
_ 41.
,,.
.
?!
. (.
—
.
,. .)
,,,
out the following text. Underline the subject of each sentence once and the predicate twice. Define the form of the predicate and state how it agrees with the subject.
; .
...
. 42.
, , ;.)
..,
(.
,-
out the following sentences, putting the verbs in brackets in the past tense and making them agree with the subject.
3—1919
33
.. () , ,
() () ( () (), () , . (.) (). (.-.) () . (); (.) (). .)
1.
2.
3.
(.)
: 6.
(.)
43.
..
4.
5.
(I),
(III).
(II),
out the
. ..
lowing sentences, putting the verbs in brackets in the present tense
Make
in the past tense (II); in the future tense (III). with their subject.
() ()() (). . () () I.
()
(I);
the verbs agree
(.)
1.
fol-
2.
3.
. , , () .. (). () () .. ()() .' , 5.
II.
().
1.
4.
2.
3.
4.
5.
III.
1.
2. 3.
NOTE
.
,: ,
1-
.
a)
34
2-
-
When the
or
plural,
the verb
2nd
present
may
the subject
is
person or
the
in
singular
future
1st
or
tense,
be omitted, since
the verb ending clearly indicatesthe
The () type
and
person
subject
if
is
number,
is
not
omitted:'
sentence of the above
not
connected with
the
;.,, )
context
and begins a
paragraph,
()
if
it
is
necessary to empha-
,, --
size
-
ject
loquial
normally omitted in coland expressive speech
-
and
the narrative style.
a
2-M
HO 1-M
--
preceding
action
. ,,
2-
,
-
that is
the of
performer
the
1st
or
the
of
the 2nd
person.
should
It
be
borne
mind
in
that in the above cases the sub is
in
the verb in the 2nd person
If
denotes an action performed by one person, the subject plural
. -. , ., , . : , ...» . , Horo
44.
TO
.:
is
? .
generally
retained,
e.g.:
,
Read the following
sentences. Find the predicate of each sentence. State the aspect and which is part the form of the verb. Note the use of the particle of the predicate and shows that the action took place in the distant past.
1.
. . .
«
2.
3.
.
4.
7.
,,
3*
,
5.
-
.
6.
.
NOTE finite verb
with the particle
denotes an action which frequently recurred in the distant
35
,,
.
,
, -
and
expression
the
verbs
may
greater to
with
vividness
description,
the
particle
be used in the present
or the simple future tense
if
they
. -. . -
.
.
lend
past.
In the past tense,
are perfective.
only imperfective verbs are used
with the particle
. , ., , , . , , ., , ,.
Compose
45.
five
sentences
with
46.
the
particle
Read the following
sen-
tences. State the composition of the predicates (printed in italics) explain their meanings.
and
1.
(. .)
2.
(.)
(.)
3.
4.
.
(.)
.NOTE
-
-
perfective
or
imperfective
,. ,, , , . , . verb in the
past tense with
denotes
particle
that began but
the
an action
was interrupted,
47.
,, ..
Change the following sentences, using the particle to emphasize the fact that the action began but was interrupted. Write down the new sentences. 1.
Oh
2.
3.
, -
. . , , . , . , . ,
, ,
4.
5.
6.
. .. , . , . . . . ,., , , . . . . , ., .. , The Predicate expressed by a Verb
in the
Imperative Mood
48.
Read the
follow-
Find the sentences in which the predicate is a verb in the imperative mood. Note that the subject in these sentences is omitted. ing text.
-
, . . , —
. —
—
—
. - , , , .,
.
: .- ,
37
.. .
,-
. ( .)
,, --. .. , , , . () : () .
.
2-0
NOTE
The
subject
erally
omitted
is
pronoun
if
is
gen -
predicate
2nd person mood,
a verb in the
imperative
the
of the
49.
,.
out the following text, putting the verbs in brackets in the imperative. Read the new text and then retell it, using the sama predicate forms as in the vtext.
() , () () . () (, () ) , () () , () () , . () , . () () () , () . ) ()() . () ()() () . «
. .,,, ,,, -, , , . ,.
(-
», 50.
Compose
short story on the topic 'Learn Foreign mood of the verbs in the following
Languages,' using the imperative phrases:
-
51.
38
.
, ,.. . . . , , . ,,,»,? . « . , ,«, , .... , ».! , , 2-
Read the following sentences. Note that the subjects of the verbs in the 2nd person of the imperative mood are not omitted. I.
1.
2.
. 4.
3.
6.
5.
.
2.
3.
«
!
-,
,—
6.
1.
(.)
4.
(.
—
—
». (. .)
(.)
,
5.
. .) (.)
(.) —
— 7.
(.)
-:-
2-
)
.
The subject pronoun of a verb 2nd person of the impera-
in the
tive
mood
is
used:
-
two persons or two tions are compared or contrasted, (a) if
,, - . -, . ,.:
NOTE
e.g.:
)
()
. if
the sentence with the verb
mood conveys mild request, advice or exhortation. Such sentences generally in
the imperative
,. . ,
contain
.:
, ,
vocative,
e.g.:
, 39
.-
, . ., ..,
52.
Sentences
this
of
type
are
uttered with the intonation of a request.
Com-
pose ten sentences expressing requests. 53.
Read the following text. State in what form of the imperative mood the italicized predicates are. Note that the subjects are not omitted.
—
.,
—
, . ,.
—
(.
.
-
, , --
,
3-
.:
.)
NOTE
When
the predicate
a
is
verb
in the 3rd person of the impera-
tive
mood with
the particle
.. ., . . the
or
mally expressed,
subject
is
nor-
e.g.:
{.)
54.
3-
.
Read the following sentences. Replace the predicate verb in each sentence by a verb in the 3rd person of the imperative mood. Write down your sen-
.
tences.
40
Model:
—
. .
..
55.
.
.
. , -.
Read the
fol-
lowing sentences. State the verb form of the predicate in each sentence. Note that this type of sentence contains the subject; also note the
word
! 1.
2.
order.
!!
! !,
, ., . ---
5.
NOTE
.
I
-
3.
4.
,;., , . ., ! -
In
wishes
,. ,
exhortations
and
the particle
in
preference to
In
Modern Russian,
generally
occurs
in
solemn
is
used
this particle
the
phrases
and
The
1
particle
is
general-
placed at the beginning of the
sentence and
is immediately followed by the verb; then comes the subject, which cannot be
omitted,
.
!
56.
out the following sentences. Find the predicate in each sentence, underline it and state the form of the verb. 1.
2.
5.
3.
!
4.
! 41
, . . ,, -
(.)
(.-.)
,().
NOTE
.
-
When the
in
1-
the predicate
---
tor(s) to
6.
8.
for
3.
Normally no
-
Note the different Explain the use action.
joint
5.
7.
-
),
speaker.
used with such a pred-
. . . . .. calling
--
1-
is
2.
1.
4.
-
-
, () (-
.
NOTE In colloquial speech, the imper-
ative calling for
frequently
case
is
a
particle,
perfective verb in the plural,
is
by using the which in
{),
word this
action
joint
formed
1st
with a person
future tense, e.g.:
.:
. In
the
case
of
verbs the same form
42
the
interlocu-
perform the action jointly
the
subject
has
it
of urging the
the following sentences.
forms of the imperative
. .
with
verb
icate.
57.
of these forms.
mood,
imperative
meaning
a
is
person plural of the
1st
.. . . Read
,
7.
imperfective is
obtained
I
-)
. .. ... . ... (),
.:
by using the particle with the infinitive,
(-
e.g.:
{)
58.
Read the following
the verb
forms.
sentences. Note the use of
1.
2.
3.
4.
(2-
)
( )
--
(),
.
NOTE
The use
of
an imperfective or a
perfective verb (in the 2nd person) in affirmative exhortative sentences
depends on whether the speaker the
action
as
such (imperfective) or in the
re-
interested
is
sult
of
the
in
action
— §.
(perfective),
e.g.:
.:
— —
..
-
The
different
connotations are
clear from the context.
.
59.
, .
Read the following
ences in the aspect of the in each case.
verbs.
-
pairs of sentences. Note the differJustify the use of the given aspect
. 43
.. . 60.
-
.
. .
.,, -
,. , , .. ,
, ;
.
. -
,
,—
out the following sentences, filling in the blanks with the imperative of either the imperfective verb (if the action is important as such) or the perfective one (if the stress is laid on the result of the action). 1.
. ...,
2.
...
. ...
, 3.
...
44
,
, ,,-.- , . ,
. ...
...
4.
. ., ...,
...,
I
. , ., . -. 61.
. . . .
following sentences. Say which which a request or prohibition. 1.
-
—
the
He
.
3.
Read
4.
6. 7.
8.
. ,
and
-
He He
NOTE
The imperative
. . - . . -ative
, He He
.
particle
bition,
an
of
fective verb preceded
-
.:
, ,
. .
.:
express warning
sentences
2.
5.
,
imper-
by the neg-
expresses
prohi-
e.g.:
The imperative of perfective preceded by the negative
verb
particle
expresses
warning,
e.g.
—
() { {;- ; { ; ;.{) {) . , {-
)
),
).
,
:
The meaning of warning be emphasized by adding the imperative form to both perfective and imperfective
- ). cal
.
In
such
cases
the
verb
loses its lexi-
meaning,
62.
the following sentences.
',
verbs
Note that the aspects
Read
of the verbs, the kinds
45
-. . . ... ,. . . . .-
of the pronouns and the adverbs used in the sentences expressing prohibition are different from those used in thesentences expressing warning.
. -
.
-
.
NOTE
. --, -( -
The
the
adverbial
sentences
conveying
object
modifier
in
or
may
prohibition
be
pronoun or adverb.
responding or adverb
negative the cor-
sentences
-.( warning,
a
In
conveying pronoun
an
indefinite
is
used, e.g.:
.:
63.
.
.
«prohibition).
•warning).
-
.. . .. Change the following
tences conveying prohibition into sentences conveying warning. 1.
. 6.
46
8.
3.
2.
4.
5.
7.
sen-
,
5
. . , . , . , , , ?, .
The Predicate expressed by a Verb
64.
Subjunctive
in the
Mood
Read the following text. Define the mood of the predicate verb in each sentence and state how the predicate agrees with the subject. Retell the text, using the same form of predicate as in the text.
, , , , . ., .... 12
4
35
44
,
.
15,5
, .-,, ,
,
—
-
-
. .
.:
!
113
.
NOTE
.
The subjunctive mood denotes supposition, ability
of
possibility or
desir-
an action,
predicate in the subjunctive
mood action,
may i.e.
express
an
action
desirable desired
by the speaker or the performer of
the action, e.g.:
!. 47
,
&
.:
also express a request or
65.
,
—
. .,. .
Say which sentences express
sentences. advice.
e.g.:
. ,.. ,
1
. . .. may
it
advice,
.
2.
.
7.
9.
12.
. .. -
a wish
,
..
3.
-
Read the following
! . .
and which
a request or
-
4.
6.
8.
.
!
5.
10.
-
13.
.. . -
The Composite Forms of
•
the Simple Predicate 66.
Read the following sentences. Note the form of the predicates (printed in italics).
.. . ? . , , .. , 1
.
,
Oh
2.
3.
,
4.
{.)
, 48
5.
--
.
-
NOTE
The predicate may be fective
form
of
verb the
preceded verb
by
a
per-
some joined
, . , .., , . .. ., . . ,.. , ,,, ,, ,
., --
.:
to
it
by the conjunction
,
,
.
or
Such predicate expresses an unexpected, sudden action or deci-
sion.
The principal verb and the
verb
invariably
same form,
e.g.:
take
the
67.
Compose
sentences and the verb
five
having as predicate a combination of a perfective verb
68.
Read the following
form
of
sentences.
Note the
the italicized predicates.
(.)
1.
2.
(.)
—
(.)
3.
(.)
4.
•
-
NOTE
The predicate consisting
of
a
principal verb and the correspond-
, . .
ing form of the verbs of motion
.
.,
-
--
Compose
a
movement
for
the pur-
pose of performing the action de-
noted by the principal verb. The
,
. , . 69.
etc. ex-
presses
and the verb of which take the same are merged together in
principal verb
motion,
form,
speech.
,
five sentences with predicates consisting of a notional
verb preceded by the verb
4—1919
49
•
). )
THE COMPOUND
.-
NOMINAL PREDICATE*
70.
(
. .
Read the following
(
pairs of sentences with simple verbal and compound predicates in the left-hand and the right-hand columns respectively. Compare the pairs of sentences.
nominal
. , .
. .
(.)
(.)
(.)
. .. .. - .., (.)
.
(.)
-
(.)
(.)
-
(.)
-
. ,-. . . . -. . . . , , .. , ,-71.
.
out first the sentences containing verbal predicates and then those containing nominal predicates. Underline the predicates. 2.
1.
-
3.
-
4.
5.
6.
.8.
7.
9.
10.
(. .)
*
compound nominal predicate
or adjective as a
50
is
component (nominal)
one including a noun, pronoun part.
J
., .. . ,-, . . . , ,, , , . . , , . , , . « . , . . .. . . , . . , ,,, . .. . . ., . ,, ; . (.)
12.
(.)
72.
Read the following
what part
nominal part
of speech is used as the
sentences. State
of the italicized predi-
cates.
1.
Ha
a
(.)
(.)
2.
3.
(.)
(.) (.)
(.)
7.
(.)
..
4.
5.
—
8.
6.
-
».
(. .)
?
9.
10.
(. .)
73.
out the following sentences. Underline predicates. Note the case of the nominal part in predicates with and without a link-verb. the
compound nominal
(.)
1.
(.)
2.
(.)
3.
4.
(. .)
5.
(. .)
(.)
6.
7.
(.)
8.
(.)
—
9.
(.)
10.
(.)
(. .)
1 1
.
12.
(. .)
•
-
NOTE
In the present tense, the linkverb
of
the
compound
1
.
-
,. , ,nominal
predicate
generally
is
omitted.
Nouns and adjectives making
up
nominal part
tlie
of the pred-
, , . ,, -.. .:
icate
then
take the nominative,
e.g.:
Oh
In
some
verb
.:
link-
in
the
future,
the
Following the link-verb the
in
past
nominal nominal
either
.:
the
or
part
of
the
predicate
the
compound
may
nominative
be
in
the
or
.
instrumental, e.g.:
,.. . -, -
,
the
used even
is
present tense, e.g.:
-
,
particularly in
cases,
definitions,
scientific
.:
The nominative case of the nominal part of a compound nominal
a
is
predicate,
especially
if
it
noun, emphasizes a perma-
nent characteristic of the subject. Cf.:
--- ,,,,, ,, Oh
-:
. .
74.
Following link-verbs other than
,
(e.g.
. . ,; ,,,-
.
etc.)
the nominal part of a
compound
nominal
invariably
takes
predicate
the instrumental
case.
out the following sentences, putting
52
I
( ).( (.
the words in brackets either in the nominative or in the instrumental; give two variants where possible. 1.
).
(-
(),().(), ).
... . .. . . -. , . ( .) , , . . 2.
3.
).
5.
4.
6.
,
75.
—
out the following sentences. Underline the subjects once and the predicates twice. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
76.
-
,
—
Read the following sentences. Change them by using the link-verb (The particles and §mo should be dropped.) Decide which part of the sentence should be the subject and which the predicate.
. 1.
-
—
. ,. . . .. , ,( ) . .—
2.
4.
—
3.
5.
—
— —
6.
-
77.
out the following sentences, putting the words in brackets in the required case. 1.
Ha
2.
53
(. ) ( ) . ( ). () (. ). ().
3.
4.
5.
., 6.
7.
8.
.) . ..
().
(.
,. . 78.
—
lowing sentences.
twice.
(.)
of the
dash.
,. — — —
2. 3.
— — —
,
(.)
.
--
, ,.
-
.
— (.) (.)
—
8.
9.
If the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is a noun or numeral in the nominative and the link-verb is -omitted, a dash must be placed between the
is
also used
if
A
dash
either the subject
or the predicate
or both are the
infinitive of a verb. If the predi-
cate
is
strative
,
-
—
NOTE
( ). , §,
6.
4. 5.
subject and the predicate.
-
54
(.) (.)
7.
•
out the folthe predicates
(. .)
. (.. J
—
and
Underline the subjects once
Note the use
1.
-
this
preceded by the §mo,
particle
the dash
particle.
is
demonor
placed before
, 79.
—
. .
,
. .
out the following sentences. Underline the subjects the predicates twice. Insert a dash, where necessary.
. (.
1.
2.
,.
.)
,,,.,.. 5.
(.) (.)
(. .)
6.
.
(. .)
,.
3.
. . ,,
4.
once and
7.
8.
(. .)
-
(. .)
80.
, . , , . , , .. , ,. . Read the following
sen-
Find the compound nominal predicates and state what parts speech they are composed of.
tences.
of
1.
(.)
(.)
6.
(.)
MOM
4.
,
(.)
. (.)
-
,,
). .
(.)
2.
(-
-
•
3.
5.
(. .)
(.)
7.
8.
.
NOTE
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate may be qualitative
adjective
in
the
complete or the short form. In some cases, one of these forms is preferable to the other. Thus, in
sentences expressing a permanent feature or
quality of
an object, 55
.
.
,
, .: , -
the complete form should be pre-
.
ferred, e.g.:
, -,-
.-
If
acterizing
-
,
.: 81.
a sentence expresses a tem-
porary quality of an object, charit
circumstances,
only
more frequently of
,
. .
in
the given
the short form used.
only the short form
is
The use is
imper-
the adjective has a word
ative
if
which
, .
§
it
governs,
e.g.:
. : . .
Read the following sentences. Explain the use of the complete and short forms of adjectives in the compound nominal predicate.
.. . " -
. .
-
.
. , .. , . , 82.
the following sentences, filling in the blanks with the required forms of the adjectives
from the right-hand column. 1
. .
...
2.
...
...
56
I
3.
, , . . ., , , , . . . .. .
...
...
4.
... ...
5.
...
...
6.
...
...
83.
Read the following sentences, in which the short form of the adjectives cannot be replaced by the complete form, since such a substitution would change the meaning of the sentence. 2.
1.
3.
. :
4.
,
•
NOTE
The
short form
tives has a
that
of
of
meaning
the
some
adjec-
from
different
complete
form.
In
such cases the short form cannot
.:
. ,.
be replaced by the complete form.
. .. . . ,
84.
Cf.:
Read the
fol-
lowing sentences. Find the compound nominal predicates. State what part of speech the nominal part of each predicate is. 1.
.,
2.
(.)
.
(.)
4.
.
.
. (.)
(.) 7.
6.
(.-.)
(.)
5.
3.
(.).
--
57
, .-
(
85.
.)
out the following sentences, supplying the missing simple verbal predicates and the nominal parts of compound nominal predicates. (The words to be supplied are given in the right-hand column.) Make the predicate agree with the subject. 1.
, ,
. . ...
...
2.
3.
4.
5.
...
.
...
,
, ,
...
.
...
... ...
...
. . .
, , . . . , . , , . ...
6.
...
...
7.
... ...
8.
...
...
86.
out the following sentences,
.
forming short past participles passive from the verbs in brackets and making them agree with the subject. 1.
(),
.
() . (.) ()
. . (). () ) ,
2.
3.
4.
5.
58
()
7.
6.
(. .)
(-
, ... . , ,. .,. .! , . , , , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , ,, , . , , , , , . ,. ..
,
87.
Read the
-
fol-
lowing sentences. Find the predicates and state what parts of speech they are composed of. Note the order of the component parts in the compound nominal predicates.
(.)
1.
(.)
(.)
3.
-
—
4.
—
2.
5.
(.)
(.)
6.
7.
-
—-
(.)
NOTE
.
-
Sometimes the
of
the
nominal
predicate
part
quality contains the words
,
which, in such cases,
etc.
lose
their
form
lexical
single
meaning
and
with
the
group
word expressing the
.:
a
-
..,
-
--
expressing
quality, e.g.:
(. .)
-
In such
pal
the
sentences,
meaning
is
princi-
contained in the
adjective.
.
88.
. . Compose
predicates. Use the the predicatives.
words
five sentences
with compound nominal etc.
as part of
89.
Read the following sentences. Find the compound nominal predicates. State what part of speech their nominal part is. 1.
(. .)
2.
—
. (.)
3.
59
..
.... (.)
5.
(.)
(.)
,, . ,
(.)
7.
(. .)
8.
(. .)
9.
.-
4.
6.
-
;
. .. -,
(. .)
, ,,, ,, (.)
•
. 10.
(.)
NOTE
compound
nominal
predi-
, , ,,
cate expressing comparison
of-
is
ten joined to the subject by one
,-
of
the
conjunctions
. , ,. . ,. —. . , ; ; ;; ; ; ; ; . . .
30M
etc.
In such cases, no
placed
before
the
comma
is
comparative
conjunction.
90.
{,
.).
Describe each of the objects named below by comparing it to the other object of the pair; use various comparative conjunctions etc.). Write down your sentences and explain their meaning.
{,
—
.. , . . . . Model:
— — —
—
Read the following sentences. State what speech the italicized predicates are composed of. 1.
(.) (. .)
2.
. (. .)
60
— —
—
-
91.
of
— —
3.
5.
(.)
.
(. .)
(.)
6.
4.
parts
, ,
NOTE
.
The link-verb
-
compound
of
nominal predicate containing the complete form of an adjective or participle as its nominal part,
, , , , -: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , ,, ., --, -
may be
semi-notional verb denot-
w5mw,np«wmM,
ing motion orstate:
, ^
In
this
case,
the
verb
loses
,.. . , .; .. .. its
CKoe
meaning, as
principal lexical
the main meaning of the predicate
.
is
contained in
its
nominal part,
92.
sentences. Underline the compound nominal what parts of speech they are composed of. 1
out the following predicates and state
—
.
(. .)
2.
(.)
(.) (.)
3.
?..
4.
(.)
5.
(.)
6.
7.
(.)
:
8.
,
93.
Compose
five
.,
sentences
with
compound nominal
verbs denoting motion or state as link-verbs. 94.
.(.)
predicates,
using
61
. . .. . Read the following
senfences.
nouns in oblique cases with prepositions, which are part nominal predicates. 1.
(. .)
(.)
—
3.
(.)
4.
(. .)
5.
(.)
6.
.
Copy out the compound
of the
.. 2.
(.)
NOTE
, . , , ,, , , , , , , , , . , . ., .. . . . . . . ,.---
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate may be noun in an oblique case with
-
.:
preposition, e.g.:
(.)
(- .)
(.)
-
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is often a set expression, e.g.:
.:
()
()
()
..
95.
out the following sentences. Underline the compound nominal predicates and state what parts of speech they are composed of. 1.
(.)
(.)
2.
(.)
4.
5.
(. .)
(.)
7.
,
10.
6.
8.
(.)
(.)
3.
9.
(.)
96.
95. Compose six sentences with compound nominal predicates, using the phrases written for Exercise 95 as their nominal part.
62
i
..,,, . . , , . ,,, . , . . . . . ,( , ( , ) . ), , ,( . ( ,. . ), ). ( . . :,-
97.
Read the following
State what is
sentences. parts of speech the nominal part of the italicized predicates
composed
of.
Oh
1.
(.)
2.
—
. (.)
(.)
(.)
3.
,
4.
5.
(.)
6.
(.)
.
-
NOTE
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate may be a noun with an adjective or a meral in the genitive. The geni-
-
-
tive
case
is
used
whether there
is
irrespective
of
link-verb
or
not.
-
98.
out the following sentences, putting the words in brackets in the required case.
).
1.
(
2.
(.)
). ), (
(
(.) ).
3.
7.
(.)
(.)
(.)
4.
5.
(.)
(.)
6.
8.
(.)
•
THE COMPOUND
VERBAL PREDICATE
99.
out the following sentences. Underline the com-
pound verbal predicates. 1.
.
(.)
2.
63
, . ,
.-
, , .,. , ,,
(.)
3.
(.-.)
. , , . ,. . 4.
(. .)
(.)
6.
(.)
(.)
(.)
. ., .
(.)
7.
8.
9.
,
—
5.
10.
(.)
-
.
,
. . , .. , . . .-
100.
Read the following
sentences, which contain simple or compound verbal predicates. Explain what additional meaning is conveyed by the auxiliary verbs.
-
1.
2.
. . . . , . , . , , , , , , ,,,,, , , ,
--
3.
4.
.
5.
6.
•
,
. .
64
-
-
NOTE
Not infrequently the auxiliary
verbs of
compound verbal
cates are verbs showing
action
proceeds
verbs
are
etc.
They
by
an
in
predi-
how
time.
the
These
are invariably followed
imperfective
infinitive.
, . , .-
THE
The verb
is
followed by a
an
infinitive
noun denoting an
never but by
action.
a
, .
) ) (, ) . (, ) . ). (, (, . ) , 101.
(, ) , (, . (, .. (, )
out the following sentences, choosing the correct infinitives from those given in brackets.
Ha
1.
(.)
2.
4.
5.
6.
7.
102.
,..
sentences, replacing the simple of the same meaning.
verbal
predicates
out
3.
-
8.
the following
by compound ones
. -. . . . . . .- , ,,, , , , I 1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
5.
7.
8.
.
NOTE
The verbs
, .: 5—1919
are used only as part of
verbal
.
predicates,
compound
e.g.:
65
(
-
-
with
direct
in the accusative
object
(
without
noun a
pre-
. - ,, ,,- , ., , ,, ..
),
:
position),
e.g.:
In all other cases the reflexive
verbs
are
.:
used,
e.g.:
-
103.
out the follow-
ing sentences. Explain the use of the italicized reflexive and non-reflexive verbs.
. (.)
, .
. . . . , -. , , ., .. (,) ) . (, . ) . (,(, ) . ). (, (, ).
.
(.)
(.-.)
(.)
&,
(^.)
(.)
(.)
-
(.)
104.
sentences,
out the following choosing the correct verbs from those given in brackets.
1.
(.)
(.)
2.
(.)
3.
4.
5.
6.
(.)
66
I
, . .
-
105.
Read the following sentences containing simple and compound verbal predicates. State what additional meaning the auxiliary verbs or their equivalents eive to the compound verbal predicate.
.
.. , , . . . I.
1.
-.
Oh
2.
3.
4.
-.
..... . 5.
II. 1.
. . --
. .-
3.
2.
-
4.
, , :, , , : , , , , , , ,, , ,: ,, ,: ,, ,, ,
,
T. e.
.
The function
is
-
)
,
.
NOTE
of auxiliary verbs
frequently fulfilled by so-called
modal verbs, that verbs
to say,
by
possibility,
in-
is
denoting:
() the
clination,
ability,
wish
or
perform an action:
,
intention
to
etc.;
.;
)
()
. .;
desire to perform an ac-
tion:
etc.;
)
-
() mental processes and
feel-
ings:
,
etc.
. .
5*
67
-
.
-
,
compound
may
include
an
or
verbal
one
containing
predicate
these
of
a
eitlier
imperfective
verbs
perfective infinitive,
depending on whether the speaker
,, , ) . . ) (, ). (,. (, (, ) ) ? (, ), ). (,, . . .. is
.:
interested
.,
106.
the
in
.. .
such or in
its result.
action
as
Cf.:
.
out the following sentences, choosing the infinitives of the required aspect from those given in brackets. Where possible, use both the infinitives and write down both the variants. Explain the difference in the use of the perfective and the imperfective verbs.
(,
Oh
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
).
6.
7.
-
(,
107.
out the following sentences,
.
supplying the auxiliary verb to suit the sense. 1.
6.
Ha
...
3.
5.
...
, , ,, 68
...
{, ,.).
.
. {, , , , , .
2.
4.
...
...
...
NOTE
The short form etc.)
as
is
of
adjectives
frequently
used
an auxiliary verb. express
future
tenses
the past and the and also the sub-
--
. . , , . . . , . {,
108.
:.
and imperative moods,
junctive
the auxiliary verb in
the
appropriate
is
used
tense
and
mood. E.g.:
) .
I.
,.
out the fol-
lowing sentences. Underline the predicates. Point out the component parts of the compound verbal predicates. Explain how the tenses of predicates of this type are formed.
. .
action. 1.
2.
-. .
Give variants
of these
sentences,
OH
.
changing the time of the
4.
5.
.-
--
3.
. ,
THE SECONDARY PARTS OF THE SENTENCE
THE ATTRIBUTE
• ATTRIBUTES AGREEING WITH THE WORD QUALIFIED
. .
109.
.
, , ; . , , -, ,. --
-
Find the attributes and the words they qualify. State how the attributes agree with the words they qualify.
Read the following
text.
-
, . .,
...
...
... ...
.
110.
. . .. .
,
,, .
(.
,
.)
Read the following text. State the attributes agree with the words they qualify. Note the position of the attributes in relation to the words they qualify.
how
70
. ... . .. , , ; , . . - ; . . .; ... (
.-
...
,
-
----
6;;
--
...
,^ .
.)
, , . , , , •
NOTE
. . .) Attributes
.:
111.
ing sentences, they qualify. 1.
)(
3.
which
agree
the word they qualify
precede
making the attributes
it,
in brackets
e.g.:
out the followagree with the nouns
(, ; (, )() ; ()
)
with
generally
. (.)
2.
((.)
71
... () . () (, ) ,() , . , . (, () () () ; () () , . () , (,) , , .,
) . , . () ( . ) () , . .() ( (.)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
(.) 112.
out
the following text, making the attributes nouns they qualify. Retell the text.
in brackets agree
with the
()
Ha
),.( )(,).--
.
() ()
.
() .
( .) .. ,-.., . --. 200000
1
,
113.
.
-
239,5 2 611 000
()
.
-
Read the following sentences. Find the attributes and state what parts of speech they are. Note the position of the attributes in relation to the words they qualify and in relation to one another. 1.
(.)
2.
(.)
4.
72
.
3.
(.) 5.
6.
, ,... . , .
(.)
(. .)
(.)
8.
9.
,
7.
. ... . (.)
10.
12.
13.
, ,,, ... -
•
NOTE word
attributes,
-
-
.: 114.
tences.
Note the use
.
jective
is qualified by two one a qualitative ad-
and the other a relative the
adjective,
former
before the latter,
is
placed
e.g.:
, .
-
- -
-, -, -;
Read the following
of the possessive adjectives
ending in
sen-
-, -,
-; -««or-oe as attributes agreeing with the word they qualify. Give the nouns from which these adjectives are derived.
. . . . . ..(.) . . . , -1.
2.
3.
4.
. , . , 5.
6.
7.
8.
115.
out
the
following
sentences.
73
. , , .. . . . . .. .
Substitute attributes expressed by adjectives for those expressed by the nouns in the genitive.
Model:
2.
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
, , , . ,- . ,-, ,,,,,, , , , , , ,, , , ., . . . 9.
--
•
NOTE
Attributes
agreement,
a
expressed
by
ad-
jectives are called attributes with
and
attributes
ex-
pressed by oblique cases of nouns
—
are called
attributes without
ag-
reement.
-
116.
.
Give qualitative and relative adjectives to qualify the following nouns. Compose six sentences, using the phrases thus obtained.
;
)
-
)
117.
Read the following sentences. Find the attributes and state what parts of speech they are. What questions do they answer? I.
. (.)
1.
. . 3.
(. .)
. 5.
7.
74
6.
4.
2.
. (.)-
. .
. , . , . . II.
,-
1.
2.
.
3.
-
,, -. , , , , . , , . , , , , , , . ,, , ., . . . 4.
(.)
5.
•
-
,
NOTE
Attributes
tives in the
which
are
compound form
comparative
the
or
adjec-
of the
superlative
degree generally precede the words
.:
they qualify,
-
.:
e.g.:
However, attributes which are compound form of the comparative degree may follow the word they qualify, e.g.: adjectives in the
118.
Compose
following
adjectives
sentences, using the
attributively.
119.
Read the
. . .
lowing sentences. What questions do the attrilputes answer? of speech are they? 1.
(.)
2.
.
4.
7. 8.
9.
What
(.)
fol-
parts
3.
(.) (.) 51.
, 5.
... ....
...
6.
(.)
(. .) (. .)
10.
(. .) 75
120.
..,.. Compose
attributively.
,
121.
-
five sentences, using participles
-
. . . . .. . . . , . . . ? .. .-Read the following sentences. Find the attributes and state what parts of speech they are. Note the position of the attributes in relation to one another.
-
2.
1.
3.
4.
6.
5.
8.
7.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
, (, ,, , § ,- . , .- .. -,. --
Ho
NOTE
word
is
by several
qualified
attributes one of which
noun
(demonstrative,
is
a pro-
indefinite,
definitive or possessive, including
, , ), placed
, , ), .:
•
group
at
of
the latter
the
is
generally
beginning of
attributes,
the
e.g.:
,
122.
Read the following sentences. Note the position of the italicized attributes in relation to the words they qualify. 2.
1.
3.
76
.
. . . - .4.
6.
5.
, -, ,- , - , - . . . , ,, , , . , , , , -, , , , , ,, , , . ,, . . . .. ..
7.
NOTE
•
Attributes with agreement qual-
-, -, -, ifying
-,
. .,
the
indefinite
etc.
generally follow these
pronouns,
e.g.:
.:
.
123.
groups of words given below. a
pronouns
Compose sentences out of the mind the place of attributes in
Bear in
sentence.
, , ,,
2.
1.
,
-.
3.
,
4.
5.
6.
,
,, ,
124.
Read the
ing sentences. Note the attributive use of the pronouns I.
.
1.
3.
2.
4.
. ; . , ... 5.
7.
8.
(.) (.)
6.
1.
..
(.)
9.
10.
.
.
follow-
and
(.) 2.
,. 3.
77
, .,
.:
-
NOTE
•
The pronoun the
object
indicates that
qualified
belongs
to
the subject of the sentence which
may
be expressed either by a noun or a personal pronoun of any person and number. But, as a is not used as an attribute to the subject. You cannot
rule,
: . - . say:
You must
say:
- ' '', , » § «- . »,« .: ... . . . . . . . . The pronoun
as
an
when
can be used
attribute
it
the
to
subject
has the meaning of
or
. ..,
125.
Note the difference in the use 1.
126.
of the
*
e.g.:
Read the following sentences.
pronouns
and
2.
. . . . . . , . " 3.
4.
5.
,.
,
out the following sentences, filling in the blanks with the pronoun or as required by the sense. Underline the subject in the clauses containing
.
1.
2.
...
3.
...
4.
...
...
78
5.
...
. , ., ,.. . ,,
, ., . ...
6.
7.
...
...
(. .)
...
127.
,
the pronouns
,,,
128.
Compose
eight sentences,
using
as attributes.
Read the
and
following sentences. Note the use of the pronouns
.
attributes. I.
mom
as
. . -.
. ., . , —
—
1949
. 2.
. - ,(.)
. . .
. (.) .. .
1.
,.
(.) 5.
(.)
4.
(.)
129.
tences, filling in
required form. 1.
. -
3.
. . ,,. the blanks with the pronoun
out the following senor in the
mom
...
...
2.
.
...
-
...
3.
...
4.
79
. .,.
..,
...
5.
-
...
,.
, . , ,-,., -, ,-, . . ., 6.
...
.
...
.
...
7.
...
8.
...
130.
Compose
sentences,
using the following words
as attributes.
,-,
, ,
. .. .
131.
Read the following they
of speech
are.
sentences. Find the attributes and state
What
question do
what parts
they answer?
2.
1.
3.
--
4.
(.)
.
. (.)
.. (). .-, 5.
(.)
7.
6.
8.
9.
,-. 132.
Read the following
nouns and adjectives used with the numerals 1.
. . . . (.)
,,
,
,..
sentences. Define the form of the
.
. (.)
2.
3.
4.
5.
-
6.
.
8.
80
9.
(.)
7.
.
10.
-
.. - -.
,-
,,
11.
12.
•
-
NOTE
An ifying
attributive
adjective
feminine noun
,
qual-
and
fol-
-, . ,. , , , , , , , , , -. , lowing
tiie
may
numeral
native or the genitive is
or
take either the nomiif
the noun
the subject or the direct object.
, , .. 133.
out the following text, blanks with these adjectives to suit the sense:
filling in the
,
. . . , , . . . . , , , . ,, , , ,. , , ,, .200
—93
20
...
...
1953
170 000
596
— 1954
...
53
...
...
116
34
...
226
.
—
...
200
900
1915 1953 1954
...
...
7
...
...
40
...
134.
Compose
6—1919
,
sentences,
using the following phrases.
81
, . . . . , . , . , . , . . . 135.
out
in the blanks
filling 1.
2.
...
3.
...
sentences,
...
...
...
4.
...
...
5.
...
the following
with attributes to suit the sense.
...
...
136.
out the text, filling
the blanks with
in
attributes to suit the sense.
...
.
. , ...
: ,
...
...
...
...
...
...
137.
factory, city, etc.),
-
...
...
. (, ,
. . . . ...
.
,..,... ...
...
...
. .), Describe your room (institute, using various kinds of attributes.
•
ATTRIBUTES NOT
AGREEING WITH THE WORD QUALIFIED
-
138.
Read the following
the attributes with
. . . . .
,
2.
3.
.. 4.
-
6.
7.
8.
82
out
agreement and those without agreement.
1.
5.
-
sentences. Point
(.)
9.
.., . . ,. , . , . .. . . . (.)
(.)
10.
-
139.
Read the following
sentences.
State what parts of speech the italicized attributes without
agreement
are.
1.
2.
(.)
3.
-
4.
5.
(.)
-
6.
7.
8.
-
-. , , , , ,, .: —
, .:
, , .: 6*
-
.:
, --
, no
•
NOTE
frequently
.
nouns
with
the
the
genitive
generally
made,
the
denotes
which an object
.
the material
of
preposition
The genitive with
preposition
is
agreement
without
Attributes are
of
e.g.:
The genitive with
the
.
prepo-
denotes purpose, e.g.:
sition
In both in the
these
.
cases
genitive can
by an adjective,
noun
in the
preposition no
is
be
the noun
replaced
e.g.:
dative with the
used to denote
.
profession, kinship or other kinds of relations, e.g.:
,
83
. ., ,
-
140.
. ,, ,
Replace the attributes without agreement in the following phrases by attributes with agreement.
, , ,; ,. , .. . , , , , ,. . . . . , ,.. , —
Model:
141.
sentences
Replace the attributes with agreement in the following attributes without agreement. Compose sentences with
by
.
the phrases thus obtained.
Model:
,-
,
, ,.
,
—
142.
out the
sentences, filling
in
the
blanks
with
attributes
with
following
without
or
agreement. 1.
2.
...
3.
...
4.
...
,..
...
5.
...
6.
-
...
143.
7.
142,
. .
-
Compose five sentences, using the genitive of nouns as attributes (use the sentences in Exercise 142 as models). 144.
Read the following sentences. State attributes without agreement are. 1.
84
(.)
.-
what parts of speech the italicized What questions do they answer?
2.
. (.)
3.
,. ,. , . . (.)
(.)
8.
-
4.
. , .
(.)
6.
--
, , .:
7.
5.
-
.
NOTE
•
Nouns
in the prepositional case
with the preposition are used as attributes without agreement to denote the clothes one is wear-
, . ..,
.
,
ing, e.g.:
145.
Compose
case with
six sentences, using nouns in the prepositional as attributes without agreement.
.-
the preposition
146.
. ...
Read the following
without 1.
]
sentences. State
agreement
are.
7.
what parts
questions
of speech the attributes do they answer?
(.)
.
4.
What
(.)
3.
[-
^-
. . «
(.)
. -
2.
(.)
5.
(.)
-
6.
».
(. .)
8.
85
--
, .: ,
noun
in the instrumental case
with the preposition attribute
without
used as an
agreement de-
,.. -
,
147.
NOTE
•
-
notes ture,
some
characteristic
fea-
property or quality of the
object, e.g.:
out the following sentences, filling in the blanks with attributes without agreement to suit the sense.
. .
-
1.
...
2.
...
3.
...
4.
...
5.
. . ...
« . . , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , . , , , ,,.. ,. , , ,,, ,, ,,.
. 6.
,
...
7.
8.
...
1-
».
...
148.
sentences out of the groups of words given below. Bear in place of attributes with and without agreement.
,,
, ,
1.
2.
Compose mind the
,
3.
,
4.
,
149.
Supply an attribute without agreement to each of the following nouns and compose sentences with the phrases thus obtained.
-
150.
;,
phrases as attributes. a)
Compose
,
sentences, using the following
,
, , ; ,, . . . , . ) )
151.
out
the following sentences. phrases as in the
. , , , ... , , . ,
Replace the italicized constructions model.
by
attributive
Model:
—
Hfi-
-
1.
. , . , . . 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
—
152.
. .
out from the following sentences the italicized nouns by attributes with agreement. Substitute attributes without agreement for the attributes with agreement.
.
qualified
1.
..
.
3.
153.
. .
—
Model:
2.
4.
^, , , , ,
-
Substitute attributes without agreement for the italicized
constructions.
Model:
—
. .. 1.
2.
3.
, 87
, . . , .
---
154.
Describe
using various kinds
friend of yours,
of attributes.
155.
.
infinitives.
.
1.
. (.)
3.
(.)
.,
(.)
.
2.
-
4.
(.)
5.
. --
, . , ,. (.)
8.
,,.--
Read the following sentences. Note the italicized attributive Copy them out together with the words they qualify.
.
6.
.
(.)
...
(. .)
9.
7.
(.)
-
... (. .) 10.
, ,, ,. 156.
Compose
sentences, using the following phrases:
.,
•
-
UNEXTENDED
DETACHED ATTRIBUTES 157.
(I)
(II),
cases the unextended
tached I.
88
(II).
1.
Read the following
,
attributes are detached
(I)
,—
Explain in which and in which not de-
sentences.
.
, .,, ,, . , , , . , , . ,, .,. -,
(.)
3.
2.
(.)
(.)
,
4.
( .)
5.
.
...
-
1.
(. .)
2.
(.)
.
3.
NOTE
•
-
. ), . : ; .
-
(-
—
-
Parts
;
-
sentence
the
of
uttered
with an emphatic intonation to stress their particular importance are
called detached
sentence.
In
parts
the
of
detached
writing
parts of the sentence
from the commas.
are set off
rest of the sentence
The parts
of the sentence
by
which
are most frequently detached are attributes, adverbial modifiers (ex-
and— much
tended or unextended) less
frequently— objects
principal
and the
parts of the sentence.
Unextended attributes are tached
)
)
6.
(a)
de-
if:
two
attributes
or
more
follow
unextended
the word
they
qualify;
separated
(b)
the
attribute
is
from
the
word
qualifies
a
it
by
phrase;
89
; , , . -,. ( ,? :
)
the attribute qualifies
(c)
per-
sonal pronoun;
-
)
the attribute preceding the
(d)
word
has
qualifies
it
ing of such attributes that
to
-
and,
concession are
clauses
of
detached.
Cf
causal
a
The mean-
or concessive meaning.
is
similar
cause
of
or
they
therefore,
.
.:
. (, ? , : ; ,: ..
•
Why
•
Why
-
did he look weak?)
did he look
weak?)
Unextended attributes
detached
)
(a)
the attribute
is
followed by the word
)
the
(b)
ifies,
not
immediately it
qualifies;
cannot
attribute
separated from the word
.:
are
if:
it
be
qual-
e.g.:
, . . , . . You cannot
)
()
-
the
say:
attribute
qualifies
an
indefinite pronoun.
Note
that
unextended
attri-
butes with and without agreement are
used
chiefly
in
as
detached
works
of
attributes
fiction
and
in poetry.
.
158.
,
Read the following 90
sentences,
paying attention to your intonation.
.
Copy out the
,
, .
sentences, replacing the detached attributes by non-deRead the new sentences with the proper intonation.
-
, . , , . , ... , , . .. , , .. , ,tached ones.
Model:
.—
1.
-
(.)
2.
.
3.
(.)
159.
,
Read the following sentences with the proper intonation. Copy out the sentences, replacing the non-detached attributes by detached ones. Read the new sentences with the proper intonation. Model:
—
,
... , , . . ,., . ,,,, , , ., , 1
.
(.)
2.
(.)
3.
4.
(.)
.
5.
160.
Read
Find the attributes and state what parts of Explain the cases where the attributes are detached.
the following sentences.
speech they are. 1.
(.) 2.
, .. (.)
3.
(.)
4.
(.) 5.
(.)
6.
,
(.)
.,.
-
-
7.
91
, ., , .
.. --
161.
out the following sentences, replacing the italicized detached.
nouns by personal pronouns and making their attributes 1.
.
2.
.
3.
4.
,, .. -
, . . , , ... -, . .; . . - ,. . Supply
162.
2.
(.)
. (.) 3.
-
3.
-
4.
5.
(.)
1.
2.
(.)
-
,
92
the
1.
(.) (. .)
6.
-
.
missing punctuation marks. I.
.
(.) 4.
(.)
6.
, . .
. (.)
7.
.,,
(.)
-
DETACHED APPOSITIVES
.
.
163.
Read the following
appositives. I. a) 1.
(.)
. , ,, -
sentences. Point out the cases of detached
,,.,.
.. , , , . . , , , . ,, , , ,, . 2.
(. .)
, . )
(.) 1.
.
(.)
3.
(.)
4.
2.
(. .)
,
1.
(.) 2.
(.).
3.
(. .)
-
NOTE
Appositives which are the names
kinds of plants or species of
of
pa-
.:
.
, , ,,
, .:
-
,
animals are not set
mas,
off
by com-
e.g.:
Such appositives and the words they
are in
apposition
to
are
-
merged together in speech. Note that the words and preceding the name, rank or appointment of the person
,
concerned are likewise never off
by commas,
set
e.g.:
93
. , , , ,, ,. ,,,, . , , ! , .,, , . , ,-,? . .- , , :«», ... ,, . . , . , . ; ^ ; ;, . . . .. . 164.
out the following sentences.
Explain their punctuation and the cases 1.
of apposition.
,
(.)
2.
,
(.)
3.
,
,
(.)
—
4.
—
(.)
—
(.)
-
5.
—
-
6.
(.)
7.
(.)
8.
(. .)
9.
10.
..
XVIH
165.
out the following sentences, adding to the italicized words detached appositives from the list given below.
—
Model:
-
2.
1.
3.
4.
94
5.
, : ; ,.; ,.. , , . , , .,,, -. 163
166.
2)
1)
3)
model, compose three pairs of sentences to Using Exercise 163 as illustrate the following cases of detached appositives: (1) with a personal pronoun; (2) with a proper noun; (3) with a common noun. 167.
, , ,, , .
sentences.
out the following the
Underline the words used to join the appositives to
words they qualify. 1.
(.)
(.)
.
2.
—
3.
(.)
,
-
4.
. , ,. , , , , . ,5.
,
(.)
(.)
6.
-
7.
(. .)
8.
(.)
NOTE
•
-
,
,,
-
1—3),
(.
4,
5).
Appositives are frequently joined the
to
words
qualify by
they
conjunctions or conjunctive words
which give the appositives meanings,
ous additional causal
meaning
or specify the qualified
-
sentences 4,5).
Among tive
the
are
word
common
most
conjunctions
words
a
(see sentences 1-3),
(.
these
varie.g.
(see
of
and conjuncthe
following:
95
;, ; ; ;, ; ,
,, , , ,
; ,; ;;
. .
, , etc.
an
.:
, .
(
;,
appositive
the conjunction
meaning
it is
-'
joined
has
by
causal
invariably detached.
e.g.:
? ; , ; ,,
Why
was
he
. . . . . . ., ., . , . , ;; ; , ,; ; ; . . awarded
168.
first prize?)
',
Combine
•
. .
-
each of the following pairs of sentences into one with an appositive, using the conjunctions or conjunctive words no etc. as required by the sense. Write down your sentences.
;
1.
2.
3.
.
.
4.
169.
out the following sentences, substituting detached appositives joined by conjunctions for the clauses.
(or not) 1.
Bee
2.
;
,;
170.
,;
joined to
96
,;
the words they qualify
etc.
171.
. . Compose
,;
;-
ten sentences containing appositives by conjunctions or phrases
.
Copy out the following sentences, supplying the missing punctuation marks. Underline the words in apposition. Read the sentences aloud.
, . . , . , .
, 1
,
.
. (.) ,
(.)
-
3.
, . , , . . ---
. .
5.
, . 2.
(.) (.)
(.)
4.
6.
7.
, ., , . , ,. . . -^ . . . , . .. (.)
. (. .)
. 172.
(.)
8.
.
9.
10.
(.)
THE OBJECT
out the following sentences. State what parts of speech the italicized objects are and define their case. 1.
5.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
8.
9.
(. .)
7—1919
10.
,
11.
97
. . ....
«» 173.
Read the following
12.
sentences. Point out the direct objects.
. . . . 2.
1.
-
3.
4.
. , . .. -.) . 5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
.-
(.
174.
out the following sentences. Note the use of abstract nouns as direct objects of transitive verbs preceded by the negative particle.
.
. . ,
1.
.. 2.
,. 3.
4.
. .
5.
. .. 6.
(.)
«
,, 9.
(.) (.)
98
10.
»,
7. 8.
.
--
. ., -
—
NOTE
Abstract nouns following transitive verbs preceded
tive
particle
genitive,
by the nega-
generally
concrete
take the
nouns
either
, ., , ,. . . . .... ., .
, ;
--
—
the
genitive
or
the
accusative,
e.g.:
.:
175.
out the following sentences, putting the predicate in the negative form. Explain the changes in the case of the object. 2.
1.
3.
-
4.
5.
176.
Read the following sentences. Note the position of the object in the sentences. I.
1)
., . The
an adjunct
direct object generally follows the verbs
.
3.
.
2)
. . . . . . . . 2.
I.
4.
II.
The
2)
a
1.
7*
a pronoun,
it
may
direct object either precedes the indirect or the or follows it.
, . ., object
pronoun in the dative
3.
is
1)
prepositional 1.
is
-
2.
the direct object either precede or follow the verb.
3.
it
,. .
to.
1.
-
-
2.
it
If the indirect object generally precedes the direct object.
is
2.
4.
99
. . . .. ... . .. . . ,,,,,,, . , . , , , ., ,,, , , ,. ,,, , . , . . . 177.
Read
the following sentences. Point out tlie direct, tlie indirect and the prepositional objects. State the position of the object in each sentence.
-
1.
(. .)
2.
3.
(.)
4.
(.)
5.
(.)
(.)
6.
(.)
7.
8.
9.
(.)
178.
Compose sentences out of the words given below. Bear in mind the position of the object in the sentence. 2.
1.
,
3.
,
,
4.
.
5.
,
6.
.
,
-
179.
,.
out the following sentences. Point out in each sentence the part of the sentence the object is an adjunct to and state what part of speech it is. Define the case of the object.
.. 1.
(.) 2.
.
.-
. -
. . . .. -
.
3.
5.
7.
.
4.
6.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
100
(.)
13.
(.) (.)
14.
, ,, ,
•
NOTE
. , , , . .:
K
.:
.:
The
juncl
.
case,
180.
Bee
...
generally an ad-
However, it may refer to an adjective which governs a def-
the following sentences, supplying objects. 1.
is
verbal noun, e.g.:
or
inite
,
object
to a verb, e.g.:
e.g.:
2.
...
., , ,., , . . . . . ... .. 3.
...
...
...
6.
Complete
4.
...
...
5.
7.
8.
...
181.
Supply objects to the following words and compose some sentences with the phrases thus obtained.
-
.
182.
out the following sentences. State the cases of the objects of the italicized verbs. Memorize these verbs. 1.
3.
,
. (.)
183.
. for
(.) (.)
5.
4.
. (. .)
2.
-
6.
7.
Supply objects to the following verbs. Compose a pair
-
of sentences
each group of verbs. 101
, , , , , , , , ; , , , , , , , , , , ; , , , , , , , , , ;,,;;.,.,. , , . )
)
)
,
;)
. . . .
184.
out the following sentences. State the case of each of the objects following the italicized verbs. What does the choice of the case depend on? 2.
I.
.
. .-. . . ., , 4.
3.
(.)
5.
(.)
(. .)
7.
8.
9.
185.
6.
(.)
Complete the following sentences,
inserting
prepositions where necessary. 1.
... ... ...
2.
3.
-...
5.
4.
...
...
7.
6.
...
. , . ,. . 8.
...
...
9.
10.
...
11.
...
186.
Read the following
102
text
and then
retell it,
-
using objects.
. .
.., , , . .,. .
. . ,
.
.
. . ...
.. .
. .) , . , , -, . ,, ., , . .. . . . . .,.(.
187.
Compose
sentences, using the following words as objects.
-,
,,
188.
—
Read the following
phrases. In which instances genitive case used as an attribute, and in which as an object?
is
the
1.
2.
3.
189.
out the following sentences.
Underline the infinitives used as objects.
.. I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
-103
, , . :. --
,.
,
II. 1.
(.)
,..
2.
.
(.)
,
,.,
, .: -
, , the teacher
who
.
An
NOTE infinitive used as an object
invariably an adjunct to a verb,
is
while an attribute
An
used
infinitive qualifies
an
as
noun,
a
infinitive used as an object
generally denotes an action to be carried
out
on the
order,
by some
some other
of
person(s)
request
advice
or
person(s),
e.g.:
(-
( •
asked
us,
but
it
was we who had
it
was
to bring
, ., ,. the copy-books).
advice,
but
190.
it
was
•
I
who was
to
friend gave
me
that
go to the rest-home).
—
Read the following
sentences. In which cases is the infinitive used as an object, and in which as part of a compound verbal predicate?
, , , 6" , . . 1.
(.)
3.
1Q4
-
2.
(.)
-
. ,. ,. , (.)
4.
(. .)
191.
.
. , . .. . In
following sentences, used as objects.
. .
substitute
infinitives
for
the
the
nouns
italicized
Model:
. . . ,, , ,. , .,.. .
2.
1.
3.
4.
6.
5.
7.
8.
9.
192.
Compose
sentences,
using
193.
following
the
phrases.
.
Analyse
the following sentences. State what parts of speech the attributes and the objects are. 1,
. .
.. ., . . 2.
(.)
—
4.
-
3.
!
(.) (.)
(. .)
—
5.
--
6.
•
194.
Find the detached objects. State by what words they are adjuncts to.
-
DETACHED OBJECTS
Read the following
sentences. words they are joined to the
105
, . . , -. ,.
,
1.
,
,
,
(.)
2.
, . , , 6.
7.
(. .)
8.
(.)
! -
(.)
-
5.
(.-.)
-
.
,, ,- , ,,, , ,, ) ) , , .. »
-
NOTE
Objects consisting of nouns with
prepositions prepositions
(,
adverbs
or
(,
,
,
-
3.
, , -, ,, , -
, , (.) , , .
4.
-
are
used
as
-
invariably
detached, e.g.:
.:
. ,. ., ,
. (.-.)
195.
out the following sentences, inserting the necessary punctuation marks. 1.
Ha
.
2.
3.
5.
,,
196.
. 106
,, ,
. Compose
ing detached objects with the prepositions
4.
-
sentences contain-
,, 197.
sentences
1.
,
, , . ,, ,, . , -
of the
. ,.
Replace the following sentences by , same meaning with the prepositions without changing the meaning. ,
,.
2.
3.
, . , . . . 5.
6.
., 198.
•
.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS
Read the following
italicized
4.
adverbial modifiers answer?
What
What
questions do the parts of speech are they?
text.
, . . . ... ; . , , . , . , , , . . , . . ,. ,
. :. ,
. ,, , - .-. .
.
107
. . .. . ,,-
; ,
. ,
.
.
199.
(.
.) .-
Read the following sentences. Point out the adverbial modifiers of time. Note the prepositions used to denote time,
. (.) . (.) (.) 1.
..
.. (.) 10.
--.
3.
4.
1955
..
2.
-
6.
7.
(.)
8.
(.)
—
11.
12.
13.
14.
200.
.,(.)-. --
.... .. , . 9.
(.)
7
5.
200-
15.
Read the following sentences. State what parts of speech the adverbial modifiers are. Note the word order in the sentences and the position of the adverbial modifiers of time. 1
.
.
.. . . . 2.
3.
. , -7.
. 108
4.
5.
-
6.
.
NOTE
Adverbial
may
occur
modifiers either
at
of
the
time begin-
ning or at the end of the sentence.
,, . , . ; ; ;; ;.; .. , . . ,, , . . . , an adverbial
is
.:
modifier of time
placed at the beginning of the
sentence,
by the
it
generally followed
is
subject,
e.g.:
201.
out the following sentences, the blanks with adverbial modifiers of time from the list given below. filling in
1953
1.
2.
...
3.
-
...
...
4.
5.
...
6.
...
...
7.
...
,,,,
202.
, ,
,,,,
Compose sentences, using words and constructions denoting time; Join them by the prepositions c, ,
.
203.
. . (.) ..(.) . . (.) Read
-
following sentences. Point out the adverbial modifiers indicating approximate time. 1.
.
Oh
.
2.
(. .)
(.)
3.
5.
6.
,, , , .:, c,
the
--
9.
.
4.
,
7. 8.
-
.
NOTE
,
indicate approximate time,
and
prepositions
the
which are similar
in
meaning, are
.
used,
e.g.:
109
, , , , : , . : (
:
,
,
The preposition denote
. .,
It
about two, three or more months, etc. For
you may say:
example,
,
.
you must say:
But
( , ., , . (
6
).
and not:
Approximate time can also be denoted by inverting the word
. .:
order in the sentence.
•
Cf.
exact time) •
204.
approximate time)
,. .. . . , ..., , Compose
,
sentences, using
the
,
following phrases as adverbial modifiers of time.
205.
etc.
weeks,
hours,
/
to
one
about
not used to indicate a pe-
is
riod of
-
used
is
of
one week, one month,
hour,
,
. .
period
.
out the following sentences, filling in the blanks with adverbial modifiers of time. 1.
Ha
...
3.
2.
-
...
4.
...
5.
...
7.
...
(,
...
10.
...
206.
-
6.
...
9.
...
8.
...
•
day, month, year).
Read the following sentences. Point out the adverbial modifiers of place. What questions do they answer? State the prepositions used in denoting place. 1.
.
(.)
-
2.
. .--
-
.. . . .. . (.) (.)
(.)
5.
(.) 6.
7.
.(.) (.)
3.
4.
(.)
8.
9.
(.) (.) (.) (.) (.) (.) (.) 10.
.. . ., . ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - ; ; .. .... . . . . ., 11.
.
12.
15.
207.
13.
14.
out the following sentences, ing in the blanks with words and phrases from those given below.
1.
2.
...
...
3.
4.
...
5.
6.
...
...
7.
...
...
.
fill-
8.
...
...
10.
9.
..
...
12.
...
.
208.
...-
. -. -.. .. . . . .
sentences. State what parts of speech the adverbial modifiers of place are. Point out their position in the sentence.
Read the following 1.
2.
3.
4.
-
5.
7.
6.
8.
9.
10.
11.
111
., ,
CTOHTB
,
HO
.
.:
Adverbial
may or
a
at
modifiers
be either
of
place
beginning
the
at
the end of the sentence.
In
sentences with the normal word or-
..
der adverbial modifiers of place are at
,,,
NOTE
the end of
the sentence, e.g.:
sentence contains both an adverbial modifier of place and an adverbial modifier of time, the latter
is
generally placed at
the beginning and the adverbial
, ,, . . ,, ,, , ,, ,, ,, ,-, ,, . ; , ., .. .:
—
modifier of place at
the sentence,
-
sentence
If
adverbial
.:
predicate
.
the end of
e.g.:
begins
with
modifier of place,
is
an
the
generally placed be-
fore the subject,
.
e.g.:
209.
Compose
-
sentences, using the following words and phrases as adverbial modifiers of place.
,
--
210.
Read the following
cause.
Name 1.
.. (.)
(. .)
4.
112
, .
sentences. Point out the adverbial modifiers of questions do they answer? What parts of speech are they? the prepositions used in expressing cause.
What
.
2.
3.
(.)
(.)
5.
, ... - --. ...6.
(.)
7.
(.)
8.
9.
10.
-
11.
.
NOTE
, , , , .. -, ,, , , . . ,, , ,,, -
,,,.
-
As adverbial modifiers of cause we most often use nouns preceded by the prepositions
-,
-
-
.:
. .)
cause
a
-
-
. -
:
Oh
8—1919
-
The preposition of is used
'because
'owing
preventing
to,*
expressing
in
or
hinder-
ing an action, e.g.:
, (, (,
-, , ,
.
,
The
is
that
,
'out
of*
the speaker means
feeling (respect,
love, curi-
osity,
causes
etc.)
action,
a
deliberate
e.g.:
.
Unlike
'with',
used
some
.:
some
if
pity or compassion, hatred,
is
. .)
preposition
used only
the
'for*
if
the speaker means that
feeling (love, hatred, curios-
ity, joy, pity or
etc.)
compassion, fear,
causes an Impulsive
».
.
e.g.:
preposition
the preposition
action,
: , ,-, , . ,, . -
,
The preposition with
ous
but
is
the
is
synonym -
preposition
used only in the phrases:
CO
The
-
. ,-
., :
internal
be
expressing
not
only an
but
an
external
also
state, e.g.:
--
,
may
preposition
in
cause bringing about an action or
.:
,
used
-
The preposition used
expressing
in
is
chiefly
an
action
caused by some negative feature in person's character. In this case, the subject of the sentence must
be the word denoting the person question.
in
For
.
example,
one
. , ,: .,. ,., , . . .:
may
say:
But
one
cannot
say:
The preposition
also used
is
in the following phrases
ing
no
no
no
express-
cause:
no
no
211.
out the following sentences. Note the different use of the italicized nounand-preposition phrases. 1.
.
-
2.
-
3.
14
I
4.
.. .
. . -. ., 5.
-
.
; ;; .
6.
-
212.
Compose
sentences, using
the following noun-
and-preposition phrases.
—
.
—
—
;
213
.
—
-
-— ,
.
Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one, replacing the italicized constructions and sentences by adverbial modi-
, .^, . . .. . .. , . .. . ; ,;;; .;; ;
fiers of cause.
Model:
,— .
-
1.
2.
4.
3.
5.
6.
7.
214.
using the words from the
1. ...
4.
. ...
3.
list
. ...
8.
...
...
8*
;-
Complete the following sentences, below with the required prepositions.
. ...
5. 7.
2.
...
...
...
6.
9.
115
, . - ,,,,,, ,, , .. , , . 215.
Compose
words given below as adverbial modifiers
sentences,
using the
of cause.
216.
.. .. . , . , . , , Read the following
sentences.
Point out the adverbial modifiers of of speech
manner. What questions do they answer? State what parts they are.
,
1.
.
(.)
(. .)
2.
3.
4.
-
. (.) (.)
(.) 6.
5.
(.)
7.
(.)
(.)
. . : .
9.
-. . . , -.
-
(.) 10. (.) 11. (.) 12. (.) 13.
(.) 14. 15.
.
(.) (.)
17.
(.)
(.)
, .: -0,
116
-
-
(.)
16.
-.
18.
NOTE
.
,
-
8.
An
adverbial modifier of man-
* . .
expressed by an adverb end-
ing in
-
generally precedes the
predicate, e.g.:
, ,
,
-
.:
, .:
-
However, if emphasize the fier,
. . .
. ,
, ,
, .
may
-
the
to
adverbial modifier of
man-
an adverb ending
is
in
also occur at the beginning
of the sentence.
In that case
the
subject generally follows the predicate,
-
speaker
the
question, e.g.:
in
which -0
such an inverfrom the emotinal
^ ,,. , . -
,
, .:
results
An
e.g.:
cases
!!
-,
.:
some
In
sion
tact
-
be placed either
the verb or at the end of
after
the sentence,
attitude of
,
modi-
adverbial
should
it
necessary to
is
it
an
manner a noun
in the instrumental
without
or
noun,
it
the predicate,
an
of
an adverb formed from
or
manner
modifier
adverbial
is
with
a
..
e.g.:
a
generally
a
follows
e.g.:
(.)
adverbial
is
case
preposition
noun,
modifier it
of
may be
placed at the beginning of the sentence for the purpose of emphasis. In such cases the subject general117
, , . . , .. . , , , , , ,.,,,,,,,. ,,, .,, . ,. 1
.:
follows
the predicate,
e.g.:
,
217.
Compose sentences, using the following words and phrases. Where necessary, change the form of the words. Bear in mind the position of the adverbial modifier of manner in the sentence.
,
2.
1.
, . ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; . ,
3.
, 4.
, ,
,
,
5.
6.
-
218.
in the blanks with
out the following sentences, filling list given below.
words and phrases from the
,
. . --
. , . ,., ,,,, ,,,,-,.-, . 1.
...
.
.
5.
...
...
...
...
6.
...
10.
8.
3.
7.
...
...,
...
2.
4.
...
9.
...
219.
Compose
sentences, using the following words as adver-
bial modifiers.
-
220.
.-
Read the following sentences, substituting adverbial modifiers of manner consisting of nouns with or without prepositions for the italicized constructions.
. ,^ Model:
—
1.
, ,. ..
,
, . , , ,. 2. 4.
3.
. ,, , ., 5.
6.
7.
221.
Compose
.
222.
, -,-
sentences,
lowing words and phrases as adverbial modifiers.
,
.. using the
fol-
-
Read the following
. ; ! ... . . . .. . , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,, , , ., ,,, ,sentences. Note the use of the purpose. 1
infinitive as an adverbial modifier of
.
(.)
2.
(.)
3.
-
(.)
4.
5.
(.)
6.
7.
8.
-
9.
10.
, ,
-
,
•
NOTE
After the verbs of motion
.,
.
-
-
etc.
also
,
after
,
tive
Hoe
pose
verbs
etc.
may
modifier
An
the
and
ca-
an
infini-
be used as an adverbial
of
purpose.
adverbial
expressed
modifier of pur-
by an
infinitive
119
,,
generally
.:
the
follows
..
predicate
, . , . . ., . . . . . . , ,., ,,,,, . , . , , . , .. which
,
-
pose
expressed
may
precede
that
case
the
logical
e.g.:
modifier of pur-
adverbial
.:
,
modifies,
it
by an
the
the
infinitive
predicate.
stress,
In
bears
infinitive e.g.:
223.
the following sentences, modifiers of purpose.
out
supplying
infinitives used as adverbial
1.
2.
...
...
3.
30
...
4.
...
5.
6.
...
...
7.
.
224.
...
Compose
sentences, using the following
verbs as adverbial modifiers of purpose.
•
DETACHED ADVERBIAL
MODIFIERS
).
225.
(
Read the following sentences containing detached
adverbial modifiers italicized
(printed in italics). State the composition of the
phrases.
-
1.
(.)
2.
(.-.)
3.
, (.) (.)
4.
5,
^
. ,-
6.
, .-
-- , ,. - ,,, , , , ,. , , , , ,,, ,,, , , . ,,. -
pA
,,
NOTE
•
Adverbial
modifiers of conces-
sion joined
by the conjunctions
,
detached and are set
rest
of
CO
. .;
from the
the sentence by commas.
Extended cause
of
are
off
adverbial
modifiers
,
containing
words
the
etc.
-
and adverbial
modifiers
of
dition containing the words
may
226.
,
also be detached.
.; , . . . . .
Compose sentences with detached adverbial
modifiers
,
joined by the words
•
REVISION EXERCISES
227.
. . . . ,
.
Read the following unextended sentences. Make them extended by supplying some secondary parts of the sentence and write them down.
. . . .. ; ; ,.. 2.
1.
4.
5.
7.
8.
3.
6.
-
9.
228.
Read the following
the functions of the infinitives. 1
-
—
.
(.)
sentences. State
2.
(.)
3.
(.) (.) 5.
4.
(.) 121
,:.., . 1 1
.
229.
(.).
8.
(.)
, .
, , , .
6.
10.
(.)
7.
—
,
9.
.
. -
,
. .. ,. , , .. . ? () ? () Compose
tences, using the following infinitives as attributes or adverbial fiers of purpose.
Model:
—
230. the analysis charts of the following sentences.
Model:
who?
(subject)
what was she doing?
(predicate)
sen-
modi-
out
.
..-. , --
,, .,. . (.)
4.
(.)
3.
. ,
(.)
6.
5.
7,
(.)9. 18
.
..
-
. ,; . .,.- , -
, , ,-
. ., . ,,
Read the following
, ,
-
text.
Analyse the sentences.
...
:-
.
, ..,
(.
-
-
.) •
-
SPECIFYING
PARTS OF THE SENTENCE
232.
1950
150
231.
,
8.
-
Read the following
sentences.
What
quesparts
, . -, . , , , , , ., , , .tions do the italicized parts of the sentence answer? words specify.
State what
of the sentence these
,
I.
1.
(.)
2.
(.)
3.
(.)
4.
5.
123
,. ^ , .,
-
(.)
II.
1.
-
,,.,, . ,, , . , , , , , , , . , , . 2.
,
,
3.
(.)
4.
5.
(.)
(.)
. ,-
.. III.
—
1.
—
2.
,
6.
3.
.-.
•
,
—-
NOTE
Specifying tence
may
parts
of
parts
of
the
sen-
be adjuncts to any ottier the
or secondary.
sentence,
principal
Most frequently they
are adjuncts to adverbial modifiers
. . , , . -
—
of place or time;
very rarely, to
the object or the principal parts
of
the
sentence.
233.
out the following sentences, inserting the necessary
punctuation marks. Underline the specifying parts of the sentence What questions do they answer?
(. .)
-..-
,
;
1.
2.
(.)
3.
.
4.
5.
;.
, -
6.
(.)
... (.)
, ,. , . . ,.;. ,, 7.
8.
-.
,.
(.)
234.
. ,,, . (.)
(. .)
.
out the following fying words from the list given below.
1.
...
(.)
...
sentences,
supplying speci-
-
2.
...
3.
4.
...
235.
out plying specifying parts of the sentence, to the questions given in brackets. Read before and after the specifying parts of
.
Model:
the following sentences, sup-
which should be the answers
( ?,
,. . Ha
of?)
the sentences, the sentence.
—
•
making pauses
what particular kind
125
.( ?. {,? ? { { ? {. . ? ? . . , , ,; ;,, ; , . ..,, , . , ., , . «», , . , , , ,. where exactly?)
1.
2.
•
exactly?) what particular kind of?)
when
3.
4.
•
when exactly?)
5.
in
{-
what particular manner?). 6. what particular kind of?) •
236.
Compose
using the
fol-
Read the following
sen-
sentences,
lowing phrases containing specifying words.
237.
tences. to the 1.
Explain how the specifying parts words they specify.
—
Bee
2.
of the sentence are joined
,
3.
4.
(. .)
238.
,.
Compose
four sentences, using specifying parts of the sentence joined to the words they specify by mo
, . , ? -.., . , , , ? . , !.. . , , -INDEPENDENT
ELEMENTS*
•VOCATIVES (DIRECT ADDRESS)
239.
of speech 1.
— 2.
Read the following sentences. the italicized vocatives are.
—
—
—
—
...
!—
3.
— — — — 4.
State what parts
—
,,
—
,, , ,
OHo
—
(.)
.—
!..
!
...
—
!
,
-
•
!
(.) are
generally
nouns
the nominative; however,
jectives,
participles
plete form, tions
(.)
NOTE
Vocatives in
-
-
—
may
frequently
in
ad -
the com-
pronouns or interjecbe used. Most
also
vocatives
are
first
* i.e.,
of
words that have no grammatical connection with any part the sentence in which they stand. 127
. , .,,, (.
.,
, . —
,
).
,, 4).
-
-
-
( --
names, patronymics and surnames.
be
only
not
,,-
,,
frequently lose their prop-
others
lexical
as
vocatives.
One can
when
meaning
er
used
only peo-
address not
ple but also objects, mainly poetically.
do
Vocatives of
the
in
stand and are set or an exclamation
are pronounced
sentence. in is
240.
a
off
part
which they by commas
mark
they
(if
with special ex-
from the Vocatives
rest
are
of
the
uttered
.. -
higher
made
form
not
sentence
pression)
.
may
Vocatives
unextended but also extended (when they contain other words explaining them; see sentence 4). The nouns and some
pitch
before
and
and a pause after
them.
Read the following sentences with the correct intonation. Point out ^the unextended and extended vocatives. 1.
2.
3.
4.
128
,, ,,, !. ., , !., —
-..
(.-.)
(.)
.!
(.)
5.
,, !,! , ! .! ,
(.)
. ,. « . ?
—
(.-.) 241.
. « », . «, . ! ». : . . « , ?» , .. . . !
Read the following sentences with without vocatives. Take care that your intonation is correct.
?» — ,
,
-
(. .)
1.
(. .)
2.
—
».
(.)
(.)
—
(.)
4.
and
(.)
3.
—
«,
5.
—
,
(.)
-
,
242.
tion.
out the following sentences. Read them with the Explain the use of the punctuation marks.
.
(.)
, , , , .!! ,! .,!! , !, , .. ,
1.
2.
(.)
!,.
correct intona-
-
(.)
3.
(.)
4.
,
5.
—
(.)
6.
(.)
7.
,,
-
(.
.
.)
243.
tences.
Explain the use
containing vocatives. 1.
9—1919
of
Read the following senthe punctuation marks in the sentences
!, (.)
2.
, 129
- !.!.., ? ,, , ; . ,,
(.-.)
,
3.
(.)
4.
(.)
, !..
5.
(. .)
...
6.
(.)
244.
out the following sentences, setting off the vocatives from the rest of the sentence by the proper punctuation
marks.
-
. . ., ..
1.
(.) 2. (.)
3.
...
(.)
. (.)
4.
. , . , ., . . . , , , , . , . (.)
5.
6.
.—
».
(.)
7.
«—
(.)
245.
Compose sentences with and without
vocatives, using these words:
PARENTHETIC WORDS
246.
Read the following
and phrases printed
180
in
italics.
iexi.
Note the parenthetic words
-
, , ,,- ,
. , . ^ , ., to,
,, , . 247. 1,
4,
, . ,
--
,( .) .
. ,. , ,,,-
7.
, , , , . ,, ,, , . . ., , , . , , . -: -, , -, ; -, ; -, , , , , , , . ,, , , . , .
Read the following sentences. Analyse sentences 1, 4, 7. State what meanings the italicized parenthetic words and phrases add to the sentences.
, ; . 1.
(.)
(.)
(. .)
2.
3.
-
4.
(.)
(.)
5.
6.
(. .)
-
7.
-
,
(.)
(.)
(. .)
,
10.
,.
9*
8.
9.
(.)
•
NOTE
As parenthetic words are not parts
of
the
sentence
they
do
not answer any questions. 131
-
,: ,, ,,
:,, , :
)
,
Parenthetic Words and phrases
may
, . .
be
used:
denote
to
(a)
the
degree
of
, ,
authenticity of a statement:
-
, , ,: : , , , , , , ,,, , , , , :,,,,-,,,,--- ,,,,,-,, ,,, , : ,, - , , , , ,
,
etc.
, ,, ,- , , , , , , -, , -, , ,, ,, , ,, )
to
attitude
the
in
an
express
to
(b)
emotional
what has been stated
sentence:
. .
etc.
)
-
(c)
denote
to
source
the
of
no
no
indicate
the manner of
information:
. .
etc.
)
(d)
-
to
thoughts:
-
to denote the relations
be-
expressing
one's
-
. .
etc.
)
(e)
,
tween the parts
statement:
a
of
-
. .,
-
etc.,
. .
etc.
)
(f)
{),
{),
in
addressing
a
person
{),
persons:
or
{),
. .
etc.
-
() ().
Parenthetic words and phrases frequently used to ex-
are most
press of a
the
tions between
statement 132
degree of
statement
(e).
(a)
the
authenticity
and
the rela-
parts
of
a
,,:.;;;, . , ,-, , , ? .., . , , , , ..,, ,,,, ,.. ,, ,,, , . ;
248.
1)
3)
2)
4)
out from the sentences below the parenthetic words they contain, arranging them in groups according as they denote: 1) supposition, 2) certainty, 3) grief or regret, 4) the source of information, 5) the relations between the parts of a statement. 5)
-
1.
(.)
(. .)
?
2.
(.)
3.
4.
(.)
5.
,6,
,
... , -,
—
(.)
,
7.
(.)
6.
-
,
(.)
8.
(.)
10.
.
(.)
9.
249.
(.)
-
, , ; ; , , ; ; ; . . ,, . , , ; . -
. ,
parenthetic words and given below.
tences, replacing the
from the
list
out the following senphrases by synonyms
..
Model:
1.
,
..
,
5.
-
, , 4.
2.
3.
.
133
. . , .,. , 250.
Read
the
following sentences.
Define
the
compo-
, . , . ,, .. -
sition of the parenthetic phrases. 1.
-
2.
,,
3.
4.
,, .. , , , ,,, , , , , , , , . :,, .. : . . , , . .. ,, {,. ... (, , -, , ). , , ). 5.
,
6.
7.
8.
•
-
NOTE
The
phrases
,
used in parentheses always
, -
require an attribute or an object to
complete their meaning.
You
cannot say:
You must
.
251.
say:
Read the following sentences. Write several variants of these sentences, inserting the parenthetic words and phrases given in brackets. Supply a context for each sentence. Model:
). —
I.
,
2.
1.
(
134
2.
3.
§-
, ,,
, ). (, (,). ().
,
.-
:
4.
5.
NOTE
•
Parenthetic words and phrases
. , . ^, : . , . ,, . ,, ,. , , ,. , .. ,, . .. , ,. . , , . are never joined
to the sentence
by conjunctions. You cannot say:
You must
say:
252.
Compose
sentences,
using
the
following
parenthetic
words:
253.
Read these pairs of sentences. State in what pair differ from each other as regards their structure.
way
the sentences of each
meaning and syntactical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
. , . . ,
135
, ,
,
-
7.
8.
,-.
--
out the following sentences, ones where possible.
4.
5.
4.
(.)
changing the personal sentences into impersonal 1
2.
5.
6.
282.
—
Model:
.
NOTE
personal sentence cannot be changed into an impersonal one if
its
being.
subject
denotes
a
living
,
. -.
283.
.--
:
, . , , .. , . , », ,.. , . . , , ,.,Read the following sentences. Point out the impersonal sentences containing an object in the instrumental. Note the form of the predicate verb.
. , 1
.
(. .)
2.
(.) 3.
-
[]
—
(.)
4.
(.)
—
(. .)
5.
6.
,. , , ,, ,, , .,, . .. . . .. .,
«
(.)
7.
(.)
(.)
9.
(. .)
.
•
, «»)
---
8.
(
---
10.
NOTE
An
of
the intransitive
verb
(all in
''),
the
or
contains an object
strumental, since not the
.:
is
cannot be changed into a personal one in spite of the fact that it
-
whose
impersonal sentence
predicate
sense
-
(. .)
the
indicate
action.
If
the
sonal
construction
sible,
it
in
the in-
the object does
performer parallel is
at
has a different
all
of
per-
pos-
meaning,
Cf.
149
, ,
-
second
the
In
.; ).
TOB (ho
merely
stated
there
smell like that of flowers
in
it
at
all),
,
is
in
is
a
the
. Read
the following sentences. Change the italicized impersonal into personal ones where possible, and write them down.
. (.) ,
1.
if
room (but there may be no flow-
ers
284.
sentence
that
--
sentences
, . , [] . , , . . . ,-, ,, , 2.
(.)
(.)
3.
4.
(.)
5.
, ; . ; ; ; , . , .,., .,,,, .. , ., , . ., ,, ., ,, ,,.,. 6.
.
—
(.)
.
285.
with the required form
1.
7.
out the following sentences, filling in the blanks of the verbs given below.
...
(.)
...
(.)
2.
3.
.
.
.
4.
(. (.)
...
.)
...,
5.
286.
Compose impersonal
,
1.
3.
4.
150
,
,
,
,,
sentences, using the following words:
5.
2.
,
,
. ,,,, . 287.
Compose an impersonal sentence with each
of the following verbs:
. . , .. , , . , , , , . , . . , , ,. , , , ... . ,,. ., . . . • The Predicate expressed by an Adverb
288.
,
Read the following
sentences. Find the predicates
in the italicized impersonal sentences and clauses. Point out the secondary parts of the sentence which modify the predicate. Note the tense of the predicate. I.
1.
2.
3.
(. .)
4.
-
5.
(. .)
.
1.
(.)
2.
,. .
(.)
(. .)
4.
(.)
,
(.)
5.
NOTE
, , , , .
,, .
TO
--
•
3.
the predicate of an imperson-
al
sentence
time
the
is
an
sentence
adverb, the
refers
expressed by the link-verb
etc.
form.
in
In
the
the
appropriate present
, to
is
tense
tense
the
151
. -, , , ,, --, , . ., . . . .. .... ., . . , , . link-verb
-
adverb
predicative state
ing
surroundings
take
can
take an object,
from
and
pressing
state
by
or
,. . . . .
or
the
only
ad -
it
differing
predicative
person
express-
nature
of
modifiers
verbial
omitted,
is
cannot
in
tiiis
adverb
ex -
experienced
persons,
which
invariably requires an object
in
the dative denoting the person(s)
who
the
experience(s)
state
ex-
pressed by the adverb.
289.
out the following sentences, substituting impersonal sentences for the personal ones according to the model. Explain the changes in the meaning of the sentences.
Model:
—
2.
1.
3.
4.
5.
7.
6.
8.
.
10.
290.
9.
-
. , . . , , . . , ,. ,, -,
out the following sentences. Underline the adverbs ending in -0 and state what parts of the sentence they are. 1.
3.
4.
...
-,
2.
5.
6.
291.
Compose personal and impersonal sentences
152
.
,,,
.
. . : , , .,, , ,, . . , . , , , ; , ., , . ., with the words
^. , Model
used as adverbial modi-
.
fiers or predicatively. :
292.
Read the following sentences and find the impersonal clauses in them. State what parts of speech the predicatives are. 1
-
,
.
,
(.)
2.
3.
4.
5.
293.
,
Read the following sentences. Where possible, replace the predicative adverbs in the impersonal clauses by impersonal verbs of the same root as in the model given below. Say
.
whether the meaning
.
-
of the sentences has changed.
.
—
. . -, . , , . .. , :. . . , :.. , ... , ,
1.
3.
Model:
,
(.)
2.
(.)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
.
10.
12.
153
, ,, . ,
•
-,
If
, NOTE
adverbs a
used
the
or
witli
they
may
ive
or
-
, .: , ,, ,
-
in
-o
and
nature are
state of
link-verb in
some
cases
be replaced by perfect-
imperfective
same
verbs
of
verbs
correspond
,,, -
ending
expressing
the
to
impersonal
These
root.
either
,
the
comparative or the positive degree of an adverb with the link-verb or
e.g.:
= =
.:
. SENTENCES
, -
An
adverb with the link-verb be replaced by
fective
only
verb
if it
is
of
same
per-
root
used with the particle
..
perfective meaning,
giving
e.g.:
In
other
tution
is
instances
. , ,. ,
•
by an Impersonal Verb
no substi-
possible.
EXPRESSING THE PHYSICAL STATE OF A PERSON
294.
the
• IMPERSONAL OR PSYCHICAL
The Predicate
-, .
expressed
Read the following sentences. Note the verbs expressing the physical state of a person. Define the case of the word denoting the person experiencing the state.
italicized impersonal
154
«»., . (.)
. 1
.
(.)
?» —
—
« ,,
[]
,
3.
(. .)
. ,,. 295.
...
«, : , ». ..
2.
4.
Compose impersonal sentences with impersonal
verbs:
The Predicate expressed by a Personal Verb used 296.
. in
.
an Impersonal Sense
Find the predithe italicized sentences and clauses; point out the secondary the sentence depending on them.
, ,, ,. . . . . . ,. . . . --. ,, . . , ^, . , . cates in parts of I.
1.
,
2.
:
3.
4.
5.
.
(.) 6.
(. .)
8.
[]
7.
(.)
II. 1.
, , . . , , ... (.)
(. .)
.
(. .)
. .
6.
7.
(.)
8.
{
,
2.
3.
4.
(.)
5.
-
-(.)
155
, , ,
--
, .
,
,
the predicate of an imperson-
verb,
,
son
experiencing
the
state
or
In the latter instance, the person
-
may be
denoted by the genitive
with
case
the
preposition
y,
e.g.:
the predicate of an imperson-
, , , ,
sentence
al
verb,
the
the state the of
?-
an
is
intransitive
person
is
experiencing
denoted by an object
the genitive case preceded by
in
,
,.
transitive
the part of the body that hurts.
-
,
a
is
requires an object in the
it
accusative which denotes the per-
-
, ,, .:
person
state of a
.:
—
sentence describing a physical
al
-
297.
NOTE
•
and
preposition
the
body that
?
the
part
by
hurts
an
adverbial modifier answering the
question contains
an
the
sentence
adverbial
modifier
If
. .. ,
-
denoting the that
hurts,
part
the
of
the
body verb
transitive
becomes intransitive,
e.g.:
: . () . , , . , . ., ,
out the following impersonal sentences, putting the words in brackets in the required case. Use a preposition
where necessary.
-
1.
. (.) ) 156
Ho
()
(.)
4. 5.
()(.)
()
()
3.
6.
7.
-
2.
()
.
() 8.
-
(-
.
, . , , , , , . , , . , 298.
9.
().
. (.)
10.
()
1.
Memorize the following
which occur
pressions,
,
in impersonal sentences.
,
set
ex-
() ( ), ()
, .. . . . . -. , . II.
.
Compose sentences with each
of the
above expressions.
-
299.
Change the following impersonal sentences into personal
ones, replacing the adverbial modifiers of place by subjects and the impersonal verb forms, by personal ones.
— Sxo
Model:
2.
1.
3.
The Predicate expressed by an Impersonal Verb with the
--
Particle
, -
300.
, . , , , ; . , , , ! , , ,, .
Read the following sentences. Note the italicized impersonal predicate verbs. State from what personal verbs they are formed, and how the performer is denoted if denoted at all. I.
(.)
1.
2.
(.)
5.
(.)
, . « ? ?..» ,.
». (.
II. 1.
-
3.
,
4.
. .)
(.)
—
2.
3.
«
.
157
,
... , «.!. «., ,[ ],?» . 4.
(.)
5.
—
—
, « (. .)
-
-,
—
(.)
6.
- ,. , , , .. . ,,
•
NOTE
Unlike personal verbs, the corresponding impersonal verbs with
-
the particle
an
express
inclina-
disinclination to perform
tion or
action
-
from
the
state
of
--
type,
reasons
for
physical the
or
person
arising
psychical
concerned,
In impersonal sentences of this
son
the word denoting the per-
experiencing
variably
takes
the
301.
state
in-
. «
the
dative
case,
Read the following sentences. Replace the italicized impersonal sentences by personal ones, changing the structure of each sentence accordingly. State whether the meaning of the sentences has changed. 1
.
. , , , , ». : «: , , ,, . 6\
,— ».
2.
,
—
3.
. , . . . , —
4.
(.)
(. .) 302.
158
(. .)
5.
6.
(.)
-
.
.
italicized personal verbs
:: .
Read the following
pose some sentences, using the
Oh
1.
2.
:
sentences.
Copy out the
and change them into impersonal ones. Com-
new
. ,, ,. -
Hoe
. 3.
..
4.
5.
..
verbs.
6.
: •
-
7.
NOTE
Bear in mind that impersonal verbs expressing spontaneous actions are always imperfective.
. . .,
-
•
The
Predicate
expressed
by an
Adverb
or
Word
Another
used Adverbially
, , .
303.
. : , ,, . : . . , ., - -
Read the following sentences. Find the predicate in the italicized impersonal sentences. Note the case of the word denoting the person experiencing the given state. Explain why different cases are used to denote this person. I
1
.
.
(. .)
... (. .)
2.
—
(.)
3.
-
4.
. (.
(. .)
.)
5.
6.
7.
(. .)
.
II.
1.
2.
159
.. ., , -, :-,. ,, , ,, -, , . (.)
3.
(.)
4.
5.
NOTE
•
-
an
in
impersonal
an adverb expresses
by
rienced
denoting
the
sentence
state expe-
word
person,
the
person
takes
the
dative,
, , --
the
If
adverb
with
used
is
, . , -. , ,(),,.. , ).. , : ,.- ,,the
word
(),
.
(used
the
rarely),
word denoting the person takes the genitive with
the preposition
).
304.
(
.
-
out the following sen-
words in brackets in the required case (with or withNote the form of the predicative adverb.
tences, putting the out a preposition). 1
.
()
2.
(
(.)
3.
(-
),
(.)
4.
5.
, . , ()
(. — () !» «, . (. .)
()
()
(. .)
9.
...
160
-
6.
, , ,,, . ,,, ,
7.
, ,
.)
-
(. .)
(. .)
8.
()
.
305.
,. . -. .
Compare the sentences in the left-hand and the right-hand columns. Note the case of the italicized pronouns. Explain the difference in the meaning of the sentences. TOT
-
,..
-
.
-
. . . , , !. , . , , , ,
,
.
,, -
, .:
The sentences in the righthand column express a state of and not a the surroundings, state experienced by a person; therefore, the personal pronoun
.:
11—1919
(?)
preposition
with
-
the
modifier
of
which frequently accomsuch pronouns and speci-
panies
,
them,
A
with
case
closely connected
is
adverbial
the
place,
(e
-
genitive
the
in
fies
, .
NOTE
•
e.g.:
). pronoun
personal
genitive
case
sition
may
in
the
with the prepobe replaced by a
possessive pronoun
if
bial
modifier of place
mon
noun. Cf.:
the adveris
a
com-
161
. ., . . =
—
306.
.. .
-
out the following sentences. State what part of the sentence the italicized adverbs are.
.
1.
.
(. .)
3.
4.
..
. ,
.:.,, 8.
-
B
:
Oh
-
Not
adverbs
all
be ial
).
307.
10.
--
.
NOTE
•
both
used
modifiers
Some adverbs
and
ending in as
-
adverb-
predicatively.
are used only pre-
dicatively. For example,
-. -.
you can-
not say:
You should
, (,
-
5.
6.
7.
9.
H
2.
say:
-
,,., , , ,,,,, . ., ,. . Compose some sentences with the following adverbs, using each adverb in a personal sentence and the corresponding impersonal sentence (where possible).
308.
.
Read the following sentences. Note the italicized predicates consisting of the set expression no and a link-verb. Explain the meaning of the expression. 1
.
...
(.)
2.
3.
162
, . , .
. -
, , , , ., , . (. .) 309.
Read the following
tences substitute the expression
sentences. In the italicized senno for the predicative adverb.
Oh
1.
(.)
-
—
2.
. . .
(.)
.
, , . , , . « ?» » ( , ). -, . ,«.; .:».-. ,-,» ). ( 310.
Compose
three sentences with the expression
311.
tences.
Note the
1.
no
.
Read the following
italicized predicates in the impersonal
sensentences.
2.
— «,
it
is
3.
4.
•
also possible to say:
5.
(.)
(.)
(.)
6.
— «,
7.
•
is
it
also pos-
sible to say:
,-
•
, , . -
. .
in
Russian
colloquial
. B
11*
,
NOTE
The constructions
one's tion
frequently occur
and
are
speech.
refusal
owing
etc.
to
to
peculiar
to
They express
perform one's
an
ac-
being fully
engaged in some other occupation. 163
.
(-
).
.
,),
above in
cates)
.
312.
.
The
phrases
used
are
as predicates (or as part of predi-
impersonal
sentences.
(
Answer these questions (or exhortations) in the negative, giving the reasons for the refusal. Make use of the phrases given in the right-
, : ?.
hand column.
1
2.
Model: He
—
? ,, ?
.
?
3.
4.
5.
? .,
-
, . .; ; : ;. ; . .. . :: «. 313.
Compose
five
impersonal sentences, using the following set expressions predicatively.
Model:
314.
out the following sentences. Point out the impersonal sentences
and analyse them. Underline
their predicates.
,! . 1.
,
(.)
2.
!» —
—
164
3.
-,-
!
.)... (.
. , .. (3.
4.
.)
(. .)
, , .
,,,
5.
•
--
,., —
-
-
Gp.:
infinitive
sentence,
al
the adverb.
an
sentence
between
,
a
.
generally
an
construction
beginning
of
in is
the
pause is made and and the adverb, the will
become the sub-
personal
a
one.
The second sentence
one,
follows
infinitive
it
,, —
it
and the sentence will turn
. . -
-
of
imperson-
If
the
at
infinitive
—
-
part
is
an
of
impersonal
placed
ject,
6.
NOTE
the predicate
into
Hoe.
(. .)
the
infinitive
Cf.:
a personal
is
being
the
subject and the adverb the predi-
. . : , . . , .. . . 315.
cate.
out the following impersonal sentences and analyse them. Underline the predicate in each sentence. 1.
2.
3.
(.)
4.
5.
6.
165
,,, , . , (, , ; ,.. •
EXPRESSING
INEVITABILITY,
POSSIBILITY,
DESIRABILITY
IMPERSONAL
NECESSITY,
AND OTHER MODAL MEANINGS •
expressed by an
-
SENTENCES
Impersonal
Verb,
a
or
Personal
The
Verb
Predicate used in an
Impersonal Sense with an Infinitive
316.
.).
sentences. State the meaning of the italicized verbs (obligation, inevitability, desirability, permission, etc.). Point out the synonymous verbs.
. . . ,, , Read the following
-.
1.
2.
(.)
3.
-
,., , ,.. . . ,, . ,. , 4.
(.)
(.) (. .)
5.
6.
7.
,
,
(.)
8.
9.
,
,
. , . . .
(.)
(.)
10.
11.
(. .)
317.
out the pairs of personal and impersonal sentences containing the same verb, arranging them in two columns and underlining their predicates. 166
. .
. , .. 1.
4.
.. .
.2.
.. .
3.
7.
8.
5.
6.
9.
11.
10.
, ,, , , , , , , . . ,. ,.., . . , ,', 12.
•
NOTE
impersonal
In
sentences
verbs
the
-
are
invariably auxiliaries and part of
compound
predicates
the principal meaning
by an
in
is
which
expressed
infinitive,
318.
impersonal sentence with each
of the
Compose one personal and one verbs given below.
319.
Change the
and
containing the verbs
whether there
is
any difference
italicized personal sentences into impersonal ones. State
in their meanings.
Model:
. , 1
.
3.
, 5
320.
2.
,
. (.). . 4.
.
5.
,.
-167
.
Copy out the sentences given in the left-hand and the right-hand columns. Underline their predicates. Note the aspect of the infinitives.
.
.
.
.
. . . . .. - . . •
, 321.
If
NOTE used
the verb
in
.?? ??? ? ).
. ???
.-
an impersonal
sentence
pre-
is
ceded by the negative particle,
requires
an
imperfective
it
infini-
tive.
Read the following
sentences.
Give negative an-
swers to the questions. 1.
6.
2.
4.
3.
5.
322.
(.
-
7.
9.
8.
-
Change the following affirmative
. . .. . . . , .
sen-
tences into negative ones (see note below). 1
2.
.
4.
3.
5.
6.
8.
168
7.
--
,
•
NOTE
the verb an impersonal
used in
. , , , ; ). (, (, ) -
.
sentence
is
pre-
ceded by the negative particle,
requires
an
imperfective
it
infini-
tive.
323.
out the following sentences, choosing the verb of the required aspect from those given in brackets. 1.
))
(, (,
,.
-
(.)
3.
-
2.
.. . . ,, ,. .
(. .)
4.
324.
1.
I,
Read the
fol-
in the impersonal clauses lowing sentences containing the verb and sentences. Note the different meanings and uses of this verb in I, and ni.
.
1.
I.
3.
2.
.
1.
2.
.
(.)—
3.
4.
III.
(.)
,
1.
2.
, ... ?—
. . . . , , . ;(.) —
.
3.
(.)
,
169
- ., , -
•
-
324,
III,
no
.
The
impersonal
given in
Exercise 324, III,
are set
ing of time and condition. Their
.- . meaning clauses
The
is
infinitive
verb fective
close
that
to
is
with
used
invariably
.
Change the following
.:... «-
.
according
—
1.
—
2.
5.
326.
.
.
4.
-
3.
Change the following sentences into according to the model below.
. . .. . . -,.
impersonal ones with the verb
Model:
—
1.
.. . : ,
—
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
170
the per-
one.
.
.. .
».
of
joined by the conjunction
2.
1
gram-
matical constructions with a mean-
personal sentences into impersonal ones with the verb to the model below.
Model:
con -
clauses
taining the verb
325.
:
NOTE
.
327.
. .. ,
-
, . , ,,.,.. , .Change the
lowing sentences into impersonal sentences with the verb cording to the model below.
Model:
1.
2.
3.
4.
fol-
ac-
—
5.
. .,. .. The Predicate expressed by a Predicative Adverb
•
with an
Infinitive
328.
Read the following sentences. Find the predicate in the impersonal clauses and sentences.
. ., . : . , , . . , , . : , , , , ,.
State
form and meaning.
its
I.
1
2.
3.
.
:?
Ha
.
(.)
1.
(.)
—
4.
. (.)
—
-
2.
—
(.)
1.
(.)
3.
4.
(.)
1.
-
,. .. , ,, , (.)
2.
,
,
(.)
(.)
3.
4.
(.)
(.)
»
5.
171
, ,,
,, )
:
-
,
.:
( , ),.: )
-
, ,. ,
•
NOTE adverbs
necessity
denote
possibility,
obligation:
or
() they are generally used with an infinitive,
() the person dative,
(if
e.g.:
word there
indicating is
.
one)
the
takes the
,, , , , , , , .: ,, .-
)
,.,
e.g.:
() the link-verb expressing the
tense invariably follows the words
,
etc., e.g.:
., . .^ . , ? . .. , . . ... .. . , 329.
Read the following
sentences, putting their predi-
cates into the past tense.
—
Model:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
-
330.
Read the following
sentences, putting their predicates
into the future tense.
—
Model:
2.
1.
3.
4.
, 172
,
--
•
NOTE
In colloquial speech,
verb
is
the link-
frequently omitted
in impersonal sentences
and clauses
,-
. .:
. , . , ; ; . ; ;. , . .. , -. . , , . the above type,
of
the
predicate
the tense of
determined
being
by the context,
e.g.:
331.
out the following sentences, replacing the predicative adverbs by the synonymous impersonal verbs given below.
-
() 1.
3.
2.
,
4.
5.
6.
332.
.
—
out the following impersonal sentences, placing the negative particle before the predicate and substituting imperfective infinitives for the perfective ones.
Model:
.
1.
. .
. .. .
, . ,,. 4.
3.
.
-
6.
,
.
333.
-
2.
5.
8.
,
-
—
.
If
7.
NOTE the predicative adverbs
. . and
negative
an
are preceded
by the
they
require
particle,
imperfective
infinitive,
Read the following questions and give negative answers to them, using complete impersonal sentences. 173
? ? ? ? ? ?, . , ,. , , ,
? ?
1.
4.
2.
-
3.
5.
6.
8.
7.
,
,
334.
,
,
...,. .
-
out the
following sentences, substituting the words
where possible. Note how the aspect
for
the infinitive changes.
,
1.
3.
4. 5.
2.
•
«
« », «
»,
»,
^>,
NOTE
sense of
«-
followed
(.
335.
by
an
'
imperfective
used
by
tive (see
, ., (, ., ) ). 336).
''
followed
infinitive;
-
,
'
', *
used in the sense of
', * is
;
of
is
in
the
generally
perfective
Exercise 336),
infini-
though
there are cases where imperfective
,
infinitives
are
used,
out the following sentences, choosing the correct verb from those given in brackets. 1.
174
,
2.
3.
(,
(,-
) (, )
(, . ): (, ,), .
).
4.
5.
(-
. ,(,(, . , )). .,
, ,. . . 7.
.
6.
8.
9.
.-
336.
Compare the
pairs of sentences
and the right-hand columns. Explain the meaning in them. Note the aspect of the infinitives.
in the left-hand
the word
. ,. .-
. . ,, . ,, . .
337.
Read the following
of
sentences. Find the predicate
in the impersonal sentences.
-, ,, ,
. . , , , , , . 1.
2.
.. 3.
(.)
(.)
.
4.
5.
6.
,
,
•
NOTE
,
impersonal
In
words etc.
(. .)
,,
sentences
are generally used
infinitive;
is
with
the
an
an exception
and can also be used without an
.:
infinitive. Cf.:
175
. , .
, , , . , . ., , .:
The structure
sonal
sentences
incomplete,
of
such
imper-
as
is
e.g.:
{).
In
takes
sentences
these
denoting the
the
,
word
invariably
dative.
338.
Compose
person
the
sentences, using the phrases given below:
-
. , ( ). . •
an
339.
The Predicate expressed by
Infinitive
Read the following sentences. State the meaning of the infinitive sentences (obligation with a shade of necessity; strong desire or obligation with a shade of inevitability).
. , ?.! .-. ! . ! ,(.)!... !,- ...-,, . , ,. . I.
2.
1.
3.
4.
(.
5.
.)
.
1.
2.
3.
!
4.
HI.
,
1.
(.)
,
(.)
2.
(.)
3.
(.
. 340.
. .)
. !
the following sentences, out the personal sentences by impersonal ones.
176
Model:
—
replacing
. . ;..
1.
, , ,
2.
-
3.
4.
-
NOTE
•
impersonal
In
. . , ! ..,
,
the
pressing action, acter,
the
at
sentence
and
used
be
invariably
beginning
the
or
also
an
of
predetermined char most is verb
its
commonly
stands
ex -
sentences
inevitability
clause.
used
the
of
Other
verbs
the
same
in
meaning.
In such sentences the infinitive
bears the logical stress, e.g.:
.:
341.
Read the following sentences. Explain the meaning of the italicized infinitive sentences and clauses.
\ : , , \ \ !. , , , :.
... . . , I.
1.
(.
.)
2.
3.
(.)
(.)
1.
3.
(.)
4.
,
,
12—1919
2.
(.).
—
.., (.)
--
,,
•
NOTE
The predicate expressed by perfective
infinitive
the particle to
indicate
is
the
a
preceded by
generally used
impossibility
of
177
, . , -
performing
by the
denoted
action
the
infinitive,
by
expressed
predicate
an
, - ... . . . ., . : . . . . , . . . ! . ,. . . * , , ,
,
imperfective
by the particle is
necessary
action
will,
preceded
infinitive
to
is
when
used
show
that
it
the
denoted by the infinitive
some
for
not
reasons,
be
performed.
-
342.
Read the following
sentences. sonal sentences and clauses into impersonal ones.
Change the
—
Model:
.
1.
per-
2.
3.
4.
1
5.
343.
Read the following sentences. Change the impersonal sentences and clauses into impersonal infinitive ones.
1
.
.
Model:
—
2.
.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
,
17$
-
--
NOTE
Unlike impersonal sentences and
clauses with
the verb
and preceded by the particle followed or preceded by an infin-
, , .-
, , - .,-,
that
greater certainty
action denoted by
the
infinitive preceded
the
by the negative
take place.
particle will not
344.
and
sentences
infinitive
itive,
clauses express
.
,
out the following sentences, replacing the italicized predicative perfective infinitives with the particle by predicative infinitives of the imperfective aspect. Complete both the variants of the sentences with clauses giving the reasons why the action expressed in them cannot be performed.
.
. ..
. .? , ? 1.
.
: :
.—
Model:
3.
2.
?
345.
Read the following
whether the particle 1.
5.
?
2.
3.
4.
NOTE
•
,,, , ..
-
a
.
12*
?,
has a negative meaning.
He
346.
sentences. State
-
In interrogative impersonal sen -
an
tences,
certainty, at
indecision
is
if
it
stands
immediately followed by
the particle
..
.
In such sentences
has
particle
tive meaning.
is
the un-
the beginning of the sentence
and the
with doubt,
infinitive
expresses
particle
invariably
The of
nega-
infinitive used
the
perfective
aspect.
Read the following
sen-
179
-. ,? , ? -? , , ? ? ,, ? , ? , ? . : ??, , changing
tences,
the
given
construction
for
another
as
the
in
model.
Model:
1
—
2.
.
3.
4.
5.
6.
347.
346,
.
out the sentences given for Exercise 346, placing the particle before the infinitives. Change the aspect of the infinitives accordingly.
Model:
—
-
,, . , , , ? •
NOTE
the infinitive in an impersonal
sentence containing the parenthetic
phrase
,.
Ho
. (. .)
? ? 6.
,
,
180
2.
preceded
is
it
should be
of the imperfective aspect, unlike
the infinitive in an impersonal sen -
Read the following
-
sentences. Define
gives them.
-
3.
-
4.
5.
.
particle
? ? ?
the shades of meaning that the particle 1.
,
tence containing the
.
348.
by the particle
7.
---
•
NOTE an interrogative impersonal
personal begins with pronoun in the dative case folthe lowed by the particle expresses the infinitive with
sentence
,
^
, .
--
—
a
, , .:
HO
349.
!
speaker's
impossible;
is
in!
it
expres-
obligation,
ses
The
above
infinitive used in the
impersonal sentences
generally
? ? ,? .? ? ? the
of
imperfective
perfective
is
aspect,
but
may
also
infinitives
occur, e.g.:
.
,
out the following sentences, omitting the particle meaning of the sentences changes.
, : , . . , , 1.
Iha! !he adion
sometimes
.
Note how the
«
in the sentences
2.
4.
3.
5.
,
349,
-
-
Hoe
•
NOTE the particle
given in Exercise 349
is
omitted,
they acquire the opposite meaning, i.e.
they express the speaker's
tainty that the person is
able
to
cer-
concerned
perform the action,
.-
350.
--
.
Read the following sentences. Note the italicized impersonal sentences containing an infinitive used predicatively. State in which cases the particle gives the sentence a meaning of obligation and in which a meaning of strong desire or advice. 1
2.
.
, , -.
..,
—
(.
.) 181
. : . , «, , .. « . , ». . . . « , . . , . ,,, , !.. (. .) ,,
-..., .)
... -...
3.
(.
4.
(.)
5.
», —
6.
.
(.)
!
7.
(.)
(.)
», —
8.
9.
10.
(.)
•
NOTE
an infinitive with the parti-
cle
,
in
an impersonal sentence
wish of the speaker and not advice given to another
expresses
, .:, a
351.
,
. ., person,
it
require
the
of
not
the person
in the dative, e.g.:
lowing sentences. Explain the meaning
.
does
generally
name
.
-
.
Read the
of the infinitive sentences
fol-
with
..
the particle Change them into the negative, replacing the perfective infinitives by imperfective ones preceded by the negative particle.
. . . 1.
5.
. .. 6.
7.
352.
-. .
Read the following sentences and explain
1.
182
He
.
2.
4.
3.
2.
He
4.
.
their meaning.
.
5.
3.
-
-
—
:
.
. ,. ,. 6.
7.
, ,. ,
353.
Compose
,
,
—
(.)
•
NOTE
In infinitive sentences es expressing
and claus-
apprehension that an
, . , undersirable
action
place, the infinitive
should
is
take
invariably
the perfective aspect,
of
-
five impersonal infinitive sentences expressing apprehension that an undesirable action should take place.
.
354.
.
,
.
-
Read the following sentences expressing apprehension. Compare the sentences containing the particle with those not containing it. State which person the action expressed by the verb may refer to.
.!... .1.
. He
He
. .
.
.. .
2.
3.
4.
•
.
.
,-
NOTE
Infinitive
sentences
generally
express the speaker's apprehension
concerning himself while personal ,
sentences with the predicate verb in the past tense express apprehen-
sion concerning
Sentences
of
some other person. the
type
imply warning.
, , , , , . , , , , .. ,. 355.
354.
mind the note
ing words. Bear in
,, ,, 1.
2.
Compose sentences with the
follow-
to Exercise 354.
.,
3.
.
,,,
356.
\ ,-
Read the
. ,!
following
peratives. State
order or
Replace
sentences.
which
of the
the
two forms
command.
infinitives by imexpresses a more categoric
italicized
-
—
Model:
: « ! \ , ! « !» . «!» : . , !» 1.
(.)
(. .) (. .)
2.
,
4.
5.
(. .)
—
3.
«-
—
, .- , . , ! —
(.)
•
,
NOTE
In infinitive sentences, the per-
-
son to or
whom
command
the categoric order
is
given
is
generally
not named,
357.
Read the following
which frequently occur
!! !
in slogans
. . . ,
1.
infinitive sentences
and appeals.
2.
3.
4.
358.
-
Read the following sentences. Replace them by impersonal infinitive sentences. Read the new sentences aloud.
m
,. . ,--. ? . !.,, ,-
,
1.
2.
. ! . , 3.
4.
5.
7.
6.
8.
,
9.
10.
...
, , ,,
IMPERSONAL SENTENCES EXPRESSING
Predicate
expressed by One of the
NEGATION
Words
359.
•
The
.., . , ; , . ? ? . , , , , , .. Read the following
, ,, , . : icized predicates. their meanings.
Point out
the objects of
sentences. Note the italthe predicate and state
1.
2.
(. .)
3.
; , (.)
—
(.)
-
4.
—
—
.
(. .)
(.)
5.
6.
(.)
360.
.-
,
,- ...
Read the following
.
sentences. Find the negative impersonal sentences. Note which conjunctions introduce the co-ordinate objects in the genitive. 1
.
(.)
(.)
3.
2.
,
185
, , : «...» . : . , , . . ... , , , (.)
(.)
4.
5.
(.) (.)
6.
. (.) , , - , , -, . ., , ..,... 7.
NOTE
•
the predicate of an imperson-
If
,
al
sentence
or
is
... , , it
necessarily requires
an object in the genitive which denotes the thing or person whose
absence
361.
is
stated in the sentence.
out the following sentences. State
what predicate could be supplied
to them.
,,, ,, , , , , -. ..) , 1.
Ha
3.
(.
2.
4.
—
,),(.)
.(
,
. 186
,
,
NOTE
•
the object in the genitive
is
preceded by the particle (or conjunction)
,
the word
ing the function
may
fill-
of the predicate
be omitted.
The
particle
the negation;
it
plete absence of
by the noun
emphasizes shows the com-
what
is
expressed
in the genitive.
,. , , . ,
362.
—-
sentences. Change the personal sentences and clauses into impersonal ones, replacing their as required by the tense of the predicates by predicate, and their subjects by objects in the genitive.
.
Read the following
,
. .. .
Model:
..-
—
. ., . .. ? ? ? ? ? ? , ., 1.
3.
2.
4.
5.
6.
8.
7.
Give
363.
negative answers to the following questions.
2.
1.
4.
3.
5.
6.
•
NOTE
Sentences in which the presence
of
some
object(s)
is
denied
are
invariably impersonal, while sen tences
, .:
some
in
which the presence
of
may be
, . . .. person(s)
is
denied
..
either impersonal or personal, e.g.:
*
364.
out the following sentences, substituting negative impersonal sentences for the personal sentences with the predicate preceded by the negative particle. 2.
1.
3.
187
..
.
4.
,
-
,
. , . , : HO
«
».
-
5.
•
6.
Moji
NOTE
Impersonal
onymous
sentences
with
are syn-
ones
personal
only
if
of
person from the place where
they express the absence
he was expected or supposed to be.
the
If
sentence
express such absence,
.
does it is
not
invar-
example, the
iably personal. For sentence:
'
'.
, . ; ; ; . ; . . ., . . , . . -
.
means
In
this
case the personal sentence cannot
be replaced by an impersonal one.
365.
out the following sentences, replacing the verb
by the verbs given below.
1
2.
.
4.
3.
,
5.
'.
,
366.
. .
out the following sentences, substituting impersonal sentences for the personal ones where possible, 1.
.
5.
6.
3.
4.
. . .
.,
18
.,
Oh
8.
10.
.
11.
9.
2.
.7.
-
. , , . ,
. ? ? ? ? ?, . . ,, .? ?, ? ? , . . . . -
367.
Read the following
sentences.
Give negative answers to the questions. Where possible give two answers: one expressed by a personal sentence, and the other by an impersonal one. 1
.
3.
2.
.
4.
5.
368.
.
Read the following sentences, Give negative answers to these questions, replacing the italicized
words by the particle
.
"? —
Model:
-
2.
1.
3.
4.
369.
. -out the following sen-
into impersonal ones according
tences, changing the personal sentences to the model.
,...
—
Model:
1
-
2.
.
3.
4.
5.
, , ).{, , ){, , •
-
.: 370.
NOTE
, . . ., In
Russian
preferred.
is
In
isolated
personal construction is
construction
the
more idiomatic,
is
generally
cases
used,
the
which
e.g.:
-
out the following sentences, changing the affirmative sentences into negative ones. 189
..
.
1.
2.
.
3.
4.
6.
--
,
-
-
, .:
,
..-
5.
•
NOTE
In changing an affirmative sen-
tence in which the subject
pronoun
.:
«- ,
-
».
-
must
one, the definitive pronoun
in
the genitive case, e.g.:
.
-
the
be replaced by a negative pronoun
.
Affirmative sentence
,
is
into a negative
or
Negative sentence
.
The genitive
the
and
pronouns incomplete
means
of
negation,
things but not
all
of
the pronoun
If
), - ),
denotes
e.g.:
some
has
'she
negative
the
of
them.' is
used
in
affirmative sentences with a per-
)-
{) { (
its
meaning
the pronoun or noun takes
the genitive with the preposition in
negative
Affirmative sentences
190
impersonal
(and
also personal) sentences, e.g.:
, .:
. .
-
{,
sonal pronoun or noun specifying
^
Negative sentences
.
.
, . . 371.
out the following sentences, changor clauses into negative impersonal ones.
ing the personal sentences
1.
,
4.
372.
. ,
Read the following 1.
2.
.
2.
3.
.
5.
sentences.
. .
Copy out the
, , .
3.
, . . .
. ,
5.
:,
6.
8.
9.
(. .)
,. .
italicized predicates.
4.
7.
, {, ).
-
.,
. . .. . , ,,
Model: Bee
•
-
.
NOTE above impersonal sen-
the
In
tences and
clauses
the predicates
printed in italics which are in fact
-
-,
set expressions; in
are
no
such cases there
corresponding
constructions
without
personal the
nega-
tive particle.
This type of predicate can take the form of future
,
tense
{). ,
the
present, past or
191
..-
«^
The Predicate expressed by an Intransitive Verb preceded by
--
Particle
373.
tlie
. . , . , . : . . .. ,, , , , ,,,. - ,, . ,, Read the following
sentences.
Note the predicate verb in the italicized impersonal sentences or clauses and point out the secondary parts of the sentence which are its adjuncts.
. (.)
1.
2.
3.
(. .)
-
4.
5.
6.
7.
(. .)
NOTE
•
The
,
-
, 374.
.-
.. .
verbs
the
of
,
number
and
others
-
meanings
are
close
verb
to
that
Therefore,
sentences
with
generally
impersonal,
ject
in
these
of
of
the
negative
verbs
are
,.
the
their
genitive case
sponding to the subject
of
ob-
corre-
a per-
sonal sentence.
,
Read
the following sentences. Compare the pairs of sentences in the left-hand and the right-hand columns. Note that the sentences in the right-hand column are impersonal.
.
192
-
. . , .- , ,
-
-
,,. :
.
•
NOTE
.
Sentences of the type:
He
. , , , -, . . , . , . . . ... , . po-
375.
.
are also possible, but the construc-
tion
with
the
genitive
case
is
the more literary of the two.
.
-
Read the following
Copy out the italicized verbs from the personal sentences and clauses. Compose an impersonal sentence with each verb, using the sentences.
negative particle
.
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
,
6.
7.
-
376.
out the following senand clauses underline the In the impersonal sentences predicates and their objects. State what parts of speech the predicates and objects are. tences.
1.
,,
13—1919
..
(.)
(. .)
3.
.-
2.
193
, .
. .
(.)
,
(.)
5.
: , ., 6.
4.
,; ;
,
,
,, ^. , ;, .
(. .)
...
(.)
7.
(.)
-
•
) .
, CO
.
,
,
The predicate
(
personal
). ,
Compose
adjectives
378. sentences. State tences.
in
negative im-
may
sentences
-
,
be
short form of the adjective
-
377.
NOTE
the
(or an infinitive formed from the same root) with or senwithout link-verb. Such tences must contain the genitive the thing of the word denoting whose presence or existence is
or
denied,
,
. , . ,,
(
,
four impersonal sentences, using predicatively the (with or without a link-verb).
what predicates could be supplied
Read
the
following
to the italicized
sen-
. ., , , , ,. , . , .
, 1.
... (.)
.,.
2. 3.
194
4.
(.)
, . . .. . ., .. ,
-
379.
out the following sentences, changing the personal sentences into negative impersonal ones.
.
2.
1.
3.
4.
:
-
NOTE
•
Sentences of the type
of:
are also possible, but impersonal
constructions are more frequently
-
used.
The Predicate expressed by a Relative, Interrogative or noun or an Adverb with an Infinitive
Negative Pro-
-
380.
I II. Read the following sentences. Note the predicates in the impersonal sentences and clauses. State what parts of speech the predicates in I and II are composed of.
, . , .., . !»
italicized
:
. « ,. , I.
3.
4.
Ha
1.
(.)
6.
(.)
2.
(. .)
: . , . , ^ .. . . . .
—
(. .)
5.
7.
8.
. (.) 13*
1.
4.
.
(.)
(. .)
(.)
3.
2.
.
195
, , , , , ,. NOTE
•
-
,
--
.:
impersonal
can
be
sentence,
the
complex
a
clause
principal
a
of
. -., .
per-
cause,
time,
place,
object,
adverb
or
denying the presence
son,
with
sentence
pronoun replaced by
negative
e.g.:
—
-) —
The
of
tense
of
an impersonal
taining
adverb
a
predicate
the
sentence
-, . ) ) ., . (
),--
. . (
-
(
is
con-
pronoun or expressed by the linknegative
verb
(in
the past tense) or
which pronoun
(in the future tense),
invariably
follows
the
or the adverb. In the present tense
the link-verb
is
omitted.
381.
,
(-
—
Read
the following personal sentences. Change them into impersonal ones according to the model given below, substituting negative adverbs for the negative adverbs (or pronouns) (or pronouns) with the particle and infinitives for the finite verbs. Explain with the particle how the meaning of the sentences changes.
.
,
. ,..
. .
. 1. .
1.
3.
5.
.
10.
196
.
—
Model:
8.
9.
,
.
2.
4.
7.
6.
.
NOTE
•
, , {,
{,
Negative pronouns and adverbs
, . , , ,. , ,. , ) . ,. ., . , , - ... , . ,
., . .)
CO
{,
-
-
. .)
-
with
the
particle
etc.)
can
be
used
in
and clauses containing the words Negative adverbs and pronouns with the impersonal sentences
,
particle
are
never
{,
used
etc.)
with
the
words
(
382.
out the following sentences, filling in the blanks with negative pronouns (or adverbs) with the particle or to suit the sense. 1.
2.
...
3.
...
...
4.
5.
...
...
( ). 383.
.
} . ?
Read the following sentences. Answer these questions, using impersonal sentences with negative pronouns (or adverbs).
.:
?,?. .? ? Model:
1.
4.
?
—
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
384.
-- ?
-
?
Read the
fol-
lowing sentences. Write negative answers to these questions, using impersonal constructions. 1.
2.
3.
197
-? ?. ? -? ) .) 4.
5.
-
6.
. . . .. ., (
(
385.
,
.
Read
the following sentences. Replace the negative adverbs (or pronouns) with the particle by adverbs (or pronouns) with the particle so that the sentences remain impersonal.
Model:
,
—
2.
1.
. . . . .. , } . ?? ? ?. ??.? 3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
386.
questions as in the
Write answers to the following model given below. Read the questions and ans-
wers aloud.
—
Model:
? ? , 2.
1.
3.
5.
(.)
7.
8.
4.
6.
9.
.
387.
.
-
REVISION EXERCISES
,,
Read the following texts. Analyse the italicized impersonal sentences and clauses and state what part of speech their predicates I.
198
are.
.
,
; , , , ; ... ,
, , , ,, ,, ,
.,, , -
,,-
, , ; , ,, , ,. , ,-
, . , , , II.
.
-'^,-
, , .,. ,, ., ,, ,;-, ,,, , '^ , ,'^, )., ,
III.
-
.
...
388.
(
(.
X
.)
-
,,
out the following sentences, putting the pronouns and nouns in brackets in the required case (with or without a preposition).
(Oh)
(.
()
,
.. .)
1.
3.
2.
()
199
. , - , , , ( ., . , , . , ., . ,; . 4.
()
() ...
,), 7.
)...(
(.)
5.
6.
(.
()
.)
8.
()
(. .)
9.
-
()
(.)
! .. , , «». « « ()
»,
, , .
, .-
,,
()
12.
(.)
389.
10.
...
()
»,
(.)
11.
:»,«», «-
Write composition on one of the following topics: 'A Thunderstorm,' 'A Hot Summer Day,' 'A Winter Morning,' 'A Warm Spring Day,' 'The Beginning of Autumn.' Make use of impersonal sentences and clauses in your composition, using some of the following words and phrases
, ,,, ,,,, , , , -, , , , , ,, , , , , , , ,, , , ,, ,,;-, as predicates.
,
,
200
,
,
--
.-.. ,,. , , , , , . . , , , . , . : , .. , , ,INDEFINITE-PERSONAL SENTENCES
390.
Read the following
Analyse the italicized indefinite-personal clauses and sentences. State the form of the predicate verbs.
sentences.
. (. .),
1.
-
2.
,—
(.)
Moe
.
(.)
, 4.
Ho
,
HO
BO
(.)
(.)
-
,.
.
6.
•
NOTE
The action
the verb
of
erally
in
an
sentence gen-
indefinite-personal
an
involves
indefinite
number of persons. However, in some instances, it may also involve one person, who is either unknown to the speaker or whom the speaker does not want to mention.
The predicate personal
verb
either plural,
or
of
sentence
.,
Say why the performer
5.
(.)
-
3-
391.
3.
present
in
an
indefinite -
is
invariably
the 3rd
person
future
tense,
or
past tense verb
in
the plu-
ral.
.
of the action is
-
Read the following sentences. not named. 201
,..,!» , «-..«»., , ! . . . « , ». « - . ,.., , : [] ,. ,,.. . . ,, , 1.
2.
3.
— «?» —
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
— «?» —
».
392.
Read the following sentences. Find the indefinite-personal sentences and clauses. 2.
1.
?» (.)
«
3.
4.
5.
6.
. .:
—,
(.)
,
..
-. 393.
Read
Sentences with the verb
,
e.g.:
only by Modern Russian, the in this meaning is verb not associated with any agent. Cf.: are
indefinite-personal
origin;
in
? ?
. the
definite-personal sentences and clauses.
202
NOTE
. ? --
.:
•
following
text.
-
Find
the
in-
:.
, . . ,, .. . -. ,. ,., ,, , ...» .) . -. . .. , . . , ., .,, , -«
-
(.
, .,
394.
Read the following sentences. Substitute indefinite-personal sentences and clauses for the personal sentences and clauses.
Model:
1.
-
—
2.
-
XX
3.
:
-
4.
, -, . , :--
-. ,.,- ..., .: 5.
395.
out the following sentences, replacing the personal sentences and clauses by indefinite-personal ones. 1.
2.
3.
lycTb
4.
5.
6.
203
-
,, , , , , ., , . , . -, . . . . , . . » « . 396.
Compose
indefinite-personal sentences witii verbs.
following verbs, using
tiie
different tense forms of these
397.
Read the following personal sentences. Change them into indefinite-personal ones by replacing the subject by an adverbial modifier of place.
—
Model:
1.
2.
.. .
3.
4.
.
5.
.
6.
,-
, .
,
----
1.
! 2.
3.
4.
5.
204
7.
8.
VI
NOTE
•
colloquial
In
nite-personal
ing
himself
indefi-
express -
mand
are
used.
strong request,
express
of
speech,
sentences
an action performed by
speaker
! ! ! , ? !
, .:
-,
or
order
or
a
a
the
They com-
repetition
previously given answer, e.g.:
, "? -
.
398.
.
, . - ..
Read the following indefinite-personal sentences, whicli are used announcements or notices. Try to remember some other indefinite-personal sentences of this kind and write them down. in
official
..
, 2.
1.
, .
3.
399.
-
Read the following sentences and write them down. Explain column differ from those
in what way the sentences in the left-hand in the right-hand column.
.
-
-
-
.
. «. .
. « ».
».
, , .
. .
-
-
. NOTE
•
The sentences in hand column imply
the a
though
right-
performer they
do
of
the
not
The sentences the left-hand column do not
in
action,
specify
him.
, ,. , -. even this
imply
case
it
any
is
performer;
in
the result of
the
is
important and not
performer.
,
action that its
400.
.
Read the 205
. ,. .
following sentences. Where possible change the personal sentences in which the predicate is a verb in the passive form into indefinite-personal ones.
Model:
1.
. . , .
..
—
. ,
.
2.
3.
npodatbm
4.
5.
6.
(.)
, , -, , .-, ) .
. . . 401.
•
NOTE
Personal
sentences
the predicate
sive
form
is
can
in
which
a verb in the pas -
be
indefinite-personal
changed
into
only
ones
if
they contain no object in the in-
strumental case denoting a definite
agent,
(,
Read the following sentences. Where possible change the indefinite-personal sentences into personal ones by replacing the active construction by the passive one. Note the tense and the aspect of the verb. Model:
, !.. 1.
(.)
4.
206
2. 3.
mom
. . !
—
.
- .. ,
, , . , , . , . , , . . . , . , ... . ,!. . ., , ,. , , , ., GENERALIZED-PERSONAL SENTENCES
--
402.
Read the following proverbs and sayings, which are in fact generalized-personal sentences. State the verb form of the predicate and in what way these sentences differ from indefinite-personal sentences. 2.
1.
3.
—
—
4.
6.
5.
7.
8,
9.
.
10.
(.)
12. 13.
-
-
•
NOTE
The
most
the predicate
.
I,
Read the following
the generalized-personal sentences in
—
I
, . ,. , , , —
(.)
3.
(.)
(.)
of
--
sentences. State in what differ from those in II.
. , ,
1.
.
forms
generalized
and the imperative,
singular
403.
I.
in
sonal sentences are the 2nd person
2-
way
common
5.
,
4.
2.
,
,, -
, 207
., , 6.
, 7.
-
,
.
...
,
, , . . , . , , . , , -. , , ,, . ., , , .
8.
,
II.
-
1.
.
(.
.)
2.
—
—
(.)
3.
.; - . , , .. , ,-, ,. --, ,
,
(.)
4.
(.)
•
NOTE
In the generalized-personal sen-
tences and clauses given in Exer-
403,
cise 403,
I,
Hoe
icate
I,
verb
the action of the pred-
may
involve any
per-
son.
In the generalized-personal sen-
tences and clauses given in Exer-
403,
cise 403,
II,
-
K
,
404.
(
II,
the
action involves
only the speaker and
is
a recur-
rent one.
). . ., ,
.-
Read
the following generalized-personal sentences. State whether the action they express involves only the speaker or any person. Define the additional shades of meaning introduced by the particle 1.
208
-,
2.
. , ., :, ? « ?» «.», « .». : «-
, (. .)
4.
— «1» (.)
405.
»,
3.
. , , , ,. )
Write composition *A Trip to the Forest,' 'A Trip to the Mountains,' 'A Trip to the River.' Use generalized-personal sentences with the particle
on one
of the following topics:
406.
-
(,
. . . ,.
out the following generalized-personal sentences. State the meaning (advice, warning, possibility or impossibility of an action, an enforced action, dependence of one action on another) of the italicized predicates.
, ,
a
(.)
. . , . , : , . , , , . (.) . .) - , .. (.) ), . -, , .. 1.
2.
3.
(.)
(.)
(.)
6.
(.)
—
4.
—
5.
.
(.)
—-
(-
7.
8.
9.
—
10.
•
. (
TO
14—1919
NOTE
Note the following
-
set
expres-
sions (printed in bald-face italics),
which
are
colloquial
frequently
speech.
These
used
in
expres-
sions were originally generalized-
personal
sentences,
209
, , , , , . ., . ., « »,
Expressions containing the word
,,, : , express
liigh
degree of an
attribute.
-
The expressions
*
mean
«
».
..
407.
what
matter
you say,'
'for
all
your quibbling.'
Read the following
texts.
Find the
generalized-personal sentences and clauses and analyse them.
,
-
., ,, ,, , , , ,. ..) , , . , ,,. , ,.)
I.
—
,
,
—
:
-
(.
II.
... III.
,,
, ,
...
..) —
(,
210
., (.
-- - -
, .
408.
(,
I.
) ,.,.
Desthe afternoon, the evening or the night) and the feelings generally associated with them by man. Use two-member* generalized-personal sentences with the subject in your description.
any part
cribe
II.
the
of
.
day (the morning,
-
409.
, (
3-
,
1-
, -,
laboratory experiment or technologicsentences with the subject
Describe
process. Use generalized-personal in your description.
al
2-
)
-
.
- ,. ! . , . ! (.) , , . -, . , , ,,? ., , ., . , , . (.) . (.) . ., , -
Remember some Russian proverbs
that you know, which are in fact generalized-personal sentences with all possible forms of the predicate (the 2nd person singular, the 3rd person plural, the imperative,
the 1st person plural). Write them down. 410.
sentences. Copy out first the indefinite-personal sentences, then the generalized-personal sentences.
Read the following 1.
(. .)
2.
3.
(.)
(.)
4.
—
5.
(. .)
(. .)
6.
... (.) ,
7.
8.
9.
411.
.
* i.e., comprising subject and predicate. Sentences in which there is only the subject (with or without the secondary parts of the sentence) or only the predicate (with or without the secondary parts of the sentence) are called one-member sentences.
14*
211
.
Read the following proverbs and sayings. Define the types of the simple sentences and the clauses and state the form of the predicate in each sentence. Give the proverbs and sayings used in your native language with the same meaning.
, . , . .,, ... . . ,, .. . . . , . , , ; ,. , , ,, ,, ; ,, , , , , ; , , , , , . .) , ,, ,- , . , , . , , , , , , ,, 2.
1.
3.
—
4.
.
5.
6.
—
7.
8.
9.
412.
Read the following
text.
10.
11.0
-
Define the type of the sentences accord-
ing to their composition. I.
.
-
(.
II.
,
, , . - ., .) 1
(.
212
. , . . ,, ,
NOMINATIVE
•
SENTENCES
413.
,
-
Read the following
, ,. . ? . , ,. . . ,. .) . text.
Note the
italicized
nominative sentences. Analyse the nomina-
tive sentences containing several words,
—
—
,; , ., () . : ,: -
--
,
.
-
414.
.
sentences, making
(.
NOTE
•
the
Besides
subject,
may
native sentences
and
jects
nomi-
contain ob-
attributes
modifying
the subject,
but never adverbial
modifiers;
there were an adver-
if
modifier, the sentence would
bial
be a two-member one. In of the
on
some
cases
whether
definition
(or
secondary
its
are understood
butes
the
type of a sentence depends either
as
parts attri-
objects) modifying the
subject or as adverbial
.
modifiers,
For example, the sentence:
,
be understood either as a one-
member sentence
.
or as a
two-mem-
ber one.
out these nominative as in the model
them extended by adding attributes
given below.
Model:
. ,
—
. . ..
213
. .. .. ......,. .. .
. . . .. . .! ,- . -, ... ; ; ,, -
?>
415.
Read the bl-
owing sentences. Explain what meaning the particles nominative sentences.
and
have
in the
(.)
1.
(.)
(.)
(.)
3.
(.)
5.
2.
.
4.
6.
...
(.)
7.
(.)
-
8.
-
... (.)
.. ,
•
NOTE
. ,. . . , , . - ,. , . . , , . . . , —
a
416.
The
meaning.
refers to the nearer
the
to
have
and
particles
demonstrative
object(s),
more remote
Read the
and
-
one(s).
following sentences. Define the type of the sentences given in the left-hand and the right-hand columns.
,
.
417.
Read the following text and give it a sentences. Define the types of the other
2
.
?—
.
.
-
title.
Point out the nominative
one-member sentences.
, , , . ,,, ,,, ; . ,, ; ., . , , , . , , . .
. , , , . , , ,
...
—
—
—
...
-,
(.
X
.)
418.
Give nominative sentences.
description of your room, using,
among others,
-
419.
Remember
know.
the titles of some pictures by any artists
.., , •
. . , ? . , , ? . .
-
ELLIPTICAL
SENTENCES
420.
you
Read the following senitalicized elliptical sentences. What parts of the sentence could each of these elliptical sentences be completed with? tences.
.—— 1.
— — — —
Note the
—
?
?—
-
,
215
—
,: ,.. . . «« ?» --». (.)
2.
3.
?» — «
4.
—
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