Exercise: Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor / Three-Phase Rotating Machines
Short Description
Exercise #2-1: Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor (Extract from "Three-Phase Rotating Machines") Ob...
Description
Bcbhtrfhfty jlm Lbw Blbrky
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Drmbr ld.9
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Pbvfsfdl cbvbc9 :0/0>:= @y tob stjgg dg Gbstd Mfmjhtfh © Gbstd Mfmjhtfh Ctæb/Ctm, Zub`bh, Hjljmj 0>::, 0>:8 Fltbrlbt9 www.gbstd-mfmjhtfh.hda www.gbstd-mfmjhtfh.hda b-ajfc9 mfmNmb.gbstd.hda ^rfltbm fl Hjljmj Jcc rfkots rbsbrvbm rbsbrvbm FX@L 6;?-0-?67=>-7:7-7 (^rfltbm vbrsfdl) FX@L 6;?-0-?67=>-7:;-8 (HM-PDA) Cbkjc Mbpdsft ‘ @f`cfdtoïqub bt Jrhofvbs ljtfdljcbs mu Zuæ`bh, 0>:8 Cbkjc Mbpdsft ‘ Cf`rjry jlm Jrhofvbs Hjljmj, 0>:8 ]ob purhojsbr sojcc rbhbfvb j sflkcb rfkot dg usb wofho fs ldl-bxhcusfvb, ldl-tfab-cfaftbm jlm cfaftbm kbdkrjpofhjccy td usb jt tob purhojsbr's sftb/cdhjtfdl js gdccdws. ]ob purhojsbr sojcc `b bltftcbm td usb tob wdre td trjfl ofs/obr stjgg jt tob purhojsbr's sftb/cdhjtfdl jlm sojcc jcsd `b bltftcbm td usb pjrts dg tob hdpyrfkot ajtbrfjc js tob `jsfs gdr tob prdmuhtfdl dg ofs/obr dwl trjflflk mdhuabltjtfdl gdr tob trjflflk dg ofs/obr stjgg jt tob purhojsbr's s ftb/cdhjtfdl wfto jheldwcbmkbablt dg sdurhb jlm td ajeb hdpfbs gdr tofs purpdsb. Fl tob hjsb dg shoddcs/tbholfhjc hdccbkbs, trjflflk hbltbrs, jlm ulfvbrsftfbs, tob rfkot dg usb sojcc jcsd flhcumb usb `y shoddc jlm hdccbkb stumblts jlm trjflbbs jt tob purhojsbr's sftb/cdhjtfdl gdr tbjhoflk purpdsbs. ]ob rfkot dg usb sojcc fl jcc hjsbs bxhcumb tob rfkot td pu`cfso tob hdpyrfkot ajtbrfjc dr td ajeb tofs jvjfcj`cb gdr usb dl fltrjlbt, Fltbrlbt jlm CAX pcjtgdras jlm mjtj`jsbs suho js Addmcb, wofho jccdw jhhbss `y j wfmb vjrfbty dg usbrs, flhcumflk todsb dutsfmb dg tob purhojsbr's sftb/cdhjtfdl. Bltftcbablt td dtobr rfkots rbcjtflk td rbprdmuhtfdls, hdpfbs, jmjptjtfdls, trjlscjtfdls, afhrdgfcaflk jlm trjlsgbr td jlm stdrjkb jlm prdhbssflk fl bcbhtrdlfh systbas, ld ajttbr wobtobr fl wodcb dr fl pjrt, s ojcc rbqufrb tob prfdr hdlsblt dg Gbstd Mfmjhtfh Ka`O & Hd. EK. Flgdrajtfdl fl tofs mdhuablt fs su`ibht td hojlkb wftodut ldtfhb jlm mdbs ldt rbprbsblt j hdaaftablt dl tob pjrt dg Gbstd Mfmjhtfh. ]ob Gbstd ajtbrfjcs mbshrf`bm fl tofs mdhuablt jrb gurlfsobm ulmbr j cfhblsb jkrbbablt dr j ldlmfshcdsurb jkrbbablt. Gbstd Mfmjhtfh rbhdklfzbs prdmuht ljabs js trjmbajres dr rbkfstbrbm trjmbajres dg tobfr rbspbhtfvb odcmbrs. Jcc dtobr trjmbajres trjmbajres jrb tob prdpbrty dg tobfr rbspbhtfvb dwlbrs. dwlbrs. Dtobr trjmbajres trjmbajres jlm trjmb ljabs ajy `b usbm fl tofs mdhuablt td rbgbr td bftobr tob bltfty hcjfaflk tob ajres jlm ljabs dr tobfr prdmuhts. Gbstd Mfmjhtfh mfshcjfas jly prdprfbtjry fltbrbst fl trjmbajres jlm trjmb ljabs dtobr tojl fts dwl.
Xjgbty jlm Hdaadl Xya`dcs ]ob gdccdwflk sjgbty jlm hdaadl sya`dcs ajy `b usbm fl tofs ajlujc jlm dl tob bqufpablt9 Xya`dc
Mbshrfptfdl MJLKBP flmfhjtbs MJLKBP flmfhjtbs j ojzjrm wfto j ofko cbvbc dg rfse wofho, fg ldt jvdfmbm, wfcc rbsuct fl mbjto dr sbrfdus fliury. [JPLFLK flmfhjtbs [JPLFLK flmfhjtbs j ojzjrm wfto j abmfua cbvbc dg rfse wofho, fg ldt jvdfmbm, hducm rbsuct fl mbjto dr sbrfdus fliury. HJR]FDL flmfhjtbs j ojzjrm wfto j cdw cbvbc dg rfse wofho, fg ldt jvdfmbm, hducm rbsuct fl afldr dr admbrjtb fliury. HJR]FDL usbm HJR]FDL usbm wftodut tob Hjutfdl, rfse dg mjlkbr sfkl mjlkbr sfkl , flmfhjtbs j ojzjrm wfto j pdtbltfjccy ojzjrmdus sftujtfdl wofho, fg ldt jvdfmbm, ajy rbsuct fl prdpbrty mjajkb.
Hjutfdl, rfse dg bcbhtrfh sodhe
Hjutfdl, odt surgjhb
Hjutfdl, rfse dg mjlkbr
Hjutfdl, cfgtflk ojzjrm
Hjutfdl, ojlm bltjlkcbablt ojzjrm
Ldtfhb, ldl-fdlfzflk rjmfjtfdl
Mfrbht hurrblt
Jctbrljtflk hurrblt
@dto mfrbht jlm jctbrljtflk hurrblt
]orbb-pojsb jctbrljtflk hurrblt
Bjrto (krdulm) tbrafljc
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
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Xjgbty jlm Hdaadl Xya`dcs Xya`dc
Mbshrfptfdl ^rdtbhtfvb hdlmuhtdr tbrafljc
Grjab dr hojssfs tbrafljc
Bqufpdtbltfjcfty
Dl (suppcy)
Dgg (suppcy) Bqufpablt prdtbhtbm tordukodut `y mdu`cb flsucjtfdl dr rbflgdrhbm flsucjtfdl
Fl pdsftfdl dg j `f-stj`cb puso hdltrdc
Dut pdsftfdl dg j `f-stj`cb puso hdltrdc
FW
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
]j`cb dg Hdltblts ^rbgjhb .................................................................................................................. F_ J`dut ]ofs Ajlujc .................. ............................ ................... .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. ............. ...._F ]d tob Flstruhtdr .................................................................................................. _FFF Rlft :
Gulmjabltjcs gdr Pdtjtflk Ajhoflbs.................... ............................. .................. ............. .... : MFXHRXXFDL DG GRLMJABL]JCX ......................................................... : @jsfh adtdr dpbrjtfdl ............................................................... : ]ob rdtjtflk bcbhtrdajklbt prflhfpcb ............. ...................... .................. .................. ........... 8 ]ob kblbrjtdr prflhfpcb ............................................................. ; [dre, tdrqub, jlm pdwbr ......................................................... :> [dre............. [dre............................ ............................. ............................. ........................... ........................... ...................... ....... :> ]drqub........................... ......................................... ............................. ........................... ........................... .................... ..... :> ^dwbr ............................ ........................................... ............................. ........................... ........................... ................... ..... ::
Bx. :-:
^rfab Advbr jlm @rjeb Dpbrjtfdl ........... .................... ................... ................... ............... ...... :8 MFXHRXXFDL ..................................................................................... :8 Fltrdmuhtfdl td tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy ...................................................................................... :8 ]wd-qujmrjlt, hdlstjlt-tdrqub `rjeb .................................. ........................................ ...... :8 Hcdhewfsb hdlstjlt-spbbm prfab advbr/`rjeb.......................... ............................ := Hdultbrhcdhewfsb hdlstjlt-spbbm prfab advbr/`rjeb ............... ............... :2 Xpbbm, tdrqub, jlm abhojlfhjc pdwbr abjsurbablts usflk tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy .......... :7 Adtdr dpbrjtfdl ........................... ......................................... ........................... ............................ .................... ..... :7 Kblbrjtdr dpbrjtfdl .............................. ........................................... ........................... ........................ .......... :7 ^PDHBMRPB .................................................................................... :; Xbt up jlm hdllbhtfdls ........................................................... :; ]wd-qujmrjlt, hdlstjlt-tdrqub `rjeb dpbrjtfdl ............ ..................... ......... :6 Hdlstjlt-spbbm prfab advbr dpbrjtfdl ............ ...................... ..................... ............. 00 Hdlstjlt-spbbm prfab advbr mrfvflk j kblbrjtdr ................... ................... 02
Rlft 0
]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Ajhoflbs ............ ...................... .......... 82 MFXHRXXFDL DG GRLMJABL]JCX ....................................................... 82 Fltrdmuhtfdl td jh adtdrs ......................................................... 82
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
W
]j`cb dg Hdltblts Bx. 0-:
]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr .................... ...................... 86 MFXHRXXFDL ..................................................................................... 86 ]orbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr dpbrjtfdl ............ ............ 86 Pbcjtfdlsofp `btwbbl spbbm jlm tdrqub fl torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdrs ................................................ =8 Bggfhfblhy dg torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdrs ....... =2 Pbcjtfdlsofp `btwbbl rbjhtfvb pdwbr, pdwbr gjhtdr, jlm adtdr bggfhfblhy fl torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdrs ...................................................................................... =7 Ofko-bggfhfblhy adtdrs ............................................................. =; ^PDHBMRPB .................................................................................... =? Xbt up jlm hdllbhtfdls ........................................................... =6 ]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr ld-cdjm jlm gucc-cdjm dpbrjtfdl .................................................................................. 2: ]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr dpbrjtfdl hojrjhtbrfstfhs .......... .......... 28 ]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr mfrbhtfdl dg rdtjtfdl................... ................... 7:
Bx. 0-0
Bmmy-Hurrblt @rjeb jlm Jsylhordldus Kblbrjtdr ................. ................. 72 MFXHRXXFDL ..................................................................................... 72 Bmmy-hurrblt `rjeb dpbrjtfdl .................................................. 72 ]orbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl ajhoflb dpbrjtflk js jl jsylhordldus kblbrjtdr ............. ....................... .................... ................... .................. ........... .. 7; ^PDHBMRPB .................................................................................... 76 Xbt up jlm hdllbhtfdls ........................................................... 76 ]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl ajhoflb dpbrjtflk js jl bmmyhurrblt `rjeb ........................................................................... ;: ]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl ajhoflb dpbrjtflk js j adtdr ............ ............ ;2 ]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl ajhoflb dpbrjtflk js jl jsylhordldus kblbrjtdr....................... ................................ ................... ................... ................ ....... ;?
Rlft 8
Xylhordldus Adtdrs ................................................................... ?; MFXHRXXFDL DG GRLMJABL]JCX ....................................................... ?; Fltrdmuhtfdl td sylhordldus adtdrs ................... ............................ ................... ............ .. ?;
Bx. 8-:
]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xylhordldus Adtdr ........... .................... .................. ................... .......... 6: MFXHRXXFDL ..................................................................................... 6: ]orbb-pojsb sylhordldus adtdr dpbrjtfdl ...................... ............................ ...... 6: ^PDHBMRPB .................................................................................... 68 Xbt up jlm hdllbhtfdls ........................................................... 68 Xtjrtflk j torbb-pojsb sylhordldus adtdr ............. ........................ ................ ..... 62 Hojrjhtbrfstfhs dg j torbb-pojsb sylhordldus adtdr.............. .............. 6?
WF
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
]j`cb dg Hdltblts Bx. 8-0
Xylhordldus Adtdr ^ucc-Dut ]drqub................... ............................ ................... ............ :>2 MFXHRXXFDL ................................................................................... :>2 Xylhordldus adtdr pucc-dut tdrqub mbgflftfdl jlm hojrjhtbrfstfhs ........................................................................ :>2 ^PDHBMRPB .................................................................................. :>7 Xbt up jlm hdllbhtfdls ............... ......................... ................... ................... ................... ............. .... :>7 Xylhordldus adtdr pucc-dut tdrqub ..................... .............................. .................. ......... :>6
Rlft =
Xylhordldus Kblbrjtdrs (Jctbrljtdrs) ............... ......................... ................... ........... ::6 MFXHRXXFDL DG GRLMJABL]JCX ..................................................... ::6 Fltrdmuhtfdl td torbb-pojsb sylhordldus kblbrjtdrs............ kblbrjtdrs............ ::6
Bx. =-:
]orbb-^ojsb Xylhordldus Kblbrjtdr Ld-Cdjm Dpbrjtfdl ... ... :08 MFXHRXXFDL ................................................................................... :08 Hojrjhtbrfstfhs dg j torbb-pojsb sylhordldus kblbrjtdr dpbrjtflk wftodut cdjm ........................................................... :08 ^PDHBMRPB .................................................................................. :02 Xbt up jlm hdllbhtfdls ............... ......................... ................... ................... ................... ............. .... :02 ]orbb-pojsb sylhordldus kblbrjtdr ld-cdjm dpbrjtfdl ....... :0; ]orbb-pojsb sylhordldus kblbrjtdr hojrjhtbrfstfhs ............ ............ :8:
Bx. =-0
Wdctjkb Pbkucjtfdl Hojrjhtbrfstfhs ....................... ................................ .................. ......... :=: MFXHRXXFDL ................................................................................... :=: Bqufvjcblt hfrhuft dg j torbb-pojsb sylhordldus kblbrjtdr .. :=: Wdctjkb rbkucjtfdl hojrjhtbrfstfhs dg torbb-pojsb sylhordldus kblbrjtdrs........................... ..................................... ................... ................... .......... :=0 Wdctjkb rbkucjtfdl hjchucjtfdls gdr j rbsfstfvb cdjm .................. :=8 Wdctjkb rbkucjtfdl hjchucjtfdls gdr jl flmuhtfvb cdjm ............... :== Wdctjkb rbkucjtfdl hjchucjtfdls gdr j hjpjhftfvb cdjm ................ ................ :== ^PDHBMRPB .................................................................................. :=7 Xbt up jlm hdllbhtfdls ............... ......................... ................... ................... ................... ............. .... :=7 ]orbb-pojsb sylhordldus kblbrjtdr vdctjkb rbkucjtfdl hojrjhtbrfstfh gdr rbsfstfvb, flmuhtfvb, jlm hjpjhftfvb cdjms ... :=6 Wdctjkb rbkucjtfdl hojrjhtbrfstfh wobl tob torbb-pojsb sylhordldus kblbrjtdr suppcfbs pdwbr td j rbsfstfvb cdjm .......:=6 Wdctjkb rbkucjtfdl hojrjhtbrfstfh wobl tob torbb-pojsb sylhordldus kblbrjtdr suppcfbs pdwbr td jl flmuhtfvb cdjm ....:2: Wdctjkb rbkucjtfdl hojrjhtbrfstfh wobl tob torbb-pojsb sylhordldus kblbrjtdr suppcfbs pd wbr td j hjpjh ftfvb cdjm ....:28
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
WFF
]j`cb dg Hdltblts Bx. =-8
Kblbrjtdr Xylhordlfzjtfdl........................ .................................. ................... .................. ............ ... :2; MFXHRXXFDL ................................................................................... :2; Fltrdmuhtfdl td kblbrjtdr sylhordlfzjtfdl ............... ........................ .............. ..... :2; Ajlujc sylhordlfzjtfdl dg j sylhordldus kblbrjtdr k blbrjtdr............ ............ :2? Bcbhtrfhjc trjlsfblt jlm abhojlfhjc strbss jt kblbrjtdr sylhordlfzjtfdl ...................................................................... :7> Kblbrjtdr dpbrjtfdl jgtbr sylhordlfzjtfdl td jl jh pdwbr lbtwdre .................................................................................. :70 Xylhordldus kblbrjtdr jhtfvb pdwbr hdltrdc jgtbr sylhordlfzjtfdl .......................... ........................................ .......................... .......................... .................... ...... :78 Xylhordldus kblbrjtdr rbjhtfvb pdwbr hdltrdc jgtbr sylhordlfzjtfdl .......................... ........................................ .......................... .......................... .................... ...... :7=
^PDHBMRPB .................................................................................. :7? Xbt up jlm hdllbhtfdls ......................................................... :7? Kblbrjtdr ajlujc sylhordlfzjtfdl .......................... .................................... ............. ... :;: Kblbrjtdr trjlsfblts jlm abhojlfhjc strbss jt sylhordlfzjtfdl ...................................................................... :?> Kblbrjtdr dpbrjtfdl jgtbr sylhordlfzjtfdl td tob jh pdwbr lbtwdre .................................................................................. :?6 Jppblmfx J Bqufpablt Rtfcfzjtfdl Hojrt ...................................................... :66 Jppblmfx @ Kcdssjry dg Lbw ]bras ............................................................. 0>: Jppblmfx H Fapbmjlhb ]j`cb gdr tob Cdjm Admucbs ................. .......................... ................. ........ 0>2 Jppblmfx M Hfrhuft Mfjkrja Xya`dcs .......................................................... 0>; Flmbx dg Lbw ]bras ........................................................................................... 0:8 @f`cfdkrjpoy ....................................................................................................... 0:2
WFFF
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
^rbgjhb ]ob prdmuhtfdl dg blbrky usflk rblbwj`cb ljturjc rbsdurhbs suho js wflm, sulcfkot, rjfl, tfmbs, kbdtobrajc objt, bth., ojs kjflbm auho fapdrtjlhb fl rbhblt ybjrs js ft fs jl bggbhtfvb abjls dg rbmuhflk krbblodusb kjs (KOK) bafssfdls. ]ob lbbm gdr flldvjtfvb tbholdcdkfbs td ajeb tob krfm sajrtbr ojs rbhbltcy babrkbm js j ajidr trblm, js tob flhrbjsb fl bcbhtrfhjc pdwbr mbajlm d`sbrvbm wdrcmwfmb ajebs ft ojrmbr gdr tob jhtujc krfm fl ajly hdultrfbs td ebbp up wfto mbajlm. Gurtobradrb, bcbhtrfh vbofhcbs (grda `fhyhcbs td hjrs) jrb mbvbcdpbm jlm ajrebtbm wfto adrb jlm adrb suhhbss fl ajly hdultrfbs jcc dvbr tob wdrcm. ]d jlswbr tob flhrbjsflkcy mfvbrsfgfbm lbbms gdr trjflflk fl tob wfmb gfbcm dg bcbhtrfhjc blbrky, tob Bcbhtrfh ^dwbr ]bholdcdky ]rjflflk ^rdkrja wjs mbvbcdpbm js j admucjr stumy prdkrja gdr tbholfhjc flstftutbs, hdccbkbs, jlm ulfvbrsftfbs. ]ob prdkrja fs sodwl `bcdw js j gcdw hojrt, wfto bjho `dx fl tob gcdw hojrt rbprbsbltflk j hdursb.
]ob Bcbhtrfh ^dwbr ]bholdcdky ]rjflflk ^rdkrja.
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
F_
^rbgjhb ]ob prdkrja stjrts wfto j vjrfbty dg hdursbs prdvfmflk fl-mbpto hdvbrjkb dg `jsfh tdpfhs rbcjtbm td tob gfbcm dg bcbhtrfhjc blbrky suho js jh jlm mh pdwbr hfrhufts, pdwbr trjlsgdrabrs, rdtjtflk ajhoflbs, jh pdwbr trjlsafssfdl cflbs, jlm pdwbr bcbhtrdlfhs. ]ob prdkrja tobl `ufcms dl tob eldwcbmkb kjflbm `y tob stumblt torduko tobsb `jsfh hdursbs td prdvfmb trjflflk fl adrb jmvjlhbm su`ibhts suho js odab blbrky prdmuhtfdl grda rblbwj`cb rbsdurhbs (wflm jlm sulcfkot), cjrkbshjcb bcbhtrfhfty prdmuhtfdl grda oymrdpdwbr, cjrkb-shjcb bcbhtrfhfty prdmuhtfdl grda wflm pdwbr (mdu`cy-gbm flmuhtfdl kblbrjtdr UMGFKQ, sylhordldus kblbrjtdr, jlm jsylhordldus kblbrjtdr tbholdcdkfbs), sajrt-krfm tbholdcdkfbs (XWH, X]J]HDA, OWMH trjlsafssfdl, bth.), stdrjkb dg bcbhtrfhjc blbrky fl `jttbrfbs, jlm mrfvb systbas gdr sajcc bcbhtrfh vbofhcbs jlm hjrs.
Md ydu ojvb sukkbstfdls dr hrftfhfsa rbkjrmflk tofs ajlujc4 Fg sd, sblm us jl b-ajfc jt mfmNmb.gbstd.hda. ]ob jutodrs jlm Gbstd Mfmjhtfh cdde gdrwjrm td ydur hdaablts.
_
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
J`dut ]ofs Ajlujc Pdtjtflk ajhoflbs suho js bcbhtrfhjc adtdrs jlm kblbrjtdrs (dr jctbrljtdrs) jrb gdulm fl jcadst bvbry sbhtdr dg flmustry. ]ob `jsfh prflhfpcbs dg dpbrjtfdl dg rdtjtflk ajhoflbs ojvb `bbl eldwl gdr jcadst twd hblturfbs. Pdtjtflk ajhoflbs dpbrjtb mub td tob fltbrjhtfdl `btwbbl ajklbtfh gfbcms jlm hurrblt-hjrryflk hdlmuhtdrs, jlm jrb spcft fltd twd `jsfh hjtbkdrfbs9 adtdrs jlm kblbrjtdrs. ]orbb-pojsb adtdrs jrb ajhoflbs tojt hdlvbrt torbb-pojsb jh pdwbr fltd abhojlfhjc pdwbr. ]oby jrb usbm fl j wfmb jrrjy dg jppcfhjtfdls, suho js puaps, gjls, `cdwbrs, hdaprbssdrs, jlm hdlvbydr mrfvbs. ]wd typbs dg torbbpojsb adtdrs jrb hdvbrbm fl tofs ajlujc9 tob torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr jlm tob torbb-pojsb sylhordldus adtdr. ]orbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdrs jrb tob adst wfmbcy usbm adtdrs fl flmustry tdmjy. ]oby jrb sfapcb td usb, md ldt rbqufrb auho ajfltbljlhb, jlm hjl mbvbcdp ofko tdrqub. ]orbb-pojsb sylhordldus adtdrs, dl tob dtobr ojlm, jrb ajflcy usbm mub td tobfr j`fcfty td rdtjtb jt j gfxbm spbbm (f.b., jt tob sylhordldus spbbm). Odwbvbr, toby rbqufrb bxtbrljc jssfstjlhb td stjrt prdpbrcy. ]orbb-pojsb kblbrjtdrs (dr jctbrljtdrs) jrb ajhoflbs tojt hdlvbrt abhojlfhjc pdwbr fltd torbb-pojsb jh pdwbr. ]oby jrb usbm wdrcmwfmb fl oymrdbcbhtrfh, mfbsbc, hdjc-gfrbm, jlm luhcbjr pdwbr pcjlts, js wbcc js fl wflm tur`flbs. J typb dg torbb-pojsb kblbrjtdr usbm wfmbcy fs tob torbb-pojsb sylhordldus kblbrjtdr. ]orbb-pojsb sylhordldus kblbrjtdrs jrb `jsfhjccy torbb-pojsb sylhordldus ajhoflbs dpbrjtflk jt tob sylhordldus spbbm jlm mrfvbl `y j prfab advbr (b.k., j wjtbr tur`flb, j stbja tur`flb, j wflm tur`flb).
Kblbrjtdrs (dr jctbrljtdrs) ojvb `bbl usbm td kblbrjtb jh pdwbr gdr adrb tojl j hbltury.
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
_F
J`dut ]ofs Ajlujc ]ofs ajlujc, ]orbb-^ojsb Pdtjtflk Ajhoflbs, Ajhoflbs, gjafcfjrfzbs tob stumblt wfto tob vjrfdus torbb-pojsb ajhoflbs usbm fl hdaabrhfjc jlm flmustrfjc adtdr jppcfhjtfdls, js wbcc js gdr cjrkb-shjcb prdmuhtfdl dg bcbhtrfhfty grda wflm pdwbr, oymrdpdwbr, bth. ]ob hdursb `bkfls wfto gulmjabltjcs dg rdtjtflk ajhoflbs suho js tob tdrqub, rdtjtfdl spbbm, mfrbhtfdl dg rdtjtfdl, adtdr pdwbr, pdwbr cdssbs fl adtdr, adtdr bggfhfblhy, bth. ]ob stumblt tobl stumfbs tob dpbrjtfdl (`dto js j adtdr jlm j kblbrjtdr) dg tob gdccdwflk torbb-pojsb ajhoflbs9 squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl ajhoflb jlm sylhordldus ajhoflb.
Xjgbty hdlsfmbrjtfdls Xjgbty sya`dcs tojt ajy `b usbm fl tofs ajlujc jlm dl tob bqufpablt jrb cfstbm fl tob Xjgbty Xya`dcs tj`cb jt tob `bkfllflk dg tob ajlujc. Xjgbty prdhbmurbs rbcjtbm td tob tjses tojt ydu wfcc `b jsebm td pbrgdra jrb flmfhjtbm fl bjho bxbrhfsb. Ajeb surb tojt ydu jrb wbjrflk jpprdprfjtb prdtbhtfvb bqufpablt wobl pbrgdraflk tob tjses. Vdu soducm lbvbr pbrgdra j tjse fg ydu ojvb jly rbjsdl td tofle tojt j ajlfpucjtfdl hducm `b mjlkbrdus gdr ydu dr ydur tbjaajtbs.
^rbrbqufsftb Js j prbrbqufsftb td tofs hdursb, ydu soducm ojvb rbjm tob ajlujcs tftcbm MH ^dwbr Hfrhufts, Hfrhufts, p.l. ?782>, Xflkcb-^ojsb JH ^dwbr Hfrhufts, Hfrhufts, jlm ]orbb^ojsb JH ^dwbr Hfrhufts, Hfrhufts, p.l. ?787>.
Xystbas dg ulfts Rlfts jrb bxprbssbm usflk tob Fltbrljtfdljc Xystba dg Rlfts (XF) gdccdwbm `y tob ulfts bxprbssbm fl tob R.X. hustdajry systba dg ulfts (`btwbbl pjrbltobsbs).
_FF
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
]d tob Flstruhtdr Vdu wfcc gflm fl tofs Flstruhtdr Kufmb jcc tob bcbablts flhcumbm fl tob Xtumblt Ajlujc tdkbtobr wfto tob jlswbrs td jcc qubstfdls, rbsucts dg abjsurbablts, krjpos, bxpcjljtfdls, sukkbstfdls, jlm, fl sdab hjsbs, flstruhtfdls td obcp ydu kufmb tob stumblts torduko tobfr cbjrlflk prdhbss. Jcc tob flgdrajtfdl tojt jppcfbs td ydu fs pcjhbm `btwbbl ajrebrs jlm jppbjrs fl rbm.
Jhhurjhy dg abjsurbablts abjsurbablts ]ob luabrfhjc rbsucts dg tob ojlms-dl bxbrhfsbs ajy mfggbr grda dlb stumblt td jldtobr. Gdr tofs rbjsdl, tob rbsucts jlm jlswbrs kfvbl fl tofs ajlujc soducm `b hdlsfmbrbm js j kufmb. Xtumblts wod hdrrbhtcy pbrgdrabm tob bxbrhfsbs soducm bxpbht td mbadlstrjtb tob prflhfpcbs flvdcvbm jlm ajeb d`sbrvjtfdls jlm abjsurbablts sfafcjr td todsb kfvbl js jlswbrs.
Bqufpablt flstjccjtfdl Fl drmbr gdr stumblts td `b j`cb td pbrgdra tob bxbrhfsbs fl tob Xtumblt Ajlujc, tob Bcbhtrfh ^dwbr ]bholdcdky ]rjflflk Bqufpablt aust ojvb `bbl prdpbrcy flstjccbm, jhhdrmflk td tob flstruhtfdls kfvbl fl tob usbr kufmb Bcbhtrfh ^dwbr ]bholdcdky ]rjflflk Bqufpablt, pjrt lua`br 8?=?7-B.
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
_FFF
Xjapcb Bxbrhfsb Bxtrjhtbm grda tob Xtumblt Ajlujc jlm tob Flstruhtdr Kufmb
Bxbrhfsb
0-:
]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr B _BPHFXB D@IBH]FWB
[obl ydu ojvb hdapcbtbm tofs bxbrhfsb, ydu wfcc `b gjafcfjr wfto tob dpbrjtfdl jlm tob ajfl hojrjhtbrfstfhs dg torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdrs. Vdu wfcc eldw wojt adtdr bggfhfblhy jlm ofko-bggfhfblhy adtdrs jrb. Vdu wfcc jcsd eldw tob rbcjtfdlsofps `btwbbl tob mfggbrblt pjrjabtbrs rbcjtbm td tob dpbrjtfdl dg torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdrs, suho js tob adtdr spbbm, tdrqub, abhojlfhjc pdwbr, jhtfvb pdwbr, rbjhtfvb pdwbr, pdwbr gjhtdr, j lm bggfhfblhy.
MFXHRXXFDL DR]CFLB
]ob Mfshussfdl dg tofs bxbrhfsb hdvbrs tob gdccdwflk pdflts9
MFXHRXXFDL
]orbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr dpbrjtfdl Pbcjtfdlsofp `btwbbl spbbm jlm tdrqub fl torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdrs Bggfhfblhy dg torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdrs Pbcjtfdlsofp `btwbbl rbjhtfvb pdwbr, pdwbr gjhtdr, jlm adtdr bggfhfblhy fl torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdrs Ofko-bggfhfblhy adtdrs
]orbb-pojsb ]orbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr dpbrjtfdl Dlb wjy dg hrbjtflk j rdtjtflk bcbhtrdajklbt fs td hdllbht j torbb-pojsb jh pdwbr sdurhb td j stjtdr ajmb dg torbb bcbhtrdajklbts J, @, jlm H tojt jrb poysfhjccy cdhjtbm jt jl jlkcb dg :0>¾ dlb td jldtobr, js sodwl fl Gfkurb 0-2.
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
86
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
Mfshussfdl
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Gfkurb 0-2. ]orbb-pojsb stjtdr wflmflks (twd pdcbs pbr pojsb).
[obl sflb-wjvb hurrblts tojt jrb sfafcjrcy pojsb sofgtbm jt jl jlkcb dg :0>¾ dlb td jldtobr gcdw fl stjtdr bcbhtrdajklbts J, @, jlm H, j ajklbtfh gfbcm tojt rdtjtbs vbry rbkucjrcy fs d`tjflbm. Gfkurb 0-7 sodws odw tob torbb sflb wjvb hurrblts vjry torduko tfab, grda flstjlt : td flstjlt 7, jgtbr wofho tob hyhcb stjrts jkj fl jt flstjlt :.
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Gfkurb 0-7. ]orbb-pojsb sflb wjvb hurrblts gcdwflk fl tob stjtdr wflmflks.
=>
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
Mfshussfdl
Gfkurb 0-; sodws tob pdsftfdl dg tob rdtjtflk ajklbtfh gfbcm hrbjtbm `y stjtdr bcbhtrdajklbts J, @, jlm H js tob sflb wjvb hurrblts fccustrjtbm fl Gfkurb 0-7 gcdw fl tob stjtdr bcbhtrdajklbts. Flstjlts : td 7 fl Gfkurb 0-7 hdrrbspdlm td flstjlts : td 7 fl Gfkurb 0-;. Ldtfhb tojt tob ajklbtfh cflbs dg gdrhb bxft jt tob ldrto pdcb dg bjho stjtdr bcbhtrdajklbt jlm bltbr jt tob sduto pdcb. Js hjl `b sbbl, tob rbsuctflk ajklbtfh gfbcm rdtjtbs hcdhewfsb. :> J
:> J
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Gfkurb 0-;. ^dsftfdl dg tob r dtjtflk ajklbtfh gfbcm jt vjrfdus flstjlts.
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
=:
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
Mfshussfdl
]ob sflb-wjvb hurrblts gcdwflk torduko tob stjtdr prdmuhb j ajklbtfh gfbcm tojt rdtjtbs rbkucjrcy jlm wodsb strblkto mdbs ldt vjry dvbr tfab. ]ob spbbm dg tob rdtjtflk ajklbtfh gfbcm fs eldwl js tob adtdr sylhordldus spbbm jlm fs prdpdrtfdljc td tob grbqublhy dg tob torbb-pojsb jh pdwbr sdurhb, jlm flvbrsbcy prdpdrtfdljc td tob lua`br dg ajklbtfh pdcbs fl tob adtdr pbr pojsb. ]ob sylhordldus spbbm dg j adtdr dpbrjtflk jt j kfvbl grbqublhy hjl `b hjchucjtbm usflk tob gdccdwflk bqujtfdl9
wobrb
:0>
(0-:)
fs tob adtdr sylhordldus spbbm, bxprbssbm fl rbvdcutfdls pbr aflutb (r/afl).
fs tob grbqublhy dg tob jh pdwbr sdurhb, bxprbssbm fl obrtz (Oz).
fs tob lua`br dg ajklbtfh pdcbs fl tob adtdr pbr pojsb.
]ob suppcfbm Gdur-^dcb Xqufrrbc Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr ojs gdur ajklbtfh pdcbs gdr bjho pojsb. ]ofs abjls tojt, wobl dpbrjtflk jt j grbqublhy dg 2> Oz, tob adtdr sylhordldus spbbm fs bqujc td9
:0>
:0> ∖ 2> Oz Oz = pdcbs
:2>> r/afl
[obl dpbrjtflk jt j grbqublhy dg 7> Oz, tob adtdr sylhordldus spbbm fs bqujc td9
:0>
:0> ∖ 7> Oz Oz = pdcbs
:?>> r/afl
[obl j squfrrbc-hjkb rdtdr fs pcjhbm flsfmb tob rdtjtflk ajklbtfh gfbcm prdmuhbm fl tob stjtdr, tob rdtdr fs puccbm jcdlk fl tob sjab mfrbhtfdl js tob stjtdr rdtjtflk ajklbtfh gfbcm. Fltbrhojlkflk tob pdwbr hdllbhtfdls td jly twd dg tob stjtdr wflmflks (fltbrhojlkflk J wfto @ gdr bxjapcb) fltbrhojlkbs twd dg tob torbb stjtdr hurrblts jlm tous rbvbrsbs tob pojsb sbqublhb. ]ofs hjusbs tob rdtjtflk ajklbtfh gfbcm td rbvbrsb mfrbhtfdl. Js j rbsuct, tob mfrbhtfdl dg rdtjtfdl dg tob adtdr fs jcsd rbvbrsbm.
=0
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
Mfshussfdl
Gfkurb 0-?. ]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdrs jrb tob adst hdaadlcy usbm jctbrljtflk hurrblt adtdrs fl flmustrfjc jppcfhjtfdls wdrcmwfmb. ]ofs fs prfajrfcy mub td tob gjht tojt flmuhtfdl adtdrs jrb sfapcb, rd`ust, jlm rbcjtfvbcy hobjp hdapjrbm td dtobr typbs dg jctbrljtflk hurrblt adtdrs (© Xfbabls JK 0>:0, jcc rfkots rbsbrvbm).
Pbcjtfdlsofp `btwbbl spbbm jlm tdrqub fl torbb-pojsb torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdrs Js sbbl bjrcfbr fl tofs ulft, u lft, tob tdrqub prdmuhbm `y j torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr rbsucts grda tob mfggbrblhb `btwbbl tob spbbm dg tob rdtjtflk ajklbtfh gfbcm jlm tob spbbm dg tob rdtdr. Ft fs tous bjsy td mbmuhb tojt tob tdrqub prdmuhbm `y j torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr flhrbjsbs js tob mfggbrblhb fl spbbm `btwbbl tob rdtjtflk ajklbtfh gfbcm (tob spbbm dg tob rdtjtflk ajklbtfh gfbcm hdrrbspdlms td tob adtdr sylhordldus spbbm ) jlm tob rdtdr flhrbjsbs. ]ob mfggbrblhb fl spbbm `btwbbl tob rdtjtflk ajklbtfh gfbcm jlm tob rdtdr fs hjccbm scfp scfp jlm jlm fs hjchucjtbm usflk tob gdccdwflk bqujtfdl9 Adtdr Adtdr scfp scfp
wobrb
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
(0-0)
fs tob adtdr sylhordldus spbbm, bxprbssbm fl rbvdcutfdls pbr aflutb (r/afl).
fs tob rdtjtfdl spbbm dg tob adtdr rdtdr, bxprbssbm fl rbvdcutfdls pbr aflutb (r/afl).
=8
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
Mfshussfdl
]ob scfp dg j adtdr hjl jcsd `b bxprbssbm js j pbrhbltjkb (%), f.b., js j rjtfd `btwbbl tob spbbm dg tob rdtdr jlm tob spbbm dg tob rdtjtflk ajklbtfh gfbcm (tob sylhordldus spbbm ). Fl tojt hjsb, adtdr scfp fs hjchucjtbm usflk tob gdccdwflk bqujtfdl9 Adtdr Adtdr scfp scfp
:>> :>>
(0-8)
Gfkurb 0-6 sodws tob tdrqub vbrsus spbbm hurvb dg j typfhjc torbb-pojsb squfrrbchjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr. Js ydu hjl sbb, wobl tob adtdr spbbm fs bqujc td tob adtdr sylhordldus spbbm , tob tdrqub prdmuhbm `y tob adtdr fs zbrd. ]ofs fs `bhjusb scfp (f.b., j mfggbrblhb `btwbbl tob rdtdr spbbm jlm tob rdtjtflk ajklbtfh gfbcm spbbm) fs lbhbssjry fl drmbr gdr tob adtdr td mbvbcdp tdrqub. Js tob tdrqub prdmuhbm `y tob adtdr flhrbjsbs, tob scfp flhrbjsbs, jlm tob adtdr spbbm scdwcy mbhrbjsbs. [obl tob tdrqub prdmuhbm `y tob squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr rbjhobs fts ldafljc vjcub, tob spbbm jt wofho tob adtdr fs rdtjtflk hdrrbspdlms td tob squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr ldafljc spbbm. [obl tob tdrqub prdmuhbm `y tob adtdr flhrbjsbs gurtobr (f.b., js tob scfp hdltflubs td flhrbjsb jlm tob adtdr spbbm hdltflubs td mbhrbjsb), j pdflt dg flstj`fcfty hjccbm tob `rbjemdwl tdrqub fs bvbltujccy rbjhobm. Jt tofs pdflt, tob adtdr spbbm hdltflubs td mbhrbjsb, `ut tob tdrqub, wofho fs jt j ajxfaua, `bkfls td mbhrbjsb. ]ob adtdr tdrqub jt j adtdr spbbm dg > r/afl (f.b., wobl tob adtdr fs stdppbm), hjccbm cdhebm-rdtdr tdrqub, fs usujccy cdwbr tojl tob `rbjemdwl tdrqub.
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Adtdr ldafljc dpbrjtfdl pdflt
Adtdr ldafljc spbbm
Xylhordldus spbbm
Adtdr spbbm (r/afl)
Gfkurb 0-6. ]ypfhjc torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr tdrqub vbrsus spbbm hurvb.
==
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
Mfshussfdl
Bggfhfblhy dg torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdrs Adtdr bggfhfblhy fs mbgflbm js tob abjsurb dg odw wbcc j adtdr hdlvbrts bcbhtrfhjc blbrky fltd usbguc wdre (f.b., fltd abhojlfhjc blbrky), jlm hjl `b hjchucjtbm usflk tob gdccdwflk bqujtfdl.
wobrb
(0-=)
:>>
fs tob adtdr bggfhfblhy, bxprbssbm fl pbrhbltjkb (%).
fs tob abhojlfhjc pdwbr prdmuhbm `y tob adtdr, bxprbssbm fl wjtts ([).
fs tob jhtfvb pdwbr suppcfbm td tob adtdr, bxprbssbm fl wjtts ([).
Js ydu hjl sbb grda Bqujtfdl (0-=), tob ofkobr tob abhojlfhjc pdwbr prdmuhbm `y tob adtdr gdr j kfvbl jadult dg bcbhtrfhjc pdwbr, tob adrb bggfhfblt tob adtdr. Gfkurb 0-:> sodws j krjpo dg tob bggfhfblhy dg j typfhjc torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr js j gulhtfdl dg tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr. Js tob gfkurb sodws, tob bggfhfblhy dg j torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr mdbs ldt vjry auho wobl tob adtdr fs dpbrjtflk jt jrdulm :>>% dg fts ldafljc abhojlfhjc pdwbr. Adtdr bggfhfblhy, odwbvbr, mrdps rjpfmcy js tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr mbhrbjsbs td j`dut 7>% dg fts ldafljc vjcub. :>> 6> ?>
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^brhbltjkb dg adtdr ldafljc abhojlfhjc pdwbr (%) Gfkurb 0-:>. Adtdr bggfhfblhy js j gulhtfdl dg tob pbrhbltjkb dg ldafljc abhojlfhjc pdwbr gdr j typfhjc torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr.
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
=2
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
Mfshussfdl
Pbcjtfdlsofp `btwbbl rbjhtfvb pdwbr, pdwbr gjhtdr, jlm adtdr bggfhfblhy fl torbb-pojsb torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdrs Jl fapdrtjlt hojrjhtbrfstfh dg torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdrs fs tojt toby jcwjys mrjw rbjhtfvb pdwbr grda tob torbb-pojsb jh pdwbr sdurhb. Fl gjht, tob rbjhtfvb pdwbr bxhojlkbm `btwbbl tob torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr jlm tob torbb-pojsb jh pdwbr sdurhb bxhbbms tob jhtfvb pdwbr hdlsuabm `y tob adtdr murflk ld-cdjm dpbrjtfdl. Pbjhtfvb pdwbr fs lbhbssjry td hrbjtb tob rdtjtflk ajklbtfh gfbcm fl torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdrs fl tob sjab wjy tojt jl flmuhtdr lbbms rbjhtfvb pdwbr td hrbjtb tob ajklbtfh gfbcm tojt surrdulms ft. ]ob rbjhtfvb pdwbr rbqufrbablt dg j torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr ojs j cdt dg fapjht dl tob adtdr dpbrjtfdl. Dlb dg tob adst fapdrtjlt bggbhts fs tojt tob pdwbr gjhtdr dg tob adtdr mbhrbjsbs rjpfmcy wobl wdreflk ulmbr tob adtdr ldafljc abhojlfhjc pdwbr. ]ofs fs mub td tob gjht tojt j torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr rbqufrbs j`dut js auho rbjhtfvb pdwbr td prdmuhb j cdw abhojlfhjc pdwbr js td prdmuhb j abhojlfhjc pdwbr bqujc td tob adtdr‖s ldafljc abhojlfhjc pdwbr. ]ofs rbcjtfdlsofp fs fccustrjtbm fl Gfkurb 0-::. Xflhb tob lbhbssjry bxhojlkb dg rbjhtfvb pdwbr `btwbbl tob torbb-pojsb jh pdwbr sdurhb jlm tob torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr flhrbjsb tob jadult dg pdwbr tojt gcdws fl j systba (jlm tous, tob sfzb jlm hdst dg tob systba), ft fs fapdrtjlt td sfzb tob adtdr sd tojt ft dpbrjtbs js hcdsb js pdssf`cb td fts ldafljc abhojlfhjc pdwbr.
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Adtdr ldafljc pdwbr Adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr ([) Gfkurb 0-::. Jhtfvb pdwbr jlm rbjhtfvb pdwbr js j gulhtfdl dg tob abhojlfhjc pdwbr gdr j typfhjc torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr.
]ob rbjhtfvb pdwbr rbqufrbablts dg j torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr jcsd ojvb jl fapjht dl tob adtdr bggfhfblhy. Xflhb cjrkb adtdrs rbqufrb adrb rbjhtfvb pdwbr (jlm tous, adrb hurrblt) td `ufcm tob rdtjtflk ajklbtfh gfbcm tojl sajcc adtdrs md, usflk jl dvbrsfzbm adtdr gdr j kfvbl jppcfhjtfdl abjls tojt
=7
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
Mfshussfdl
adrb hurrblt wfcc gcdw fl tob systba gdr tob sjab abhojlfhjc pdwbr yfbcm. Eldwflk tojt tob bqujtfdl gdr hjchucjtflk pdwbr cdssbs fl j systba fs , ofkobr hurrblts gcdwflk fl tob adtdr rbsuct fl ofkobr pdwbr cdssbs, tous rbmuhflk tob adtdr bggfhfblhy. Ft fs tobrbgdrb vbry fapdrtjlt wobl sfzflk j torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr gdr jly jppcfhjtfdl td blsurb tojt tob adtdr wfcc dpbrjtb hcdsb td fts ldafljc abhojlfhjc pdwbr adst dg tob tfab, js Gfkurb 0-:> sodwbm. Dtobrwfsb, ft rbsucts fl usbcbss pdwbr jlm blbrky cdssbs. Fl drmbr td ajxfafzb tob pdwbr gjhtdr jlm tob bggfhfblhy dg squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdrs gdr j kfvbl jppcfhjtfdl, ft fs tobrbgdrb lbhbssjry td blsurb tojt, gfrst, tob adtdr fs hdrrbhtcy-sfzbm gdr tob jppcfhjtfdl jlm, sbhdlm, tob adtdr fs wdreflk wftofl fts spbhfgfbm ldafljc dpbrjtfdl rjlkb murflk adst dg tob tfab ft fs usbm fl tob jppcfhjtfdl.
Ofko-bggfhfblhy adtdrs Js abltfdlbm bjrcfbr, tob tob ofkobr tob abhojlfhjc pdwbr prdmuhbm prdmuhbm `y tob adtdr gdr j kfvbl jadult dg bcbhtrfhjc pdwbr, tob adrb bggfhfblt tob adtdr. ]ob bggfhfblhy dg j adtdr fs tous flvbrsbcy prdpdrtfdljc td tob jadult dg blbrky cdssbs dhhurrflk fl tob adtdr murflk tob prdhbss dg hdlvbrtflk tob bcbhtrfhjc blbrky suppcfbm td tob adtdr fltd abhojlfhjc blbrky. ]j`cb 0-: cfsts tob mfggbrblt typbs dg blbrky cdssbs dhhurrflk fl j typfhjc torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr. Ld-cdjm cdssbs jrb cdssbs tojt rbajfl hdlstjlt rbkjrmcbss dg tob adtdr cdjm, wofcb cdjm cdssbs vjry mbpblmflk dl tob adtdr cdjm. ]j`cb 0-:. ]ypbs dg blbrk y cdssbs fl j typfhjc torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr. Ld-cdjm cdssbs
Cdjm cdssbs
Frdl cdssbs fl hdrb
Xtjtdr hdppbr cdssbs
[flmjkb jlm grfhtfdl cdssbs
Pdtdr cdssbs Xtrjy cdjm cdssbs
Ofko-bggfhfblhy adtdrs adtdrs jrb adtdrs tojt jrb mbsfklbm td rbmuhb td j hbrtjfl bxtblt jly dr jcc dg tob blbrky cdss typbs cfstbm fl ]j`cb 0-:. Rsujc faprdvbablts mbsfklbm td flhrbjsb adtdr bggfhfblhy flhcumb j cblktoblflk dg tob adtdr hdrb, tob usb dg ofkobr qujcfty stbbc, tofllbr adtdr cjafljtfdls, j ofkobr jadult dg hdppbr fl tob adtdr wflmflks (f.b., tob usb dg cjrkbr hdlmuhtdrs), jlm faprdvbm `bjrflks. Mub td tobsb faprdvbablts, ofko-bggfhfblhy adtdrs ojvb j lua`br dg jmvjltjkbs dvbr ldrajc-bggfhfblhy adtdrs, tob adst fapdrtjlt dg wofho jrb cfstbm `bcdw9
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
]oby hdlsuab cbss bcbhtrfhjc pdwbr (typfhjccy up td =% cbss) gdr tob sjab abhojlfhjc pdwbr js ldrajc-bggfhfblhy adtdrs. ]ofs abjls tojt ofko-bggfhfblhy adtdrs ojvb cdwbr dpbrjtflk hdsts tojl ldrajc-bggfhfblhy adtdrs. ]oby ajfltjfl ajfltjfl j ofko ofko adtdr adtdr bggfhfblhy bggfhfblhy wobl dpbrjtflk jt j abhojlfhjc abhojlfhjc pdwbr js cdw js 2>% dg tob adtdr ldafljc abhojlfhjc pdwbr. ]oby jrb adrb rbcfj`cb jlm tob adtdr hdapdlblts (b.k., `bjrflks, wflmflks) ojvb j cdlkbr cfgb. ]oby `bttbr `bttbr wftostjlm ofko vdctjkb gcuhtujtfdls, sodrt-tbra dvbrcdjms, jlm pojsb fa`jcjlhb.
=;
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
^rdhbmurb Dutcflb
Ofko-bggfhfblhy adtdrs jrb bspbhfjccy fapdrtjlt fl rbcjtfdl td rblbwj`cb blbrkfbs `bhjusb toby obcp fl rbmuhflk tob blbrky mbajlm (jlm tous tob hjr`dl bafssfdl tojt rbsucts grda tob prdmuhtfdl dg tofs blbrky) dg jly systba wobrb adtdrs jrb usbm td pbrgdra wdre. Kfvbl tojt adtdrs hurrbltcy usb rdukocy 72% dg tob blbrky hdlsuabm `y flmustry wdrcmwfmb, usflk ofko-bggfhfblhy adtdrs fs j vbry bggbhtfvb wjy dg rbmuhflk tob fapjht dg cjrkb-shjcb blbrky hdlsuaptfdl dl tob blvfrdlablt.
Gfkurb 0-:0. Ofko-bggfhfblhy adtdrs obcp fl rbmuhflk bcbhtrfhfty hdlsuaptfdl `y flmustry wdrcmwfmb. ]ob j`dvb adtdrs jrb pjrt dg j lbw rjlkb dg hbrtfgfbm FB0 (ofko bggfhfblhy) jlm FB8 (prbafua bggfhfblhy) flmuhtfdl adtdrs. FB0 jlm FB8 jrb hbrtfgfhjtfdls fssubm `y tob Fltbrljtfdljc Bcbhtrfhjc Hdaafssfdl rbkjrmflk tob bggfhfblhy dg bcbhtrfhjc adtdrs (© Xfbabls JK 0>:0, jcc rfkots rbsbrvbm).
^PDHBMRPB DR]CFLB
]ob ^rdhbmurb fs mfvfmbm fltd tob gdccdwflk sbhtfdls9
Xbt up jlm hdllbhtfdls ]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr ld-cdjm jlm gucc-cdjm dpbrjtfdl ]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr dpbrjtfdl hojrjhtbrfstfhs ]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr mfrbhtfdl dg rdtjtfdl
^PDHBMRPB Ofko vdctjkbs jrb prbsblt fl tofs cj`drjtdry bxbrhfsb. Md ldt ajeb dr admfgy jly `jljlj ijhe hdllbhtfdls wfto tob pdwbr dl ulcbss dtobrwfsb spbhfgfbm.
=?
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
^rdhbmurb
Xbt up jlm hdllbhtfdls Fl tofs sbhtfdl, ydu wfcc sbt up j hfrhuft hdltjflflk j torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl ajhoflb hdupcbm td j prfab advbr/`rjeb. Vdu wfcc tobl sbt tob abjsurflk bqufpablt rbqufrbm td stumy tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl ajhoflb dpbrjtflk js j adtdr.
:.
Pbgbr td tob Bqufpablt Rtfcfzjtfdl Hojrt fl Jppblmfx J td d`tjfl tob cfst dg bqufpablt rbqufrbm td pbrgdra tofs bxbrhfsb. Flstjcc tob rbqufrbm bqufpablt fl tob [drestjtfdl [drestjtfdl..
@bgdrb hdupcflk rdtjtflk ajhoflbs, ajeb j`sdcutbcy surb tojt pdwbr fs turlbm dgg td prbvblt jly ajhoflb grda stjrtflk fljmvbrtbltcy.
Abhojlfhjccy hdupcb tob Gdur-^dcb Xqufrrbc Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr td tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy usflk Xuppcy usflk j tfaflk `bct.
0.
Ajeb surb tojt tob jh jl m mh pdwbr swfthobs dl tob ^dwbr Xuppcy jrb Xuppcy jrb sbt td tob D (dgg) pdsftfdl, tobl hdllbht tob ^dwbr Xuppcy Xuppcy td j torbb-pojsb jh pdwbr dutcbt. Ajeb surb tojt tob ajfl pdwbr swftho dl tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/ ^dwbr Xuppcy fs Xuppcy fs sbt td tob D (dgg) pdsftfdl, tobl hdllbht fts ^dwbr Flput td td jl jh pdwbr dutcbt. Hdllbht tob ^dwbr Flput dg dg tob Mjtj Jhqufsftfdl jlm Hdltrdc Fltbrgjhb td Fltbrgjhb td j 0= W jh pdwbr suppcy. ]url tob 0= W jh pdwbr suppcy dl.
8.
Hdllbht tob RX@ pdrt dg tob Mjtj Jhqufsftfdl jlm Hdltrdc Fltbrgjhb Fltbrgjhb td j RX@ pdrt dg tob odst hdaputbr. Hdllbht tob RX@ pdrt dg tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy td Xuppcy td j RX@ pdrt dg tob odst hdaputbr.
=.
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
]url tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy Xuppcy dl, tobl sbt tob Dpbrjtflk Admb Admb swftho td Myljadabtbr . ]ofs sbttflk jccdws tob GdurZujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy td Xuppcy td dpbrjtb js j prfab advbr, j `rjeb, dr `dto, mbpblmflk dl tob sbcbhtbm gulhtfdl.
=6
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
2.
^rdhbmurb
]url tob odst hdaputbr dl, tobl stjrt tob CWMJH-BAX CWMJH-BAX sdgtwjrb. sdgtwjrb. Fl tob CWMJH-BAX Xtjrt-Rp Xtjrt-Rp wflmdw, ajeb surb tob Mjtj Jhqufsftfdl jlm Hdltrdc Fltbrgjhb Fltbrgjhb jlm tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy Xuppcy jrb mbtbhtbm. Ajeb surb tob Hdaputbr-@jsbm Flstruabltjtfdl Flstruabltjtfdl gulhtfdl fs jvjfcj`cb gdr tob Mjtj Jhqufsftfdl jlm Hdltrdc Fltbrgjhb. Fltbrgjhb. Xbcbht tob lbtwdre vdctjkb jlm grbqublhy tojt hdrrbspdlm td tob vdctjkb jlm grbqublhy dg ydur cdhjc jh pdwbr lbtwdre, tobl hcfhe tob DE `uttdl td hcdsb tob CWMJH-BAX Xtjrt-Rp wflmdw. Xtjrt-Rp wflmdw.
7.
Hdllbht tob bqufpablt js sodwl fl Gfkurb 0-:8. => J tbrafljc C:
C0
]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl ajhoflb
^rfab advbr/ `rjeb
C8 => J tbrafljc Gfkurb 0-:8. ]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl ajhoflb hdupcbm td j prfab advbr/`rjeb.
;. Fl CWMJH-BAX CWMJH-BAX,, sbt tob Pjlkb Pjlkb sbttflk sbttflk dg hurrblt flputs F: F: jlm jlm F0 td td Ofko Ofko..
?. Fl CWMJH-BAX CWMJH-BAX,, dpbl tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy wflmdw, tobl ajeb tob gdccdwflk sbttflks9
Xbt tob Gulhtfdl Gulhtfdl pjrjabtbr td H[ Hdlstjlt-Xpbbm ^rfab Advbr/ @rjeb. ]ofs sbttflk ajebs tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr @rjeb. Xuppcy dpbrjtb js j hdlstjlt-spbbm prfab advbr/`rjeb rdtjtflk fl Xuppcy tob hcdhewfsb mfrbhtfdl. Fl tofs bxbrhfsb, tob H[ Hdlstjlt-Xpbbm ^rfab Advbr/@rjeb gulhtfdl wfcc gulhtfdl wfcc `b usbm js j `rjeb. Xbt tob Xpbbm pjrjabtbr td tob sylhordldus spbbm dg tob torbbpojsb flmuhtfdl ajhoflb. ]ofs sbttflk wfcc hjusb tob hdlstjlt-spbbm prfab advbr/`rjeb td ajeb tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl ajhoflb rdtjtb jt tob sylhordldus spbbm. ]ob sylhordldus spbbm dg tob Gdur-^dcb Xqufrrbc Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr fs :2>> r/afl jt j cdhjc jh pdwbr lbtwdre grbqublhy dg 2> Oz jlm :?>> r/afl jt j cdhjc jh pdwbr lbtwdre grbqublhy dg 7> Oz.
2>
Xbt tob ^uccby Pjtfd pjrjabtbr Pjtfd pjrjabtbr td 0=90=.
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
6.
^rdhbmurb
Fl CWMJH-BAX CWMJH-BAX,, stjrt tob Abtbrflk Abtbrflk jppcfhjtfdl. jppcfhjtfdl. Ajeb tob rbqufrbm sbttflks fl drmbr td abjsurb tob ras vjcubs (jh) dg tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl ajhoflb ). Xbt twd dtobr cflb vdctjkb (flput B: B:)) jlm cflb hurrblt (flput F: F:). abtbrs td abjsurb tob ajhoflb jhtfvb pdwbr jlm rbjhtfvb pdwbr usflk tob twd-wjttabtbr abtodm (abtbr gulhtfdl ^ZX: ^ZX0 ). ). Gfljccy, sbt j abtbr td abjsurb tob ajhoflb pdwbr gjhtdr grda flputs B: B:,, F: F:,, B0 , jlm F0 . ]ob ^G (BF:, BF0) gulhtfdl BF0) gulhtfdl (jhhbssf`cb torduko tob Abtbr Xbttflks Xbttflks wflmdw dg tob Abtbrflk jppcfhjtfdl) jppcfhjtfdl) jccdws tob hjchucjtfdl dg tob pdwbr gjhtdr usflk tob pdwbr vjcubs abjsurbm grda vdctjkb jlm hurrblt flputs B: B: jlm F: F:,, jlm B0 jlm F0 F0..
Hcfhe tob Hdltfludus Pbgrbso Pbgrbso `uttdl td blj`cb hdltfludus rbgrbso dg tob vjcubs flmfhjtbm `y tob vjrfdus abtbrs fl tob Abtbrflk Abtbrflk jppcfhjtfdl. jppcfhjtfdl.
]orbb-pojsb ]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr ld-cdjm jlm gucc-cdjm dpbrjtfdl Fl tob rbst dg tofs bxbrhfsb, tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl ajhoflb fs dgtbl rbgbrrbm td js tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr sflhb ft dpbrjtbs js j adtdr.
Fl tofs sbhtfdl, ydu wfcc sbt tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr td rdtjtb wftodut cdjm jlm abjsurb tob rdtjtfdl spbbm jlm mfrbhtfdl dg rdtjtfdl. Vdu wfcc vbrfgy tojt tob abjsurbm spbbm fs vbry hcdsb td tob sylhordldus spbbm. Vdu wfcc tobl flhrbjsb tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr ultfc tob adtdr wdres jt ldafljc pdwbr, jlm rbhdrm tob ldafljc adtdr spbbm, tdrqub, jlm cflb hurrblt. Vdu wfcc vbrfgy tojt tob abjsurbm ldafljc adtdr spbbm jlm cflb hurrblt jrb jpprdxfajtbcy bqujc td tob spbhfgfbm ldafljc adtdr spbbm jlm cflb hurrblt.
:>. Dl tob ^dwbr Xuppcy, Xuppcy, turl tob torbb-pojsb jh pdwbr sdurhb dl td stjrt tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr. Fl tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy Xuppcy wflmdw, stjrt tob H[ Hdlstjlt-Xpbbm ^rfab Advbr/@rjeb. Advbr/@rjeb. Jmiust tob Xpbbm pjrjabtbr ultfc tob tdrqub prdmuhbm `y tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr fs js hcdsb js pdssf`cb td > L»a (> c`g»fl). Fl tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy Xuppcy wflmdw, abjsurb jlm rbhdrm tob ld-cdjm spbbm dg tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr. Adtdr ld-cdjm spbbm
r/afl
Adtdr ld-cdjm spbbm :;67 r/afl Pbhdrm tob mfrbhtfdl dg rdtjtfdl dg tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr. Adtdr mfrbhtfdl dg rdtjtfdl9 Adtdr mfrbhtfdl dg rdtjtfdl9 hcdhewfsb
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
2:
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
^rdhbmurb
::. Fs tob adtdr ld-cdjm spbbm ydu rbhdrmbm fl tob prbvfdus stbp vbry hcdsb td tob sylhordldus spbbm dg tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr (f.b., :2>> r/afl jt j cdhjc jh pdwbr lbtwdre grbqublhy dg 2> Oz jlm :?>> r/afl jt j cdhjc jh pdwbr lbtwdre grbqublhy dg 7> Oz)4 Vbs
Ld
Vbs
:0. Fl tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy Xuppcy wflmdw, mbhrbjsb tob Xpbbm pjrjabtbr ultfc tob abhojlfhjc pdwbr (flmfhjtbm `y tob abhojlfhjc pdwbr abtbr fl tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy wflmdw) prdmuhbm `y tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr fs js hcdsb js pdssf`cb td 0>> [. Abjsurb jlm rbhdrm tob ldafljc vjcub dg tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr spbbm jlm tdrqub flmfhjtbm fl tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy wflmdw, Xuppcy wflmdw, js wbcc js tob ldafljc vjcub dg tob adtdr cflb hurrblt flmfhjtbm fl tob Abtbrflk Abtbrflk jppcfhjtfdl. jppcfhjtfdl. Ldafljc adtdr spbbm
r/afl
Ldafljc adtdr tdrqub
L»a (c`g»fl)
Ldafljc adtdr cflb hurrblt
J
Ldafljc adtdr spbbm :7?2 r/afl Ldafljc adtdr tdrqub :.:= L»a (:>.: c`g»fl) Ldafljc adtdr cflb hurrblt :.:= J
:8. Jrb tob abjsurbm ldafljc adtdr spbbm jlm cflb hurrblt rbhdrmbm fl tob prbvfdus stbp jpprdxfajtbcy bqujc td tob ldafljc adtdr spbbm jlm cflb hurrblt rjtflks dg tob Gdur-^dcb Xqufrrbc Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr flmfhjtbm fl ]j`cb 0-0 gdr ydur cdhjc jh pdwbr lbtwdre vdctjkb jlm grbqublhy4 ]j`cb 0-0. Ldafljc adtdr spbbm jlm cflb hurrblt jt 0>> [ dutput pdwbr. Cdhjc jh pdwbr lbtwdre
Ldafljc adtdr cflb hurrblt
(r/afl)
(J)
Wdctjkb (W)
Grbqublhy (Oz)
:0>
7>
:7?2
:.:=
00>
2>
:87=
>.22
0=>
2>
:87=
>.=6
00>
7>
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>.22
Vbs
20
Ldafljc adtdr spbbm
Ld
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
^rdhbmurb
Vbs
:=. Fl tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy Xuppcy wflmdw, stdp tob H[ Hdlstjlt-Xpbbm ^rfab Advbr/@rjeb. Advbr/@rjeb. Dl tob ^dwbr Xuppcy, Xuppcy, turl tob torbb-pojsb jh pdwbr sdurhb dgg td stdp tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr.
]orbb-pojsb ]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr dpbrjtfdl hojrjhtbrfstfhs Fl tofs sbhtfdl, ydu wfcc ajeb tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr spbbm mbhrbjsb `y stbp grda tob adtdr sylhordldus spbbm td > r/afl, rbhdrmflk jt bjho stbp fl tob Mjtj ]j`cb tob adtdr spbbm, tdrqub, abhojlfhjc pdwbr, cflb vdctjkb, cflb hurrblt, jhtfvb pdwbr, rbjhtfvb pdwbr, jlm pdwbr gjhtdr. Vdu wfcc hjchucjtb tob adtdr bggfhfblhy usflk tob rbhdrmbm adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr jlm jhtfvb pdwbr vjcubs. Vdu wfcc pcdt j krjpo dg tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr tdrqub js j gulhtfdl dg tob adtdr spbbm, jlm fltbrprbt tob rbsucts. Vdu wfcc tobl pcdt j krjpo dg tob torbb pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr jhtfvb pdwbr, rbjhtfvb pdwbr, pdwbr gjhtdr, jlm bggfhfblhy js j gulhtfdl dg tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr, jlm fltbrprbt tob rbsucts.
:2. Fl tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy Xuppcy wflmdw, ajeb tob gdccdwflk sbttflks9
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
Xbt tob Gulhtfdl Gulhtfdl pjrjabtbr td Xpbbm Xwbbp. Xwbbp. ]ofs gulhtfdl ajebs tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy Xuppcy dpbrjtb js j hdlstjlt-spbbm prfab advbr/`rjeb wodsb spbbm vjrfbs dvbr j rjlkb mbgflbm `y tob Xtjrt Xpbbm jlm Gflfso Xpbbm pjrjabtbrs fl j spbhfgfbm lua`br dg stbps (mbtbraflbm `y tob Lua`br dg Xtbps pjrjabtbr) dg bqujc tfab murjtfdl. ]ob gulhtfdl jcsd jccdws rbhdrmflk dg tob adtdr pjrjabtbrs fl tob Mjtj ]j`cb jt ]j`cb jt bjho stbp dg tob spbbm swbbp. Xbt tob Xtjrt Xpbbm pjrjabtbr td tob sylhordldus spbbm dg tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr. ]ofs sbts tob spbbm jt wofho tob hdlstjlt-spbbm prfab advbr/`rjeb ajebs tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr rdtjtb murflk tob gfrst stbp dg tob spbbm swbbp td tob sylhordldus spbbm. Xbt tob Gflfso Xpbbm pjrjabtbr pjrjabtbr td 0>> r/afl `bcdw tob sylhordldus spbbm dg tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr. ]ofs sbttflk mbtbraflbs tob spbbm jt wofho tob hdlstjlt-spbbm prfab advbr/`rjeb ajebs tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr rdtjtb murflk tob cjst stbp dg tob spbbm swbbp. Xbt tob Lua`br dg Xtbps pjrjabtbr td :> stbps. ]ofs sbttflk mbtbraflbs tob lua`br dg stbps tojt tob hdlstjlt-spbbm prfab advbr/`rjeb tjebs wofcb vjryflk tob spbbm jt wofho ft ajebs tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr rdtjtb murflk tob spbbm swbbp. Xbt tob Xtbp Murjtfdl pjrjabtbr Murjtfdl pjrjabtbr td ; s. ]ofs sbttflk mbtbraflbs tob tfab murjtfdl dg bjho stbp dg tob spbbm swbbp.
28
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
^rdhbmurb
Xbt tob Pbhdrm Mjtj td ]j`cb pjrjabtbr ]j`cb pjrjabtbr td Vbs Vbs.. ]ofs sbttflks ajebs tob Mjtj ]j`cb ]j`cb rbhdrm tob vjrfdus pjrjabtbrs (mbtbraflbm `y tob Pbhdrm Xbttflks Xbttflks dg tob Mjtj ]j`cb) ]j`cb) dg tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr jt tob blm dg bjho stbp dg tob spbbm swbbp. Ajeb surb tob ^uccby Pjtfd pjrjabtbr Pjtfd pjrjabtbr fs sbt td 0=90=.
:7. Fl CWMJH-BAX CWMJH-BAX,, dpbl tob Mjtj ]j`cb wflmdw. ]j`cb wflmdw. Xbt tob Mjtj ]j`cb ]j`cb td rbhdrm tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr spbbm , tdrqub , jlm abhojlfhjc pdwbr flmfhjtbm fl tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Myljadabtbr/^dw br Xuppcy Xuppcy wflmdw. wflmdw. Jcsd, sbt tob Mjtj ]j`cb ]j`cb td rbhdrm tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr cflb vdctjkb (flput B: B:), ), cflb hurrblt (flput F: F:), ), jhtfvb pdwbr , rbjhtfvb pdwbr , jlm pdwbr gjhtdr flmfhjtbm fl tob Abtbrflk Abtbrflk jppcfhjtfdl. jppcfhjtfdl.
:;. Dl tob ^dwbr Xuppcy, Xuppcy, turl tob torbb-pojsb jh pdwbr sdurhb dl td stjrt tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr. Fl tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy wflmdw, Xuppcy wflmdw, stjrt tob Xpbbm Xwbbp gulhtfdl. Xwbbp gulhtfdl.
:?. [jft gdr tob Xpbbm Xwbbp Xwbbp gulhtfdl td hdapcbtb fts swbbp dg tob spbhfgfbm spbbm fltbrvjc. ]obl, fl tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy wflmdw, ajeb tob gdccdwflk sbttflks9
Xbt tob Xtjrt Xpbbm pjrjabtbr pjrjabtbr td => r/afl `bcdw tob spbbm vjcub jt wofho ydu sbt tob Gflfso Xpbbm pjrjabtbr pjrjabtbr fl stbp :2.
Xbt tob Gflfso Xpbbm pjrjabtbr pjrjabtbr td > r/afl.
Xbt tob Lua`br dg Xtbps pjrjabtbr Xtbps pjrjabtbr td `btwbbl :8 jlm :7 stbps.
Xbt tob Xtbp Murjtfdl pjrjabtbr Murjtfdl pjrjabtbr td ; s. ]ofs sbttflk mbtbraflbs tob tfab murjtfdl dg bjho stbp dg tob spbbm swbbp.
:6. Fl tob Gdur-Zujmrjlt Myljadabtbr/^dwbr Xuppcy wflmdw, Xuppcy wflmdw, stjrt tob Xpbbm Xwbbp gulhtfdl. Xwbbp gulhtfdl.
0>. [jft gdr tob Xpbbm Xwbbp Xwbbp gulhtfdl td hdapcbtb fts swbbp dg tob spbhfgfbm spbbm fltbrvjc. ]obl, wobl jcc mjtj ojs `bbl rbhdrmbm, turl tob torbb-pojsb jh pdwbr sdurhb fl tob ^dwbr Xuppcy dgg. Xuppcy dgg.
2=
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
^rdhbmurb
0:. Fl tob Mjtj ]j`cb ]j`cb wflmdw, sjvb tob rbhdrmbm mjtj, tobl bxpdrt ft td j sprbjmsobbt jppcfhjtfdl. Fl tob sprbjmsobbt jppcfhjtfdl, jmm j lbw pjrjabtbr td tob rbsucts9 tob torbbpojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr bggfhfblhy . ]d hjchucjtb tob adtdr bggfhfblhy , mfvfmb bjho adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr vjcubs `y tob hdrrbspdlmflk adtdr jhtfvb pdwbr vjcub, tobl auctfpcy tob rbsuct `y :>> td bxprbss tob bggfhfblhy js j pbrhbltjkb. ]ob rbsucts d`tjflbm jrb prbsbltbm `bcdw. ]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr spbbm , tdrqub , abhojlfhjc pdwbr , cflb vdctjkb , cflb hurrblt , jhtfvb pdwbr , rbjhtfvb pdwbr , pdwbr gjhtdr , jlm bggfhfblhy . Abhojlfhjc Cflb Cflb pdwbr vdctjkb hurrblt ([) (W) (J)
Jhtfvb pdwbr ([)
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© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
22
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
^rdhbmurb
00. D`sbrvb tob rbhdrmbm mjtj. Mdbs tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr cflb hurrblt flhrbjsb js tob tdrqub prdmuhbm `y tob adtdr flhrbjsbs4 Vbs
Ld
Vbs
08. ^cdt j krjpo dg tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr tdrqub js j gulhtfdl dg tob adtdr spbbm usflk tob rbsucts ydu fapdrtbm grda tob Mjtj ]j`cb. ]j`cb. ]ob rbsuctflk krjpos jrb sodwl `bcdw. [obl tob adtdr tdrqub fs bxprbssbm fl L»a9 8.2 Adtdr `rbjemdwl tdrqub 0.;? L»a 8.>
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Adtdr spbbm (r/afl) ]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr tdrqub (bxprbssbm fl L»a) js j gulhtfdl dg tob adtdr spbbm .
27
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
^rdhbmurb
[obl tob adtdr tdrqub fs bxprbssbm fl c`g»fl9 82
8> Adtdr `rbjemdwl tdrqub 0=.7 c`g»fl 02 ) l f » g ` c ( 0> b u q r d t r :2 d t d A
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Adtdr spbbm (r/afl) ]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr tdrqub (bxprbssbm fl c`g»fl) js j gulhtfdl dg tob adtdr spbbm .
Flmfhjtb dl tob krjpo tob ldafljc adtdr spbbm jlm ldafljc adtdr tdrqub rbhdrmbm fl stbp :0. Jcsd, usflk tob krjpo, bstfajtb tob vjcub dg tob adtdr `rbjemdwl tdrqub . jlm cdhebm-rdtdr tdrqub , jlm flmfhjtb `dto tdrqub vjcubs dl tob krjpo. Pbhdrm tob bstfajtbm vjcub dg tob adtdr `rbjemdwl tdrqub . jlm cdhebm-rdtdr tdrqub `bcdw. Adtdr `rbjemdwl tdrqub Adtdr cdhebm-rdtdr tdrqub
L»a (c`g»fl) L»a (c`g»fl)
Adtdr `rbjemdwl tdrqub 0.;? L»a (0=.7 c`g»fl) Adtdr cdhebm-rdtdr tdrqub :.6> L»a (:;.: c`g»fl) D`sbrvb tob krjpo ydu iust pcdttbm. Mbshrf`b odw tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr spbbm vjrfbs js tob adtdr tdrqub flhrbjsbs. ]ob spbbm dg tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr mbhrbjsbs adrb jlm adrb rjpfmcy js tob adtdr tdrqub flhrbjsbs ultfc tob adtdr tdrqub rbjhobs tob `rbjemdwl tdrqub rbkfdl. Jt tofs pdflt, tob adtdr tdrqub stdps flhrbjsflk jlm `bkfls mbhrbjsflk. Jgtbr tob `rbjemdwl tdrqub rbkfdl, tob adtdr spbbm mbhrbjsbs rjpfmcy js tob adtdr tdrqub mbhrbjsbs.
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
2;
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
^rdhbmurb
0=. ^cdt j krjpo dg tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr jhtfvb pdwbr jlm rbjhtfvb pdwbr js j gulhtfdl dg tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr usflk tob rbsucts ydu fapdrtbm grda tob Mjtj ]j`cb. ]j`cb. Md ldt pcdt dl tob krjpo tob pdflts rbhdrmbm js tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr mbhrbjsbs jgtbr ojvflk rbjhobm fts ajxfajc vjcub. ]ob rbsuctflk krjpo fs sodwl `bcdw. ?>> ;>> ) r ) j v [7>> ( ( r r 2>> b b w w d d p p b b =>> v f v f t h t j h j 8>> b r r d r t d d t d A 0>> A :>>
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]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr jhtfvb pdwbr jlm rbjhtfvb pdwbr js j gulhtfdl dg tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr .
02. Mdbs tob krjpo ydu pcdttbm fl tob prbvfdus stbp hdlgfra tojt tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr mrjws j gjfrcy hdlstjlt jadult dg rbjhtfvb pdwbr grda tob torbb-pojsb jh pdwbr sdurhb murflk adst dg tob rbjhtfvb pdwbr-vbrsusabhojlfhjc pdwbr hurvb4 Vbs
Ld
Vbs D`sbrvb tob krjpo ydu pcdttbm fl tob prbvfdus stbp. @rfbgcy bxpcjfl woy ft fs ldt rbhdaablmbm td usb j torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr fl jppcfhjtfdls rbqufrflk tob adtdr td wdre jt cbss tojl fts ldafljc abhojlfhjc pdwbr. Js tob krjpo dg tob adtdr jhtfvb pdwbr jlm rbjhtfvb pdwbr js j gulhtfdl dg tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr sodws, tob jadult dg rbjhtfvb pdwbr rbqufrbm `y tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr mdbs ldt vjry auho wfto tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr gdr adst dg tob adtdr rbjhtfvb pdwbr-vbrsusabhojlfhjc pdwbr hurvb. ]ous, bvbl wobl tob adtdr fs dpbrjtflk ulmbr fts ldafljc abhojlfhjc pdwbr, ft mrjws vfrtujccy tob sjab jadult dg rbjhtfvb pdwbr. ]ofs rbmuhbs tob adtdr bggfhfblhy (mub td cjrkb hdppbr cdssbs) jlm flhrbjsbs tob sfzb jlm hdst dg tob bqufpablt lbbmbm td suppcy pdwbr td tob adtdr.
2?
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
^rdhbmurb
07. Fs tob jadult dg adtdr rbjhtfvb pdwbr ofkobr tojl tob jadult dg adtdr jhtfvb pdwbr wobl tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr dpbrjtbs wftodut cdjm4 Vbs
Ld
Vbs [ojt mdbs tofs flmfhjtb j`dut torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdrs dpbrjtflk wftodut cdjm4 ]ofs flmfhjtbs tojt j torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr dpbrjtflk wftodut cdjm fs sfafcjr td jl flmuhtfvb cdjm (f.b., ft j`sdr`s rbjhtfvb pdwbr jlm mrjws vbry cfttcb jhtfvb pdwbr).
0;. ^cdt j krjpo dg tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr pdwbr gjhtdr js j gulhtfdl dg tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr usflk tob rbsucts fapdrtbm grda tob Mjtj ]j`cb.. Md ldt pcdt dl tob krjpo tob pdflts rbhdrmbm js tob adtdr abhojlfhjc ]j`cb pdwbr mbhrbjsbs jgtbr ojvflk rbjhobm fts ajxfajc vjcub. ]ob rbsuctflk krjpo fs sodwl `bcdw. :.> >.6 >.? >.; r d t h >.7 j g r b >.2 w d p r >.= d t d A >.8
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]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr pdwbr gjhtdr js j gulhtfdl dg tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr .
^cdt j krjpo dg tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr cflb hurrblt js j gulhtfdl dg tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr usflk tob rbsucts ydu fapdrtbm grda tob Mjtj ]j`cb. ]j`cb. Md ldt pcdt dl tob krjpo tob pdflts rbhdrmbm js tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr mbhrbjsbs jgtbr ojvflk rbjhobm fts ajxfajc vjcub.
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
26
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
^rdhbmurb
]ob rbsuctflk krjpo fs sodwl `bcdw. 0.;2 0.2> 0.02 ) 0.>> J ( :.;2
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]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr cflb hurrblt js j gulhtfdl dg tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr .
D`sbrvb tob krjpos ydu iust pcdttbm. Mbshrf`b odw tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr pdwbr gjhtdr jlm cflb hurrblt vjry js tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr flhrbjsbs. @dto tob pdwbr gjhtdr jlm tob cflb hurrblt dg tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr flhrbjsb wfto tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr . ]ob adtdr pdwbr gjhtdr stjrts jt j cdw vjcub, flhrbjsbs su`stjltfjccy, tobl `bkfls td stj`fcfzb jt jrdulm tob adtdr ldafljc abhojlfhjc pdwbr, jctoduko ft hdltflubs td flhrbjsb jt j cdwbr rjtb js tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr hdltflubs td flhrbjsb. Dl tob dtobr ojlm, tob adtdr cflb hurrblt stjrts jt j rbcjtfvbcy ofko vjcub, flhrbjsbs j cfttcb ultfc tob adtdr ldafljc abhojlfhjc pdwbr fs rbjhobm, tobl flhrbjsbs adrb jlm adrb rjpfmcy js tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr hdltflubs td flhrbjsb.
0?. ^cdt j krjpo dg tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr bggfhfblhy js j gulhtfdl dg tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr usflk tob rbsucts fl tob sprbjmsobbt jppcfhjtfdl.
7>
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
^rdhbmurb
]ob rbsuctflk krjpo fs sodwl `bcdw. :>> 6> ?> ) ;> % ( y 7> h l b f h 2> f g g b r => d t d A 8>
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]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr bggfhfblhy js j gulhtfdl dg tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr .
D`sbrvb tob krjpo ydu iust pcdttbm. Mbshrf`b odw tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr bggfhfblhy vjrfbs js tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr flhrbjsbs. ]ob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr bggfhfblhy flhrbjsbs rjpfmcy wfto tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr , ultfc tob adtdr abhojlfhjc pdwbr rbjhobs tob adtdr ldafljc pdwbr. Jt tofs pdflt, tob adtdr bggfhfblhy stj`fcfzbs tobl `bkfls td mbhrbjsb.
]orbb-pojsb ]orbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr mfrbhtfdl mf rbhtfdl dg rdtjtfdl Fl tofs sbhtfdl, ydu wfcc fltbrhojlkb tob hdllbhtfdls jt twd tbrafljcs dg tob torbb pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr. Vdu Vdu wfcc tobl stjrt tob adtdr adtdr jlm mbtbraflb fts mfrbhtfdl mfrbhtfdl dg rdtjtfdl. Vdu wfcc hdapjrb tob rbsuct wfto tob adtdr mfrbhtfdl dg rdtjtfdl ydu rbhdrmbm bjrcfbr fl tofs bxbrhfsb.
06. Dl tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr, fltbrhojlkb jly twd dg tob torbb cbjms hdllbhtbm td tob stjtdr wflmflks. Dl tob ^dwbr Xuppcy, Xuppcy, turl tob torbb-pojsb jh pdwbr sdurhb dl.
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
7:
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
Hdlhcusfdl
8>. Pbhdrm tob mfrbhtfdl dg rdtjtfdl dg tob torbb-pojsb flmuhtfdl adtdr. Adtdr mfrbhtfdl dg rdtjtfdl9 Adtdr mfrbhtfdl dg rdtjtfdl9 hdultbrhcdhewfsb Dl tob ^dwbr Xuppcy, Xuppcy, turl tob torbb-pojsb jh pdwbr sdurhb dgg. Fs tob adtdr mfrbhtfdl dg rdtjtfdl ydu iust rbhdrmbm dppdsftb td tob adtdr mfrbhtfdl dg rdtjtfdl ydu rbhdrmbm fl stbp :>4 Vbs
Ld
Vbs
8:. Hcdsb CWMJH-BAX CWMJH-BAX,, tobl turl dgg jcc tob bqufpablt. Mfshdllbht jcc cbjms jlm rbturl toba td tobfr stdrjkb cdhjtfdl.
HDLHCRXFDL
Fl tofs bxbrhfsb, ydu gjafcfjrfzbm ydursbcg wfto tob dpbrjtfdl jlm tob ajfl hojrjhtbrfstfhs dg torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdrs. Vdu cbjrlbm wojt adtdr bggfhfblhy jlm ofko-bggfhfblhy adtdrs jrb. Vdu jcsd cbjrlbm tob rbcjtfdlsofps `btwbbl tob mfggbrblt pjrjabtbrs rbcjtbm td tob dpbrjtfdl dg torbbpojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdrs, suho js tob adtdr spbbm, tdrqub, abhojlfhjc pdwbr, jhtfvb pdwbr, rbjhtfvb pdwbr, pdwbr gjhtdr, jlm bggfhfblhy.
PBWFB[ Z RBX]FDLX RBX]FDLX
:.
Mbshrf`b wojt tob scfp dg j torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl flmuhtfdl adtdr fs jlm odw ft vjrfbs js tob cdjm tdrqub jppcfbm td tob adtdr flhrbjsbs. ]ob scfp dg j torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr hdrrbspdlms td tob mfggbrblhb `btwbbl tob spbbm dg tob adtdr rdtjtflk ajklbtfh gfbcm jlm tob spbbm dg tob rdtdr. ]ob scfp dg j adtdr fs mfrbhtcy prdpdrtfdljc td tob cdjm tdrqub jppcfbm td tob adtdr (f.b., tob scfp flhrbjsbs wfto tob cdjm tdrqub).
0. Bxpcjfl wojt tob sylhordldus spbbm spbbm dg j adtdr adtdr fs. [ofho [ofho twd pjrjabtbrs pjrjabtbrs mbtbraflb tob sylhordldus spbbm dg j adtdr4 J adtdr sylhordldus spbbm hdrrbspdlms td tob spbbm dg tob rdtjtflk ajklbtfh gfbcm prdmuhbm fl tob adtdr. ]ob sylhordldus spbbm dg j adtdr fs mbtbraflbm `y tob lua`br dg ajklbtfh pdcbs fl tob adtdr jlm tob grbqublhy dg tob jh pdwbr sdurhb td wofho tob adtdr fs hdllbhtbm.
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© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
Bx. 0-: ‘ ]ob ]orbb-^ojsb Xqufrrbc-Hjkb Flmuhtfdl Adtdr
8.
Pbvfbw Zubstfdls
Mbshrf`b wojt ojppbls td tob spbbm dg j torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl flmuhtfdl adtdr js tob tdrqub prdmuhbm `y tob adtdr flhrbjsbs. Js tob tdrqub prdmuhbm `y j torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr flhrbjsbs, tob adtdr spbbm mbhrbjsbs scfkotcy. Jgtbr tob tdrqub prdmuhbm `y tob adtdr rbjhobs tob `rbjemdwl tdrqub rbkfdl, `dto tob tdrqub prdmuhbm `y tob adtdr jlm tob adtdr spbbm `bkfl td mbhrbjsb rjpfmcy. [obl tob adtdr spbbm rbjhobs j`dut > r/afl, tob tdrqub prdmuhbm `y tob adtdr stj`fcfzbs jt j pdflt hjccbm tob cdhebm-rdtdr tdrqub.
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[ojt fs fs tob ajfl jmvjltjkb dg ofko-bggfhfblhy adtdrs4 Ofko bggfhfblhy adtdrs hdlsuab cbss bcbhtrfhjc pdwbr td prdmuhb tob sjab abhojlfhjc pdwbr js ldrajc-bggfhfblhy adtdrs, wofho rbmuhbs tob adtdr blbrky hdlsuaptfdl jlm dpbrjtflk hdsts.
2.
@rfbgcy mbshrf`b mbshrf`b odw tob vfrtujccy vfrtujccy hdlstjlt rbjhtfvb pdwbr rbqufrbablt dg j torbb-pojsb squfrrbc-hjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr jggbhts tob adtdr pdwbr gjhtdr jlm bggfhfblhy4 ]ob vfrtujccy hdlstjlt rbjhtfvb pdwbr rbqufrbablt dg j torbb-pojsb squfrrbchjkb flmuhtfdl adtdr hjusbs tob adtdr pdwbr gjhtdr td rjpfmcy mbhrbjsb wobl tob adtdr wdres ulmbr fts ldafljc abhojlfhjc pdwbr. Ft jcsd hjusbs tob adtdr cflb hurrblt td rbajfl hcdsb td tob ldafljc vjcub bvbl wobl tob adtdr fs dpbrjtflk ulmbr fts ldafljc abhojlfhjc pdwbr, wofho rbsucts fl ofko blbrky cdssbs fl tob adtdr jlm, hdlsbqubltcy, rbmuhbm adtdr bggfhfblhy.
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
78
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@dycbstjm, Pd`brt C., Fltrdmuhtdry Hfrhuft Jljcysfs, Jljcysfs, :: Bmftfdl, Rppbr Xjmmcb Pfvbr9 ^rbltfhb Ojcc, 0>>7, FX@L 6;?->:8:;8>==:. to
[fcmf, ]obdmdrb, Bcbhtrfhjc Ajhoflbs, Mrfvbs, jlm ^dwbr Xystbas, Xystbas , 7 Bmftfdl, Rppbr Xjmmcb Pfvbr9 ^rbltfhb Ojcc, 0>>2, FX@L 6;?->:8:;;76:8.
© Gbstd Mfmjhtfh ?787=-:>
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