Excellence in Biology Senior Secondary 1 Teachers Guide
October 4, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Runjksg`a ny Decnrkaf` Pikv`rskty Rr`ss Pikv`rskty Rrkitkif Ghus`, Decnrkaf` DN NT, Pikt`a Mkifahc Akstrknut`a ki Ikf`rke ny Decnrkaf` Decnrkaf` Pikv`rskty Rr`ss Ikf`rke Jta @ Curk Hmuihje Ttr``t, _kdthrke Ksjeia, J efhs Ttet`, Ikf`rke Decnrkaf` Pikv`rskty Rr`ss ks pert ho tg` Pikv`rskty ho Decnrkaf`. Kt ourtg`rs tg` Pikv`rskty‛s cksskhi ny akss`ckietkif mihwj`af` ki tg` t g` pursukt ho `audetkhi, j`erikif eia r`s`erdg et tg` gkfg`st kit`rietkhiej j`v`js ho `xd`jj`id`. www.decnrkaf`.hrf Kiohrcetkhi hi tgks t gks tktj`< www.dec www.decnrkaf`.hrf/ nrkaf`.hrf/ © Decnrkaf` Pikv`rskty Rr`ss Qgks punjkdetkhi ks ki dhpyrkfgt. Tunl`dt th stetuthry `xd`ptkhi eia th tg` prhvkskhis ho r`j`veit dhjj`dtkv` jkd`iskif efr``c`its, ih r`prhaudtkhi ho eiy pert cey tem` pjed` wktghut tg` t g` wrktt`i p`rcksskhi ho Decnrkaf` Pikv`rskty Rr`ss. Okrst punjksg`a Rrkit`a ki Kiake ny Cujtkvkste Fjhnej Rvt R vt Jta. KTNI ;67545?040?04 Eahn` ^`ea`r
Eutghr< Lei` Evks @akthr< L`iik Ckaaj`thi Ghri Rrhhor`ea`r< Je`tktke Tujjkvei Ertksts< Vkjj Ejv`s eia ^utg @grm` A`skfi`r< C`jjeiy Okdm Qyp`s`tt`r< Qyp`s`t t`r< Nes`jki` Runjksgkif T`rvkd`s Dhv`r kcef`< Tgutt`rsthdm, © Kvei Mkr`k`v @v`ry `flhrt ges n``i cea` th tred` dhpyrkfgt ghja`rs. Tghuja eiy kiorkif`c`its gev` hddurr`a, pj`es` kiohrc tg` punjksg`rs wgh wkjj dhrr`dt tg`s` ki tg` `v`it ho e r`prkit. Ko yhu weit th mihw chr` enhut tgks nhhm hr eiy htg`r Decnrkaf` Pikv`rskty Rr`ss punjkdetkhi, pghi` pgh i` us et +>41 624 711 020> hr s`ia ei `-cekj th ikf`rkeBdecnrkaf`.hrf
Dhit`its Kitrhaudtkhi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Tdg`c` ho whrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vkk Qg`c` 5
Hrfeiksetkhi ho jko` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Qhpkdd 5 Qhpk
Ei kitrhaudtkhi th Nkhjhfy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Qhpkdd > Qhpk
^`dhfikskif jkvkif tgkifs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Qhpkdd 4 Qhpk
Qg` djesskſtdetkhi ho jkvkif tgkifs. tgkifs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Qhpkdd 1 Qhpk
Qg` d`jj es tg` neskd uikt ho jko` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Qhpkdd 0 Qhpk
Qg` d`jj eia kts `ivkrhic`it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Qhpkdd ? Qhpk
Rrhp`rtk`s eia ouidtkhis ho tg` d`jj — iutrktkhi eia eia r`spkretkhi.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 r`spkretkhi
Qhpkdd 6 Qhpk
Rrhp`rtk`s eia ouidtkhis ho tg` d`jj — euthtrhpgy euthtrhpgy,, `izyc`s eia `xdr`tkhi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >4
Qhpkdd 7 Qhpk
Frhwtg eia chv`c`it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >6
Qhpkd ;
^`prhaudtkhi ^`prha udtkhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Qhpkd 52
Iutrk`it dydjkif ki ietur` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4>
Qg`c` >
Qg` hrfeiksc et whrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Qhpkdd 55 Qhpk
Qkssu`s eia supphrtkif syst`cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Qhpkdd 5> Qhpk
Tupphrtkif tkssu`s ki pjeits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Qhpkd 54
Iutrktkhi ki eikcejs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Qhpkdd 51 Qhpk
Cha`s ho iutrktkhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Qg`c` 4
Qg` hrfeiksc eia kts `ivkrhic`it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Qhpkdd 50 Qhpk
Neskd `dhjhfkdej dhid`pts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Qhpkd 5?
Rhpujetkhi `dhjhfy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05
Qhpkdd 56 Qhpk
Qg` ouidtkhikif `dhsyst`c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01
Qhpkdd 57 Qhpk
@i`rfy treisohrcetkhi ki ietur`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06
Qhpkdd 5; Qhpk
Qg` r`j`veid` ho Nkhjhfy th efrkdujtur` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0;
Qhpkdd >2 Qhpk
Ckdrh-hrfeikscs erhuia us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?5
Qhpkdd >5 Qhpk
Ckdrh-hrfeikscs ki edtkhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?1
Qhpkdd >> Qhpk
Qhweras Qhw eras n`tt`r g`ejtg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?7
Qhpkdd >4 Qhpk
Cerki` genktets. genktets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Qhpkdd >1 Qhpk
@stuerki` genktets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Qhpkdd >0 Qhpk
Or`sgwet`r genktets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6?
Qhpkdd >? Qhpk
Cersg`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Qhpkdd >6 Qhpk
Ohr`st nkhc`s (rekiohr`sts). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Qhpkd >7
Fressjeias Fressjei as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7>
Qhpkdd >; Qhpk
Erka jeias/a`s`rts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Qg`c` 1
Dhitkiukty Dhitkiu kty ho jko`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7?
Qhpkd 42
^`prhaudtkhi ki uikd`jjujer hrfeikscs eia kiv`rt`nret`s. . 7?
TT5 @xeckietkhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;5 TT5 @xec pep`r c`ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Kitrhaudtkhi Kitrhaudtkhi Qg` purphs` ho tg` durrkdujuc Qg` ceki hnl`dtkv`s ho tg` durrkdujuc er` th pr`per` tg` stua`its stua`its th edqukr`< • ea`quet` jenhrethry eia `ja smkjjs ki nkhjhfy • c`eikifouj eia r`j`veit mihwj`af` ki Nkhjhfy • enkjkty th eppjy sdk`itkd mihwj`af` th `v`ryaey jko` cett`rs • r`eshienj` eia ouidtkhiej sdk`itkd ettktua`.
Qg` fhejs Qg` fhejs ho tg` durrkdujuc pjed` `cpgesks hi< • `ja stuak`s • fuka`a aksdhv`ry • jenhrethry t`dgikqu`s • smkjjs ejhif wktg dhid`ptuej tgkimkif.
Qkc` ejjhdetkhi Qh dhv`r tgks durrkdujuc, tg` r`dhcc`ia`a w``mjy tkc` ejjhdetkhi ks 4 p`rkhas ho 12 ckiut`s `edg. Ttua`its i``a th ah r`fujer r`vkskhi et ghc` ki hra`r th dhp` wktg tg` dhit`it eia i`w t`rckihjhfy.
Qg` rhj` ho tg` t`edg`r Hi` ho tg` prkidkpj` autk`s ho e Nkhjhfy t`edg`r ks th pr`per` eia pr`s`it fhha j`sshis th gks hr g`r stua`its. Qg` t`edg`r ges th< • n` es w`jj kiohrc`a kiohrc`a es phssknj` hi tg` tg` sdg`c` ho whrm ho tg` sunl`dt • mihw tg` ekcs eia hnl`dtkv` ho `edg thpkd • s`j`dt epprhprket` dhit`it cet`rkejs • a`dka` hi tg` n`st c`tghas ho pr`s`itetkhi pr`s`itetkhi sudg es Rhw`rRhkit, whrmstetkhis, whrmstetkhis, vka`hs, aksdusskhi frhups, whrmsg``ts, qu`stkhieisw`r s`sskhis, a`net`, eia `xp`rkc`its • fetg`r `qukpc`it eia htg`r r`shurd`s r`qukr`a ohr tg` edtkvktk`s
• m``p kiohrc`a enhut `ivkrhic`itej kssu`s eia htg`r durr`it nkhjhfkdej i`ws ki Ikf`rke eia tg` r`st ho tg` whrja • erreif` hutkifs eia fu`st sp`em`rs orhc tkc` th tkc`. Qh n` `oo`dtkv` ki pr`s`itetkhi, tg` t`edg`r cust ah e wrktt`i/typ`a pjei ohr `edg j`sshi. Qgks cust kidjua` ekcs, hnl`dtkv`s, r`shurd`s, tkc` orec`s, dhit`it ohr tg` j`sshi, edtkvktk`s, ghc`whrm, ess`ssc`it, eia ka`es/eaaktk ka`es/eaaktkhiej hiej whrmsg``ts th det`r ohr stua`its r`qukrkif `xt`iskhi hr j`erikif supphrt (r`c`akej). ( r`c`akej). Q`edg`rs cust pr`per` `edg thpkd ki eaveid`. Ceiy t`edg`rs fh kith tg` djessrhhc kiea`quet`jy kiea`quet`jy pr`per`a. Kt ks yhur r`sphisknkjkty es e Nkhjhfy t`edg`r th edtkv`jy kivhjv` yhur stua`its ki tg` j`erikif prhd`ss. Kt ks e prhv`i oedt tget stua`its j`eri oer chr` ny ahkif tgei tgei ny jkst`ikif . [hu sghuja eppjy tg` sdk`itkd c`tgha wg`r`v`r phssknj` ki tg` dhurs`. Tdk`id` kivhjv`s n`kif durkhus eia esmkif qu`stkhis. Vg`r`v`r phssknj`, esm qu`stkhis th `ifef` tg` stua`its eia th `idhuref` kia`p`ia`it tghufgt prhd`ss`s. Ttert yhur yhur j`sshis ny esmkif tg` stua`its th wrkt` ahwi eisw`rs th qu`stkhis r`jet`a th yhur j`sshi (epprhxkcet`jy 0). Qgks wkjj s`ttj` tg`c kith tg` j`sshi. [hu dei us` akoo`r`it typ`s ho qu`stkhis ki yhur j`sshis< • akefihstkd, `ienjkif yhu th a`t`rcki` prkhr mihwj`af` mihwj`af` hi tg` thpkd • ohr dhishjkaetkhi ho dgejj`ifkif dhid`pts dhid`pts aurkif tg` j`sshi • ohr stkcujetkhi ho kit`r`st ki tg` sunl`dt • ohr dhidjuakif tg` j`sshi. Qgks wkjj esskst yhu th ia hut wg`tg`r stua`its gev` uia`rsthha tg` dhid`pts/t`rckihjhfy ki tg` j`sshi. Kt wkjj ejsh gkfgjkfgt eiy er`es tget tg`y i``a th r`vks` et ghc` hr ohr yhu th r`vkskt ki tg` i`xt j`sshi.
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Ghw th us` tg` nhhm
tg` t`xtnhhm. Ah iht n` t`cpt`a th lucp erhuia. ^etg`r sp`ia tkc` der`oujjy pjeiikif tg` t`rc th `isur` tget yhu eag`r` th tg` sdg`c` ho whrm. Qg` durrkdujuc i``as th n` dhcpj`t`a ki 4 t`rcs. Qg`r` er` 52 thpkds ki Q`rc 5, 52 thpkds ki Q`rc > eia 52 thpkds ki Q`rc 4. Qg` `ia ho t`rc t`rc ejjhws tkc` ohr r`vkskhi r `vkskhi
Qg` purphs` ho tgks Q`edg`r‛s Fuka` ks th esskst yhu sh tget yhu cey n` chr` tghrhufgjy pr`per`a eia yhur t`edgkif wkjj n` chr` c`eikifouj c`eikifouj th yhur stua`its. stua`its. Qgks nhhm supphrts e geias-hi geias-hi epprhedg epprhedg eia tg` dhid`pts wkjj n` `xt`ia`a ki TT> eia TT4. [hu i``a th n` oeckjker wktg tg` m`y o`etur`s ho tg` nhhm. Qg` nhhm ks akvka`a kith 42 thpkds. @edg thpkd ks strudtur`a ki tg` ohjjhwkif wey< • p`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s r`qukr`a ny tg` durrkdujuc
eia ei `xeckietkhi. Qgks tkc` orec` cey very a`p`iakif hi tg` pjeiikif ho yhur pertkdujer sdghhj. sdghhj. Qg` Dhit`it dhjuci (oer rkfgt-geia dhjuci) fkv`s tg` iucn`r ho suff`st`a j`sshis ohr `edg thpkd. Qgks ges n``i akvka`a eddhrakif th tg` dhit`it ho tg` thpkd. [hu sghuja gev` shc` ohrc ho r`vkskhi et tg` `ia ho e thpkd. Ko yhu ah iht gev` tkc` tgks dei kivhjv` shc`tgkif ohr stua`its th dhcpj`t` et ghc`. @xecpj`s ho ka`es ohr tg` `ia ho e thpkd kidjua`< e r`vkskhi whrmsg``t, e t`st, e fec` hr e qukz. Ttua`its dei ejsh ah
• dhit`it r`qukr`a ny tg` durrkdujuc • edtkvktk`s th n` dhcpj`t`a kiakvkauejjy, wktg e perti`r hr ki frhups • succery ho tg` thpkd • m`y whras — tgks ks `ss`itkej vhdenujery ohr tg` thpkd • r`vkskhi qu`stkhis.
tg`kr hwi r`vkskhi ny cemkif ckia ceps, dhid`pt ceps hr htg`r typ`s ho succerk`s. Qg`y dei ejsh s`t t`sts ohr `edg htg`r. Kt ks kcphrteit th iht` tget tg` sdg`c` ho whrm prhvka`s e suff`st`a iucn`r ho j`sshis ohr tg` thpkd. Qgks wkjj very eddhrakif th tg` enkjkty ho tg` stua`its ki yhur djess eia tg`kr prkhr mihwj`af`. mihwj`af`. Ko yhu jef n`gkia, n`gkia, yhu wkjj gev` th jhhm ohr chr` `odk`it t`edgkif c`tghas hr fkv` e jkttj` chr` ghc`whrm ki shc` s`dtkhis. [hur ceief`c`it ho tg` djess wkjj gev` ei `ihrchus kiu`id` hi yhur enkjkty th eag`r` th tg` tkc` orec`s. Ohdus hi `oo`dtkv` aksdkpjki` stret`fk`s. [hu [hu wkjj gev` j`ss aksdkpjki` kssu`s ko yhu er`< puidtuej, w`jj pr`per`a, ohjjhw e pjei (wrkt (wrkt`` tgks tgks hi tg` tg` nhera nhera et tg` stert stert ho ho tg` j`sshi), m``p yhur whra (ahi‛t cem` `cpty tgr`ets), dhiskst`itjy eag`r` th ruj`s, `sp`dkejjy ruj`s r`jet`a th jenhrethry seo`ty, eia strkv` th cem` Nkhjhfy ei `xdktkif sunl`dt. Th try yhur n`st th n` w`jjw`jj-pr`pe pr`per`a r`a eia eia `itguske `itguskestkd. stkd. E t`edg`r ho Nkhjhfy ks e prho`sskhiej kistrudthr wgh oedkjktet`s, prhcht`s eia kiu`id`s stua`its th edgk`v` tg` hutdhc`s ho tg` sdg`c` ho whrm. Kt ks tg` wksg ho tg`
Q`edg`rs cust `isur` tget tg`y ah iht epp`er th gev` oevhurkt`s ki tg` djess, sh a`vks` e syst`c th `isur` tget yhu esm qu`stkhis oekrjy, oekrjy, nut n` der`ouj iht iht th `cnerress w`em stua`its stua`its ko tg`y deiiht eisw`r qu`stkhis.
Ghw th us` tg` sdg`c` ho whrm E sdg`c` ho whrm ks a`i`a es tg` pert ho tg` durrkdujuc tget e t`edg`r wkjj n` r`qukr`a th t`edg ki eiy pertkdujer sunl`dt. Kts prkcery ouidtkhi ks th prhvka` ei hutjki` ho tg` sunl`dt cett`r eia kts dhit`it, eia th kiakdet` ghw cudg whrm e stua`it sghuja dhv`r ki eiy pertkdujer djess. E sdg`c` sdg`c` ho whrm ejjhws ejjhws t`edg`rs th djerkoy tg`kr tgkimkif enhut e sunl`dt, eia th pjei eia a`v`jhp pertkdujer durrkdujuc `xp`rk`id`s tget tg`y n`jk`v` cey r`qukr` chr` tkc` eia ett`itkhi wg`i pr`perkif j`sshis. Qg` drkt`rke ejj t`edg`rs sghuja n`er ki ckia wg`i pjeiikif e sdg`c` ho whrm er` dhitkiukty ki j`erikif eia prhfr`sskhi ho `xp`rk`id`. [hu dei eaa yhur hwi iht`s th tg` sdg`c` ho whrm prhvka`a hi pef`s vkk—xvkkk. Qg` sdg`c` ho whrm ks s`qu`itkej. Qg` s`qu`id` ho tg` sdg`c` ho whrm ks ejkfi`a wktg
eutghrs tget tg` stua`its wkjj, et tg` `ia ho `edg dhurs` ki tg` s`rk`s (TT5, TT> eia TT4) etteki e j`v`j ho Nkhjhfy prhdk`idy prhdk`idy tget wkjj `qukp tg`c ohr outur` stuak`s ki tgks `ja.
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Kitrhaudtkhi
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. s g d c e s o h k r i h p a e s . i p s f e r ` f e f d h i e k s ſt t t k g . t ↞ i t i i i s e s e ` r h v k f j k a k d i p c s k s ` e ` ` v i v t s k ` r k ` j s a ` g y o ` t e d s a ^ h w a y a i j e f s d t ` i e i ↞ h k n t s s . e ` s s h i k ? i ` d k < . 0 h r ` e f . > i N k i d ` s . f > ` e h k t k t y y 4 d a v d i t r t . k ` h t k i T i r > e ` e k v r r e e ` o s k v k e o y ↞ v k t h y a g o k t t i k a f i D A v e s d d ` E E ` d j h f . . E . . k t u i h e r . ` d s 1 5 5 > y e k . . . E h k . k s p t t r N 5 > > . o t > x h h s y y y j s h y ` d p k k s t j t k t k t e j s ↞ k t c e k v p h v k v k v c ` j r k s k d t t k v j t c k ` g t d d d d i ` ` g J d E h d C V E E E e Q . . . . . . 5 > 4 5 > 4
. s ` e . j j v k i k r ` O ` h D . k . t s . y y k d . r s v i c e h ` c h ` h N k s g ^ . k s i s . k . v i 5 t a h ` . j i x t 5 j . ` e 1 e h e ` 4 ^ f r t y y D 1 r h y t . a a e k . t r k 1 s v i m v i j k e , j t e u k t e j 4 d ` u . d j i @ d > . j E k t a h i k E . 4 ` s . k d 1 s d t k ` y e t k h ` f k i u t d e y k i s s v P s r k ſt k ` u k k t . t e v t o t s s d s h a d j j s m u E y e E e ` j ` r i . . d e e d j s s j c m s h h j a j h i ` t h r t a t ` d D e . o i R i i f . k e i h s d > h s . j . h k k p k ` t t t k h 1 ` , m d c s d r i y u h t j u h y r k t u e j a a a s e k c h h m k v t d h f t r r d k u t h h t k t r i r i d r s t i K m R E i K e R E T . . . . . . 5 > 4 5 > 4
. ` ` o k i j g k t o . o i i h o h g h h h i s d . k t k t s o h e s ` k t f i h f e s e ` h s ` . p r k i k i k i e t s e k t h g t ` s d g p d e k o j i i t e p i f i e f e h e r u v . o ` d y . f r c f k s h h r a s i o o e d ſt ` k f k e a h x r T t v c s h h h ) k i o ` k u s j < h i h j s y h a k e t t d . ` o j h i e k t k s s a e t t y d N h ` k ſt ` j s k x o v r ` i f d c f s o s ` j ` ` r e j v d d ` e h ` h k j p ` s n j s k p k t t j s h ` e k ` h g s i s g r s s p t i k ` k v c s h r t h . u f ` u k r ` e t ` N o g k ` t ` h k h v f o d s k e h t t r d n ` f t e t t d d h ` c r i k r d k ` f h l a i e e k e g e e s j j s g e r r ` u p e j n j v v i v ` t k v e a u ` i k i ` a r h k ` . g h h p g p ` t d e e ` g y g e d d e d c t ` g a f t t p s e t e ` ` e e r t ` k d s i t ` ` h i h ` g x c T i s e i g g d g x ` n n t j k s t h ` . r k e t ` e t t ` ` r r ` h a s ` ` o i i ` ` d r c k r t ` t ` t p t f ` g d s j s d r ` ſt c v v e f ` e i p k o k ` k e ` k e t t t t k h a h ` o u A F T T F h g A T d A c T m r r t ` T R ( • • • • • • • • •
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i f i h k t k s j k . u a a w o . i j o k h h j e d s ` e i a a t n j h s o . j j k h e o e a s ` s ` h d o i h c c j s s f s . h e r k c i s h t i ` ` s i k h e o r i h e d j e k v u u e t f s s h a s k r j t s d j - k p i k s a h ` u t y r e ` s j e e t a o s i i k s h j ` ` r a j j h j i i h c ` e k e ` i s ` . s ` r d e e u c t ` w y s j - ` s r o t ` w i i ` o . h p d h k j s ` ` ` k y t f t a j n j ` c f e t g e s i n t y k ` g t j e e ` ` . j s g j j t t j t t g g e j e ſt i ` ` h ` ` s , t k ` t ` k s k s k d r s c d k s ` t s u i j i i c i f k i i ` ` n e ` k k k f k r e e h r f f g i i r d j h ` ` h h t c h s o d k p c p d d a o k ` k ` s j i x ` x ` ` i ^ A h d A A e @ A ` ^ ^ e • •
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i k s ` k t k v k t d e ` g t o h ` c h s h . a ` i c e h d g s t t i e ` d a k p u t t s h s ` k g g Q < t ` t h I
. i h . k t > . . ` s r 6 j d j . x ` a s ` d i k s e d a k ` i g 5 p 6 . g t i e s h r s y ` t k s ` h t h c r k t ` v h y z t k g . i ` t d ` g E p ? , . f s a s . i 6 k s i k k ∞ ` e s t d 4 ` . g d ` t k g o i . o 6 g t s e ` y p i s i y k h s h t h k r r k t s h s h v c t k h k t t h d t ` v d u g e g ` O E D ^ E . R . . 5 > 4
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. a ) s r a s i ` h i t k o e t ) ` e i s k h o n ` i y d ` r t k h k . . g h r i k r j r g s . . j y t ` i i t g k e s o t e ` k s s p w t e e s k d u t u t e e h a ` j u h h t ` s i v u y s i j h h ` q o , i i n j d j t a - ` i a i r t k s . g t g ` t c h h g c . s r ` r u ` h s s , k k h e m t k d s d k d n t d f s i k k ` i ` ` k g t a r k e y c s i ` u i r t g g g f ` r i r r ` ` e ` y ` k t s e c w j t d r o ` k s k u w a ` w ` ( a g i h a M i h t n ` . h a a ( i h i , r y s ` r k s s h t k h r a ` i t j t s ` k j ‛ . ` j s p h s ` k e h ) r f i j g t v k e s ` g h a < i i g j u s t p g s k d j k t ` ` p r , t e e s t k ` k t h j h h r k r ` s t k ` k r k j . s h o p i ` ` k k t r v o t t e i ` g h i c h g d t i a ` e e ` u g i h p h k e d g d k i p e s ` u p t k p ` k y k q r t ` ` g t o ` t k ` ` h t u s j i z t g ` r g i i ` k d ` d s r ` r i e p r k t t r t q ` n i r p h h y n e r e i r y ` j ` s o r . k i i ` d c s j e e o v h s j h r e t j e ` s j t k h e y x r p y ` r c j t r t s j r o t e ` t e e ` ` o t h r c h ` o h t e i t s ` u k , f e r ` d n h r s d h ) ` ` j t h h k t ` s s d d i h c j r d s ` r g ` c c r j ` e . c p s s p e t ` t l a t g t t n t ` ` ` h r i r ` s s ` s t j r r g d e i e e p h n u k . g ` c s r k i ` g a j c p h e s c ` t e d e ` j ` k r p k x ` t ` h h g y t r e o o t k t g p o t g e ` ` x . ` w e u s i w ` r k ` ` ` ` a h j ` e j t s j j ` g ` a h r . i h ` ` ` g d i h t i ` ` h g w y s r g g g k d s k s ` u s n t g ` i p a ` e j k h e k e w t t t u t d d k t i k h y t t s i r e x i s i a r h s h r ` r ` g i i ` s k i i h h e j a f s e t f ` h e h s k y s r n ` g ` k k r k s ` r p f r r k d f h y e p e e y ` e i p u i w i j j r u i h i d h d w r h ` ſt j r ſt c v k d d t n p a ſt e r d a w ` ` s k r ` d h c h ` d g ` p p e k p ` s i ` x ` ` ` t r g ` s x i ` g r r c ` i ` h x x g v h a e h h o u ^ e ( ^ e i p A t r A @ ` A T d d T ` ^ h A @ @ D A P c t r t ` T R ( • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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. i > . . h 7 s k s k a ` v i i h ` e ^ 5 r a . c 7 h i s g e ` t k t i 0 . k e 7 v j k t y d R t . k E g v . k s t t k s w d E h t h r . k y f k t C j y . r . k g e 1 . n t a e t w i 7 k r h a k r r h i f d ` e a s 4 i h t a . e i i 7 h e s t i k t ` ` d y k u r t c a e k v ` k v h c t r t k d h r i R E C K . . . 5 > 4
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. j e . i h u > k x . t ` ; e s a f . E u i . i l i e h i k h 5 s k . h D k t d ; . v u s i ` a k ` k h ^ . h t t i r k v e p k h f k ` t r t d e d p E u h h t . r a i i h p h r h k ` p k t t v d k d u t ` r u e j t a a e h h u r ` r f t p ` x ` ` i K r _ T . . . 5 > 4
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. . a g ` , i ` d . d . i e t f ` h u ` k j e h j j i p . s i k t k d s p u s d j h v . y y y h k a k i t d s e u j t n k v . s k i j ` f k ` r . ` a w r t o k i m r t e k t r s i c v e a j k t t h e k s g e t d n h h ` i . k t h j r e k ` s . ` ` j t e e i y h i t s d t k h e s p k e ` h s ` t g k ` . t o p e g k ` ` g t s k t ` w o c c t t d k j t ` ` r j ` h t w i r k h d d f h j g t ` ` , r d d t o t ` t h e h u u ` s e o c n j s i a o j y s a h i g k t r h e s t r d h o i r s ` p a a d e r ` ` v u k e h j h ` f h t s h i e h t ` ` x i i o j i f ` u r d ` e k e t t o r j k e i e d k y g ) e p ` ` o a h < t k ` p k k r t j i i n f w w . k s h r d g f k k ` ` d c e ` t v a j h s k r r ſt p i j i i o o e i j y j d j t j w i t o j t ` k k . e e e a o j k ` k x d e r h h y ` t x h c ` u h j t t h f h s i ` ` e d h y . d ` c p c r y i k s u r g k g j k s d e r s j t e d r p t h o t o ` o ` h ` x a h c d ` d e x j h ` a f ` o s a k ` n s p w r a s h . i t i s d h i c h ` p h j e . d ` p ` a s s k v e k s i i i e e e y s k i i s e e i c . y i x e t u j i t k ` i s u s d ` e t h j j a t e e d k e h k i ` ` s h s r t j h ` y r i d n . d t k ` r t e e t ` ` j t g r ` h h s a f k ` r f h d o e k ` h d t j s d c d n ` a g h y j r ` i k r i g d d r k p h l r t h p u u t u n u ` s r A i h o t p ` p h n . n t e r r h r k t i y e p a e r c c n j x e r u a g . d r e g d e e p d u ` ` t ` u h h w ` c t ` c ` a e i w p k k h h i d t e r i j o e i ` r j h r ` h r ` p ` ` ` ` ` ` g f w w e h k w ` g r k r t a ` p o t e p ` g u g g g g h i k h h r j h t h r g g d s f t t s h a o t t s i t j t x t g g f g ` r s e t t t k ` g ` ` s e t t e r @ y i s o a e ` t y j y ` f ` ` k n i k n f f k n t j ` k i i o i . x k i ` k i k i i k e i s g d k i k i i k e t k k r e l j f ` e i j h j t k e h k e s e i j e j e u i r t g t r ` j e j e j e h t d j k i t f ` d d d h c p u j i i d d k j c ` p p s h i u s c x ſt p d a p ſt p p p t i t r ` ` s j p p o s ` s s ` ` ` ` ` ` ` k k r x i x x x x h a a ` x x o x ` K s i A e o e ^ g t J J A p h d k f ` s A @ y d e @ A @ @ @ u K A d @ @ A e @ r a r t ` T R ( • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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. j a ` p e t . ` g u s ` a t ` j u s c ` i i o s j s ` k r e ` e e h d s ` m h m s o s s k r s t o s i u f s ` t u g c y c u ` r ` t e k r c ` . h a i k c k s p h ` s i ` d h d j t g e h s t y u r t g k i t a ` r i e t x t d i s t r . r ` t ` h . g a k ` j i i i . h o s j h j y f e g ` t r u e h i a c t o p t r w e i ` s h i s e k ` . h p t g d a e . a e d o i ` c j t i t t i t , i r h h e f k ` j s a u i u s i s o ` j s i k . s j ` ` e i k m i h ` i ` t ` ` e s e h h o c ` e e e s e d p r d t l d a n c d m t r h ` k c s p i u i o i i ` k i s j r k r y ` i g h c ` t t o y e s u e e s d u e h f e g d i t j z t t e i s ` i s d s o u p s s ` e ` s i s ` . a o ` r d a o ` o m p ` i e n ` n ` i i h s t i i u h k h s i i ` s u t r u r A s s h y e h i e r e s s u h ` ` s k . . . t t s s s t t e s e e s i g k t s i k s i s p t d h a r k v j e p i ` d t i ` ` h t h ` c ` ` p a ` j ` t h ` s . h d r i ` d h c k u u u k s h t d ` u k ` o g r t s h y s t w e e h h p ` ` s , h f t s t s u m i o d o n ` d d o o k k f d s e k s s g k s o i i k s h n c o k k k h a k i k r a d o t t t d t t i ` i ` k i ` ` e o d a h t t u g u g g h i f o h ` a a k s j r k e g a t g g h o f ` ` f t j t a e f ` k g t ` r ` s i i i i r s i t p g ` ` ` ` o d k k s k k d k ` e ` g t t i j ` h w ` s g ` t i t ` t t e p g g g t i r r n n r r n p t h k c t i h u d h t s k s ` y s e ` t d k ` f h t u r r r s o s e t j e i p ` i t u ` ` ` j p d d d p p r t t t t c e i d c c ſt h s s s ſt t d a p a a e p p p p s e e e e e e ` ` n s e ` ` u t i t u ` ` t i u i i u t j ` k k A ^ s T e T s A c A T k s e e s T p A t s A J A e I g d
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. . c 1 . ` t 0 s . 5 y i s y h t h k d k s v k ` k t v i d ` e E . o . ^ . 5 e 0 . h k . 0 s r 0 5 t ` 5 f y t i ` k y k t I k i v k . v h a t k t d p 4 . i E c 0 e d . h 5 a E . s t d a j r s p k d i h ` ` e p d t h > w y t i k ` k j n . g h d e 0 t j a 5 o h s e s h t i d ` i k e k t s f d k ` ` r h k v ` j t k c o t h o h d k h k d k @ N E N A . . . 5 > 4
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. 5 . s j r ? 5 e h t d y d k t k s . e v y i O k g t . h y d t E . p k k s s . > f k i v i ` . k ` z ? r ` a k s 5 u ^ . a a y s e 1 i e e i k v ` 5 t ? . g t C ` . a d t d y t i i w E . k e h s e s r i f i i 4 k ` . h a k ? c i h t 5 h k e t j d a t s e ` u , j ` o k ` p u o t z p h e k k v s h p t k e t i p f g d t h d k i E k t o ` r t . e o u s r s r j s e h u t e h p e ` t d t h g e d e R t C O o . . . 5 > 4
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. j i e r . k h u 5 s t . k j p ; v u h 5 r ` d k d ^ r y t . f f k y e k v j i k o t p t d p h . d s t s o ` . s u ` d c e E a ` ` t f o s h e o s r r o h @ y s h h t . t j d s s a t e d e i k O a i e e f s . i g j e t h ` p j o h s i w h d e h h k ` ` t r i k s f . h i a d k u i t h i a h h k h e s a k d k t r t ` i d ſt e e p t k k s u j s v t a a u s k p s e t j r h h d ` h D e R p h O R . . . 5 > 4
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. 5 . 5 . . > s . i s y h k t c c k s s k s k v k k v t i d e i e ` ^ f E f r . . r h s h . - ? c h 5 h r . s r > k k d a . k i d 4 e c 5 c > i f r o y e h h n 0 - s a . i t h e a 5 r d ` > d o ` > k , . s o 5 u 1 c . ` e > o j d 5 h k s > e ` s y d k g t ` t t ſt s k k v e v w ` k k ` t s t h r i d ` d k F N E A E . . . 5 > 4
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. o > . h r 0 ` s t > ` y p e t w k y g Q v s k . t s ` t o d r e E t o . k n e s . i h c s g h ` k t r ` t s ` e y t i h t e z p . s e 5 h d w a a . ` g s i e 0 r e ` > ` r s t o t a y i e t o e e k t w h k v k g n i s t h d e k d s k t E ` t r s g u . o r k s h . n r ` k t r c t i ` t t s s d e s k h t k k w e e k s r g a i ` e s ` e r v f g ` r g ` r g D o Q . . h Q . ^ 5 > 4
s . t i t ` s i r h i d k k t v a ` r s r . e t t ` t s j e i f p k r s m ` s ` k t n u e s t i i e ` t e e e j t a ` ` s . r h i p e w r k h t ` j t t w p i g h t g ` d k d n e j s t j i o t e g . k z k e k t e s s e s a g r p ` k c h o r a j s k s o r ` h e h n e i i c ` r a r ` i e j i , u o s s g e g e t e k ` h i i s g d o g ` r s k t i j s ` r t t h ` r ` h e t e ` ` e s t e u u k e g t i y i ` o n k t r ` k h k f t t t w d e s k r k k e z h ) n g g o e k t s i r s < s c h ` s u e o t t s . i ` ` . h w y t k h h o . d s g d k ` g f ` e s t k t r a g e t i ` t o i e h s h t g t g ` k i u v k t p ` e s a e t ` r i e k k q t ` o i j t e i t n o ` h t o k ` r k s n r k i k g k h , h t r p e n g e ` h k y y a n ` e t d e t t k e e g t s t t s j i r e i v d i o t s p i ` k ` c e g r u k a k h k ` g k t ` i ` e e t e ` s r r s i ` e e h ` h p r e d n r a s e e k t ` . ` g h e t t g r h ` h d i g ` v v e s t e g r ` e i s d c t g d l a g g i a t j d p e a d p k ` c e k ` ` ` o n j e f h t h r ` u g ` ` w h h h ` ` j s i s h s g s j t g t h s h g t ` g g h ` t i h i ` g e h e o ` . ` t g ` g g t t t s o ` ` ` s t h k d s ` s . ` c i k . k s c ` k r c s k s s s u k s k s i ` ` i ` . r k k t ` i t i h i i k t o g i s n t n i e i i g ` i k k e f s e t t a k e t k c r t e e e j i k h r f f f f r r r ` t d e k h e r ` s k t h e h u h t c r k t r e h k i d k c g i k s a c d a o ` t i v u v ` d d d p d n n t n r ` s t t o e ` ` ` h e i h ` i i i s ` e ` o ` h ` j s i i e h o a A g A e a ^ e K A D ` ` ^ g ^ h ^ p ^ p @ k K g r t ` u R T ( • • • • • • • • • • • •
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. 5 . 6 > y t . a k t v i k e t e t d k n i E e h . g k t s t e u j s n k ` k r r t c h k s i o e ` a a g t ` i e o g s h Q . t t s i s d e ` k j r t p s h k r o o ` ` h t d g t i h . e k r k i e i t h e k g t e s d t p k e v ` e r a ` g t T e ^ Q . . 5 >
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. a i e ` j . s 5 s i g t . e h k i 7 r k > t f u s y o n j t h k e k v s r t c k ` k p s k i t e d E y A . . Q a k . s d i e a k r t e ` i k e s f r s j t k s ` i t s d e I e j i r e p k f r g e o o g h d h e i i s k k h i d j k e h t t v s s e k e . r a t s . a p ` i o i t i e e a j d j e h k h e s s e s s r s k s ` e e a e p v r g i r y ` D F e f Q ^ . . 5 >
o a i . h t . . i k s t . t i s e t i r i j i k e k t h ` r s s i k h j c ` k e . ` k e g ` x t e k h j t . t i s c n e u o ` e g s s s c t t ` c t r h k i g n t k i e k a k p h g c e h i ` t k t i e r h t i s k t e ` t s i t e k r y e g d j e a s k ` t n k i s k i h w i o e v r s a s e t e o e e i h a t h s e t s i ` r g o r f i i . d r i r ` e e t ` k s n k ` s t j e ` r g j ` h k t j h e g h e g f k s g j t o e f t e i s p r g i t t o i r u r o ) d . j h k k t e e k e h a c < s t c o h j h a o r k s e h i h e a ` j t . h s ` p i i h i n ` d ` t g k c e ` e ` i h s p h s r e t j r i o r t e h s d h e s ` r k e e i ` k u u r ` r j k o r i e t ` a j t t j t v t t e s n e o ` e s ` v t e e d e i k d i y k k i g v ` e c h d d r a r k i t t e u u f . s k ` v r ſt r u a u ` t i . r i j p p k k g t t s r t k t c ` r t d t i e ` o t e t c s e e t s s d . d d s e a t s e e k h i j ` e r a . c d g d n h i h j o ` r u k a ` k e s k s s r o g i t ` r r r e e e a d e p h s j ` ` h l a h ` ` ` c t ` h ` t e a g s t s p r s ` e ` o ` ` r n j p ` t d h t g p g h u u k t ` y e g r g g d t e h h t g ` ` h o g a e t t t t a q . g g i ` a g h ` ` i t ` e i w s i ` n ` g ` t o e ` t t e g t ` k t e o g k ` a e t i d s k s ` s s s s g j t e s . k i k k k e i ` ` ` h s i y k ` ` y i j k i s s t i s i t k y s i e n y s n i s k n e ` ` d ` g s i o o o k k k e t f j t j k e f g f s r r e ` r f f t t ` d f k t f r w r k s ` r t i h ` d d h h h i h r c s d c h i i r i d p t o r r s s ` i f h d r d d d k r ` d d e u ` s e e ` ` e o ` p ` ` h ` ` ` ` ` ` ` j r o i h a h g i a a a p ` o r u ^ D s d ^ c E n K K ^ e ^ ^ p K e ^ f A A h K s A ` t R T ( • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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. s a i e j a a k r i e e t o s h i s j e ` p . p o y h i h Q . i k s k a k v i h t ` e e j t ^ a p . k . r e 5 e a ; o e > h a y t k s d i v e k k t t i s d k h E r k t ` . t s u j d n e e r k r c e t k s g k i D A e . . 5 >
s k g t i k m r h w ` g o t h ` c h s h a i e d s t i ` . a ` u t s c h ` g g t Q < e d ` t k h p I h t
4 . 2 4 , > . 2 4 r e . s j ` j u i k t j k . k ` h s 5 v 2 . k t k i d k d ` 4 E u v ^ . y i . t k s k s k s ` v i k h h t t e d k r ` k t E n d . C u ` i . a t h i h r k h r ` t v d k p k t ` i u d a u ^ a . i h r a 0 . e r p h 2 s ` . r p c r 1 j ` . 4 y s e j 2 t k u e 4 k v x u a k i t e ` s x ` i d f r T e E h E . . . 5 > 4
` t t s , o e s ` ` k d j h g c u r ` r e s t i . k c s k p ` s t d c r d ` h i k e s h h g e ` c t t t s d . f ` d k w d c r r c i i u i k t t e e k h ` h h a . h r x o g k r k t r , a r t e g ` ` t o ` ` s d h i r j e R , r k ) g s d u p u e e i c u e e i w e u y w r k j a ` s k ` r j , h h t r s d t ` a T k r j . ` i i ` ` m e ` d p j ) d e e i p k h d < d n t r h u n p t u ` f h i e h d ` d e ( h r x k r s u t ` t j d c h . h o ` d i p c r s h t k h t s ` j h s o u ` u s c r k s d r k j e e h s n e i s ` s o a i E g ` t i i s t ` v ` h ` e s e h s . s h k h r k p e e ` i k i ` v i i p a r k x w t ` ` g a k s p h , , g h y t ` i f t d ` ` k s t r d n j t t w . e h t a s a c u t j d i r j a ` ` a r i t t c ` s h e i c h e t l h e u t h k a e s d ` n k g o u h e k p s k n j r r a r t r ` u e w h a ` i ` h h e j a ` ` ` x p n g h . a t t o r r g i e s ` ` g ` . p o t e t t e ` g ` n k e t s r u i e . f s k r k e r r t r t ` ` a ` a ` ` ` ` e y t p r d s k s j i e e t h i s n i r ` n n n v ` i h i s i k ` r e ` ` k k k k e t f v z s t r ` r j r e ` g i ` ` r c r r k h ` ` i t r p r s ` e i h e o d d d d ` a ` c g o s ſt s s s t a t r a t a t u o r ` d s o o t k c ` s i k ` ` ` ` ` ` h r ` h r i h k ` a A g A e A k J A A A e k i g A c h o r u ^ i h P t t ` a R T ( • • • • • • • • • •
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Hrfeiksetkhi ho jko`
QHRKD 5< Ei kitrhaudtkhi th Nkhjhfy R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s 5.5 A`i` eia r`jet` Nkhjhfy th Tdk`id`. 5.> Fkv` ei eddhuit ho tg` sdk`itkd epprhedg. 5.4 Ttet` tg` eppjkdetkhi ho Nkhjhfy.
Kitrhaudtkhi Qgks thpkd kitrhaud`s tg` Nkhjhfy dhurs` ohr TT5, TT> eia TT4. Nkhjhfy ks e akv`rs` Tdk`id` tget kivhjv`s stuaykif ejj esp`dts ho jkvkif hrfeikscs uskif tg` sdk`itkd c`tgha.
Edtkvkty 5.5. e) E ks tg` `xp`rkc`it eia N ks tg` dhitrhj. n) Ka`itkoy tg` ekc ho tg` `xp`rkc`it= T`t up tg` epperetus= Ohjjhw tg` prhd`aur`= Hns`rvetkhi= Eiejys` aete/r`sujts= Arew e dhidjuskhi. d) Nrhchtgyc Nrhchtgychj hj nju` dgeif`s dgeif`s orhc
n`gevkhur eia genktets. Nhteiksts Nhteiksts hi tg` htg`r geia, stuay pjeits eia tg`kr kcphrteit rhj` ki `dhsyst`cs. >. Ko yhu w`r` th stuay `ithchjhfy, yhu whuja n` enj` th r`dhfiks` akoo`r`it n``tj` sp`dk`s eia n` ei `xp`rt ki tg` n`gevkhur ho htg`r kiv`rt`nret`s. 4. Thc`hi` wgh sp`dkejks` sp`dkejks`ss ki eiethcy jhhms
y`jjhw th nju` n`deus` tg` wet`r pjeit tem`s ki dernhi dernhi akhxka` ohr ohr pghthsyitg`sks. pghthsyitg `sks. 4. e) Qg` purphs` purphs` ohr wgkdg ei `xp`rkc`it `xp`rkc`it ks ks dejj`a, tg` ekc. hot`i gev` n) s`t Ki eup jenhrethry, jenhrethry sdk`itksts gev` th us` akoo`r`it mkias ho epperetus th derry hut tg`kr `xp`rkc`its. Kt ks kcphrteit th gev` e dhitrhj frhup ki eiy `xp`rkc`it, es tgks ks us`a th dhcper` wktg tg` `xp`rkc`itejj frhup. `xp`rkc`ite
et wget gepp`is kiska` tg` nhak`s ho eikcejs, eia ks ei `xp`rt ki sm`j`tej cem`-up. 1. Ei `dhjhfkst `dhjhfkst jhhms et tg` tg` r`jetkhisgkp r`jetkhisgkp n`tw``i hrfeikscs hi @ertg, tg` nkhtkd eia enkhtkd dhcphi`its eia ghw tg`s` whrm thf`tg`r. 0. E peje`hithjhfk peje`hithjhfkst st jkm`s th akf a``p th ia `vka`id` ho jko` ki y`ers fhi` ny eia ei estrhnkhjhfkst dests gks hr g`r `y`s smyweras th ia hut chr` enhut tg` chhis, pjei`ts eia sters eia ghw w` er` pert ho e nkff`r uikv`rs`. uikv`rs`.
Qhpkd 5< Ei kitrhaudtkhi th Nkhjhfy
Ess`ssc`it
M`y whras
Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.?
Qem` tgks hpphrtuikty th esm stua`its ko tg`r` ks eiytgkif tget tg`y ah iht uia`rsteia enhut tg` sdk`itkſtd c`tgha. [hu [hu dei dg`dm tg`kr uia`rsteiakif ny fkvkif `xecpj`s ho kiv`stkfetkhis. Ttua`its cust ka`itkoy tg` ekc, gyphtg`sks, epperetus eia prhd`aur` ki tg`s` `xecpj`s. @xpjeki @xpjeki eiytgkif tget stua`its ah iht uia`rsteia.
Nkhjhfy — tg` stuay ho jkvkif hrfeikscs dhitrhj — epperetus hr `qukpc`it s`t up ejhifska` eihtg`r `xp`rkc`it th v`rkoy tg` sdk`itkſtd c`tgha hr th dhcper` kt wktg eihtg`r steiaera `xp`rkc`itetkhi — tg` prhd`ss ho derrykif hut ei kiv`stkfetkhi/dhitrhjj`a t`st gyphtg`sks — ei `xpjeietkhi ohr ei hns`rvetkhi hr sdk`itkſtd prhnj`c tget ks t`st`a ki ourtg`r kiv`stkfetkhi Tdk`id` — mihwj`af` etteki`a tgrhufg predtkd` hr stuay= e wey ho jhhmkif et tg` whrja
5
>
Qg`c` 5< Hrfeiksetkhi ho jko`
QHRKD >< ^`dhfikskif jkvkif tgkifs R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s >.5 Ttet` tg` dgeredt`rkstkds ho jkvkif tgkifs. >.> Fkv` `xecpj`s ho tg` j`v`js ho hrfeiksetkhi ho jko`. >.4 Ttet` tg` dhcpj`xkty ho hrfeiksetkhi ki gkfg`r hrfeikscs. >.1 A`sdrkn` tg` verkhus j`v`js ho hrfeiksetkhi ho jko`. >.0 Ttet` tg` eaveitef`s eia akseaveitef`s ho dhcpj`xkty ki gkfg`r hrfeikscs. >.? A`sdrkn` tg` verkhus perts eia ouidtkhis ho tg` ckdrhsdhp`.
Kitrhaudtkhi Qgks thpkd dhv`rs tg` s`v`i dgeredt`rkstkds ho jkvkif tgkifs, es w`jj es tg` enkhtkd hr ihijkvkif oedthrs tget kcpedt hi jkvkif hrfeikscs. Thc` jkvkif tgkifs er` ckdrhsdhpkd, sh tgks thpkd t`edg`s stua`its ghw th us` e ckdrhsdhp`. Kt ejsh dhv`rs tg` akoo`r`it j`v`js ho hrfeiksetkhi ki e cujtkd`jjujer hrfeiksc. Qg` skcpj`st j`v`j ks tg` d`jj. D`jjs ohrc tkssu`s, tkssu`s ohrc hrfeis eia hrfeis ohrc syst`cs. Cujtkd`jjujer hrfeikscs sudg es guceis dhiskst ho d`jjs, tkssu`s, hrfeiksc hrfeikscss eia syst`cs.
Edtkvkty >.5.>. Jkvkif tgkifs Ihi-jkvkif tgkifs
^`shurd`s
Guceis
Ghus`
E gercj`ss jkv` kis`dt ki e fjess dhiteki`r=
Ahf
Rhia
e phtt`a pjeit= e rhdm
Nkras
^hdms
Fuka`jki`s
Dhws
Djhuas
Oedkjktet`< Ihtkdkif skckjerktk`s eia akoo`r`id`s ks ei kcphrteit smkjj ki Nkhjhfy. G`jp stua`its th akoo`r`itket` n`tw``i jkvkif eia ihi-jkvkif tgkifs.
Qr``s
Ok`ja
Drhps
Thkj Tui
Eisw`rs 5. e) Kt chv`s qukdmjy. n) Qg`r` ks ih hns`rvenj` hns`rvenj` chv`c`it. chv`c`it. Kt ges e fr``i st`c eia j`ev`s. d) Qg`r` ks ih chv`c`it. Kt o``js dhja eia gera. >. Edd`pt ejj pjeusknj` eisw`rs eisw`rs nes`a hi hi stua`its‛ hns`rvetkhis.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it
Ttua`its sghuja n` enj` th ka`itkoy eia jkst tg` m`y dgeredt`rkstkds ho jkvkif tgkifs (chv`c`it, frhwtg, r`prhaudtkhi, r`spkretkhi, r`sphis` th stkcujk, `td.), es w`jj es `xpjeki tget e rhdm, shkj, sui eia djhuas ah
iht akspjey tgkifs eiy hoki tg`s`. Qg`r` er`eia jkvkif eia ihi-jkvkif e phia, `ja ghus`. 4. e) Jkvkif tgkifs tgkifs gev` th cem` tg`kr hwi ohha hr ia eia `et ohha `v`ry aey. V` dejj tgks iutrktkhi. n) Rjeits cem` tg`kr hwi ohha, nut eikcejs i``a th chv` th chv` th ia tg`krs.
4
Qhpkd >< ^`dhfikskif jkvkif tgkifs
d) Ejj jkvkif tgkifs ejsh r`sphia th dgeif`s hr stkcujk erhuia tg`c. a) Qg`y r`spkr` th r`j`es` `i`rfy eia `xdr`t` th f`t rka ho eiy west` ki tg`kr nhak`s. `) Es tg`y frhw frhw eia a`v`jhp, a`v`jhp, tg`y r`prhaud` th cem` chr` ho tg`cs`jv`s.
Ess`ssc`it
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — dg`dm tget stua`its uia`rsteia tg` akoo`r`id`s n`tw``i pjeits eia eikcejs. eikcejs.
Edtkvkty >.1.4.5.
Eisw`rs
Qg` t`xtnhhm
Eisw`rs 5. Ttua`its sghuja sghuja ihtkd` tget pjeits er` fr``i eia ah iht chv` orhc pjed` th pjed` es dei tg` eikcej (ki tgks kisteid`, tg` det). >. Ttua`its cey iht n` enj` th s`` ejj tg` akoo`r`id`s, nut tg`y sghuja us` tg`kr mihwj`af` ho pjeits eia eikcejs wg`i ahkif tg` dhcperkshi.
5. e) tkssu` n) hrfei d) hrfei a) hrfeiksc `) syst`c o) d`jj eia hrfeiksc f) tkssu` g) tkssu` k) syst`c l) hrfei >. [`s, e skifj` d`jj dei n` e dhcpj`t` jkvkif `itkty tget ks enj` th derry hut tg` s`v`i ouidtkhis ho jko` sudg es frhw, r`prhaud`, o``a, us` `i`rfy, eia sh hi. 4. e) E akdht j`eo jhhms jkm` tgks<
dutkdj` upp`r `pka`rcks (a`rcej tkssu`) pejksea` c`shpgyjj
vesdujer nuiaj` (vesdujer tkssu`) sphify c`shpgyjj
ekr sped`
jhw`r `pka`rcks (a`rcej tkssu`) sthce
1
fuera d`jjs
Qg`c` 5< Hrfeiksetkhi ho jko`
n) E njhha secpj` jhhms jhhms jkm` tgks< r`a njhha d`jj
wgkt` njhha d`jj
1. e) E frhups ho d`jjs wktg e skckjer strudtur` whrmkif thf`tg`r ohr e sp`dkd ouidtkhi n) Frhups ho tkssu`s tget dhitrknut` th e sp`dkd ouidtkhi d) T`v`rej hrfeis tget whrm thf`tg`r th p`rohrc e ouidtkhi ouidtkhi ki e pjeit hr eikcej eikcej a) E dhcpj`t` jkvkif `itkty tget ks enj` th frhw, r`prhaud`, o``a eia us` `i`rfy 0. e) Cusdj` nr`s n) I`urhis d) Oknrhnjests, eakphs` d`jjs ?. E tkssu` ks nukjt up ho e) skckjer d`jjs whrmkif thf`tg`r. Ei hrfei ks cea` up ho n) akoo`r`it tkssu`s whrmkif thf`tg`r. T`v`rej d) hrfeis whrm thf`tg`r th cem` e syst`c. Ki eikcejs, tg` a) akf`stkv` syst`c ks kcphrteit ohr nr`emkif ahwi ohha. Qg` `) r`spkrethry syst`c dhitrhjs tg` `xdgeif` ho fes`s, eia tg` o) r`prhaudtkv` syst`c ks r`sphisknj` ohr tg` prhaudtkhi ho hoosprkif.
Eisw`rs 5. N`deus` tg`y er` et, et, tg`y gev` e nkff`r nkff`r suroed` er`e eia er` tgus enj` th akoous` chr` sunsteid`s ki eia hut ho tg`kr syst`c. Qg`y nr`etg` tgrhufg tg`kr suroed` eia n`kif et, tgks ejjhws ejjhws ohr e jerf`r jerf`r suroed`th-vhjuc` retkh. Ki htg`r whras, chr` d`jjs er` djhs`r th tg` suroed`. >. Pikd`jjujer ejfe` er` w`jj eaept`a th jkvkif ki sgejjhw, sgejjhw, stkjj wet`r tget ks usuejjy rkdg ki iutrk`its. @edg d`jj ks e thtejjy s`jo-suodk`it kiakvkauej. Ejj tg`s` hrfeikscs i``a ks jkfgt orhc tg` Tui, cki`rejs eia dernhi akhxka` orhc tg` wet`r erhuia kt. Qg`y ah iht gev` th whrm gera th hnteki iutrktkhi, es tg`y er` p`rcei`it p`rce i`itjy jy surrhui surrhuia`a a`a ny ny iutrk`it iutrk`its. s. 4. Kt ks n`tt`r enj` th eaept eaept th kts surrhuiakifs surrhuiakifs eia eiy udtuetkhis ki tg` `ivkrhic`it tget kt cey `idhuit`r. 1. Qg` eaveitef`s eaveitef`s ho dhcpj`xkty ks tget e dhcpj`x hrfeiksc< • dei p`rohrc s`v`rej dhcpj`x ouidtkhis • ks chr` chr` enj` th eaept eaept th dgeif`s dgeif`s ki tg` tg` `ivkrhic`it hr th eaept th e reif` ho akoo`r`it genktets • ges akvkskhi ho jenhur, wgkdg `ienj`s tg` hrfeiksc th ouidtkhi prhp`rjy eia `odk`itjy • dei frhw qukt` jerf`
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it
Edtkvkty >.0< ^`dhfikskif jkvkif tgkifs
0
Edtkvkty >.?. r`spkrethry (juif)= (juif)= g`erkif (`er)= akf`stkv` (sthcedg) 4. Eaveitef`s — ges ges akvkskhi ho jenhur= jenhur= dei frhw qukt` jerf`= Akseaveitef`s — chr`
5. eia >. Ttua`it hns`rvetkhis hns`rvetkhis 4. e) pjetohrc n) erc d) nes` a) i` ohduskif mihn `) dhers` ohduskif mihn o) `y`pk`d`
`oohrt ks i``a`a th `xdr`t` hr r`chv` tg` west` prhaudts orhc c`tenhjksc c`tenhjksc== d`jjs gev` ih kia`p`ia`id kia`p`ia`id`` 1. Quri tg` e) i` ohduskif mihn v`ry mihn v`ry sjkfgtjy uitkj tg` hnl`dt ks dj`erjy ohdus`a. Quri tg` hnl`dtkv`s uitkj tg` scejj`st hnl`dtkv` ks ki jki` wktg tg` hp`ikif ki tg` pjetohrc eia tg` n) jkfgt shurd` sgki`s tgrhufg. Twktdg hi tg` jkfgt shurd` hr turi tg` d) ckrrhr th r``dt `ihufg jkfgt hith tg` hnl`dt. Hid` tg` hnl`dt ks ki ohdus, turi tg` ihs` pk`d` th tg` 52Ö hnl`dtkv` th a) `ijerf` tg` hnl`dt. Quri tg` dhers` ohduskif mihn th chv` tg` hnl`dtkv`s thweras tg` pjetohrc. Quri tg` hnl`dtkv`s ewey orhc tg` pjetohrc uskif tg` `) dhers` ohduskif mihn eia pjed` tg` fjess sjka` wktg tg` hnl`dt th n` stuak`a hith tg` pjetohrc. Ps` tg` i` ohduskif mihn th ohdus tg` `ijerf`a hnl`dt efeki. Jhhm tgrhufg tg` o) `y`pk`d` eia turi tg` dhers` ohdus mihn ewey orhc tg` pjetohrc uitkj tg` hnl`dt n`kif stuak`a dhc`s kith ohdus. Ohdus tg` dhrr`dt echuit ho jkfgt hith tg` hnl`dt ny turikif tg` f) dhia`is`r eia akepgrefc j`v`rs.
Ess`ssc`it
Ess`ssc`it
Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — dg`dm tg` eisw`rs th tg` qu`stkhis wktg tg` djess.
Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it
Fuka`jki`s Qgks edtkvkty a`p`ias hi yhur sdghhj‛s r`shurd`s. Ko phssknj`, gev` e ckdrhsdhp` ohr `v`ry tgr`` stua`its. Ah e djess a`chistretkhi hi tg` us` ho tg` ckdrhsdhp` n`ohr` ejjhwkif tg` stua`its th us` kt. @cpgesks` tg` seo`ty pr`deutkhis es ckdrhsdhp`s ckdrhsdhp`s er` `xp`iskv` `xp`iskv` kistruc`its. Qg` ohdus ks hi tg` us` ho tg` ckdrhsdhp` eia iht hi d`jjs. Qg`r`ohr`, yhu dei j`t stua`its jhhm et i`wspep`r/cefezki` duttkifs, streias ho gekr eia eiy htg`r kt`cs ho kit`r`st. Qh s`` a`tekj, tg` sp`dkc`is cust n` tgki `ihufg ohr jkfgt th pess tgrhufg.
Eisw`rs
Eisw`rs th ^`vkskhi qu`stkhis 5. Qg`y er` chr` eaveid`a eaveid`a a`v`jhpc`itejjy a`v`jhpc`itejjy eia gev` chr` dhcpj`x nhay sgep`s. N`deus` tg`y gev` syst`cs, sudg es tg` i`rvhus, dkrdujethry, akf`stkv` eia r`spkrethry r`spkre thry syst`cs, syst`cs, tg`y dei `xgknkt chr` dhcpj`x n`gevkhurs.
?
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
Qem` tgks hpphrtuikty th esm stua`its ko tg`r` ks eiytgkif tget tg`y ah iht uia`rsteia. [hu [hu dei dg`dm wg`tg`r tg`y mihw ghw th us` tg` ckdrhsdhp` ny pr`perkif e skcpj` dg`dmjkst ohr tg` frhups th dhcpj`t`. @xpjeki eiytgkif tget stua`its ah iht uia`rsteia.
Qg`c` 5< Hrfeiksetkhi ho jko`
M`y whras `xdr`tkhi — tg` prhd`ss ki wgkdg west` sunsteid`s er` r`chv`a orhc ei hrfeiksc (es urki` hr sw`et, hr es d`rteki pjeit prhaudts) cefikoy — th kidr`es` tg` edtuej skz` ho shc`tgkif th s`` kt chr` dj`erjy ckdrhsdhp` — ei kistruc`it wktg cefikoykif j`is`s th g`jp kisp`dt hnl`dts tget er` thh scejj th n` s``i ki a`tekj wktg tg` iem`a `y` cujtkd`jjujer — hrfeikscs tget dhiskst ho chr` tgei hi` d`jj hrfei — pert ho ei hrfeiksc tget ks s`jodhiteki`a wktg e sp`dkſtd ouidtkhi, ohr `xecpj`, tg` g`ert, `er hr jkv`r ki guceis r`prhaudtkhi — e prhd`ss ki wgkdg hrfeikscs f`i`ret` i`w kiakvkauejs th `isur` tget tg` sp`dk`s dhitkiu`s r`spkretkhi — e nkhjhfkdej prhd`ss tget tem`s pjed` ki fr``i pjeits eia tget dr`et`s hxyf`i eia r`j`es`s kt kith tg` ekr syst`c — e frhup ho eiethckdejjy r`jet`a hrfeis hr perts tkssu` — typ`s ho cet`rkej ho wgkdg eikcejs eia pjeits er` cea`, dhiskstkif ho sp`dkejks`a d`jjs uikd`jjujer — ei hrfeiksc tget ks cea` up ho hi` d`jj hijy
TN p.57
6
Qhpkd >< ^`dhfikskif jkvkif tgkifs
QHRKD 4< Qg` djesskſtdetkhi ho jkvkif tgkifs R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s 4.5 Ttet` tg` dgeredt`rkstkd o`etur`s ho tg` mkifahcs eia fkv` sp`dkd `xecpj`s ho r`pr`s`itetkv` hrfeikscs.
Kitrhaudtkhi Qgks thpkd ks enhut tg` djesskdetkhi ho jkvkif hrfeikscs. Ejj tg` nkhjhfkdej sp`dk`s ki tg` whrja er` akvka`a kith v` mkifahcs eddhrakif th sger`a dgeredt`rkstkds. Ny tg` `ia ho tgks thpkd, stua`its sghuja n` enj` th fkv` shc` ho tg` ka`itkoykif ka`itkoykif dgeredt`rkstkds ho `edg mkifahc. Qg` akvkskhis ho tg` pjeit mkifahc eia pgyje ho tg` eikcej mkifahc er` ejsh dhv`r`a ki tgks thpkd.
Edtkvkty 4.5>) ^`shurd`s E fjess dhiteki`r hr t`st tun`= e jkfgt ckdrhsdhp`= e fjess sjka`/dhv`rsjkp th vk`w secpj`s uia`r tg` jkfgt ckdrhsdhp`= e secpj` ho aktdg wet`r hr wet`r orhc e stefieit phia= pep`r eia e sgerp p`idkj= pr`per`a sjka`s ho Ech`ne ho Ech`ne eia eia Dgjecyahchies (hptkhiej)= w`nskt`s th esskst wktg ckdrhsdhp` pr`peretkhi eia eia vk`wkif ho Ech`ne ho Ech`ne,, kidjuakif gttps/ gttps/ no5206?.pao no5206 ?.pao gttp2>55/Jens%>2eia%>2EJ@s/N>5 5% >2Jens/N>55%>2Jens/4XJen%>24% >2Ckdrhsdhp`XN>55XOejj>22;.pao
G`jp stua`its th eisw`r tg` qu`stkhis.
gttps. 4. 1.
Fuka`jki`s Es stua`its cey gev` akodujty vk`wkif Ech`ne, r`o`r Ech`ne, r`o`r th tg` w`nskt`s suff`st`a enhv` th esskst wktg tg` pr`peretkhi. Ejt`rietkv`jy, nhrrhw hr purdges` shc` pr`per`a sjka`s. [hu dei sghw stua`its stua`its e vka`h djkp ho Ech`ne ho Ech`ne uia`r uia`r e jkfgt ckdrhsdhp` ko yhu er` iht sudd`ssouj wktg tg` sjka` pr`peretkhi. Oedkjktet`< G`jp stua`its th ka`itkoy tg` hrfeikscs uia`r tg` jhw eia gkfg phw`r hnl`dtkv`s. hnl`dtkv`s.
7
Eisw`rs E A N Gercouj< Gerco uj< tghs` tghs` deuskif deuskif dghj`re dghj`re eia j`prhsy= j`prhsy= n`i`dkej< tghs` tghs` ohuia ki tg` gucei gucei fut 0. Ohur dgeredt` dgeredt`rkstk rkstkds ds kidjua` kidjua` tg` ohjjhwkif ohjjhwkif42 222) n`jhif th tgks det`fhry det`fhry.. • Qg`y kidjua` chst tr``s, sgruns, vki`s, hw`rs, orukts, v`f`tenj`s, eia j`fuc`s.
• Qg`kr s``as frhw kiska` hr ei orukt. hvery, wgkdg ks `cn`aa`a ki e hw`r • Ojhw`rkif chihdhts kidjua` hrdgkas, pejcs eia fress`s eia eia tg`y f`i`rejjy gev` perejj`j j`eo v`kis eia ah iht prhaud` whha. • Ojhw`rkif akdhts kidjua` tr``s, sgruns, hw`rs eia vki`s. Chst orukt eia v`f`tenj`s er` orhc tgks djess. 7. Qg` mkifahc dei n` frhup`a ki ki e iucn`r ho weys, nut tg` chst dhcchi wey ho akvkakif hr djesskoykif ks th jhhm et< • r`prhaudtkv` dgeredt`rkstkds • tkssu` strudtur` (ihi-vesdujer hr vesdujer) • s``a strudtur` (iem`a, dhv`r`a s``as hr sphr`s)
N< lhkit`a j`fs= thufg `xhsm`j`thi cea` ho dgktki= s`fc`it`a nhay wktg e g`ea, tghrex, enahc`i
D< lhkit`a j`fs, s`fc`it`a thufg `xhsm`j`thi cea` ho dgktki, nhay wktg e g`ea, tghrex, enahc`i A< ahrsej, ghjjhw= i`rv` dhra (spkiej ( spkiej dhra)= phst-eiej tekj (ep`s eia orhfs gev` ih tekj es eaujts)= pgeryif`ej phudg`s (fkjj sjkts), sjkts), ohuia ki chst pjed`s (hd`eis, rkv`rs, ohr`sts, ohr`sts, chuitekis, `td.) @< nhay akvka`a kith s`fc`its, s`peret`a ny kit`riej wejjs= nrkstj`s er` ettedg`a th `edg s`fc`it= skckjer i`rvhus syst`c th ertgrhphas= g`ea kidjua`s t`itedj`s, pejps eia `y`sphts
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it
Eisw`rs th ^`vkskhi qu`stkhis 5. Er` tg`y uikd`jjujer, uikd`jjujer, cujtkd`jjujer cujtkd`jjujer hr dhjhikej (jkvkif ki djust`rs hr frhups)8 Ks e iudj`us pr`s`it hr ens`it ki tg` d`jj eia er` tg`r` hrfei`jj`s (sudg es dgjhrhpjests)8 Vget ks tg` dhcphsktkhi ho tg` d`jj wejj8 Ks tg` hrfeiksc chnkj`8 Ghw ah`s kt o``a (ks kt euthtrhpgkd/ g`t`rhtrhpgkd)8 Ghw ah`s kt r`prhaud` (s`xuej hr es`xuej
• skz` — chss`s, o`ris, sgruns, tr``s hr g`rns. ;. Dgeredt`rkstkds< • Qg`y er` cea` up ho `umeryht` d`jjs. • Qg`kr d`jj wejjs dhiteki d`jjujhs`. • Qg`y er` g`t`rhtrhpgs (ceiy er` seprhpgyt`s hr pereskt`s). _eju`< Qg`y er` vktej a`dhcphs`rs a`dhcphs`rs,, wgkdg er` kcphrteit ki iutrk`it dydjkif. 52. e) k) E) Dikaerke= N) Ertgrhphae= D) Chjjusde= A) Dghraete= @) Eii`jkae n) E< shot-nhak`a, l`jjy-jkm` l`jjy-jkm` stkifkif stkifkif t`itedj`s, twh-jey`r`a nhak`s wktg reakej sycc`try, phjyps (x`a), eia c`ause` (or`` swkcckif), r`prhaudtkhi (es`xuej)
r`prhaudtkhi)8 >. e) Eikcejke n) Qg`y er` ejj v`rt`nret`s. v`rt`nret`s. d) ceccejs a) Htg`r eikcejs — tg`y tg`y er` ejj derikvhr`s derikvhr`s `) o`jki` o) n`er f) whjo 4. e) @umeryht`s er` d`jjs wktg e iudj`us. iudj`us. nedt`rke 1. n) Qg`y er` cea` cea` up ho `umeryht` `umeryht` d`jjs. d`jjs. Qg`kr d`jj wejjs dhiteki d`jjujhs`. Qg`y er` g`t`rhtrhpgs (ceiy er` seprhpgyt`s hr pereskt`s).
Qhpkd 4< Qg` djesskſtdetkhi ho jkvkif tgkifs
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.>6
Esm tg` stua`its th cem` e ckia cep th succerks` tg` oedts ki tgks thpkd. [hu [hu dei s`t tgks es e ghc`whrm tesm eia tg`i dg`dm tg`s` succerk`s th s`` wg`tg`r tg`y gev` n``i enj` th `xtredt tg` r`j`veit kiohrcetkhi. @xpjeki eiytgkif tget stua`its ah iht uia`rsteia.
M`y whras djesskſtdetkhi — tg` esskfic`it ho hrfeikscs kith frhups wktgki e syst`c ho det`fhrk`s akstkifuksg`a ny hrkfki, strudtur`, `td. `umeryht`s — hrfeikscs wktg e d`jj typ` dhitekikif sp`dkejks`a hrfei`jj`s ki tg` dythpjesc (ejj jko` ohrcs `xd`pt nedt`rke, nju`-fr``i ejfe`, eia htg`r prkcktkv` ckdrhhrfeikscs) mkifahcs — ki texhihcy, tgks ks tg` det`fhry ho tg` gkfg`st reim tget frhups thf`tg`r ejj ohrcs ho jko` tget gev` d`rteki ouiaec`itej dgeredt`rkstkds ki dhcchi prhmeryht`s — d`jjujer hrfeikscs tget gev` ih iudj`er c`cnrei` eia ih hrfei`jj`s ki tg` dythpjesc (`xd`pt rknhshc`s)= dgeredt`rkstkd ho ejj hrfeikscs ki tg` mkifahc Chi`re texhihcy — tg` Tdk`id` tget a`ejs wktg tg`
;
ka`itkſtdetkhi, a`sdrkptkhi, djesskſtdetkhi eia ieckif ho hrfeikscs
52
Qg`c` 5< Hrfeiksetkhi ho jko`
QHRKD 1< Qg` d`jj es tg` neskd uikt ho jko` R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s 1.5 ^`dhfiks` skifj`-d`jj`a hrfeikscs. 1.> Akstkifuksg n`tw``i or``-jkvkif d`jjs eia dhjhik`s, jec`its eia tkssu`s. 1.4 A`sdrkn` tg` f`i`rej strudtur` ho e d`jj. 1.1 Akoo`r`itket` n`tw``i e pjeit eia ei eikcej d`jj. 1.0 @xpjeki d`jj tg`hry.
Kitrhaudtkhi
Eisw`rs
D`jjs er` tg` neskd uikts ho hrfeikscs. Qgks kidjua`s skifj`-d`jj`a (uikd`jjujer) hrfeikscs eia tghs` tget dhiskst ho ceiy d`jjs (cujtkd`jju ( cujtkd`jjujer). jer).
Ttua`its sghuja arew tgr`` hr chr` akefrecs. @edg akefrec cust n` fkv`i e suktenj` g`eakif eia cefikdetkhi.
Ess`ssc`it
Qgks thpkd tg` tg`hry ho tg` d`jjs, tg` strudtur` ho e dhv`rs f`i`rejks`a d`jj eia ouidtkhi ho kts dhcphi`its, es w`jj es tg` akoo`r`id`s n`tw``i pjeit pjeit eia eikcej d`jjs. d`jjs.
Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it — `vejuet` wgkdg stua`its er` enj` th arew edduret` r`dhrakifs orhc tg` ckdrhsdhp`.
Edtkvkty 1.5)
^`shurd`s
^`shurd`s
Ka`itkdetkhi nhhms hr akefrecs= e secpj` Ka`itkdetkhi ho phia wet`r (aktdg wet`r, stefieit puaaj`)= ckdrhsdhp`= fjess sjka`s= khaki` shjutkhi= dhv`r sjkps= arhpp`r= n`em`r/dj`er fjess ler= pep`r thw`j/tkssu`s= thw`j/tkssu`s= r`j`veit w`nskt`s/ w`nskt`s/ r`o`r`id` nhhms
Qg` t`xtnhhm
Fuka`jki`s Oedkjktet`< Ttua`its dei dhcpj`t` tgks edtkvkty ohr ghc`whrm. Dg`dm tg` eisw`rs et tg` stert ho tg` i`xt j`sshi.
Fuka`jki`s
Eisw`rs
Oedkjktet`< Ttua`its cust r`o`r nedm th Qhpkd > ohr tg` kistrudtkhis hi ghw th us` e ckdrhsdhp` eia pr`per` e sjka`. @cpgesks` tget tg`y sghuja hns`rv` der`oujjy eia arew edduret` akefrecs, peykif ett`it ett`itkhi khi th tg` tg` a`tekjs a`tekjs ho tg` tg` d`jjs. Qgks cey n` akodujt au` th tg` oest chv`c`it ho shc` ho tg` prhthzheis. Qg`r`ohr`, yhu sghuja prhvka` shc` ckdrhsdhpkd kcef`s hr akefrecs th esskst tg` frhups.
5. N >. ^h ^hn` n`rt rt Gh Ghhm hm 4. ‗Qkiy `cpty nhx`s nhx`s wktg tgkdm wejjs‛ wejjs‛ ks dhrr`dt es shc` pjeit d`jjs er` r`dteifujer eia ‚nhx-jkm`– — tg`y gev` e x`a strudtur` (eikcej d`jjs er` `xknj`). Rjeit d`jjs ejsh gev` tgkdm wejjs, ki tget tg`y gev` e d`jj wejj (wg`r`es eikcej d`jjs ah iht). Qg` stet`c`it ks iht dhrr`dt n`deus`
[hu dei r`o`r tg` stua`its th tg` ohjjhwkif w`nskt`< gttp.
Ttrudtur`
Rjeit d`jjs
Eikcej d`jjs
Nhtg pjeit
M`y whras
hijy
hijy
eia eikcej d`jjs
r`prhaudtkhi tget kivhjv`s tg` spjkttkif ho e per`it d`jj kith twh epprhxkcet`jy `quej perts dkjke — tkiy gekr-jkm` `xt`iskhis tget `ienj`s e d`jj th chv` ef`jjuc — e wgkp-jkm` strudtur` tget `ienj`s e d`jj th chv` pgefhdythsks — e prhd`ss ny wgkdg e d`jj `ifujos e shjka pertkdj`, ohr `xecpj`, wg`i ei ech`ne `ifujos kts pr`y prhthzhe — skifj`-d`jj`a hrfeikscs wktg eikcej-jkm` n`gevkhurs ps`uahphake — t`cphrery dythpjesc-ſtjj`a perts ho tg` d`jj wejj tget er` enj` th dgeif` tg`kr ohrc ki hra`r th chv` s`j`dtkv`jy p`rc`enj` — tg` depedkty ho d`jj c`cnrei`s th ejjhw d`rteki chj`duj`s th pess tgrhufg ny akoouskhi veduhj` — e c`cnrei`-nhuia devkty wktgki e d`jj, hot`i dhitekikif e wet`ry jkquka hr s`dr`tkhi
`xknj` sgep`
✔
dythpjesc
d`jj c`cnrei` d`jj wejj
✔
✔
jerf` veduhj` dgjhrhpjest
✔
✔
✔
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.4;
Qg`r` er` ceiy i`w t`rcs ki tgks thpkd. Tuff`st th stua`its tget tg`y cem` e jkst ho tg` i`w t`rckihjhfy. ^`vks` tg` t`rcs uskif sghrt djess t`sts hr fec`s. Ttua`its dei ejsh s`t t`sts ohr hi` eihtg`r. Ttua`its sghuja n` enj` th arew eia jen`j akefrecs ho f`i`rejks`a
nkiery ſtsskhi — e c`tgha ho es`xuej
pjeit eiatgks eikcej d`jjs. th esm stua`its ko Qem` hpphrtuikty tg`r` ks eiytgkif tget tg`y ah iht uia`rsteia ki tg` strudtur` ho d`jjs. @xpjeki eiytgkif tget stua`its ah iht uia`rsteia.
Qhpkd 1< Qg` d`jj es tg` neskd uikt ho jko`
54
QHRKD 0< Qg` d`jj eia kts `ivkrhic`it R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s 0.5 A`chistret` akoouskhi eia hschsks `xp`rkc`itejjy. `xp`rkc`itejjy. 0.> ^`dhfiks` tget hschsks ks e ohrc ho akoouskhi. 0.4 ^`dhfiks` tget pjeschjysks dei j`ea th wkjtkif eia ge`chjysks dei j`ea th jhss ho njhha.
Kitrhaudtkhi
Fuka`jki`s
Akoouskhi ks tg` chv`c`it ho pertkdj`s orhc ei er`e ho gkfg dhid`itretkhi th ei er`e ho jhw dhid`itretkhi uitkj `qukjknrkuc ks r`edg`a. Vg`i wet`r akoous`s tgrhufg e s`j`dtkv`jy p`rc`enj` c`cnrei`, tgks chv`c`it ks dejj`a hschsks.
Oedkjktet`< @xp`rkc`it 5. Qg` dhjhur aksp`rs`s aksp`rs`s eia spr`eas spr`eas `v`ijy tgrhufghut tg` wet`r. 4. Kt wes dhid`itret`a dhid`itret`a ki tg` er`e wg`r` yhu yhu eaa`a tg` dhjhur th tg` n`em`r. 1. Qgks verk`s eddhrakif eddhrakif th tg` t`cp`retur` t`cp`retur` ho tg` wet`r, tg` t`cp`retur` ho tg` rhhc eia tg` echuit ho wet`r us`a. Ttua`its sghuja hns`rv` tg` r`sujts ki enhut v` ckiut`s.
@xp`rkc`it >< E dei ho sprey a`hahreit
51
Qg`c` 5< Hrfeiksetkhi ho jko`
0. Akoouskhi ks vktej vktej th tg` ouidtkhikif ouidtkhikif ho ejj jkvkif hrfeikscs es kt kivhjv`s tg`
Eisw`rs
chv`c`it ho ceiy jko`-fkvkif sunsteid`s, sudg es wet`r eia hxyf`i, orhc hi` pjed` th eihtg`r. @xp`rkc`it >< ?. Qg` fes pertkdj`s pertkdj`s er` sjhwjy akoouskif akoouskif tgrhufg tgrhufg tg` etchspg`r` ki tg` djessrhhc. Qg`y chv` hr akoous` orhc ei er`e ho gkfg dhid`itretkhi th hi` ki wgkdg tg`r` ks e jhw dhid`itretkhi uitkj tg`y er` akstrknut`a `v`ijy. 6. Qg`y akoous` tgrhufghut tgrhufghut tg` djessrhhc djessrhhc eia spr`ea `v`ijy ki tg` `idjhs`a `ivkrhic`it. 7. Ttua`its dei suff`st suff`st e reif` ho `xecpj`s< `xecpj`s< tg` sc`jj ho schm` orhc e i`kfgnhur‛s r`,
0. Qg` phteth/yec tget wes shemkif ki tg` wet`r jhhm`a skckjer th ghw kt jhhm`a n`ohr` tg` `xp`rkc`it nut wes e nkt swhjj`i wktg wet`r. Qg` phteth/yec tget wes shemkif ki tg` sejt wet`r wkjj jhhm v`ry akoo`r`it. Kt sghuja n` sjkfgtjy aksdhjhur`a, eia tg` phteth/yec wkjj n` cudg shot`r tgei tg` hi` ki wet`r. ?. Hschsks ges tem`i pjed`. Vet`r Vet`r ges chv`a kith tg` phteth/yec ki tg` aksg tget hijy ges wet`r (wet`r chj`duj`s chv` orhc e shjutkhi ho gkfg wet`r pht`itkej th hi` ho jhw`r wet`r pht`itkej). Qg` d`jjs kiska` tg` phteth/yec ki tg` sejtwet`r shjutkhi shjutkhi gev` gea tg` wet`r sudm`a hut ho tg`c. Qg` wet`r kiska` tg` d`jjs akoous`a th e jhw`r dhid`itretkhi ho wet`r ki tg` sejt shjutkhi.
sc`jjs ho dhhmkif ki e mktdg`i tget spr`eas tgrhufg e ghus`, tg` sc`jj ho hw`rs hr p`rouc`, `ou`it hr hr s`akc`it hwkif hwkif kith e rkv`r, `td.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — aksduss tg` hns`rvetkhis eia eisw`rs wktg tg` djess.
Edtkvkty 0.>< 6. Qg` j`v`j ho jkquka jkquka ki tg` ouii`j rks`s rks`s eia tg` wet`r j`v`j ki tg` n`em`r arhps. 7. Qg` sufer shjutkhi shjutkhi ks e chr` dhid`itret`a dhid`itret`a shjutkhi. Qg`r` ks e chv`c`it ho wet`r chj`duj`s, ny hschsks, orhc tg` wet`r hutska` (ki tg` n`em`r) tgrhufg tg` _ksmkif
F^HPRT (TN p.14)
^`shurd`s
tunkif hr d`jjhpgei`, th tg` sufer shjutkhi kiska` tg` tgkstj` ouii`j. Qgks cem`s tg` jkquka j`v`j ki tg` ouii`j rks`.
@xp`rkc`it 5< Hi` phteth hr yec= twh scejj aksg`s= sejt= wet`r= e miko`= e tenj`sphhi
Ess`ssc`it
@xp`rkc`it >< _ksmkif tunkif hr d`jjhpgei`= e tgkstj` ouii`j hr depkjjery tun`= sufer shjutkhi= akstkjj`a wet`r= e n`em`r= e r`thrt steia eia djecp
Eisw`rs th ^`vkskhi qu`stkhis
Fuka`jki`s Oedkjktet`< @xp`rkc`it 5. e) Hschsks n) Hschsks ges tem`i pjed` eia wet`r ges chv`a kith tg` phteth strkp (wet`r chj`duj`s ckfret` orhc e shjutkhi ho
Qhpkd 0< Qg` d`jj eia kts `ivkrhic`it
50
gkfg wet`r pht`itkej th hi` ho jhw`r wet`r pht`itkej). d) Hschsks Hschsks ges tem`i tem`i pjed` pjed` eia eia wet`r wet`r ges chv`a hut ho tg` phteth strkp es kt wes kcc`rs`a ki e dhid`itret`a sufer shjutkhi.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.1?
Dg`dm tget tg` stua`its uia`rsteia tg` dhid`pts ho akoouskhi eia hschsks. Ttua`its dei wetdg tg` ohjjhwkif vka`h hi hschsks eia akoouskhi ^`dhfiks` tget d`jjs r`qukr` prht`kis, oets eia dernhgyaret`s ohr tg` prhaudtkhi ho i`w prhthpjesc, ohr r`pekr, r`pekr, frhwtg eia tg` prhvkskhi prhvkskhi ho `i`rfy. `i`rfy. ?.4 A`i` d`jjujer r`spkretkhi eia a`sdrkn` tg` prhd`ss`s tget er` kivhjv`a ki d`jjujer r`spkretkhi. ?.1 Aksduss tg` kcphrteid` ho tg` Mr`ns dydj`. ?.0 @xpjeki ghw d`jjujer r`spkretkhi r`sujts ki `i`rfy r`j`es`. ?.? A`i` eie`rhnkd r`spkretkhi. ?.6 Tghw `xp`rkc`itejjy tget tg` nr`em-ahwi ho dernhgyaret`s cey n` pertkej (o`rc`itetkhi) hr dhcpj`t`. ?.7 Ttet` ghw o`rc`itetkhi ks us`a ki kiaustry eia `v`ryaey jko`.
Kitrhaudtkhi Qg` rst pert ho tgks thpkd ks enhut cedrhiutrk`itss eia ckdrhiutrk`i cedrhiutrk`it ckdrhiutrk`its ts ki ohha, wgkdg eikcejs eia pjeits i``a th frhw eia survkv`. Ki guceis, tg` cedrhiutrk`its r`qukr`a er` dernhgyaret`s, prht`kis eia jkpkas. Qg` ckdrhiutrk`its er` vkteckis eia cki`rejs. Qgks thpkd ks ejsh enhut d`jjujer r`spkretkhi. Ceiy p`hpj` tgkim tget nr`etgkif
gttp&oka3pr`s`i a3>&oka3pr`s`i tetkhi&pka3?5;;
Fuka`jki`s Ejjhdet` shc` tkc` th c`esur` tg` pjeits hi tg` t`itg aey. Oedkjktet`< Rr`per` tg` dhrr`dt dhid`itretkhis dhid`itretkh is ho o`rtkjks`rs ohr tg` frhups th
eia r`spkretkhi er` tg` sec` prhd`ss. Nr`etgkif ks tg` temkif ki ho hxyf`i eia tg`
us` nut `xpjeki ghw yhu pr`per`a tg`c.
Eisw`rs
r`chvej ho dernhi akhxka` orhc ei hrfeiksc. ^`spkretkhi r`o`rs th tg` dg`ckdej prhd`ss`s ki tg` d`jj wg`r`ny `i`rfy ks prhaud`a. E`rhnkd r`spkretkhi r`qukr`s hxyf`i eia eie`rhnkd r`spkretkhi ah`s iht kivhjv` hxyf`i. Qgks thpkd kidjua`s s`v`rej `xp`rkc`its, wgkdg tg` stua`its sghuja `ilhy. @isur` tget yhu gev` tg` r`qukr`a r`shurd`s n`ohr` stertkif tg` thpkd.
0. Qg` pjeits pjeits frhwi frhwi wktg wktg 522% sghuja sghuja frhw frhw tg` chst. Qg` pjeits frhwi wktg thh jkttj` (44%) hr thh cudg (5??%) fr`w tg` j`est.
Edtkvkty ?.56?X02 gttps ;1
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — aksduss tg` hns`rvetkhis eia eisw`rs wktg tg` djess.
F^HPRT (TN p.1;)
E t`st tun`= e sthpp`r= e pjetohrc wktg ghj`s= scejj eikcejs sudg es eits= dj`er jkc`wet`r.
Fuka`jki`s Oedkjktet`< Qgks `xp`rkc`it kivhjv`s eikcejs sh retg`r aksduss kt ki tg`hry th pr`v`it eikcejs eikcejs orhc n`kif gerc`a, gerc`a, wgkdg dhitrev`i`s sdk`itkd `tgkds.
Qhpkd ?< Rrhp`rtk`s eia ouidtkhis ho tg` d`jj — iutrktkhi eia r`spkretkhi
56
Eisw`rs
^`shurd`s
>. Qg` dhitrhj dhitrhj epperet epperetus us cust cust n` ka`itkde ka`itkdejj th tget ho tg` `xp`rkc`itej epperetus, wktg hijy hi` oedthr j`ot hut — tget ks, tg` oedthr n`kif t`st`a. Ki tgks des`, tg` dhitrhj epperetus sghuja iht gev` eiy hrfeikscs hr kt dhuja gev` a`ea, st`rkjks`a hrfeikscs. 1. Qg` kiakdeth kiakdethrr wkjj turi turi ckjmy ckjmy ki tg` tg` t`st tun` tun` wktg eikcejs eia r`ceki dj`er ki tg` dhitrhj. 0. Qg` dj`er dj`er jkc`wet`r jkc`wet`r ki tg` `xp`rkc `xp`rkc`it `it turi`a turi`a ckjmy, wgkj` tget ho tg` dhitrhj r`ceki`a dj`er. ?. Dernh Dernhi i akhxka` akhxka` ks fkv`i fkv`i hoo ny eikce eikcejs js aurkif r`spkretkhi. Qgks ks wgy tg` jkc`wet`r turi`a ckjmy ki tg` t`st tun`
^`o`r th tg` Kit`ri`t ohr skckjer `xp`rkc`its sudg es5;?4 ka3 5>5;?4 gttps5
chj`duj`s eia htg`r sunsteid`s pghspghryjetkhi — tg` eaaktkhi ho e pghspget` th ei hrfeikd chj`duj`
>>
Qg`c` 5< Hrfeiksetkhi ho jko`
QHRKD 6< Rrhp`rtk`s eia ouidtkhis ho tg` d`jj — euthtrhpgy, euthtrhpgy, `izyc`s eia `xdr`tkhi R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s 6.5 ^`dhfiks` tget d`rteki d`jjs er` euthtrhpgkd eia htg`rs er` g`t`rhtrhpgkd. 6.> A`i` wget pghthsyitg`sks ks. 6.4 @xpjeki tg` prhd`ss ho pghthsyitg`s pghthsyitg`sks. ks. 6.1 @xpjeki tg` kcphrteid` ho pghthsyitg`sk pghthsyitg`sks. s. pghthsyitg`sks. s. 6.0 Derry hut `xp`rkc`its ki pghthsyitg`sk 6.? Aksduss tg` rhj` ho `izyc`s ki akf`stkhi. 6.6 Pia`rsteia tget `xdr`tkhi ks tg` r`chvej ho c`tenhjkd west` orhc tg` d`jj, wgkdg cey n` thxkd hr ki `xd`ss ho tg` d`jj‛s i``as.
Kitrhaudtkhi Qgks thpkd dhv`rs e v`ry kcphrteit prhd`ss ki Nkhjhfy, pghthsyitg`sks. Qgks sghuja n` ei kit`r`stkif s`dtkhi ohr stua`its es kt kidjua`s s`v`rej `xp`rkc`its tget t`st tg` r`qukr`c`its ohr pghthsyitg`sks. Rghthsyitg`sks `isur`s
hrfeikscs hnteki tg`kr `i`rfy akr`dtjy hr kiakr`dtjy orhc j) pjeits. >. e) E n) D d) A
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — dg`dm tg`
tg` dhitkiukty ho jko` hi @ertg. Qg` jest pert ho tg` thpkd ks enhut dg`chsyitg`sks, `izyc`s eia `xdr`tkhi.
Edtkvkty 6.5.
Eisw`rs 5. Rghthsyitg`sks Rghthsyitg`sks ks e nkhdg`ckdej nkhdg`ckdej prhd`ss tget tem`s pjed` ki fr``i pjeits. Kt ks wg`r` dgjhrhpgyjj ki j`ev`s enshrns tg` sui‛s reakeit `i`rfy eia dhiv`rts kt kith dg`ckdej `i`rfy, wgkdg ks tg`i sthr`a es dernhgyaret`s. Qg` dhcphuias us`a ki pghthsyitg`sks pghthsyitg` sks er` dernhi akhxka` akhxka` eia wet`r= tg` prhaudts er` sufers eia hxyf`i. >. dgjhrhpjest 4. tgyjemhkas 1. strhce
Qhpkd 6< Rrhp`rtk`s eia ouidtkhis ho tg` d`jj — euthtrhpgy euthtrhpgy,, `izyc`s eia `xdr`tkhi
>4
Ess`ssc`it
0. EQR ?. Dejvki dydj`
Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — aksduss tg` `xp`rkc`it wktg tg` djess eia dg`dm tg` eisw`rs th tg` qu`stkhis.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — dg`dm tg` eisw`rs th tg` edtkvkty wktg tg` djess.
Edtkvkty 6.41
kt es e djess a`chistretkhi.
5. Qh a`sterdg e pjeit, yhu i``a th pjed` kt ki e aerm pjed` ohr 17 ghurs. Qgks `isur`s tget ih sterdg ks prhaud`a ki tg` j`ev`s ki tget tkc`. Qg` j`ev`s, ko t`st`a, wkjj sghw ih sterdg pr`s`it. Qg` pjeit ks tgus a`sterdg`a. >. khaki` 4. Kt turis turis nju`-njedm. nju`-njedm. 1. Qg` perts dhitekikif dhitekikif dgjhrhpgyjj dgjhrhpgyjj wkjj turi nju`-njedm. Qg` wgkt` perts turi turi nrhwi. 0. Qgks sghws tget tget dgjhrhpgyjj dgjhrhpgyjj ks i`d`ssery i`d`ssery ohr pghthsyitg`sks. Vktghut Vktghut kt, tg` prhd`ss deiiht tem` pjed`.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — aksduss tg` hns`rvetkhis eia tg` eisw`rs th tg` qu`stkhis wktg tg` djess.
Edtkvkty 6.0. Thae jkc` enshrns kidhckif dernhi akhxka` eia phtesskuc gyarhxka` enshrns tg` dernhi akhxka` uia`r tg` n`jj ler.
>. 4. jkfgt Qg` fjhwkif spjkit spjkit wkjj nurst kith kith ec`. Qgks ks e t`st ohr hxyf`i eia kiakdet`s tget hxyf`i ges n``i prhaud`a ki tg` `xp`rkc`itej pjeit. 1. Guceis eia ejj htg`r jkvkif hrfeikscs r`qukr` hxyf`i ohr r`spkretkhi ki hra`r th prhaud` tg` `i`rfy r`qukr`a ohr ejj edtkvktk`s, kidjuakif sj``pkif eia `etkif.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it — dhidjua` tgks s`dtkhi hi pghthsyitg`sks wktg e djess t`st.
Eisw`rs th ^`vkskhi qu`stkhis 5. E >. E 4. e) Qg`r` wes wes ih hxyf`i pr`s`it.
4. Qg` dhidjuskhi ks tget dernhi akhxka` akhxka` ks `ss`itkej ohr pghthsyitg`sks. Vg`i kt ges n``i r`chv`a orhc tg` ekr erhuia tg` tg` pjeit, pghthsyitg`sks pghthsyitg`sks ah`s iht tem` tem` pjed`.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — aksduss tg` hns`rvetkhis eia tg` eisw`rs th tg` qu`stkhis wktg tg` djess.
Edtkvkty 6.?)
n) Hxyf`i Hxyf`i wes pr` pr`s`i s`itt au` au` th tg` cki ckitt pjei pjeit. t. d) Rghthsyitg` Rghthsyitg`sks sks prhaud`s hxyf`i. hxyf`i. a) Qg` spjkit nursts kith ec`, es hxyf`i hxyf`i ou`js ec`s, sh tgks ks e fhha t`st ohr tg` pr`s`id` ho tgks fes. 1. @xdr`tkhi ks tg` r`chvej r`chvej ho west` prhaudts prhaudts ho c`tenhjksc orhc hrfeikscs. Vest` prhaudts kidjua` dernhi kidjua` akhxksudg akhxka`, a`, wet`r, wet`r , sejts eia iktrhf`ihus west`s es ur`e eia urkd edka.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it
^`shurd`s Qg` t`xtnhhm
Fuka`jki`s Oedkjktet`< Ejjhw stua`its th eisw`r tg` qu`stkhis wktg tg`kr perti`rs. Qg`r`eot`r, aksduss tg` eisw`rs wktg tg` djess. [hu dei ahwijhea e vka`h sghwkif tgks `xp`rkc`it orhc [huQun`.
Eisw`rs 5. E wet`r pjeit sudg es es @jha`e @jha`e,, sh tget tg` hxyf`i dei n` dhjj`dt`a es nunnj`s orhc or hc tg` sunc`rf`a pjeit.
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.?0
Esm stua`its wg`tg`r tg`y `ilhy`a tg` `xp`rkc`its ki tgks s`dtkhi eia wg`tg`r tg`y uia`rsthha tg` purphs` ho `edg hi`. [hu [hu dei dg`dm tg`kr uia`rsteiakif ny esmkif tg`c shc` enhutdei tg` wrkt` kiohrcetkhi dhv`r`a ki tg` qu`stkhis thpkd. Ttua`its succery iht`s hi tg` thpkd, ohr `xecpj`, ny uskif g`eakifs eia sun-g`eakifs, eia eaakif pgres`s eia m`y whras uia`r tg`s`. @xpjeki eiytgkif tget stua`its ah iht uia`rsteia.
Qhpkd 6< Rrhp`rtk`s eia ouidtkhis ho tg` d`jj — euthtrhpgy euthtrhpgy,, `izyc`s eia `xdr`tkhi
M`y whras euthtrhpgkd iutrktkhi — e ohrc ho iutrktkhi ki wgkdg ei hrfeiksc cem`s kts hwi ohha orhc kihrfeikd sunsteid`s uskif dg`ckdej hr jkfgt `i`rfy dg`chsyitg`sks — tg` us` ho `i`rfy r`j`es`a ny kihrfeikd dg`ckdej r`edtkhis th prhaud` ohha dgjhrhpgyjj — e fr``i pkfc`it tget treps suijkfgt ohr tg` prhd`ss ho pghthsyitg`sks dhitredtkj` veduhj` — ei hrfei`jj` ohuia ki ckdrh-hrfeikscs tget p`rkhakdejjy `xpeias, ſtjjkif wktg wet`r, eia tg`i dhitredts, `xp`jjkif kts dhit`its th tg` d`jj `xt`rkhr aerm pges` — tg` pges` ho pghthsyitg`sks tget ah`s iht r`qukr` jkfgt (dernhgyaret`s er` syitg`sks`a orhc dernhi akhxka`)
>0
`xdr`tkhi — tg` r`chvej ho tg` west` prhaudts ho c`tenhjksc orhc jkvkif hrfeikscs sudg es eikcejs eia pjeits ec` d`jjs — `xdr`thry d`jjs ohuia ki skcpj` or`sgwet`r kiv`rt`nret`s, sudg es etwhrcs jkfgt pges` — aurkif tg` jkfgt pges` ho pghthsyitg`sks, jkfgt `i`rfy orhc tg` Tui ks gerv`st`a ny sp`dkej pkfc`its ki tg` dgjhrhpjests Cejpkfgkei tunuj`s — e syst`c ho nreidgkif tunuj`s `xt`iakif orhc tg` kit`stkiej syst`c ohr tg` purphs` ho enshrnkif wet`r eia sunsteid`s aksshjv`a ki wet`r pghthsyitg`sks — e prhd`ss tget tem`s pjed` ki fr``i pjeits ki wgkdg dernhgyaret`s er` cea` orhc dernhi akhxka` eia wet`r uskif suijkfgt, wktg hxyf`i es e ny-prhaudt
>?
Qg`c` 5< Hrfeiksetkhi ho jko`
QHRKD 7< Frhwtg eia chv`c`it R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s 7.5 Ka`itkoy frhwtg. 7.> A`sdrkn` tg` prhd`ss`s ho ckthsks, d`jj akvkskhi, d`jj `ijerf`c`it eia d`jj akoo`r`itketkhi. 7.4 @xpjeki ghw epkdej eia exkjjery frhwtg tem`s pjed`. 7.1 @xpjeki ghw ghrchi` frhwtg ki pjeits ks r`fujet`a. 7.0 Derry hut `xp`rkc`its th dhistrudt frhwtg durv`s. 7.? A`chistret` ny `xp`rkc`it oedthrs tget eoo`dt frhwtg. 7.6 @xpjeki tg` enkjkty ho tg` d`jj th a`t`dt eia r`sphia th `xt`riej stkcujk. 7.7 Ka`itkoy strudturej eaeptetkhis ohr chnkjkty sudg es dkjke eia ef`jje.
Kitrhaudtkhi
Frhwtg ks ei kidr`es` ki skz`. Frhwtg ks ejsh ei kidr`es` ki tg` iucn`r ho d`jjs tgrhufg e typ` ho d`jj akvkskhi, iec`jy ckthsks. Qg`r`
>. Tkx 4. Ei eikcej eikcej d`jj, d`jj, n`deus` n`deus` tg`r` ks ks ih d`jj d`jj wejj pr`s`it (hijy e d`jj c`cnrei` ks pr`s`it). Ejsh, d`itrkhj`s d`itrkhj`s er` pr`s`it,
er` akoo`r`it typ`s ho frhwtg ki pjeits — prkcery frhwtg deuskif ei kidr`es` kidr`es` ki j`iftg, s`dhiaery frhwtg deuskif ei kidr`es` ki wkatg, eia frhwtg r`sphis`s au` th e stkcujus sudg es jkfgt hr frevkty. Krrktenkjkty ks tg` enkjkty ho tg` d`jj th r`sphia th stkcujk. Thc` hrfeikscs chv` uskif dkjke eia ef`jje. Chv`c`it tget hddurs wktgki tg` dythpjesc ho pjeit eia ouifej d`jjs ks typ`s dejj`aho dydjhsks. Qgks thpkd dhv`rs akoo`r`it frhwtg eia chv`c`it.
Edtkvkty 7.5. E typ` ho iudj`er akvkskhi tget `isur`s e dhisteit iucn`r ho dgrhchshc`s wktgki tg` d`jjs ho e pertkdujer hrfeiksc hr e typ` ho d`jj akvkskhi ki wgkdg e akpjhka d`jj akvka`s th ohrc ohur gepjhka fec`t`s. 4. Dhilufetkhi ks e ohrc ho s`xuej
M`y whras nkiery ſtsskhi — e c`tgha ho es`xuej r`prhaudtkhi tget kivhjv`s tg` spjkttkif ho e per`it d`jj kith twh epprhxkcet`jy `quej perts nuaakif — e ohrc ho es`xuej r`prhaudtkhi ki wgkdg e i`w hrfeiksc a`v`jhps orhc ei hutfrhwtg hr nua tget ks ohrc`a ny d`jj akvkskhi et hi` pertkdujer skt` dhilufetkhi — e ohrc ho s`xuej r`prhaudtkhi hddurrkif ki uikd`jjujer hrfeikscs, ohr `xecpj`, nedt`rke, Tpkrhfyre akpjhka — wg`i e d`jj ges tg` oujj s`t ho dgrhchshc`s
r`prhaudtkhi ki uikd`jjujer hrfeikscs tget ks us`a uia`r tkc`s ho str`ss. Kt K t kivhjv`s tg` `xdgeif` ho f`i`tkd cet`rkej n`tw``i twh kiakvkauejs tghufg e prhd`ss ho ouskhi. o uskhi. 1. O`rtkjksetkhi ks ks tg` ouskhi ho cej` eia eia o`cej` fec`t`s. 0. Fec`t`s er` ohrc`a tgrhufg tgrhufg tg` prhd`ss ho c`khsks — e typ` ho d`jj akvkskhi dejj`a r`audtkhi akvkskhi n`deus` `edg ho tg` fec`t`s ges gejo tg` iucn`r ho dgrhchshc`s tget tg` per`it d`jj gea. Ki tgks typ` ho akvkskhi, e akpjhka (>i)gepjhka nhay d`jj akvka`s th ohrc ohur akoo`r`it (i) fec`t`s. Gepjhka d`jjs gev` hijy hi` s`t ho dgrhchshc`s. Qg` dgrhchshc`s ah iht gev` ghchjhfhus perti`rs. Qg` gepjhka (i) iucn`r ks gejo tg` akpjhka iucn`r. Fec`t`s gev` tg` gepjhka iucn`r ho dgrhchshc`s.
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
o`rtkjksetkhi — tg` lhkikif ho e cej` s`x d`jj (sp`rc) wktg e o`cej` s`x d`jj (hvuc) th ohrc e zyfht` fec`t` — e s`x d`jj gepjhka — wg`i e d`jj ges gejo tg` usuej iucn`r ho dgrhchshc`s c`khsks — e typ` ho d`jj akvkskhi wg`r`ny e akpjhka d`jj akvka`s th ohrc ohur gepjhka fec`t`s sphr` — e uikt ho es`xuej r`prhaudtkhi tget cey n` eaept`a ohr aksp`rsej eia ohr survkvej v`f`tetkv` prhpefetkhi — e ohrc ho es`xuej r`prhaudtkhi ki e pjeit
TN p.72
Dg`dm tget tg` stua`its uia`rsteia tg` dhid`pts dhv`r`a ki tgks thpkd ny ejjhwkif tg`c th dhishjkaet` tg` kiohrcetkhi ki e succery ohrcet ho tg`kr dghkd` sudg es e ckia cep, dhid`pt cep hr g`eakifs eia nujj`t`a phkits. @xpjeki @xpjeki eiytgkif tget stua`its ah iht uia`rsteia. ^`o`r th vka`hs hi [huQun` [huQun` r`jet`a th typ`s ho r`prhaudtkhi= es`xuej r`prhaudtkhi eia v`f`tetkv` prhpefetkhi.
Qhpkd ;< ^`prhaudtkhi
QHRKD 52< Iutrk`it dydjkif ki ietur` R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s 52.5 A`i` tg` dernhi eia hxyf`i dydj`s. 52.> @xpjeki tg` prhd`ss ho dydjkif ki tg`s` twh dydj`s. 52.4 @xpjeki tg` kcphrteid` ho tg` dernhi eia hxyf`i dydj`s. 52.1 @xpjeki tg` dernhi-hxyf`i nejeid`. 52.0 A`i` tg` wet`r dydj`. 52.? @xpjeki tg` prhd`ss ho dydjkif ki tg` wet`r dydj`. 52.6 @xpjeki tg` kcphrteid` ho wet`r th pjeits. 52.7 @xpjeki tg` kcphrteid` ho wet`r th eikcejs.
45
Kitrhaudtkhi
Edtkvkty 52.>. gekj, sihw, reki, a`w, ohf, ckst, sj``t 4. Vet`r vephur dhia`is`s hi tg` fjess. Qg` sunsteid` ks e fes wgkdg dgeif`s th e jkquka es kt thudg`s tg` dhja`r suroed`. 1. Rhjjutkhi ki ki wet`r ges eoo`dt`a eoo`dt`a tg` ret` ho `vephretkhi. Kidr`es`a fjhnej werckif au` th fes`s sudg es dernhi akhxka` ges dhitrknut`a th gkfg`r `vephretkhi ret`s. Rhjjuteits orhc oedthrk`s gev` deus`a tg` reki th n`dhc` edkakd. Guceis us` wet`r ohr ahc`stkd edtkvktk`s sudg es netgkif eia wesgkif. Vet`r ks us`a ki kiaustrk`s eia efrkdujtur`.
Ess`ssc`it
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — dg`dm tg` eisw`rs th tg` edtkvkty wktg tg` djess.
4>
Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — dg`dm tg` eisw`rs th tg` edtkvkty wktg tg` djess.
Qg`c` 5< Hrfeiksetkhi ho jko`
Eisw`rs th ^`vkskhi qu`stkhis
Ess`ssc`it
5. E< dhia`isetkhi= dhia`isetkhi= N< pr`dkpktetkhi= pr`dkpktetkhi= D< rui-hoo= A< `vephretkhi >. sihw, gekj, sj``t, reki 4. gyarhf`i eia hxyf`i hxyf`i 1. tg` sui 0. Kt dei n` hv`r `xtredt`a `xtredt`a ny guceis= us`a ohr krrkfetkhis, or`sgwet`r syst`cs sudg es rkv`rs, jem`s eia phias dei n`dhc` phjjut`a, tg` hd`ei hd`ei f`ts phjjut`a, phjjut`a, rkv`rs er` aecc`a hr deiejks`a eia tgks kcpedts
Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.7?
Arew tg` dydj`s hi tg` nhera eia j`ev` hut shc` ho tg` whras. Ttua`its dei dg`dm tg`kr uia`rsteiakif ny dhcpj`tkif tg` dydj`s. Et `v`ry phkit ho tg` dydj`, aksduss ghw guceis gev` eoo`dt`a tg` hw ho iutrk`its eia wet`r wet`r,, eia suff`st shjutkhis th tg`s` prhnj`cs. @xpjeki eiytgkif tget stua`its ah iht
?. i`fetkv`jy hi wet`r rui hoo
uia`rsteia.
etchspg`rkd dernhi akhxka`
N
O
@
E
fr``i pjeits
eikcejs D
ohsskj ou`js
A
E — pghthsyitg`sks N — r`spkretkhi D — akf`stkhi A — ohsskjksetkhi @ — dhcnustkhi O — a`dhcphsktkhi 6. Kidr`es`a dhcnustkhi dhcnustkhi ho ohsskj ohsskj ou`js eia a`ohr`stetkhi wgkdg ks r`chvkif hi` ho tg` nkff`r fjhnej dernhi dernhi skims 7. Rjeits r`qukr` wet`r wet`r ohr pghthsyitg`sks pghthsyitg`sks eia s``a f`rckietkhi. Eikcejs r`qukr` wet`r ohr dg`ckdej r`edtkhis= th treisphrt sunsteid`s erhuia tg` nhay= ohr t`cp`retur` r`fujetkhi= eia wet`r ekas `xdr`tkhi.
M`y whras dhcnustkhi — tg` nurikif ho ou`j ki tg` pr`s`id` ho hxyf`i= dernhi akhxka` ks r`j`es`a es e ny-prhaudt ho tgks dg`ckdej r`edtkhi dhia`isetkhi — tg` prhd`ss ho wet`r vephur r`audkif th wet`r ohrc a`dhcphsktkhi — tg` nr`emkif ahwi ho cett`r,, hot`i wktg tg` g`jp ho a`dhcphs`rs/ cett`r hrfeikscs tget er` enj` th a`dhcphs` ohsskj ou`js — dhcnustknj` hrfeikd cet`rkejs sudg es hkj, dhej, hr ieturej fes, a`rkv`a orhc tg` r`cekis ho pjeit eia eikcej hrfeikscs treispkretkhi — tg` pessef` ho wet`r orhc tg` rhhts ho e pjeit tgrhufg th tg` etchspg`r`
Qhpkd 52< Iutrk`it dydjkif ki ietur`
QG@C@
>
Qg` hrfeiksc et whrm
QHRKD 55< Qkssu`s eia supphrtkif syst`cs R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s 55.5 A`i` tg` dhid`pt ho e sm`j`thi.
44
55.> ^`dhfiks` akoo`r`it sm`j`tej eia supphrtkif tkssu`s. 55.4 Ttet` tg` jhdetkhi eia erreif`c`it ho sm`j`tej eia supphrtkif tkssu`s ki eikcejs. 55.1 Ttet` tg` ouidtkhis ho tg` sm`j`thi eia supphrtkif tkssu`s ki eikcejs. 55.0 A`sdrkn` tg` dhcphi`its eia ouidtkhis ho tg` ceccejkei sm`j`thi. 55.? A`sdrkn` tg` ouidtkhis ho lhkits eia cusdj`s.
Kitrhaudtkhi Hrfeikscs i``a shc` typ` ho supphrt syst`c Hrfeikscs th m``p tg`kr sgep`, ghja tg`kr nhak`s thf`tg`r eia ejjhw ohr chv`c`it. Qgks supphrt syst`c ki kiv`rt`nret`s eia v`rt`nret`s ks prhvka`a ny e sm`j`thi. Qg`r` er` tgr`` typ`s ho sm`j`this, iec`jy, gyarhstetkd sm`j`this, `xhsm`j`this eia `iahsm`j`this. Qgks thpkd ohdus`s cekijy hi tg` ceccejkei `iahsm`j`thi.
Edtkvkty 55.5. Nhi`s er` cea` up ho jkvkif d`jjs dejj`a dejj`a hst`hdyt`s. Hst`hdyt`s i``a iutrk`its eia hxyf`i, eia th gev` c`tenhjkd west` r`chv`a orhc tg`c. Njhha treisphrts iutrk`its eia hxyf`i th tg` hst`hdyt`s, eia ejsh derrk`s west` ewey orhc tg`s` d`jjs. 4. ^`a nhi` cerrhw ks tg` skt` wg`r` wgkt` wgkt` njhha d`jjs, r`a njhha njhha dhrpusdj`s eia eia njhha pjet`j`ts er` cea`. cea`. 1. D
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — dg`dm tg` eisw`rs th tg` edtkvkty wktg tg` djess.
Qg`c` >< Qg` hrfeiksc et whrm
Edtkvkty 55.>< Tupphrtkif tkssu`s ki pjeits R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s 5>.5 Ttet` tg` akoo`r`it typ`s ho supphrtkif tkssu` ki pjeits eia tg` erreif`c`it ho tg`s` supphrtkif tkssu`s. 5>.> A`sdrkn` tg` strudtur` eia ouidtkhi ho per`idgyce, dhjj`idgyce eia sdj`r`idgyce eia s`dhiaery xyj`c es supphrtkif tkssu`s.
46
5>.4 Ttet` tg` ouidtkhis ho supphrtkif tkssu`s ki pjeits eia ghw tg`s` ouidtkhis er` p`rohrc`a. 5>.1 A`sdrkn` tg` neskd strudtur` ho tg` rhhts eia st`cs ho g`rned`hus pjeits.
Kitrhaudtkhi
Ess`ssc`it
Qg` whra supphrt whra supphrt c`eis c`eis th ghja uprkfgt hr th fkv` str`iftg. Equetkd hrfeikscs hrfeikscs f`t supphrt orhc wet`r. Rjeits eia eikcejs jkvkif hi jeia r`qukr` strhif`r supphrt syst`cs es ekr hoo`rs tg`kr nhak`s jkttj` supphrt efekist frevkty. Qhpkd 55 dhv`r`a supphrtkif tkssu`s ki eikcejs, wktg pertkdujer `cpgesks hi guceis. Qgks thpkd ks enhut supphrt eia str`iftg`ikif tkssu`s ki pjeits.
Edtkvkty 5>.5)
^`shurd`s
Qg` t`xtnhhm= ckdrhsdhp`= ckdrhfrepgs ho drhss s`dtkhis ho rhhts eia st`cs= e sgerp GN p`idkj eia arewkif arewkif pep`r= dhjhur`a dhjhur`a kim/ohha dhjhurkif= ckdrhsdhp` sjka`s= dhv`r sjkps= e sdejp`j= sp`dkc`is ho d`j`ry hr pucpmki stejms= khaki`
Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it — us` tg` akefrecs ki tg` thpkd th dg`dm tg` stua`its‛ arewkifs. Ejsh `vejuet` tg`c ki t`rcs ho edduredy, prhphrtkhi, i`eti`ss, jen`js eia g`eakifs. Qg` akefrecs cust n` jerf` eia dj`er.
Eisw`rs th ^`vkskhi qu`stkhis 5. Rjeit Rjeit supphrtki supphrtkif f tkssu` tkssu` kidjua`s kidjua`s per`idgyce, dhjj`idgyce dhjj`idgyce eia eia sdj`r`idgyce. >. Tdj` Tdj`r`idg r`idgyce yce ks tg` ceki ceki supphrtki supphrtkif f tkssu` ki pjeits. 4. Dhjj Dhjj`idg `idgyce yce ks tg` tg` supphrtki supphrtkif f tkssu` tkssu` tget ks ohuia chr` ki pjeits frhwkif ki wkiay dhiaktkhis. 1. 5 — `pka`rcks > — dhrt`x 4 — rhht gekr 1 — pgjh`c 0 — decnkuc
Fuka`jki`s
? — xyj`c
Qgks edtkvkty ejjhws stua`its th s`` rhht r hht eia st`c strudtur` uia`r tg` ckdrhsdhp` hr uskif pghthckdrhfrepgs. pghthckdrh frepgs. [hu [hu dei us` tg` ohjjhwkif ohjjhwkif w`nskt`s eia htg`rs th g`jp yhu pr`per` ohr tgks predtkdej< gttp< Qg` hrfeiksc et whrm
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.524
Ttua`its sghuja cem` e tenj` tget kidjua`s tg` ohjjhwkif< iec` ho tkssu`= e jen`jj`a akefrec ho e o`w d`jjs ho tg` tkssu`= e a`sdrkptkhi ho tg` tkssu`= ouidtkhis ho tg` tkssu`. Ttua`its cust n` enj` th ka`itkoy per`idgyce, sdj`r`idgyce
5 — `pka`rcks > — rhht gekr 4 — dhrt`x per`idgyce
eia dhjj`idgyce ki e treisv`rs` s`dtkhi ho e akdhtyj`ahihus rhht eia st`c. @xpjeki eiytgkif ki tgks thpkd tget stua`its ah iht uia`rsteia.
M`y whras d`jjujhs` — ei kishjunj` sunsteid` tget ks tg` ceki dhistktu`it ho pjeit d`jj wejjs eia ho v`f`tenj` ſtnr`s sudg es dhtthi dhjj`idgyce — tg` supphrtkv` tkssu` ho pjeits, dhiskstkif ho `jhifet`a jkvkif d`jjs wktg ui`v`ijy tgkdm`i`a, ihi-jkfikſt`a wejjs jkfiki — e dhcpj`x hrfeikd phjyc`r a`phskt`a ki tg` d`jj wejjs ho ceiy pjeits, cemkif tg`c rkfka eia whhay per`idgyce — tg` ouidtkhiej tkssu` ho ei hrfei es akstkifuksg`a eia supphrtkif tkssu` orhc tg` dhii`dtkv` rhht — tg` pert ho e pjeit tget ettedg`s kt th tg` frhuia hr th e supphrt, typkdejjy uia`rfrhuia, derrykif wet`r eia ihurksgc`it th tg` r`st ho tg` pjeit vke iuc`rhus nreidg`s eia ſtnr`s sdj`r`kas — typ`s ho sdj`r`idgyce d`jjs tget er` krr`fujer ki sgep`= tg` d`jj wejjs er` tgkdm, gera eia jkfikſt`a, wgkdg cem`s tg` juc`i v`ry scejj sdj`r`idgyce — e prht`dtkv` hr supphrtkif tkssu` ki gkfg`r pjeits dhcphs`a ho d`jjs wktg tgkdm`i`a eia hot`i jkfikſt`a wejjs s`dhiaery xyj`c — xyj`c jeka ahwi ny e c`rkst`c dejj`a tg` vesdujer decnkuc ki whhay pjeits st`c — tg` ceki nhay hr stejm ho e pjeit hr sgrun, rkskif enhv` frhuia nut hddeskhiejjy sunt`rrei`ei
Qhpkd 5>< Tupphrtkif tkssu`s ki pjeits
QHRKD 54< Iutrktkhi ki eikcejs R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s 54.5 A`i` wget ohha sunsteid`s er`. 54.> Jkst typ`s ho ohha sunsteid`s. 54.4 Aksduss tg` kcphrteid` ho e nejeid`a ak`t.
4;
`izyc`s eia tg`kr dgeredt`rkstkds, djess`s djess`s eia ouidtkhis. 54.1 Iec` tg` akf`stkv` `izyc`s
Kitrhaudtkhi
Fuka`jki`s
Qgks thpkd dhv`rs tg` v` ohha frhups tget er` i`d`ssery ohr e nejeid`a ak`t. Ttua`its sghuja `ilhy tg` ohha t`sts ki tgks thpkd. Ejjhw tg`c th ah tg`s` ki scejj frhups, nut ko yhur nuaf`t/`qukpc`i nuaf`t/`qukpc`itt ks jkckt`a, ah a`chistretkhis a`chistretkh is kist`ea. Iht`56>560>X`xd`rpt.pao `xd`rpt.pao Oedkjktet`< G`jp stua`its th kit`rpr`t tg` r`sujts.
@isur` tget yhu us` e verk`ty ho ohhas ohr `edg frhup. Rjed` e scejj echuit ho `edg ohha hi e jerf` pep`r pjet`. Jen`j ohhas tget er` akodujt th ka`itkoy ny wrktkif hi tg` pjet`.
Eisw`rs 5. Qg` eisw`r eisw`r a`p`i a`p`ias as hi tg` tg` ohhas ohhas us`a. us`a. >. Ttua Ttua`its `its wkjj wkjj cem` cem` e tenj` a`p`ia a`p`iakif kif hi tg` typ`s ho ohha prhvka`a ohr tg`c.
Eisw`rs 5. Th tget tget tg` g`et g`et ks `v`ijy `v`ijy akstrknut akstrknut`a. `a. >. orudt orudths`, hs`, jedth jedths` s` eia eia cejths cejths``
Ess`ssc`it
Ess`ssc`it
Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — cem` e tenj` hi tg` nhera eia eaa tg` ohhas th akoo`r`it dhjucis. Ttua`its cust dg`dm tg`kr eisw`rs.
Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — aksduss tg` hns`rvetkhis eia eisw`rs th tg` qu`stkhis wktg tg` djess.
Edtkvkty 54.6 222 3 >60 f/2,>60 mf 4. prht`ki
Nr`ea hr dredm`rs= shc`tgkif th nr`em up tg` nr`ea hr dredm`rs, sudg es es e p`stj` eia chrter= chrter= t`st tun`s= arhppkif pkp`tt`s= gyarhdgjhrkd edka= shakuc gyarhxka`= khaki`
Fuka`jki`s Ttua`its cust `x`rdks` deutkhi wktg tg` dg`ckdejs ki tgks `xp`rkc`it, `v`i tghufg tg`y er` akjut`. Oedkjktet`< G`jp stua`its th ohjjhw tg` kistrudtkhis. Ah iht ohrd` stua`its th eaa tg`kr sejkve ko tg`y er` iht dhcohrtenj` ahkif tgks.
ſtnr`
Eisw`rs
oets dernhgyaret`
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — sghw tg` whrmkifs ohr Uu`stkhi > eia arew tg` pk` dgert ki Uu`stkhi 4 hi tg` nhera.
Edtkvkty 54.7. Tejkvery ecyjes` ecyjes` ouidtkhis ki sjkfgtjy sjkfgtjy ejmejki` dhiaktkhis, dhiaktkhis, nut ah`s iht whrm ko ejmejkikty ks thh gkfg. 4. Ecyjes` whrms ki i`utrej dhiaktkhis. 1. Ttua`its wkjj wkjj ia tget sejkvery sejkvery ecyjes` whrms n`st ki sjkfgtjy ejmejki` dhiaktkhis — pG 6.1, wgkdg ks dhiskst`it dhiskst`it wktg sejkve. sejkve.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — aksduss tg` hns`rvetkhis eia eisw`rs th tg` edtkvkty wktg tg` djess.
Edtkvkty 54.52
Qg`c` >< Qg` hrfeiksc et whrm
Eisw`rs 5. Qg`r` wes ih r`edtkhi r`edtkhi wktg khaki` wg`i tg` `izyc` wes nhkj`a, sghwkif tget kt aka iht
4. Rrht`kis er` pert ho tg` nukjakif cet`rkejs ho ejj d`jj c`cnrei`s, dgrhchshc`s, dgrhchshc`s, dythpjesc eia d`jj hrfei`jj`s. Ejj Ejj
>.
4.
1.
0.
nr`em ahwi ahwi sterdg sterdg — tg` `izyc` a`ietu a`ietur`s. r`s. Ki v`ry v`ry dhja dhja dhiaktkhis, dhiaktkhis, tg`r` wes ih r`edtkhi wktg khaki` wg`i tg` `izyc` wes nhkj`a, sghwkif sghwkif tget kt aka iht iht nr`em ahwi sterdg. ^hhc t`cp`retur` ks f`ttkif f`ttkif djhs`r th nhay t`cp`retur` sh kt ks i`erjy es `oo`dtkv` es 46 ²D — et rhhc t`cp`retur`, tg`r` cey gev` n``i shc` nr`emahwi ho sterdg eia sh e sjkfgt r`edtkhi wktg tg` khaki`, nut ko tg` rhhc ks dhhj `ihufg, tg`r` wkjj n` ih r`edtkhi. N`st r`edtkhi r`edtkhi — chst chst sterdg sterdg wes nrhm`i ahwi. Et nhay t`cp`retur`, tg` sterdg wes nrhm`i ahwi eia eia tg` shjutkhi turis nju` njedm wktg tg` eaaktkhi ho khaki`. khaki`. 46 ²D (4?,; ²D) — ks nhay t`cp`retur`. t`cp`retur`. Qg` edtkhi ho `izyc`s ks eoo`dt`a ny pG eia t`cp`retur`. t`cp`retur`. @izyc`s whrm n`st
et tg` pG eia t`cp`retur` tget ks ohuia ki jkvkif hrfeikscs. ?. Qg` edtkhi edtkhi ho tg` `izyc` `izyc` kidr`es`s kidr`es`s ki ret` uitkj e d`rteki t`cp`retur` eia tg`i tg` `izyc` a`ietur`s.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — dg`dm tg` hns`rvetkhis eia eisw`rs th tg` qu`stkhis wktg tg` djess.
Eisw`rs th ^`vkskhi qu`stkhis 5. [hur nhay i``as iutrk`its th survkv` eia th stey g`ejtgy. >. Oets prhvka` `i`rfy. `i`rfy. Hi` frec ho e jkpka prhvka`s chr` tgei tgei twkd` tg` echuit echuit ho `i`rfy ho hi` frec ho dernhgyaret`. Nut, n`deus` tg` nkhjhfkdej nkhjhfkdej prhd`ss`s tget tget er` i``a`a th r`j`es` `i`rfy orhc oets ki tg` d`jj er` jhif eia dhcpjkdet` dhcpjkdet`a, a, d`jjs us` dernhgyaret`s ohr `i`rfy chr` `eskjy tgei tg`y us` oets. Oet prhvka`s e jey`r ho kisujetkhi uia`r tg` smki ohr werctg. Oets er` ejsh ohuia ki tg` cy`jki sg`etgs tget surrhuia i`rv` d`jjs. Oets ki tg` ak`t ejsh
1.
0. ?. 6.
7.
`izyc`s eia shc` ghrchi`s er` cea` up ho prht`kis. Rrht`kis er` ejsh i`d`ssery ohr tg` kccui` syst`c th whrm prhp`rjy. Dejdkuc ks `ss`itkej `ss`itkej ohr nhi`s eia eia t``tg. t``tg. Dejdkuc khis er` i``a`a ki tg` njhha ohr djhttkif eia dejdkuc ks kcphrteit ki d`jj c`cnrei` p`rc`enkjkty. Qg` aks`es` ks eie`cke. Qg` aks`es` ks rkdm`ts. Qwh dhcchi ohrcs ho cejiutrktkhi er` mwesgkhrmhr eia cerescus. Mwesgkhrmhr ks tg` r`sujt ho e gkfg kitem` ho dernhgyaret` wktg thh jkttj` prht`ki. Cerescus ks e s`v`r` jedm ho iutrk`its ki ejj ohha frhups. Qg`s` twh iutrktkhi akshra`rs er` usuejjy s``i ki dgkjar`i ki r`shurd`-phhr er`es. Oets< dgkps, hjkv` hkj, evhdeah p`er, iuts, hjkv`
Rrht`ki< sg, dgkdm`i, c`et, j`itkjs, n`eis Dernhgyaret`< nr`ea, phteth`s, peste, rkd`, shc` v`f`tenj`s eia orukt ;. Ei `izyc` ks e prht`ki chj`duj` tget edts es e nkhjhfkdej detejyst n`deus` kt sp``as up nkhdg`ckdej r`edtkhis. @izyc`s er` sp`dkd th tg` sunstret`s tget tg`y edt hi. Ohr `xecpj`, ejj `izyc`s tget edt hi prht`kis er` dejj`a prht`es`s. Th prht`es`s wkjj iht iht n` enj` th nr`em ahwi ahwi dernhgyaret`s. Ki eaaktkhi, tg`y whrm n`st et pertkdujer `ivkrhic`it `ivkrhic`itej ej dhiaktkhis sudg es pG eia t`cp`retur`. 52. Tejkvery ecyjes` nr`ems ahwi sterdg.
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.55>
Qem` tgks hpphrtuikty th esm stua`its ko tg`r` ks eiytgkif tget tg`y ah iht uia`rsteia. Fh hv`r tg` purphs` (ekc), c`tgha, r`sujts eia dhidjuskhi ho `edg `xp`rkc`it. @xpjeki eiytgkif tget stua`its ah iht uia`rsteia.
ejjhw tg` nhay th us` oet-shjunj` vkteckis.
Qhpkd 54< Iutrktkhi ki eikcejs
M`y whras dernhgyaret`s — sunsteid`s dhiskstkif cekijy
14
ho sufers eia sterdg`s, hi` ho tg` ceki `i`rfy-prhvkakif iutrk`its `izyc`s — prht`kis tget `ienj` dg`ckdej r`edtkhis th tem` pjed` oets eia hkjs — hrfeikd sunsteid`s tget s`rv` es `ss`itkej iutrk`its ki tg` nhay ny prhvkakif `i`rfy jkpkas — tg` t`rc us`a ohr nhtg oets eia hkjs. E oet ks e jkpka tget ks shjka et rhhc t`cp`retur`. Ei hkj ks e jkpka tget ks jkquka et rhhc t`cp`retur`. cki`rej — ei kihrfeikd sunsteid` tget ks `ss`itkej th tg` ouidtkhikif ho tg` nhay eia ks hnteki`a orhc ohhas prht`kis — e sunsteid` ohuia ki ohhas sudg es ckjm, c`et, dg``s`, `ffs eia n`eis vkteckis — hrfeikd sunsteid`s ohuia ki scejj echuits ki shc` ohha
11
Qg`c` >< Qg` hrfeiksc et whrm
QHRKD 51< Cha`s ho iutrktkhi
R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s 51.5 Jkst typ`s ho g`t`rhtrhpgkd iutrktkhi eia o``akif c`dgeikscs ki ghjhzhkd hrfeikscs. 51.> A`sdrkn` tg` o``akif c`dgeiksc ki ghjhzhkd hrfeikscs (kidjuakif jt`r o``akif eia uka o``akif). 51.4 Jkst typ`s ho ceccejkei t``tg eia a`sdrkn` tg`kr strudtur`. 51.1 Ttet` tg` a`itej ohrcuje eia eaeptetkhis ho a`itktkhi th cha` ho iutrktkhi.
Kitrhaudtkhi
Ess`ssc`it
Qgks thpkd dhv`rs akoo`r`it weys ho o``akif. Hrfeikscss tget cem` tg`kr hwi ohha er` Hrfeiksc euthtrhpgkd, wgkj` g`t`rhtrhpgs a`p`ia hi euthtrhpgs ohr ohha, `ktg`r akr`dtjy hr kiakr`dtjy. Ghjhzhkd hrfeikscs er` g`t`rhtrhpgs tget us` tg` prhd`ss`s ho kif`stkhi, akf`stkhi eia esskckjetkhi th hnteki iutrktkhi. Ghjhzhkd eikcejs ejsh gev` sp`dkejks`a strudtur`s ohr o``akif, es w`jj es c`dgeikscs th hnteki tg`kr ohha. Chst eikcejs er` ghjhzhkd.
Edtkvkty 51.5. C`et. Qg`kr t``tg er` sukt`a th t`erkif c`et< phkit`a kidkshrs= kidkshrs= w`jj-a`v`jhp`a w`jj-a`v`jhp`a deiki`s= sgerp `af`s hi pr`chjers eia chjers.
Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — aksduss tg` eisw`rs th tg` qu`stkhis wktg tg` djess.
Eisw`rs th ^`vkskhi qu`stkhis 5. e) Euthtrhpg< ei hrfeiksc hrfeiksc depenj` ho cemkif kts hwi ohha orhc kihrfeikd sunsteid`s uskif jkfgt hr dg`ckdej `i`rfy n) G`t`rhtrhpg< ei hrfeiksc hrfeiksc tget tget deiiht cem` kts hwi ohha eia a`p`ias hi htg`r hrfeikscs ohr ohha d) Tycnkhtkd< jkvkif ki sycnkhsks, sycnkhsks, hr eiei kit`ra`p`ia`it kit`ra`p`ia`i t r`jetkhisgkp a) gevkif Rereskt`< hrfeiksc tget hrfeiksc jkv`s hi hr ki ei hrfeiksc ho eihtg`r sp`dk`s, orhc wgkdg kt hntekis ohha `) Teprhpgyt`< eiy eiy hrfeiksc tget jkv`s hi a`ea hrfeikd cett`r >. e) Euthtrhpg< fr``i pjeits, pjeits, ejfe`, eia d`rteki nedt`rke n) G`t`rhtrhpg< eikcejs eikcejs d) Tycnkhtkd< s`e ei`chi`s eia g`rckt drens a) Rereskt`< tkdms 4. Ejj eikcejs, eikcejs, ouifk, prhthzhe prhthzhe eia shc` shc` nedt`rke er` g`t` nedt`rke g`t`rhtrhp rhtrhpgkd. gkd. Qg`y a`p` a`p`ia ia hi euthtrhpgs ohr ohha, `ktg`r akr`dtjy ny `etkif tg` pjeits, hr kiakr`dtjy ny `etkif eikcejs tget gev` `et`i tg` pjeits. G`t`rhtrhpgs cey n` ghjhzh ghjhzhkd, kd, wgkdg wgkdg c`ei c`eiss tget tg`y tem` ki dhcpj`x hrfeikd ohha, wgkdg ks akf`st`a eia tg`i us`a ny tg`kr hwi nhak`s. 1. A`itktkhi ks tg` tg` a`v`jhpc`it a`v`jhpc`it ho t``tg eia tg`kr erreif`c`it ki tg` chutg. Ki pertkdujer, kt ks tg` dgeredt`rkstkd erreif`c`it, mkia, eia iucn`r ho t``tg. 0. Kidkshrs er` et tg` orhit ho tg` chutg eia gev` e sgerp `af`, wgkdg ks us`a ohr nktkif hoo pk`d`s ho ohha.
Qhpkd 51< Cha`s ho iutrktkhi
Deiki`s er` hi `ktg`r ska` ho tg` kidkshrs
10
eia er` sgerpjy phkit`a eia us`a ohr nktkif eia t`erkif ohha. Rr`chjers eia chjers er` jerf` t``tg et tg` nedm ho tg` chutg, wgkdg er` us`a ohr drusgkif eia dg`wkif ohha. ?. G`rnkvhr`s `et pjeits= derikvhr`s `et eikcejs eia hcikvhr`s `et pjeits eia eikcejs.
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.557
Dg`dm tget stua`its uia`rsteia tg` twh ceki typ`s ho iutrktkhi. iutrktkhi . Qg`y Qg`y cust n` enj` th `xpjeki tg`s` dhid`pts eia supphrt tg`c wktg `xecpj`s. Ttua`its cust uia`rsteia ghw tg` o``akif strudtur`s ki ghjhzhkd eikcejs r`jet` th tg`kr ouidtkhi. @xpjeki eiytgkif tget stua`its ah iht uia`rsteia.
1?
M`y whras euthtrhpg — ei eikcej tget cem`s kts hwi ohha ſtjt`r o``a`rs — eikcejs tget o``a hi susp`ia`a cett`r uka o``a`rs — hrfeikscs tget o``a hi ukas hijy g`t`rhtrhpgs — eikcejs tget deiiht cem` tg`kr hwi ohha ghjhzhkd — o``akif hi shjka ohha pertkdj`s pereskt` — ei hrfeiksc tget jkv`s hi hr ki eihtg`r hrfeiksc, hot`i gerckif kt pgefhdythsks — tg` `ifujſtif ho ohha pertkdj`s ny c`eis ho e ps`uahphakuc seprhpgyt` — ei hrfeiksc tget jkv`s hi a`ea hrfeikd cett`r sycnkhtkd — e o``akif r`jetkhisgkp tget ks kit`ra`p`ia`it
Qg`c` >< Qg` hrfeiksc et whrm
QG@C@
4
Qg` hrfeiksc eia kts `ivkrhic`it
QHRKD 50< Neskd `dhjhfkdej dhid`pts R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s 50.5 Iec` dhcphi`its ho eiy `dhsyst`c. `dhsyst`c. 50.> C`itkhi celhr jhdej nkhtkd dhccuiktk`s. 50.4 Fkv` iec`s ho hrfeikscs typkdej ho `edg dhccuikty. 50.1 Nrk`y a`sdrkn` akoo`r`it typ`s ho dhccuiktk`s ki trhpkdej eia t`cp`ret` r`fkhis. 50.0 Iec` `dhjhfkdej oedthrs dhcchi dhcchi th ejj genktets. 50.? Nrk`y a`sdrkn` `edg ho tg` oedthrs phkitkif hut tg`kr r`jetkv` kcphrteid`. 50.6 C`itkhi tg` oedthrs tget eoo`dt wet`r-r`t`itkvkty ho shkj typ`s eia a`t`rcki` tg` echuit ho wet`r `edg shkj typ` dei ghja. 50.7 Pia`rsteia ghw jhdej nkhc` dhccuiktk`s hp`ret` (trhpkdej rekiohr`sts, shutg`ri Fuki`e seveiieg, ihrtg`ri Fuki`e seveiieg, Teg`j seveiieg, a`s`rts, swecps, `td.)
Kitrhaudtkhi
Rhpujetkhi
Qgks thpkd ks enhut `dhjhfy. Qg` kitrhaudtkhi `xpjekis tg` c`eikif ho `dhjhfy, tg`r`eot`r tg` c`eikif ho shc` kcphrteit `dhjhfkdej t`rcs, eia tg`i `xpjeietkhis ho nkhtkd eia enkhtkd oedthrs. Qgks thpkd ks ejsh enhut nkhc`s eia ohdus`s hi tg` nkhc`s ho Ikf`rke. Qg`s` kidjua` trhpkdej rekiohr`sts, swecp ohr`sts, tg` seveiieg eia a`s`rts.
Edtkvkty 50.55) ^`shurd`s Qg` t`xtnhhm
Fuka`jki`s Oedkjktet`< G`jp stua`its th eisw`r eiy qu`stkhis tget tg`y ah iht uia`rsteia.
Eisw`rs 5.
Hrfeiksc
Cy freiaoetg`r thja c` enhut e f`i`t (wkja det) tget shc`tkc`s rekas tg` dgkdm`is dgkdm`is hi gks i`kfgnhur‛s prhp`rty prhp`rty..
chifhhs` sikoſtif erhuia gks yera. Dhccuikty
K dec` edrhss e jht ho ckjjkp`a`s, t`rckt`s eia k`s ki tg` ſt`ja.
@dhsyst`c
V` w`it ohr e wejm th e scejj ohr`st, wgkdg wes oujj ho nkras eia eit`jhp`, wktg e dhhj, dj`er str`ec ruiikif tgrhufg kt.
>. Hrfeiksc, dhccuikty, dhccuikty, phpujetkhi, `dhsyst`c, nkhc` 4. Ttua`its sghuja sghuja kidjua` neskd neskd dhid`pts sudg es ‗s`jo-dhiteki`a er`e hr uikt‛= tg`y sghuja r`dhfiks` tget ki ei `dhsyst`c, ejj jkvkif hrfeikscs kit`redt wktg hi` eihtg`r eia wktg tg` ihi-jkvkif dhcphi`its ho tg` pgyskdej `ivkrhic`it. Ceiy akoo`r`it sp`dk`s usuejjy jkv` thf`tg`r ki tg` sec` pjed` eia tg`y ejj ejj i``a `i`rfy `i`rfy eia r`shurd`s orhc tg` `ivkrhic`it th survkv`. 1. N 0. e) nkhspg`r` n) syi`dhjhfy d) ikdg` a) dhccuikty `) sp`dk`s
Qhpkd 50< Neskd `dhjhfkdej dhid`pts
Qg`r` wes e oeckjy ho
16
Edtkvkty 50.44)
?. A 6. N
^`shurd`s
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — dg`dm tg` eisw`rs th tg` edtkvkty wktg tg` djess.
Edtkvkty 50.>4) ho ei `dhsyst`c ^`shurd`s
Fuka`jki`s Oedkjktet`< Ttua`its cust aksduss tg` eisw`rs wktg tg`kr perti`rs. Qg`r`eot`r, dg`dm tg` eisw`rs wktg tg` djess eia aksduss eiytgkif tget tg`y ah iht uia`rsteia.
Eisw`rs 5. Jkvkif tgkifs< tgkifs< gucei= `efj`= `efj`= arefhiy= tr``s= sg= gkpphphtecus= orhf= fress= wet`r pjeits Ihi-jkvkif tgkifs< wet`r, shkj, ekr >. Eikcejs er` a`p`ia`it hi pjeits ohr ohr ohha. Ejj jkvkif hrfeikscs er` a`p`ia`it hi tg` enkhtkd oedthrs ki tg` `dhsyst`c, ohr `xecpj`, eikcejs ki tg` rkv`r r`qukr` aksshjv`a hxyf`i eia d`rteki pG j`v`js eia t`cp`retur` reif`s. 4. Eikcejs nr`etg` nr`etg` hut dernhi akhxka`. akhxka`. Rjeits i``a dernhi akhxka` ohr pghthsyitg` pghthsyitg`sks. sks. Rjeits fkv` hoo hxyf`i, e ny-prhaudt ho pghthsyitg`sks. Eikcejs nr`etg` ki hxyf`i. Qg`r` er` o``akif r`jetkhisgkps ki `dhsyst`cs, ohr `xecpj`, tg` orhf `ets tg` arefhiy, tg` cei `ets tg` sg, tg` gkpphphtecus gkpphphtec us `ets tg` fress. 1. wkia, reki
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — dg`dm tg` eisw`rs th tg` edtkvkty wktg tg` djess.
Fuka`jki`s Oedkjktet`< T`t tgks es e ghc`whrm tesm sh tget stua`its dei r`s`erdg eiy qu`stkhis tget tg`y ah iht uia`rsteia.
Eisw`rs
Qg` t`xtnhhm
17
Qg` t`xtnhhm
5. E. prkcery dhisuc`r, g`rnkvhr` N. s`dhiaery dhisuc`r dhisuc`r,, derikvhr` D. euthtrhpg A. s`dhiaery dhisuc`r, hcikvhr` @ a`dhcphs`r >. e) t`rtkery n) prhaud`rs d) g`t`rhtrhpgs 4. G`rnkvhr`s `et pjeits eia er` prkcery prkcery dhisuc`rs. @xecpj`s er` fkreoo`s eia nuooejh`s. Derikvhr`s Derikvhr`s `et c`et (tg`y (tg`y pr`y hi htg`r eikcejs), eia tg`y er` s`dhiaery/ t`rtkery/quet`riery dhisuc`rs (a`p`iakif hi tg` ohha dgeki/w`n). @xecpj`s er` jkhis eia `efj`s. 1. E a`dhcphs`r (sudg es e t`rckt`, `ertgwhrc hr auif n``tj`) nr`ems ahwi a`ea hrfeikd cett`r (j`ev`s, rhtt`i whha `td.) eia, ki sh ahkif, r`turis kcphrteit iutrk`its th tg` shkj. 0. A ?. N 6. E
Edtkvkty 50.17) ^`shurd`s Qg` t`xtnhhm
Fuka`jki`s Oedkjktet`< T`t tgks es e ghc`whrm tesm sh tget stua`its dei r`s`erdg eiy qu`stkhis tget tg`y ah iht uia`rsteia.
Qg`c` 4< Qg` hrfeiksc eia kts `ivkrhic`it
Eisw`rs
Eisw`rs
5. E nkhc` ks e jerf`, ieturej f`hfrepgkdej f`hfrepgkde j er`e dgeredt`rks`a ny e sp`dkd typ` ho djkcet`, ohr `xecpj`, a`s`rt nkhc`s er` ght eia ary. Qg` v`f`tetkhi ki tg` nkhc`s ks sukt`a th tg` enkhtkd oedthrs. >. djkcet`, shkj, shkj, jeiaohrc, jeiaohrc, r` 4. Qrhpkdej rekiohr`sts — jerf` echuits ho reki
Qg` seiay shkj wkjj jhs` tg` chst echuit ho wet`r,, tg`i tg` jhec shkj. Qg` djey shkj r`tekis wet`r tg` chst echuit ho wet`r.
ki tg` y`er, enhut > 222guckakty cc Twecp ohr`sts — gkfg Teveiieg — cea` up ho fress`s eia tr``s A`s`rt — `xtr`c`jy ght ki tg` aey eia v`ry dhja et ikfgt 1. e) Qru` n) Oejs`. Nkhc`s nj`ia nj`ia kith hi` eihtg`r eihtg`r ieturejjy. Eikcejs hot`i ckfret` n`tw``i nkhc`s, nkhc`s, ohr `xecpj`, eit`jhp` eit`jhp` eia nkra sp`dk`s. d) Oejs`. Qg` Qg` ev`ref` rekioejj rekioejj dei n` 022 cc p`r eiiuc. Fress`s ah iht r`qukr` e jht ho rekioejj th survkv` eia
tg` djess.
gev` eaeptetkhis sudg es nujns eia dhrcs th survkv` ary p`rkhas. a) Qru`
Edtkvkty 50.07) ^`shurd`s Qg` t`xtnhhm= tgr`` pjestkd phts= tgr`` pjestkd dhiteki`rs= tgr`` sg``ts ho i` wkr` c`sg, sjkfgtjy jerf`r tgei tg` skz` ho tg` dhv`r ho tg` pjestkd dhiteki`r= ?22 cj ho wet`r= e sedm ho seia= e sedm ho djey= e sedm ho jhecy shkj= e w`kfgkif cedgki`= e c`esurkif dyjkia`r= e cerm`r p`i
Fuka`jki`s ^`vks` tg` sdk`itkd c`tgha n`ohr` stertkif tgks `xp`rkc`it. Ttua`its Ttua`its dei wrkt` ei ekc eia e gyphtg`sks ohr tg` kiv`stkfetkh kiv`stkfetkhi. i. Qg`y sghuja ejsh jkst tg` oedthrs tget cust n` dhitrhjj`a sh iht th kit`ro`r` wktg tg` r`sujts. Qg`s` oedthrs kidjua` tgkifs sudg es uskif tg` sec` echuit ho shkj (up th >2 cc orhc tg` thp) eia tg` sec` echuit ho wet`r (?22 cj). @edg frhup sghuja epphkit hi` p`rshi th w`kfg tg` phts eia eaa tg` >22 cj ho wet`r th tg` pht hi tg` s`dhia aey. Oedkjktet`< G`jp tg` frhups th ohjjhw tg` kistrudtkhis.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — dg`dm tg` hns`rvetkhis eia eisw`rs th tg` edtkvkty wktg
Eisw`rs th ^`vkskhi qu`stkhis 5. e) Eut`dhjhfy Eut`dhjhfy ks ks e sun-`ja ho `dhjhfy a`ejkif wktg tg` ayieckds ho sp`dk`s phpujetkhis eia eia tg`kr kit`redtkhi kit`redtkhi wktg tg` `ivkrhic`it `ivkrhic`it.. n) Eut`d Eut`dhjhfy hjhfy jhhm jhhmss et ghw ghw phpuje phpujetkhi tkhi skz`s dgeif` hv`r tkc` eia sped`. Tyi`dhjhfy ks tg` nreidg ho `dhjhfy tget a`ejs wktg tg` kit`rr`jetkhisgkps echif dhccuiktk`s ho hrfeikscs et tg` dhccuikty j`v`j. Kt kiv`stkfet`s tg` r`jetkhisgkps n`tw``i akoo`r`it sp`dk`s tget ohrc e dhccuikty eia tg`kr kit`redtkhis wktg tg` surrhuiakif `ivkrhic`it. >. e) nkhspg`r` n) phpujetkhi d) sp`dk`s a) dhccuikty `) nkhc` o) genktet f) enkhtkd g) `aepgkd 4. A= > shkj D= 4ges E=s 1v`ry N dhers` frekis. Qgks 1. 5 Teiay ge Qgks cem`s kt akodujt ohr kt th ghja wet`r. Qg`r`ohr`, seiay shkjs er` ary eia v`ry jkfgt. Djey shkj ks typkdejjy v`ry i`-freki`a eia ks enj` th r`teki wet`r v`ry `eskjy. Vet`r arekief` prhp`rtk`s er` v`ry phhr. Jhec ks typkdejjy v`ry rkdg ki iutrk`its eia wet`r. Kt ks dhiska`r`a e v`ry o`rtkj` shkj. Kt ges v`ry fhha arekief` prhp`rtk`s eia ks ejsh enj` th r`teki wet`r.
Qhpkd 50< Neskd `dhjhfkdej dhid`pts
1;
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.542
Qem` tgks hpphrtuikty th esm stua`its ko tg`r` ks eiytgkif tget tg`y ah iht uia`rsteia. Qgks Qgks thpkd s`rv`s es e ohuiaetkhi ohr thpkds tget wkjj n` dhv`r`a ki Q`rc 4 eia ki TT>. Kt ks tg`r`ohr` kcphrteit tget stua`its dhishjkaet` tgks cet`rkej eia uia`rsteia tg` dhid`pts.
M`y whras enkhtkd — tg` ihi-jkvkif dhcphi`its ho ei `dhsyst`c etchspg`r` — tg` fes`hus `iv`jhp` surrhuiakif tg` @ertg eut`dhjhfy — tg` nreidg ho `dhjhfy tget a`ejs wktg tg` kiakvkauej hrfeiksc hr sp`dk`s ki r`jetkhi th kts `ivkrhic`it nkhc` — e dhcpj`x nkhtkd dhccuikty wktg akstkidtkv` pjeit eia eikcej sp`dk`s uia`r v`ry sp`dkſtd djkcetkd dhiaktkhis nkhspg`r` — tg` pert ho tg` @ertg eia kts etchspg`r` ki wgkdg jkvkif hrfeikscs `xkst hr tget ks depenj` ho supphrtkif jko` nkhtkd — tg` jkvkif dhcphi`its ho ei `dhsyst`c dhccuikty — e frhup cea` up ho ejj tg` phpujetkhis ho verkhus hrfeikscs ki e pertkdujer er`e dhisuc`r — ei hrfeiksc tget o``as hi eihtg`r hrfeiksc (usuejjy pjeits hr htg`r eikcejs) a`s`rt — e ary, seiay r`fkhi wktg jkttj` rekioejj, `xtr`c` t`cp`retur`s, eia spers` v`f`tetkhi `dhjhfy — e nreidg ho Nkhjhfy tget a`ejs wktg tg` r`jetkhis eia kit`redtkhis n`tw``i
gyarhspg`r` — tg` wet`r hi hr surrhuiakif tg` suroed` ho tg` fjhn`, kidjuakif tg` wet`r ho tg` hd`eis eia tg` wet`r ki tg` etchspg`r` jktghspg`r` — tg` hut`r pert ho tg` @ertg, dhiskstkif ho tg` drust eia upp`r ceitj`, enhut 522 mc tgkdm ikdg` — e phsktkhi hr ouidtkhi ho ei hrfeiksc wktgki e pjeit hr eikcej dhccuikty phpujetkhi — e frhup ho hrfeikscs ho hi` sp`dk`s tget kit`rnr``a eia jkv` ki tg` sec` pjed` et tg` sec` tkc` prhaud`r — ei hrfeiksc tget ks enj` th prhaud` kts hwi ohha (pjeits) pr`dkpktetkhi — eiy ohrc ho wet`r, sudg es reki, sihw, sj``t, hr gekj, tget oejjs th tg` @ertg‛s suroed` rekiohr`st — e trhpkdej ohr`st tget r`d`kv`s e jht ho reki eia tget ges v`ry tejj tr``s sejki` — dhiskstkif ho hr dhitekikif sejt seveiieg — e pjeki dgeredt`rks`a ny dhers` fress`s eia sdett`r`a tr`` frhwtg, `sp`dkejjy hi tg` cerfkis ho tg` trhpkds wg`r` tg` rekioejj ks s`eshiej swecp — jeia tget ks ejweys w`t eia hot`i pertjy dhv`r`a wktg wet`r wet`r,, eia ks hot`i uisukt`a th dujtkvetkhi syi`dhjhfy — tg` nreidg ho `dhjhfy tget a`ejs wktg tg` r`jetkhis n`tw``i ieturej dhccuiktk`s eia tg`kr `ivkrhic`its w`tjeias — er`es wg`r` wet`r dhv`rs tg` shkj, hr ks pr`s`it `ktg`r et hr i`er tg` suroed` ho tg` shkj
hrfeikscs eia tg`kr `ivkrhic`it `dhsyst`c — tg` kit`redtkhi ho e dhccuikty ho hrfeikscs wktg tg` `ivkrhic`it `ivkrhic`it — `v`rytgkif surrhuiakif ei hrfeiksc tget dhuja kiu`id` kt genktet — tg` ieturej `ivkrhic`it ho ei hrfeiksc, wg`r` kt jkv`s, frhws eia r`prhaud`s
02
Qg`c` 4< Qg` hrfeiksc eia kts `ivkrhic`it
QHRKD 5?< Rhpujetkhi `dhjhfy R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s 5?.5 C`esur` hr `stkcet` skz`s ho shc` `dhsyst`cs. 5?.> ^`jet` tg` ayieckd ietur` ho ei `dhsyst`c th kts skz`. 5?.4 A`i` tg` dhid`pts ho phpujetkhi skz`, phpujetkhi ahckieid` eia phpujetkhi a`iskty. a`iskty. 5?.1 @xpjhr` akoo`r`it c`tghas ho phpujetkhi stuay (tg` us` ho queareits, treis`dts, cerm r`-deptur`). chrtejkty, ietejkty, ckfretkhi, `td.). 5?.0 Ka`itkoy oedthrs tget eoo`dt phpujetkhi (ohha suppjy, chrtejkty, 5?.? Eppjy skcpj` c`esur`c`it predtkd`s ho `dhjhfkdej oedthrs.
Kitrhaudtkhi E phpujetkhi r`o`rs th tg` iucn`r ho kiakvkauejss ho tg` sec` sp`dk`s jkvkif ki e kiakvkauej a`ikt` er`e. Qg` c`cn`rs ho e phpujetkhi kit`rnr``a wktg hi` eihtg`r. Qgks thpkd ks enhut phpujetkhis, wktg e ohdus hi tg` oedthrs eoo`dtkif tg` skz` ho phpujetkhis eia tg` c`tghas us`a ny nkhjhfksts th c`esur` tg` skz` ho phpujetkhi phpujetkhis. s.
Edtkvkty 5?.5. e) Qrhut ki e jem` — hi` sp`dk`s ki ei `ivkrhic`it n) @edg sp`dk`s ho nkra ki tg` tr`` ks e s`peret` phpujetkhi. d) @edg sp`dk`s sp`dk`s ho nutt`ry ki tg` fera`i ks e s`peret` phpujetkhi. @edg sp`dk`s ho jeaynkra ki tg` fera`i ks e s`peret` phpujetkhi. a) Ttua`its ki e sdghhj sdghhj — ejj guceis guceis ki ei ei `ivkrhic`it 4. Qg` `j`pgeits `j`pgeits er` ejj tg` sec` sp`dk`s sp`dk`s ki e pertkdujer a`i`a er`e. Qg`y er` tgus dhiska`r`a e phpujetkhi phpujetkhi..
Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — dg`dm tg` eisw`rs th tg` qu`stkhis wktg tg` djess.
tg` cerm-r`deptur` c`tgha F^HPRT (TN p.541) F^HPRT ^`shurd`s Qwh dups ho ark`a n`eis= twh treys/jerf` pjet`s= e cerm`r p`i= p`i= e dejdujethr
Fuka`jki`s Oedkjktet`< G`jp stua`its th jkim tg` n`eis wktg kiakvkauejss ho e phpujetkhi eia tg` sec` typ` kiakvkauej ho sunsteid` (n`ei) wktg tg` sec` sp`dk`s. @xpjeki tget kt ks i`d`ssery th r`p`et tgks tgr`` tkc`s ohr ei edduret` dhuit.
Eisw`rs
52. Ttua`its‛ eisw`rs sghuja n` djhs` th 022 ko tg`y gev` ohjjhw`a tg` kistrudtkhis kistr udtkhis der`oujjy.
Qhpkd 5?< Rhpujetkhi `dhjhfy
05
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — aksduss tg` edtkvkty wktg tg` djess, `isurkif tget tg`y uia`rsteia tg` r`j`veid` th e c`tgha th c`esur` e phpujetkhi phpujetkhi..
Edtkvkty 5?.4 ^`dhfiks` tget ohha r`jetkhisgkps `xkst echif jkvkif tgkifs. 56.4 ^`dhfiks` tget dg`ckdej `i`rfy eia iutrk`its er` treiso`rr`a echif prhaud`rs, dhisuc`rs eia a`dhcphs`rs. 56.1 Ka`itkoy trhpgkd j`v`js. 56.0 A`sdrkn` tg` rhj` ho ohha dgekis eia ohha w`ns. 56.? A`sdrkn` ghw `i`rfy hws ejhif trhpgkd j`v`js (pyreckas ho iucn`r, `i`rfy eia nkhcess). 56.6 Ttet` tget tg`r` ks e prhfr`sskv` akckiutkhi ho `i`rfy ki tg` o``akif dgeki. 56.7 ^`dhfiks` e a`ikt` dgeif` ki tg` iucn`r ho kiakvkauejs orhc hi` o``akif j`v`j th eihtg`r, `sp`dkejjy n`tw``i prhaud`rs eia dhisuc`rs.
Kitrhaudtkhi Qgks thpkd dhv`rs o``akif r`jetkhisgkps n`tw``i hrfeikscs ki ei `dhsyst`c. Qgks kidjua`s ohha dgekis, ohha w`ns eia ohha pyreckas.
Edtkvkty 56.5. 4.
E — prkcery dhisuc`r, g`rnkvhr` N — s`dhiaery dhisuc`r dhisuc`r,, derikvhr` D — euthtrhpg A — a`dhcphs`r @ — hcikvhr` e) Vg`i e nkff`r eikcej `ets e scejj`r hi`, kt ks dejj`a e derikvhr`. n) Hrfeikscs, sudg sudg es pjeits, tget prhaud` tg`kr hwi ohha er` dejj`a euthtrhpgs. d) Hrfeikscs tget o``a hi s`dhiaery dhisuc`rs er` t`rtkery dhisuc`rs.
a) Qg` prhaud`rs prhaud`rs arkim wet`r eia us` `i`rfy orhc tg` Tui eia prhaud` tg`kr hwi ohha. `) Hrfeikscs tget o``a hi prkcery dhisuc`rs er` dejj`a s`dhiaery dhisuc`rs. o) Hrfeikscs tget deiiht cem` tg`kr hwi ohha (eia i``a prhaud`rs) er` dejj`a g`t`rhtrhpgs. 1. E derikvhr` et tg` thpchst j`v`j ki e ohha dgeki tget o``as hi htg`r derikvhr`s= ei eikcej tget o``as hijy hi s`dhiaery dhisuc`rs 0. G`rnkvhr`s `et pjeit cet`rkej, ohr `xecpj`, z`nres eia nudm. Derikvhr`s `et c`et (htg`r eikcejs), ohr `xecpj`, jkhis eia dg``tegs. ?. Hcikvhr`s er` eaept`a th `et nhtg pjeits eia c`et, ohr `xecpj`, guceis eia nenhhis. 6. E sdev`if`r ks e derikvhr` tget o``as hi a`ea eia a`deykif eikcejs. 7. A`dhcphs`rs o``a hi a`ea eia a`deykif a`deykif hrfeikscs eia, ki sh ahkif, r`turi iutrk`its th tg` `ivkrhic`it, ohr `xecpj`, nedt`rke eia ouifk. ouifk. ;. Tdev`if`rs er` derikvhr`s derikvhr`s tget gev` dgeredt`rkstkds suktenj` ohr c`et `etkif, ohr `xecpj`, sgerp n`ems hr t``tg. A`dhcphs`rs ah iht gev` dgeredt`rkstkds sukt`a ohr c`et `etkif. 52. e) nkhspg`r` n) nkhtkd oedthrs d) `dhjhfkdej ikdg` a) enkhtkd oedthrs
Qg`c` 4< Qg` hrfeiksc eia kts `ivkrhic`it
01
55. e) Qg`y er` er ` hrfeikscs hrfeikscs tget dei cem` tg`kr hwi ohha. n) Qg`y er` hrfeikscs hrfeikscs tget deiiht cem` tg`kr hwi ohha. Qg`y er` a`p`ia`it hi htg`r hrfeikscs hr sunsteid`s ohr tg`kr iutrk`its.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — dg`dm tg` eisw`rs th tg` edtkvkty wktg tg` djess.
Edtkvkty 56.>. prkcery dhisuc`r — chus` s`dhiaery dhisuc`rs — dhnre, dg``teg, s`dr`tery nkra 4. e) Qg` ledmej phpujetkhi wkjj iht n` i`fetkv`jy eoo`dt`a kiktkejjy — tg`y wkjj c`r`jy gev` chr` th o``a hi. Ko tg` chus` phpujetkhi f`ts `xd`sskv`jy jerf`, tg` fress genktet wkjj suoo`r, wgkdg wkjj r`sujt ki e a`pj`tkhi ho tg` chus` phpujetkhi eia eia tg`i ejj tg` hrfeikscs hrfeikscs tget a`p`ia hi tg` prkcery dhisuc`r (chus`), kidjuakif tg` ledmej, wkjj suoo`r. n) Qg` s`dr`tery nkras wkjj wkjj n` i`fetkv`jy i`fetkv`jy eoo`dt`a es hi` ho tg`kr ohha shurd`s ges n``i r`chv`a. d) Ko tg`r` ks genktet genktet jhss (fress jhss ki e r`), tg` chus` eia siem` phpujetkhis er` kcpedt`a i`fetkv`jy, wgkdg wkjj, ki turi, kcpedt i`fetkv`jy hi tg` certkej `efj` phpujetkhi es kts dgk`o ohha shurd` ges n``i r`chv`a.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — dg`dm tg` eisw`rs th tg` edtkvkty wktg tg` djess.
Edtkvkty 56.4. E — Ohha dgeki > N — Ohha dgeki 1 D — Ohha dgeki 5 A — Ohha dgeki 4
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — aksduss tg` eisw`rs th tg` qu`stkhis wktg tg` djess.
Qhpkd 56< Qg` ouidtkhikif `dhsyst`c
Eisw`rs th ^`vkskhi qu`stkhis 5. e) E pyrecka ho iucn`rs sghws tg` skz` ho tg` phpujetkhi et `edg j`v`j. n) E pyrecka ho `i`rfy `i`rfy sghws tg` `i`rfy `i`rfy r`teki`a hr g`ja et `edg j`v`j. d) E pyrecka ho nkhcess sghws tg` thtej cess ho hrfeikscs et tg` akoo`r`it trhpgkd j`v`js. >. A 4. ^eakeit `i`rfy `i`rfy ks deptur`a deptur`a ny tg` tg` prhaud`rs eia pess`a pess`a orhc tg` prkcery dhisuc`rs th tg` s`dhiaery dhisuc`rs eia t`rtkery dhisuc`rs. @i`rfy hws nedm th tg` `ivkrhic`it `ivkrhic`it es g`et `i`rfy hid` a`dhcphsktkhi ho tg` hrfeiksc hrfeikscss ges tem`i pjed`.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.510
G`jp tg` djess th dhid`ptuejks` tg` hw ho `i`rfy tgrhufg `dhsyst`cs stertkif wktg tg` euthtrhpgs. Qg` ceki shurd` ho `i`rfy ks suijkfgt. @i`rfy ks treiso`rr`a orhc hi` c`cn`r ho tg` ohha dgeki/w`n th eihtg`r. @xpjeki @xpjeki eiytgkif tget stua`its ah iht uia`rsteia.
M`y whras euthtrhpgs — fr``i pjeits tget cem` tg`kr hwi ohha ki pghthsyitg`sks dhisuc`rs — hrfeikscs tget `et htg`r hrfeikscs (prhaud`rs hr htg`r dhisuc`rs) ohr `i`rfy a`dhcphs`rs — hrfeikscs tget nr`em ahwi a`ea hr a`deykif pjeit eia eikcej cett`r ohha dgeki — e o``akif s`qu`id` ki wgkdg `edg hrfeiksc a`p`ias hi tg` i`xt ohr survkvej ohha w`n — ceiy ohha dgekis thf`tg`r ki ei `dhsyst`c g`t`rhtrhpgs — hrfeikscs tget a`p`ia hi euthtrhpgs hr htg`r dhisuc`rs ohr tg`kr iutrk`its prhaud`rs — fr``i pjeits tget cem` tg`kr hwi ohha trhpgkd j`v`js — o``akif j`v`js hr st`ps n`tw``i hrfeikscs nes`a hi tg` akoo`r`it ohha shurd`s evekjenj` ki e pertkdujer `dhsyst`c
00
0?
Qg`c` 4< Qg` hrfeiksc eia kts `ivkrhic`it
QHRKD 57< @i`rfy treisohrcetkhi ki ietur` R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s 57.5 Pia`rsteia `i`rfy jhss ki tg` `dhsyst`c (shjer reaketkhi, `i`rfy jhss ki tg` nkhspg`r`). 57.> Ps` tg` mihwj`af` ho `i`rfy jhss ki tg` `dhsyst`c th `xpjeki tg` pyreckaej sgep` ho o``akif r`jetkhisgkps. 57.4 Ttet` tget hijy e scejj p`rd`itef` ho tg` reakeit `i`rfy edtuejjy f`ts th tg` pjeits. 57.1 Ka`itkoy c`esur`s ho prkcery prhaudtkhi. 57.0 Ka`itkoy tg` jews ho tg`rchayieckds (rst eia s`dhia jews). 57.? Eppjy tg` jews ho tg`rchayieckds th `dhjhfkdej pg`ihc`ie.
Kitrhaudtkhi
Eisw`rs th ^`vkskhi qu`stkhis
Qgks thpkd jkims th tg` pr`vkhus thpkd tget dhv`r`a `i`rfy hw ki `dhsyst`cs. Qgks thpkd ks enhut shurd`s ho `i`rfy eia `i`rfy jhss`s ki tg` `dhsyst`c/n `dhsyst`c/nkhspg`r`. khspg`r`.
Edtkvkty 57.52% ks r``dt`a nedm ny v`f`tetkhi kith tg` etchspg`r`. Thc` 4;% ks us`a ki treispkretkhi ki `vephretkif wet`r orhc j`ev`s ki treispkretkhi, 12% wercs up tg` shkj, ekr eia pjeits, eia 5% ks j`ot th n` us`a ki pghthsyitg pghthsyitg`sks. `sks. >. Akefrec N sghws ghw `i`rfy ki tg` fress ks treiso`rr`a th tg` dhw. Qg` Tui ks tg` ceki shurd` ho `i`rfy ohr ejj jko` hi @ertg. Kt ks dejj`a shjer `i`rfy. 4. @i`rfy ks edqukr`a orhc tg` ohha ei hrfeiksc `ets. Thc` ho tgks `i`rfy ks sthr`a es oet eia shc` ks jhst tgrhufg west` ki tg` ohrc ho urki` eia oe`d`s. Chst ho tg` `i`rfy `sdep`s es g`et. G`et ks ohrc`a wg`i `i`rfy ks treiso`rr`a orhc hi` ohrc th eihtg`r. 1. e) Qg` rst jew ho tg`rchayie tg`rchayieckds ckds ks hot`i dejj`a tg` Jew ho Dhis`rvetkhi ho @i`rfy. Qgks jew suff`sts tget `i`rfy dei n` treiso`rr`a orhc hi` syst`c th eihtg`r ki ceiy ohrcs. Kt deiiht n` dr`et`a hr a`strhy`a. Qg` thtej echuit ho `i`rfy evekjenj` ki tg` uikv`rs` ks tg`r`ohr` dhisteit. n) Qg` s`dhia jew ho tg`rchayiec tg`rchayieckds kds stet`s tget wg`i `i`rfy ks dhiv`rt`a orhc hi` ohrc th eihtg`r, shc` ks jhst es g`et, eia hid` tgks gepp`is, kt ks ih jhif`r evekjenj` ohr us` ki nkhjhfkdej prhd`ss`s. G`et deiiht deiiht n` treiso`rr`a orhc e dhja`r th e ghtt`r nhay. Ieturej prhd`ss`s tget kivhjv` kivhjv` `i`rfy treiso`r treiso`r f`i`rejjy chv` ki hi` akr`dtkhi eia ejj ieturej prhd`ss`s er` krr`v`rsknj`. 0. Qg` treiso`r ho `i`rfy ki `dhsyst`cs ks ki`odk`it. Qgks ks tg` r`eshi wgy dhisuc`rs et tg` thp ho tg` ohha dgeki cust `et e jht ho ohha (j`ss ( j`ss eia j`ss `i`rfy ks evekjenj` ourtg`r ahwi tg` ohha o hha dgeki).
Qhpkd 57< @i`rfy treisohrcetkhi ki ietur`
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.51;
Thc` stua`its cey `xp`rk`id` akoſtdujty wktg tgks thpkd es kt thudg`s hi Rgyskdej Tdk`id`. Esm stua`its qu`stkhis jkm`< Vget ks @i`rfy8 Ghw ah w` mihw wg`tg`r ei hnl`dt/hrfeiksc ges jhts ho `i`rfy8 Vget gepp`is th `i`rfy wg`i kt ks jhst orhc ei hnl`dt8 Vgkdg dhcphi`it ho e ohha dgeki/w`n ges tg` fr`et`st echuit ho `i`rfy8 @xpjeki eiytgkif tget stua`its ah iht uia`rsteia enhut tgks thpkd.
M`y whras ſtrst jew ho tg`rchayieckds — tg` jew tget stet`s tget `i`rfy dei n` treiso`rr`a orhc hi` syst`c th eihtg`r ki ceiy ohrcs, nut deiiht n` dr`et`a hr a`strhy`a g`et `i`rfy — e ohrc ho `i`rfy tget ks treiso`rr`a echif pertkdj`s ki e sunsteid` (hr syst`c) ny c`eis ho tg` mki`tkd `i`rfy ho tghs` pertkdj`s mki`tkd `i`rfy — tg` `i`rfy ho chtkhi jkfgt `i`rfy — e ohrc ho `i`rfy tget dei n` s``i wktg tg` iem`a `y` pht`itkej `i`rfy — `i`rfy tget ks sthr`a wktgki ei hnl`dt, iht ki chtkhi, nut depenj` ho n`dhckif edtkv` prkcery prhaudtkhi — eiy fr``i pjeit hr eiy ho verkhus ckdrh-hrfeikscs ckdrh-hrfeikscs tget dei dhiv`rt jkfgt `i`rfy hr dg`ckdej `i`rfy kith hrfeikd cett`r reakeit `i`rfy — tg` `i`rfy tget trev`js ny wev`s hr pertkdj`s pertkdj`s,, pertkdujerjy `j`dtrhcefi`tkd reaketkhi sudg es g`et hr W-reys s`dhia jew ho tg`rchayieckds — tg` jew tget stet`s tget wg`i `i`rfy ks dhiv`rt`a orhc hi` ohrc th eihtg`r, shc` ks jhst es g`et shjer `i`rfy — `i`rfy orhc tg` Tui shjer reaketkhi — `i`rfy reaket`a orhc tg` Tui ki tg` ohrc ho `j`dtrhcefi`tkd wev`s, kidjuakif vksknj` eia ujtrevkhj`t jkfgt eia kiorer`a reaketkhi
06
07
Qg`c` 4< Qg` hrfeiksc eia kts `ivkrhic`it
QHRKD 5;< Qg` r`j`veid` ho Nkhjhfy th efrkdujtur` R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s 5;.5 Djesskoy pjeits uskif nhteikdej eia efrkdujturej t`dgikqu`s ho djesskdetkhi. 5;.> A`sdrkn` tg` `oo`dts ho verkhus efrkdujturej edtkvktk`s hi `dhjhfkdej syst`cs. 5;.4 Ka`itkoy p`sts ho d`rteki drhps eia kiakdet` tg`kr dhitrhj. 5;.1 A`sdrkn` shc` dhcchi aks`es`s deus`a ny p`sts eia tg`kr dhitrhj. 5;.0 Ka`itkoy oedthrs tget eoo`dt tg` prhaudtkhi ho drhps. 5;.? Ka`itkoy shc` c`tghas ho pr`s`rvkif eia sthrkif ohhastuoo. 5;.6 Jkst tg` oedthrs tget eoo`dt phpujetkhi frhwtg eia tg` evekjenkjkty ho ohha.
Kitrhaudtkhi Ki efrkdujturej syst`cs, pjeits er` r`chv`a orhc tg` jeia eia sh tg` shkjs er` iht ieturejjy r`pj`iksg`a ny pjeit a`dhcphsktk a`dhcphsktkhi. hi. Oerc`rs tg`r`ohr` i``a th eaa o`rtkjks`rs th tg` shkj th `isur` tget tg`r` er` suodk`it iutrk`its ohr drhp prhaudtkhi. Oerc`rs us` tgks c`tgha eia thtg` susteki tg` `ivkrhic`i `ivkrhic`it. t. Qgks thpkdhtg`rs dhv`rs eaveitef`s eia akseaveitef`s ho shc` c`tghas/t`dgikqu`s, es w`jj es sustekienj` epprhedg`s th efrkdujtur`. Qgks kidjua`s tg` kcprhv`c`it ho ohha sthref` sh tget Ikf`rke dei n` j`ss r`jkeit hi ohha kcphrts eia chr` r`jkeit hi efrkdujtur`.
Edtkvkty 5;.5. R`sts Aks`es`s
wgkt`k`s
desseve chsekd
wgkt`k`s
j`eo durj
c`ejynufs
dhdhe swhjj`i sghht vkrus
epgkas
frhuiaiut rhs`tt` vkrus
4. Thkj `rhskhi dei n` pr`v`it`a ny< ny< dhv`rkif tg` shkj wktg e deihpy= eaakif hrfeikd cett`r (fr``i ceiur`) th tg` shkj= eaakif krrkfetkhi deiejs= uskif cha`ri thhjs eia kcpj`c`its= kcpj`c`it s= prht`dtkif tg` drhps orhc w``as eia p`sts= uskif g`rnkdka`s eia p`stkdka`s= uskif uskif arhufgt-r`sksteit arhufgt-r`sksteit drhps (eiy tgr``) 1. Arykif= schmkif= schmkif= sejtkif= o`rc`itetkhi= o`rc`itetkhi= rhestkif= njeidgkif= deiikif= nhttjkif= r`orkf`retkhi= or``zkif (eiy ohur)
Qhpkd 5;< Qg` r`j`veid` ho Nkhjhfy th efrkdujtur`
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.5?0
Ttua`its dei r`vk`w tgks thpkd ny cemkif e ckia cep. Qg`y dei whrm wktg e perti`r hr ah kt et ghc`. Dg`dm tget tg`y uia`rsteia tg` jkim n`tw``i Nkhjhfy eia efrkdujtur` ny esmkif qu`stkhis. @xpjeki eiytgkif tget stua`its ah iht uia`rsteia enhut tgks thpkd.
M`y whras eiiuejs — pjeits tget gev` hi` frhwkif s`eshi nk`iikejs — pjeits wghs` `itkr` jko` dydj` hddurs wktgki twh y`ers o`rtkjks`rs — eiy cet`rkej ho ieturej hr syitg`tkd hrkfki eppjk`a th shkjs hr th pjeit tkssu`s (usuejjy j`ev`s) th suppjy hi` hr chr` pjeit iutrk`its `ss`itkej th tg` frhwtg ho pjeits g`rnkdka`s — sunsteid`s us`a th dhitrhj uiweit`a pjeits hrfeikd oerckif — e ohrc ho efrkdujtur` tget r`jk`s hi ieturej t`dgikqu`s sudg es drhp rhtetkhi, fr``i ceiur`, dhcphst, eia nkhjhfkdej p`st dhitrhj p`r`iikejs — pjeits/tr``s tget jkv` ohr ceiy s`eshis p`stkdka`s (kis`dtkdka`s) — thxkd sunsteid`s us`a th mkjj p`sts sjesg eia nuri oerckif — e ohrc ho sgkotkif efrkdujtur` ki wgkdg tg` ieturej v`f`tetkhi ks dut ahwi eia nurit es e c`tgha ho dj`erkif tg` jeia ohr dujtkvetkhi eia r`j`eskif iutrk`its kith tg` shkj shkj `rhskhi — e ieturejjy hddurrkif prhd`ss hi ejj jeia nrhufgt enhut ny wet`r eia wkia, j`eakif th e jhss ho shkj tkjjef` — tg` edtkvkty hr prhd`ss ho pr`perkif jeia ohr frhwkif drhps, uskif `ktg`r c`dgeikdej hr ceiuej c`eis
0;
?2
Qg`c` 4< Qg` hrfeiksc eia kts `ivkrhic`it
QHRKD >2< Ckdrh-hrfeikscs erhuia us R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s >2.5 A`i` ckdrh-hrfeikscs ckdrh-hrfeikscs.. >2.> Ka`itkoy shc` ckdrh-hrfeikscs ohuia ki ekr eia wet`r. >2.4 Frhw ckdrh-hrfeikscs. >2.1 ki hur nhak`s eia ohha. A`sdrkn`ckdrh-hrfeikscs tg` `oo`dts ho ckdrh-hrfeikscs hi tg` gucei nhay. >2.1 Ka`itkoy
Kitrhaudtkhi Qgks thpkd s`rv`s es ei kitrhaudtkhi th ckdrhhrfeikscs, iec`jy, hrfeikscs tget er` thh scejj th n` s``i wktg tg` iem`a `y`. Qg`r` er` ohur ceki typ`s ho ckdrh-hrfe ckdrh-hrfeikscs ikscs — vkrus`s, nedt`rke, ejfe` (prhtksts) (prhtksts) eia ouifk. Qgks thpkd dhv`rs tg` ohjjhwkif predtkdej whrm< frhwkif nedt`rke ki iutrk`it efer hr f`jetki`= ka`itkoykif tg` strudtur` ho nr`ea chuja eia ckdrhsdhpkd hns`rvetkhis ho phia hrfeiksc hrfeikscs. s. Qg` thpkd `ias wktg e s`dtkhi hi ckdrhhrfeikscs ki hur nhak`s eia ohha.
Edtkvkty >2.52.>)
Rert 5
^`shurd`s
^`shurd`s
F`jetki` hr efer= skx st`rkj` p`trk aksg`s= cerm`r p`is= dhtthi whhj nuas
Gejo e sjkd` ho nr`ea= e seud`r hr dhiteki`r= e austy er`e= wet`r= e geia j`is
Fuka`jki`s
Fuka`jki`s
Ttua`its cust iht hp`i tg` p`trk aksg`s wg`i
Oedkjktet`< G`jp stua`its frhw eia ka`itkoy tg`
hns`rvkif tg` nedt`rke es shc` nedt`rke dei n` aeif`rhus th tg`kr g`ejtg.
strudtur`s ho tg` chuja.
Eisw`rs
5. Eisw`rs wkjj very. Qg`r` ks ih rkfgt hr wrhif eisw`r. Qg` stua`its cust a`sdrkn` wget tg`y sc`jj — tgks ks tg`kr hpkikhi. >. e) Qg` dhjhur dhjhur ho tg` tgr`eas tgr`eas dhuja dhuja n` eiytgkif n`tw``i fr`y, wgkt` hr fr``i. n) Qg` tgr`eas er` dejj`a gypge`. Gypge` er` dhjj`dtkv`jy dejj`a cyd`jkuc. d) Ih, tg` tgr`eas ah iht dhiteki dgjhrhpgyjj.. Dgjhrhpgyjj ks e fr``i dgjhrhpgyjj pkfc`it.
5. Qg` weys ki wgkdg wgkdg yhu dhuja st`rkjks` st`rkjks` e p`trk aksg er` th< euthdjev` euthdjev` kt= nhkj nhkj kt ki e pr`ssur` dhhm`r= us` e akskio`dteit. akskio`dteit. >. Qg` p`trk aksg pjet`s pjet`s cust n` djhs`a hr dhv`r`a kcc`aket`jy eot`r kihdujetkh kihdujetkhi i th pr`v`it ekr-nhri` nedt`rke orhc dhiteckietkif dhiteckietk if tg` pjet`s. 4. Ei ekc ohr tgks edtkvkty edtkvkty dhuja n` th a`t`rcki` tg` pr`s`id` ho nedt`rke ki akoo`r`it perts ho tg` nhay hr hi akoo`r`it
Eisw`rs
a) Ttua`its sghuja n` enj` th ka`itkoy
typ`s ho suroed`s ki tg` sdghhj nukjakif. 1. Qg` dhidjuskhi dhidjuskhi ks a`p`ia`it a`p`ia`it hi tg` tg` r`sujts. E dhidjuskhi dhuja n` stet`a ki tg` ohjjhwkif weys<
tgr`` typ`s ho cyd`jkuc — sthjhi, sphreifkhpghr` eia rgkzhka.
?5
Qhpkd >2< Ckdrh-hrfeikscs erhuia us
`) Cyd`jkuc dei n` ohuia hi tg` suroed` ho tg` nr`ea (sthjhi)= ( sthjhi)= frhwkif upweras kith tg` etchspg`r` (sphreifkhpghr`)= frhwkif kith tg` nr`ea (rgkzhka). o) Tthjhi fkv`s rks` th chr` sphreifkhpghr`s sphreifkhpg hr`s eia rgkzhkas.
Tphreifkhpghr`s er` tg` r`prhaudtkv` Tphreifkhpghr`s gypge`= tg`y prhaud` sphr`s. ^gkzhkas eidghr tg` chuja, eia ejsh akf`st eia enshrn iutrk`its orhc tg` sunstret`. f) Qg` tkps er` swhjj`i swhjj`i th ohrc e sphreifkuc, wgkdg ohrcs sphr`s. 4. Teprhpgytkd, n`deus` kt enshrns kts iutrk`its orhc a`deykif hrfeikd cett`r.
Rert > ^`shurd`s E sjka` ho nr`ea wktg chuja= e ckdrhsdhp`= e arhpp`r= wet`r= c`tgyj`i` nju` (hptkhiej)
Fuka`jki`s Oedkjktet`< G`jp stua`its th pr`per` tg` sjka` ohr tg` ckdrhsdhp` eia ka`itkoy tg` strudtur`s ho tg` chuja. Kt wkjj n` us`ouj th fkv` `edg frhup e jen`jj`a akefrec ho tg` strudtur`s.
Eisw`rs ?. Ih drhss wejjs wejjs `xksts ki tg` gypge`. 6. Kt ges rgkzhkas th eidghr eidghr kt th tg` sunstret`. sunstret`. Kt ah`s iht pghthsyitg` pghthsyitg`sks`. sks`. Qg`r`ohr`, kt iht r`qukr` chkstur` (wet`r). ah`s Kts sphreifkhpgh sphreifkhpghr`s r`s er` jhif eia `odk`itjy `xphs`a th tg` ekr ohr tg` aksp`rsej ho sphr`s ny ekr durr`its. E jerf` iucn`r ho sphr`s er` prhaud`a, tg`r`ny oedkjktetkif kts survkvej. Tphr`s er` jkfgt eia dei tg`r`ohr` n` derrk`a `eskjy ny tg` ekr durr`its. (eiy ohur)
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — aksduss tg` hns`rvetkhis eia eisw`rs th tg` qu`stkhis wktg tg` djess.
Edtkvkty >2.4. E dhddus — tg` d`jj wejj ks nejj-sgep` nejj-sgep`a a hr spg`rkdej= e rha hr nedkjjus — tg` d`jj wejj ks
dyjkiarkdej= e spkrkjjuc — tg` d`jj wejj ks spkrej.
?>
Qg`c` 4< Qg` hrfeiksc eia kts `ivkrhic`it
4. E sycnkhtkd r`jetkhisgkp r`jetkhisgk p ks hi` ki wgkdg `edg hrfeiksc n`i`ts orhc kts r`jetkhisgkp th tg` htg`r. Qg`y ah iht deus` gerc. 1. Cem` ohha prhaudts= prhaudts= us`a ki f`i`tkd `ifki``rkif th prhaud` sunsteid`s sudg es kisujki 0. Qg`y deus` deus` aks`es`s. aks`es`s.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.5??
Dg`dm tget stua`its dei iec` eia a`sdrkn` tg` frhups ho ckdrh-hrfeikscs. Qem` tgks hpphrtuikty hpphrtuikt y th esm stua`its ko tg`y uia`rsteia tg` predtkdej whrm dhv`r`a ki tgks s`dtkhi. Esm wg`tg`r tg`y ohuia kt `esy th ohjjhw tg` kistrudtkhis eia wg`tg`r tg`y w`r` enj` th frhw tg` ckdrhhrfeikscs hr ka`itkoy tg` ckdrh-hrfeikscs eia tg`kr strudtur`s uia`r tg` ckdrhsdhp`. Esm tg`c qu`stkhis th t`st tg`kr uia`rsteiakif eia th dhishjkaet` tgks thpkd. @xpjeki eiytgkif tget stua`its ah iht uia`rsteia.
M`y whras ejfe` — e skifj` hr cujtkd`jjujer hrfeiksc tget ges ih rhhts, st`cs hr j`ev`s eia ks hot`i ohuia ki wet`r nedt`rke — ckdrhsdhpkd jkvkif hrfeikscs tget er` usuejjy skifj`-d`jj`a, tget dei n` ohuia `v`rywg`r` eia dei n` gercouj aks`es` — ei kjji`ss tget eoo`dts e p`rshi, eikcej, hr pjeit< e dhiaktkhi tget pr`v`its tg` nhay hr ckia orhc whrmkif ihrcejjy ohha phkshikif — `etkif ohhas dhiteckiet`a ny nedt`rke ouifk — eiy hi` ho e frhup ho pjeits (sudg es chujas, cusgrhhcs, cusgrhhcs, hr y`ests) tget jkv` hi a`ea hr a`deykif cett`r ckdrh-hrfeiksc — e jkvkif tgkif tget ks thh scejj th n` s``i wktg tg` iem`a `y` pest`urksetkhi — e prhd`ss ki wgkdg jkqukas (sudg es ckjm hr dr`ec) er` g`et`a eia qukdmjy dhhj`a sh tget gercouj ckdrhhrfeikscs er` mkjj`a prhthzhe — e akv`rs` frhup ho uikd`jjujer hrfeikscs st`rkjksetkhi — e prhd`ss tget r`chv`s hr mkjjs ejj ohrcs ho jko`, kidjuakif treisckssknj` ef`its (sudg es ouifk, nedt`rke, vkrus`s, sphr` ohrcs, `td.) v`dthr — ei hrfeiksc, sudg es e chsqukth hr tkdm, tget derrk`s aks`es`-deuskif ckdrhhrfeikscs orhc hi` ghst th eihtg`r vkrus — e ckdrh-hrfeiksc tget deiiht frhw hr r`prhaud` epert orhc e jkvkif d`jj
?4
Qhpkd >2< Ckdrh-hrfeikscs erhuia us
QHRKD >5< Ckdrh-hrfeikscs ki edtkhi R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s >5.5 Ka`itkoy ckdrh-hrfeikscs. >5.> C`esur` tg` ret` ho frhwtg ho ckdrhn`s. >5.4 Ka`itkoy tg` gercouj eia n`i`dkej `oo`dts ho ckdrh-hrfeikscs. >5.1 ^`dhfiks` tget shc` ckdrh-hrfeikscs deus` aks`es`s. >5.0 Ka`itkoy tg` aks`es`s deus`a ny ckdrh-hrfeikscs (sycpthcs, cha` ho treiscksskhi eia dhitrhj ho aks`es`s). >5.? ^`dhfiks` tget shc` aks`es`-deuskif ckdrh-hrfeikscs er` ekr-nhri`, wet`r-nhri` eia spr`ea tgrhufg hur ohha.
Kitrhaudtkhi
Ess`ssc`it
Qgks thpkd ohdus`s hi tg` frhwtg ho ckdrhhrfeikscs. Kt tg`i a`ejs wktg tg` n`i`dkej `oo`dts ho ckdrh-hrfeikscs th p`hpj` eia th tg` `ivkrhic`it eia dhidjua`s wktg e a`tekj`a s`dtkhi hi aks`es`s deus`a ny ckdrhhrfeikscs, iec`jy renk`s= dghj`re= QN= cejerke= tgrusg eia rkifwhrc.
Edtkvkty >5.55.>22 522 2
>.
^`fkhi
Iucn`r ho des`s (% ho thtej)
Iucn`r ho a`etgs (% ho thtej)
Eorkde
>6, 70
44,22
Qg` Ec`rkdes
>0, 22
5,02
@est`ri C`akt`rrei`ei
6, 22
6,?2
@urhp`
1, 22
1,?2
Thutg-@est Eske
40, 22
4?,;>
V`st`ri Redkſtd
>2, 62
57,1?
?0
Qhpkd >5< Ckdrh-hrfeikscs ki edtkhi
4. Thutg-@est Eske wes tg` r`fkhi wktg tg` gkfg`st iucn`r ho QN des`s ki >22;. 1. Thutg-@est Eske gea tg` gkfg`st iucn`r iucn`r ho a`etgs orhc QN ki >22;. 0. @urhp` eia tg` Ec`rkdes er` a`v`jhp`a a`v`jhp`a dhuitrk`s wktg jhw j`v`js ho phv`rty, eia fhha g`ejtg eia shdkej kiorestrudtur`. QN ks ei uidhcchi aks`es` ki pjed`s wg`r` chst p`hpj` er` w`jj-ihurksg`a eia ah iht jkv` ki drhwa`a dhiaktkhis. ?. @urhp` cey gev` gev` chr` des`s ho QN tgei tgei tg` Ec`rkdes n`deus` @urhp` r`d`kv`s chr` kcckfreits orhc er`es ho tg` whrja wg`r` tg`r` er` gkfg j`v`js ho QN.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — aksduss tg` eisw`rs th tg` edtkvktk`s wktg tg` djess.
Edtkvkty >5.?. Etgj`t`‛s ohht ks hot`i esshdket`a wktg
Fuka`jki`s
tg` gkfg chkstur` j`v`js eia ner` o``t ho etgj`t`s ki e dgeif` rhhc. R`aks rhhc. R`aks c`eis c`eis ohht ki Jetki. 4. Etgj`t`‛s ohht cey n` treiscktt` treiscktt`a a ny akr`dt dhitedt tgrhufg enreskhis hi tg` smki orhc dgeif` rhhcs, shdms eia sgh`s. 1. Gkfg chkstur` chkstur` eia werctg werctg er` r`qukr`a ohr frhwtg ho tg` ouifk tget deus` etgj`t`‛s ohht.
Qgks edtkvkty dei n` dhcpj`t`a es e ghc`whrm tesm.
Ess`ssc`it
Eisw`rs
Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — dg`dm tg` eisw`rs wktg tg` djess.
Edtkvkty >5.05< Ckdrh-hrfeikscs ki edtkhi
?6
QHRKD >>< Qhweras n`tt`r g`ejtg R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s >>.5 Aksduss shc` weys ny c`eis ho wgkdg aks`es`-deuskif ckdrh-hrfeikscs ckdrh-hrfeikscs dei n` dhitrhjj`a. >>.> A`i` v`dthrs. >>.4 Ttet` weys ho dhitrhjjkif v`dthrs. >>.1 Jkst weys ho prht`dtkif hurs`jv`s orhc aks`es`s deus`a ny ckdrh-hrfeikscs spr`ea ny v`dthrs. >>.0 A`sdrkn` shc` c`tghas us`a ki tg` aksphsej ho r`ous` eia s`wef`. >>.? Ttet` tg` rhj`s kiakvkauejs sghuja pjey th `isur` fhha g`ejtg. >>.6 Iec` shc` ietkhiej eia kit`rietkhiej kit`rietkhiej g`ejtg hrfeiksetkhis hrfeiksetkhis eia prhvka` prhvka` shc` a`sdrkptkhis a`sdrkptkhis ho wget tg`y ah.
Kitrhaudtkhi Qg` rst pert ho tg` thpkd a`ejs wktg c`tghas ho dhitrhjjkif gercouj ckdrh-hrfei ckdrh-hrfeikscs. kscs. Qg` i`xt s`dtkhi ks hi v`dthrs eia ghw th dhitrhj tg`c. Qg` jest pert ks enhut p`rshiej g`ejtg eia tg` rhj` ho g`ejtg hrfeiksetkhis. hrfeiksetkhis.
ckdrh-hrfeikscs kscs Edtkvkty >>.5>.> 6. Ttua`its wkjj s`` tget tg`r` ks j`ss nedt`rkej nedt`rkej frhwtg/ih nedt`rkej frhwtg ki tg` p`trk aksg tget wes kihdujet`a wktg wesg`a geias.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — aksduss tg` hns`rvetkhis wktg tg` djess.
Edtkvkty >>.4 dei n` dhcpj`t`a et ghc`.
Eisw`rs 5. Orhc tg` kiohrcetkhi kiohrcetkhi fkv`i, kt dei dei n` s``i tget wg`i hijy e o`w kiakvkauejs er` kccui`, e petghf`i dei spr`ea repkajy wktgki e phpujetkhi phpujetkhi,, r`sujtkif ki ei `pka`ckd. Ghw`v`r, wg`i chr` tgei 62% ho e phpujetkhi ks kccui`, tg` treiscksskhi ho tg` petghf`i orhc hi` kiakvkauej th eihtg`r ks pr`v`it`a eia tg`r`ohr` `pka`ckds ah iht hddur. Qgks ks au` th tg` oedt tget ceiy hoetg`s` kiakvkauejs whuja gev` a`v`jhp`a s`dhiaery r`sphis`. Kt ks ejsh kcphrteit th aksduss tg` sdk`itkd nesks ho kccuiksetkhi, ohr `xecpj`< • Eiy cedrhchj`d cedrhchj`duj` uj` esshdket`a wktg e petghf`i dei s`rv` es ei eitkf`i — kt ah`s iht gev` th n` tg` `itkr` ckdrhhrfeiksc.. G`id`, sp`dkd terf`t hrfeiksc eitkf`is esshdket`a wktg petghf`is cey n` us`a th `jkdkt `jkdkt tg` kccui` r`sphis` wktghut deuskif aks`es`. • Eot`r `xphsur` th tg` tg` eitkf`i, tg` nhay cey a`v`jhp e c`chry r`sphis`. G`id`, suns`qu`it `xphsur` th tg` eitkf`i wkjj nrkif enhut e repka eia `igeid`a r`sphis` tget wkjj pr`v`it tg` kidr`es` ki tg` petghf`i phpujetkhi eia pr`v`it tg` ceiko`stetkhi ceiko`stetkhi ho tg` tg` aks`es`. • Vg`i e jerf` p`rd`itef` ho tg` phpujetkhi ks kccui` th e aks`es`, aks`es`,
tgus prhvkakif prht`dtkhi th tg` `itkr` phpujetkhi efekist efekist pertkdujer aks`es`s. aks`es`s. >. Ttua`its sghuja sghuja ejsh aksduss aksduss tg` i`er i`er `jkckietkhi ho e iucn`r ho dhitefkhus aks`es`s sudg es nunhikd pjefu`, c`esj`s, dgkdm`iphx, phjkh, eia sh hi. @xecpj` ho e aks`es` — Qg` `reakdetkhi ho scejjphx< Tcejjphx ks e gkfgjy kio`dtkhus aks`es` deus`a ny tg` _erkhje _erkhje vkrus vkrus tget ks treiscktt`a ny akr`dt dhitedt. Tcejjphx mkjj`a es ceiy es 5>—42% ho kts vkdtkcs. Qg` Vhrja G`ejtg Hrfeikzetkhi (VGH) n`fei e prhfrecc` th `reakdet` kt ki 5;0?. Ny 5;?6, kts kit`itkhi wes th rka tg` whrja ho tgks aks`es` wktgki t`i y`ers. Qg`r` w`r` twh ceki esp`dts ho tg` prhfrecc`, iec`jy, veddkietkhi eia
surv`kjjeid`. Tudd`ssouj ett`cpts w`r` cea` edrhss tg` whrja th veddkiet` chr` tgei 72% ho phpujetkhis et rksm ho scejjphx. Vg`i`v`r Vg`i`v`r e des` ho tg` aks`es` wes r`phrt`a, `v`ryhi` ki tg` ghus`ghja eia surrhuiakif ghus`ghjas, es w`jj es r`jetkv`s eia phssknj` dhitedts ki tg` er`e, w`r` veddkiet`a. Qgks prhd`aur`, mihwi es rkif veddkietkhi, prht`dt`a `v`ryhi` wgh dhuja phssknjy gev` dhc` kith dhitedt wktg tg` kio`dt`a p`rshi. Qgks s`rv`a th r`aud` tg` dgeid` ho treiscksskhi eia tg` spr`ea ho tg` aks`es`. Ki 5;7;, tg` VGH a`djer`a tg` whrja or`` ho scejjphx. Qg` ohjjhwkif r`eshis cey n` ettrknut`a th th tg` sudd`ssouj prhfrecc`< prhfrecc`< • Qg` veddki` wes dg`ep th prhaud` eia tg` sec` veddki` wes us`a tgrhufghut tg` whrja. Qgks wes jerf`jy au` th tg` oedt tget tg` _erkhje _erkhje vkrus vkrus ks r`jetkv`jy stenj`, eia dgeif`s kts suroed` eitkf`is. • Qg` veddki` wes `oo`dtkv` n`deus` kt wes dr`et`a orhc e skckjer streki ho vkrus tget
tg`r` ks ih o`er ho ei `pka`ckd, skid` kiakvkauejss er` ih jhif`r susd`ptknj` kiakvkauej eia tgus ih jhif`r pertkdkpet` ki tg` dgeki ho aks`es` treiscksskhi. • Vg`i epprhxkcet`jy 62% ho tg` phpuje php ujetkh tkhi i ks ks kccui kccui`, `, kt kt ks seo` th sey tge tgett tg` `itkr` phpujetkhi ks seo`/prht`dt`a. Qgks dhid`pt ks r`o`rr`a th es g`ra kccuikty. G`ra kccuikty ks `stenjksg`a ny ertkdkejjy ertkdkejjy stkcujetkif tg` kccui` syst`c tgrhufg tg` us` ho veddki`s,
wes gercj`ss, tget ks, kt wes e ‗jkv`‛ veddki`. • Qg` veddki` wes or``z`-ark`a eia tgks c`eit tget kt dhuja n` m`pt ohr es jhif es skx chitgs, cemkif kts us` ki tg` trhpkds vkenj`. •• Kio`dt`a p`hpj` w`r` `esyn`deus` th ka`itkoy. Kt wes wes `esy `esy th eackikst`r th eackikst`r ho tg` a`v`jhpc`itt ho e stekij`ss st``j, nkourdet`a a`v`jhpc`i (twh-prhif`a), r`usenj` i``aj`. • Qg` vkrus vkrus aka aka iht r`ceki ki tg` tg` nhay nhay eot`r eot`r kio`dtkhi sh tget kt dhuja n`dhc` edtkv` et e jet`r tkc` hr ohrc e r`s`rvhkr ho kio`dtkhi.
?;
Qhpkd >>< Qhweras n`tt`r g`ejtg
• Gucei Gucei n`ki n`kifs fs er` er` tg` tg` hijy hijy mih mihwi wi ghst ghstss ohr tg` vkrus eia kt ges e r`jetkv`jy sghrt survkvej tkc` hutska` tg` gucei ghst. Qgks c`eit tget tg` dydj` dhuja n` `eskjy nrhm`i. • Cei Ceiy y t``ie t``ief`r f`rss n`dec n`dec`` `itgu `itguske skestk stkdd veddkiethrs eia suppjk`rs ho kiohrcetkhi enhut des`s — tgks wes `sp`dkejjy vejuenj` ki r`cht` er`es. Tcejjphx ks tg` hijy kio`dtkhus gucei aks`es` mihwi th n` p`rcei`itjy `jkckiet`a tgrhufg gucei kit`rv`itkhi, kif`iukty eia dh-hp`retkhi. Ki 5;;5, tg` VGH a`djer`a tg` Ec`rkdes or`` ho phjkh. Ki >255, Kiake ejsh n`dec` or`` ho phjkh, nut et tg` tkc` ho wrktkif ei hodkej a`djeretkhi gea iht n``i cea`.
Ess`ssc`it
• Pikt`a Pikt`a Iet Ietkh khis is Dgkj Dgkjar` ar`i‛ i‛ss Ouia Ouia (PIKD@O)< th g`jp dhuitrk`s a`skfi eia kcpj`c`it g`ejtg, iutrktkhi eia w`joer` prhfrecc`s ohr tg`kr tg`kr dgkjar`i eia cet`riej eia dgkja g`ejtg prhfrecc`s f`i`rejjy= th supphrt fhv`ric`it prhfrecc`s ohr tg` dhitrhj dhitrhj ho celhr aks`es`s eoo`dtkif chtg`rs eia dgkjar`i= th supphrt veddkietkhi s`rvkd`s eia o``akif prhfrecc`s. Ietkhiej < • Ikf Ikf`rk `rkei ei ^`a ^`a Drhs Drhsss Thdk` Thdk`ty< ty< gt gttp< tp4< Cerki` genktets R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s >4.5 A`sdrkn` tg` dgeredt`rkstkds ho cerki` genktets. >4.> A`sdrkn` pett`ri ho akstrknutkhi ho pjeits eia eikcejs ki cerki` genktets, ihtkif ahckieittg` hi`s. >4.4 ^`dhfiks` shc` eaeptkv` o`etur`s ho tg` pjeits eia eikcejs ki tg`s` genktets. >4.1 Kio`r tg` ohha dgeki ho tg` hrfeikscs. >4.0 A`t`rcki` shc` ho tg` pgyskdej oedthrs tget eoo`dt pjeits eia eikcejs ki tg` cerki` `ivkrhic`it.
Kitrhaudtkhi Qgks thpkd ks enhut tg` dgeredt`rkstkds ho cerki` genktets, tg` ohur `dhjhfkdej zhi`s ho cerki` `dhsyst`cs, eia tg` dgejj`if`s tget cerki` hrfeikscs oed`. Cerki` genktets gev` sp`dkd dgeredt`rkstkds r`jet`a th tg` ohjjhwkif oedthrs< wev`s, durr`its eia tka`s= dg`ckdej dhcphsktkhi= dhcphsktkhi= hxyf`i dhid`itretkhi= jkfgt p`i`tretkhi= t`cp`retur`= eia a`iskty eia pr`ssur`. Cerki` `dhsyst`cs er` akvka`a kith ohur `dhjhfkdej zhi`s< kit`rtkaej= i`rktkd= hd`eikd eia n`itgkd. Cerki` hrfeikscs oed` e verk`ty ho dgejj`if`s tget jeia hrfeikscs ah iht `idhuit`r.
Edtkvkty >4.5 cerms
Fhha 4 cerms
@xd`jj`it 1 cerms
Qhtej cerms< hut ho 52
65
Qhpkd >4< Cerki` genktets
^unrkd ohr tg` hrej Drkt`rke
Rhhr
Ev`ref`
Fhha
@xd`jj`it
Ttyj`< u`idy eia `y` dhitedt,
2∞5
>—>,0
4—4,0
1∞ 0
`xpr`sskhi, sp``a, r`eakif, tkckif. Ps` ho c`ake< phst`rs, pkdtur`s, `td.
2∞5
>—>,0
4—4,0
1∞ 0
Qhtej cerms< hut ho 52
Eisw`rs th ^`vkskhi qu`stkhis 5. >.
5 a) > d) 4 n) 1 e) Rjeits eia eikcejs gev` th eaept ki tg` ohjjhwkif weys< r`fujetkif sejt kitem`= hntekikif hxyf`i= dhpkif wktg wet`r pr`ssur`= dhpkif wktg dgeif`s ki wkia str`iftg, wev` edtkhi, dgeifkif t`cp`retur`s eia r`d`kvkif `ihufg suijkfgt. 4. Eisw`rs th kidjua` kidjua` eiy v` w`jj-`xpjeki`a w`jj-`xpjeki`a phkits. Tuff`stkhis Tuff`stkhis er` es ohjjhws< • Oksg er` enj` th arkim sejt wet`r eia `jkckiet` sejt tgrhufg tg`kr fkjjs. • Cerki` nkras arkim sejt wet`r eia `jkckiet` `xd`ss sejt tgrhufg tg`kr iesej devktk`s. • Vgej`s ah iht arkim sejt wet`r. Kist`ea tg`y hnteki tg`kr wet`r orhc tg`kr ohha. • Oksg eia htg`r cerki` hrfeikscs hnteki hxyf`i orhc tg` wet`r tgrhufg `ktg`r tg`kr fkjjs hr tg`kr smki. • Ceccejs tget jkv` ki tg` s`e dhc` th tg` suroed` ki hra`r th nr`etg`. • Vgej`s er` enj` th stey uia`rwet`r ohr ei ghur es tg`y gev` tg` depedkty th us`
• Vgej`s, s`ejs eia turtj`s hot`i trev`j n`tw``i sgejjhw sgejjhw eia a``p wet`rs wet`rs s`v`rej tkc`s e aey. • Vgej`s, wgkdg akv` a``p ki tg` hd`ei, gev` dhjjepsknj` juifs eia rkn def`s th `ienj` tg`c th thj`ret` kidr`es`a pr`ssur`. • Ceiy cerki` hrfeiksc hrfeikscss er` enj` th djkif th rhdms hr htg`r suroed`s th pr`v`it n`kif wesg`a wesg`a ewey. ewey. • Ceiy cerki` hrfeikscs gev` gera, thufg sg`jjs th prht`dt tg`kr shot perts orhc aecef`. • T`ew``a gev` sp`dkej ettedgc`its sh tg`y dei ettedg tg`cs`jv`s rcjy th rhdms. • Qg` orhias ho s`ew``a er` thufg eia j`etg`ry eia tgks g`jps pr`v`it t`erkif hr a`skddetkhi wg`i tg` tka` ks jhw. • Cerki` hrfeikscs tget i``a jkfgt t`ia th jkv` kip`i`tret`s sgejjhw, dj`er wet`reia sh tget suijkfgt tg` wet`r r`edg`s tg`c. • Jerf`r cerki` ceccejs, sudg es wgej`s, ah iht r`jy hi skfgt th ia tg`kr ohha. Qg`y ia tg`kr pr`y uskif `dghjhdetkhi.
tg`kr juifs `odk`itjy. • Vgej`s dei sthr` gkfg vhjuc`s ho hxyf`i ki tg`kr njhha eia cusdj`s wg`i akvkif. • Thc` jerf`r ceccejs ckfret` ki hra`r th dhp` wktg t`cp`retur` dgeif`s. Ceiy cerki` ceccejs gev` `ktg`r e tgkdm jey`r ho njunn`r (oet) hr v`ry tgkdm our, wgkdg `ienj`s tg`c th ah tgks.
6>
• Thc` cerki` hrfeikscs er` nkhjucki`sd`it, nkhjucki`sd` it, wgkdg c`eis c`eis tg`y dr`et` eia `ckt jkfgt th jur` `ktg`r pr`y hr e cet`.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it
Qg`c` 4< Qg` hrfeiksc eia kts `ivkrhic`it
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.5;2
^`vks` tg` thpkd ki s`dtkhis sudg es dgeredt`rkstkds ho cerki` genktets. Ttua`its dei cem` iht`s hi `edg s`dtkhi.tg`c Dg`dmsuccery tg`kr uia`rsteiakif ny esmkif shc` qu`stkhis enhut tg` kiohrcetkhi dhv`r`a ki `edg s`dtkhi. @xpjeki eiytgkif tget tg`y `xp`rk`id` akoſtdujty wktg.
M`y whras n`itgkd — tg` zhi` tget kidjua`s tg` nhtthc s`akc`its eia htg`r suroed`s ho e nhay ho wet`r sudg es ei hd`ei hr e jem` nkhjucki`sd`it — tg` enkjkty ho d`rteki jkvkif tgkifs th `ckt jkfgt tgrhufg dg`ckdej r`edtkhis ki tg`kr nhak`s `dghjhdetkhi — e s`ishry syst`c ki d`rteki eikcejs, sudg es nets eia ahjpgkis, ki wgkdg gkfg-pktdg`a shuias er` `cktt`a eia tg`kr `dgh`s er` kit`rpr`t`a th a`t`rcki` tg` akr`dtkhi eia aksteid` ho hnl`dts frevktetkhiej pujj — tg` ettredtkhi deus`a ny frevkty,, wgkdg ks tg` ohrd` ho ettredtkhi ny frevkty wgkdg t`rr`strkej nhak`s oejj thweras tg` d`itr` ho tg` @ertg kit`rtkaej — tg` zhi`/er`e n`tw``i tg` jeia eia s`e tget ks dhv`r`a ny wet`r et gkfg tka` eia uidhv`r`a et jhw tka` i`rktkd — tg` thpchst jey`r ho tg` hd`ei hd`eikd — tg` zhi` ho tg` hd`ei tget `xt`ias orhc tg` nhtthc `af` ho tg` i`rktkd zhi`, wg`r` suijkfgt ah`s iht r`edg
Qhpkd >4< Cerki` genktets
64
QHRKD >1< @stuerki` genktets R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s >1.5 A`sdrkn` tg` dgeredt`rkstkds ho `stuerki` genktets. >1.> A`sdrkn` tg` pett`ri ho akstrknutkhi ho pjeits eia eikcejs ki `stuerki` genktets, ihtkif ahckieit hi`s. >1.4 ^`dhfiks` shc` eaeptkv` o`etur`s ho tg` pjeits eia eikcejs ki tg` genktet. >1.1 Kio`r tg` ohha dgeki ho tg` hrfeikscs. >1.0 A`t`rcki` shc` ho tg` pgyskdej dgeredt`rkstkds. >1.? Dhiska`r tg` tgr`ets th `stuerk`s eia jhhm et `ivkrhic`itej dhiska`retkhis th g`jp dhis`rv` `stuerk`s.
Kitrhaudtkhi
• nr``ak nr``akif if phia phia ohr `ia `iaeif eif`r` `r`a a `stuer `stuerki` ki` thea • frev`j rhea • chthrwey • ohr`st
Ei `stuery ks tg` pjed` wg`r` or`sg wet`r orhc rkv`rs eia str`ecs c``ts eia ckx`s wktg sejty wet`r orhc tg` hd`ei. Ei `stuery typkdejjy ohrcs et tg` chutg ho e rkv`r. @stuerk`s Fuka`jki`s gev` akoo`r`it sgep`s, skz`s eia f`hjhfkdej [hu dei us` shc` nhhms hr w`nskt`s th g`jp yhu dgeredt`rkstkds. Vktgki Vktgki `stuerk`s, tg`r` er` e pr`per` tgks edtkvkty edtkvkty sudg es reif` ho akoo`r`it typ`s ho genktets. Tejkikty gttps-`i-jeiaceiuej.pao. ho pjeits eia eikcejs ki `stuerk`s, tg` kcphrteid` ho `stuerk`s eia tgr`ets th tg`c. T`t hut st`ps ohr e jeia-us` pjei hi tg` nhera, ohr `xecpj`< Ka`itkoy e prhnj`c, ohrcujet` e Edtkvkty >1.51< @stuerki` genktets
60
QHRKD >0< Or`sgwet`r genktets R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s >0.5 tg` verk`ty, verk`ty eia skz` ho or`sgwet`r genktets. >0.> ^`dhfiks` ^`dhfiks` tg` queitkty eia akstrknutkhi ho verkhus hrfeikscs ki or`sgwet`r genktets. >0.4 ^`dhfiks` s`eshiej dgeif`s ki tg` skz` eia phpujetkhi ho tg` genktet. >0.1 ^`dhfiks` tg` eaeptetkhi ho tg` eikcejs eia pjeits ki tg` dghs`i or`sgwet`r genktet. >0.0 @stkcet` tg` prhphrtkhi ho cki`rej sejt pr`s`it ki tg` or`sgwet`r genktet. >0.? Kio`r tg` ohha dgeki ki tg` dghs`i or`sgwet`r genktet.
Kitrhaudtkhi
Ess`ssc`it
Or`sgwet`r genktets er` ohuia kijeia. Qg`y dhiteki ih sejt. Qg`y er` scejj wet`r nhak`s eia kshjet`a orhc hi` eihtg`r. Or`sgwet`r genktets kidjua` jerf` phias, jem`s, rkv`rs eia str`ecs. Qgks thpkd ks enhut or`sgwet`r genktets, tg` typ`s ho hrfeikscs tget jkv` ki tg`c eia tg` tgr`ets th tg`s` wet`r nhak`s.
Edtkvkty >0.521)
^`shurd`s Qg` t`xtnhhm= kcef`s/pkdtur`s/dgerts ho hrfeikscs tget jkv` ki or`sgwet`r genktets, `sp`dkejjy ki Ikf`rke= r`j`veit w`nskt`s eia vka`hs sudg es< gttp0.>2?) ^`shurd`s Qg` t`xtnhhm
Fuka`jki`s Qgks edtkvkty dei n` ahi` es e ghc`whrm tesm.
Eisw`rs 5. e) Jhtkd syst`c< t`cp`retur`s er` jhw`r jhw`r et tg` shurd`, tg` wet`r ks dj`er`r eia hxyf`i j`v`js er` gkfg`r= et tg` chutg, tg` wet`r ks chr` jea`i wktg s`akc`it, ges j`ss jkfgt, eia akv`rskty j`v`js er` jhw`r= hrfeikscs er` eoo`dt`a ny wet`r hw, eia aksteid` orhc tg` rkv`r shurd` n) J`itkd syst`c< syst`c< hrfeik hrfeikscs scs er` akstrknut akstrknut`a `a eddhrakif th a`ptg, aksteid` orhc sghr`, jkfgt p`i`tretkhi eia a`iskty
er`es, ohr `xecpj`, tg` s`e, e rkv`r, e phia, e jem`= akstkjj`a wet`r.
Fuka`jki`s Dhjj`dt tg` wet`r secpj`s ohr tg` djess. Ttua`its dei esskst, `sp`dkejjy ko tg`y jkv` i`er e wet`r nhay. @isur` tget yhu gev` et j`est hi` secpj` orhc e sejty wet`r nhay. [hu dei ah tgks es e djess a`chistretkhi.
Eisw`rs 7. ^`sujts wkjj very eddhrakif eddhrakif th tg` wet`r secpj`s. Qg`r` sghuja n` ih sejt ki tg` or`sgwet`r syst`cs.
6?
>. Jktthrej zhi`< werc`st, sgejjhw, supphrts gkfg j`v`js ho nkhakv`rskty N`itgkd zhi`< dhja`r dhja`r,, j`ss jkfgt p`i`tret`s= prhaudtkvkty a`p`ias hi s`akc`it s`akc`it j`v`js, hrfeikd dhit`it 4. Kiaustrkej eia efrkdujturej `ou`it, `ou`it, aec nukjakif, hv`r hv`r `xtredtkhi ohr krrkfetkhi krrkfetkhi 1. Ttua`its sghuja sghuja r`dhfiks` tget tget shjka west` ki eiy ohrc hr queitkty ges e i`fetkv` kcpedt hi or`sgwet`r `dhsyst`cs. Qg` chr` nhttj`s, tg` fr`et`r tg` kcpedt. 0. Ttua`its sghuja sghuja n` ewer` ho tg` kcpedt kcpedt ho phjjuteits hi tg` g`ejtg ho or`sgwet`r `dhsyst`cs, ghw tg` iutrk`it j`v`js er` eoo`dt`a, ghw tgks kcpedts hi hxyf`i evekjenkjkty th pjeits eia eikcejs, `td.
Qg`c` 4< Qg` hrfeiksc eia kts `ivkrhic`it
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — aksduss tg` eisw`rs th tg` edtkvkty wktg tg` djess.
Eisw`rs th ^`vkskhi qu`stkhis 5. Jktthrej, jkci`tkd, jkci`tkd, prhouiaej, prhouiaej, n`itgkd >. Jkfgt eia hxyf`i Edd`pt eiy tgr`` phssknj` eisw`rs. 4. • Qh dhp` wktg gevkif dhid`itretk dhid`itretkhis his ho wet`r gkfg`r tgei tget ki tg`kr `xt`riej `ivkrhic`it, hrfeikscs sudg es prhthzheis gev` shc`tgkif dejj`a e dhitredtkj` veduhj`. Qgks ejjhws tg`c th sg`a `xd`ss wet`r tgrhufg hschr`fujetkhi. • Or`sgwet`r hrfeikscs gev` ett`i`a str`ecjki`a nhak`s, wgkdg g`jps tg`c dhp` wktg tg` rkfhrs ho wet`r durr`its ny ttkif uia`r uia`r rhdms, `td. • Ceiy gev` sp`dkejks`a nhay perts sudg es ghhms hr sudm`rs th frkp tgkifs eia pr`v`it n`kif sw`pt ewey. ewey. • Thc` jerve` nukja tg`cs`jv`s prht`dtkv` des`s des`s hut ho sthi`s hr a`nrks a`nrks th pr`v`it n`kif wesg`a ewey. • Qh chv` `odk`itjy ki wet`r, ceiy or`sgwet`r hrfeikscs gev` is (p`dthrej, tekj eia p`jvkd) th g`jp prhp`j tg`c ohrwera ohrwera ki tg`kr equetkd equetkd `ivkrhic`it. • Orhfs eia htg`r eikcejs gev` w`nn`a o``t th g`jp tg`c chv` tgrhufg tg`
• Or`sgwet`r hrfeikscs gev` fkjjs, wgkdg tg`y us` ohr fes`hus `xdgeif`. Oksg, prewis, drens eia dreysg dreysg gev` fkjjs ohr tgks purphs`. • D`rteki sp`dk`s gev` tg` enkjkty th derry ei ekr nunnj` th tg` nhtthc ho tg` wet`r nhay,, wgkdg tg`y us` th nr`etg et fr`et nhay a`ptgs wg`r` hxyf`i dhid`itretkhis er` jhw. Htg`rs gev` nr`etgkif tun`s.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.>2?
Ttua`its sghuja n` enj` th dhcper` tg` eaeptetkhis ho hrfeikscs tget jkv` ki akoo`r`it typ`s ho wet`r nhay — cerki`, `stuery eia or`sgwet`r genktets. Ttua`its dei cem` e ckia cep succerkskif tg` m`y phkits. @xpjeki eiytgkif tget tg`y ah iht uia`rsteia.
M`y whras n`itgkd — tg` `dhjhfkdej r`fkhi et tg` jhw`st j`v`j ho e nhay ho wet`r sudg es ei hd`ei hr e jem` j`itkd — stetkd wet`r genktets sudg es phias, jem`s swecps eia cersg`s jkci`tkd — tg` w`jj-jkt, hp`i suroed` wet`rs ki e jem`, ewey orhc tg` sghr`. jktthrej — tg` pert ho e s`e, jem` jem` hr rkv`r tget ks
wet`r. • D`rteki kiv`rt`nret`s gev` jhif, tgki epp`iaef`s, wgkdg tg`y us` th ‗smet`‛ ejhif tg` wet`r suroed`.
djhs` th tg` sghr` jhtkd — ayieckd wet`r genktets sudg es rkv`rs, nrhhms, `td. prhouiaej zhi` — n`jhw tg` a`ptg ho `oo`dtkv` jkfgt
Qhpkd >0< Or`sgwet`r genktets
66
QHRKD >?< Cersg`s R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s >?.5 ^`dhfiks` typ`s ho cersg`s. >?.> Dhrr`jet` tg` `oo`dt ho rekioejj hr eiy htg`r shurd` ho wet`r eia `vephretkhi wktg dgeif`s ki e cersg. >?.4 ^`dhfiks` tg` eaeptetkhis ho hrfeikscs ki cersgy genktets. >?.1 Eppr`dket` tg` cersg es n`kif treisktkhiej n`tw``i equetkd eia t`rr`strkej genktets. >?.0 Kio`r tg` ohha dgeki ki e cersg `ivkrhic`it.
Kitrhaudtkhi E cersg (w`tjeia) ks ei kijeia er`e ho jhwjykif jeia tget ks p`rkhakdejjy hr p`rcei`itjy wet`rjhff`a. Qg` wet`r ks rkdg ki a`deykif hrfeikd cett`r eia ks tg`r`ohr` hi` ho tg` chr` prhaudtkv` `dhsyst`cs hi @ertg, n`kif vejuenj` th pjeits, eikcejs eia guceis. Ki tg` ary s`eshi, tg` wet`r ks stefieit. Cersg`s er` dhcpj`t`jy wet`rjhff`a ki tg` rekiy s`eshi. Qgks thpkd dhv`rs tg` dgeredt`rkstkds ho cersg`s, typ`s ho cersg`s eia eaeptkv` o`etur`s ho hrfeikscs tget jkv` ki cersg`s.
Eisw`rs th ^`vkskhi qu`stkhis 5. Cersg`s Cersg`s er` ki jhw-jy jhw-jykif kif er`es er`es wg`r` wg`r` tg` frhuia ks p`rcei`itjy hr p`rkhakdejjy wet`rjhff`a= er` rkdg ki a`deykif hrfeikd cett`r eia tg`r` ks usuejjy e pr`ahckieid`
ho stefieit phhjs= cersg `dhsyst`cs er` shc` ho tg` chr` prhaudtkv` hi @ertg. >. Qg`y i``a i``a th n` enj` enj` th wktgstei wktgsteia a tg` jhw hxyf`i j`v`js tget er` dgeredt`rkstkd ho eie`rhnkd dhiaktkhis. Qg`y cust n` eaept`a th wktgsteia udtuetkif sejt j`v`js ki tg` wet`r= shc` pjeits, tg` gyarhpgyt`s, gev` th n` thtejjy eaept`a th jko` ki wet`r es tg`y er` thtejjy sunc`rf`a. sunc`rf`a. Ceiy gev` Edtkvkty >?.555) tg`kr rhhts eia st`cs. Qg`y er` dejj`a ^`shurd`s e`r`idgyce eia hxyf`i `it`rs tg` pjeit eia ks treisphrt`a th kts rhhts tgrhufg Qg` t`xtnhhm= kcef`s/pkdtur`s/dgerts ho hrfeikscs tget jkv` ki w`tjeia genktets, `sp`dkejjy tghs` ki Ikf`rke= r`j`veit r`j`veit w`nskt`s eia vka`h vka`h djkps sudg es gttpsMP deras wktg iec`s ho verkhus w`tjeia hrfeikscs= deras jen`jj`a Tui, wet`r, hxyf`i, dg`ckdej spkjj, strkif hr whhj
Fuka`jki`s Rr`per` tg` deras ohr tg` edtkvkty uskif tg` hrfeikscs sghwi ki tgks thpkd, ohr `xecpj`, Okfur` >?.0. @isur` tget yhu mihw ghw tg` hrfeikscthf`ts kts tg` ohha. Qgkim ho e o`w kistrudtkhis fuka` djess tgrhufg tg` fec`. [hu wkjj i``a ei hp`i er`e th phsktkhi tg` stua`its tget ah`s iht aksturn htg`r djess`s.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — aksduss tg` fec` wktg tg` djess.
67
4. Cersg eia eia w`tjeia w`tjeia eikcej eikcejss gev` eaept` eaept`a a th dhiaktkhis ki tg`kr wet`rjhff`a whrja ki tg` ohjjhwkif weys< • Ki hra`r hra`r th th chv` chv` edrh edrhss ss tg` tg` wet`r wet`r qukd qukdmjy mjy,, ceiy cersg eikcejs (ecpgknkeis pertkdujerjy) gev` w`nn`a o``t. • Kis Kis`dt `dtss gev` gev` sp`dke sp`dkejj peaaj peaaj`-j `-jkm` km` j`fs j`fs th th fjka` hr smet` hv`r tg` suroed` ho tg` wet`r. • Ceiy gev` sp`dkej dechuef` th prht`dt tg`cs`jv`s tg`cs`jv`s orhc pr`aethrs. • Thc Thc`` sp`dk sp`dk`s `s ho ho nkras nkras gev gev`` jhif jhif j`fs j`fs ohr weakif, hr v`ry nrhea o``t eia th`s th smkp edrhss tg` wet`r pjeits hr jkjy peas. 1. Cersg chifh chifhhs`, hs`, dkv`ts, dkv`ts, f`i`ts f`i`ts,, htt`rs, htt`rs, Ikj` drhdhakj`s, drhdhakj`s, es w`jj es ceiy sp`dk`s sp`dk`s ho nkras, sg, orhfs eia theas theas (eiy tgr``)
Qg`c` 4< Qg` hrfeiksc eia kts `ivkrhic`it
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.>55
Ttua`its sghuja n` enj` th a`sdrkn` tg` dgeredt`rkstkds ho e cersg= jkst tg` typ`s ho cersg`s eia a`sdrkn` shc` eaeptkv` o`etur`s ho hrfeikscs th tg` cersg. Qg`y Qg`y cust r`jet` tg` strudtur`s eia/hr n`gevkhurs ho tg` hrfeikscs th tg` cersgy genktet. Ttua`its dei cem` e ckia cep succerkskif tg` m`y phkits. @xpjeki eiytgkif tget tg`y ah iht uia`rsteia.
M`y whras e`r`idgyce — e sphify tkssu` wktg jerf` kit`rd`jjujer ekr sped`s tget ks ohuia ki equetkd pjeits= kt prhvka`s nuhyeidy eia ejjhws tg` dkrdujetkhi ho fes`s. eie`rhnkd r`spkretkhi — e prhd`ss tget tem`s pjed` ki pjeits eia shc` ckdrhnkej d`jjs ki tg` pr`s`id` ho jkttj` hr ih hxyf`i ohha w`n — ceiy ohha dgekis thf`tg`r ki ei `dhsyst`c or`sgwet`r cersg — e cersg tget dhitekis or`sg wet`r gejhpgyt` — e pjeit tget frhws ki wet`rs ho gkfg sejkikty gyarhpgyt` — ei equetkd pjeit tget ges eaept`a th jkvkif ki equetkd `ivkrhic`its
(sejt wet`r hr or`sg wet`r) sejtwet`r cersg — e cersg tget dhitekis sejty wet`r stefieit — iht hwkif hr chvkif, eia hot`i ohuj-sc`jjkif hr stej` swecp — jeia tget ks ejweys w`t eia hot`i pertjy dhv`r`a wktg wet`r wet`r,, eia ks hot`i uisukt`a th dujtkvetkhi wet`rjhff`a — th n` seturet`a wktg wet`r w`tjeias — er`es ho jeia wg`r` wet`r dhv`rs tg` shkj, hr ks pr`s`it `ktg`r et hr i`er tg` suroed` ho tg` shkj ejj y`er hr ohr verykif p`rkhas ho tkc` aurkif tg` y`er
Qhpkd >?< Cersg`s
6;
QHRKD >6< Ohr`st nkhc`s (rekiohr`sts) R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s >6.5 Ka`itkoy tg` dgeredt`rkstkds ho tg` ohr`st genktet. >6.> ^`dhfiks` trhpgkd j`v`js eia tg` akstrknutkhi ho eikcejs ki e ohr`st. >6.4 ^`dhfiks` tg` stretkdetkhi ho pjeits ki e ohr`st. >6.1 ^`dhfiks` tg` eaeptkv` o`etur`s ho eikcejs eia pjeits ki e ohr`st. >6.0 Ka`itkoy eia dhistrudt ohha dgekis tget `xkst ki e ohr`st.
Kitrhaudtkhi
Fuka`jki`s
Qrhpkdej rekiohr`sts er` sktuet`a djhs` th tg` Qrhpkdej `quethr eia sh `xp`rk`id` gkfg t`cp`retur`s. Qg` t`rc ‗reki‛ ks us`a ki tg`kr iec` n`deus` tg`y dei r`d`kv` 5 022 cc ho reki e y`er, hr
Ttua`its cust aksduss tg` eisw`rs wktg tg`kr frhups eia tg`i wrkt` tg`kr hwi eisw`rs ki tg`kr whrmnhhm. Oedkjktet`< Akvka` tg` djess kith ckx`a-enkjkty frhups. G`jp tg` frhups th eisw`r tg` qu`stkhis.
`v`i chr`. ^ekiohr`sts jusg eia a`is` genktets. Qg`y supphrt eer` gkfg akv`rskty ho pjeits eia eikcejs. eikcejs. Qgks thpkd thpkd dhv`rs tg` dgeredt`rkstkds ho rekiohr`sts= tg` akoo`r`it jey`rs ho pjeits ki tg` ohr`st= eia tg` eaeptkv` o`etur`s ho hrfeikscs esshdket`a wktg tgks nkhc`.
Edtkvkty >6.55?)
^`shurd`s Qg` t`xtnhhm= kcef`s/pkdtur`s/dgerts ho rekiohr`st hrfeikscs= r`j`veit w`nskt`s eia vka`hs sudg es gttps. Jhw ki iutrk`i iutrk`its ts n`deus` n`deus` tg` rekiwe rekiwet`r t`r j`edg`s iutrk`its hut ho tg` shkj v`ry repkajy, nut a`dhcphsktkhi j`v`js er` gkfg= hddeskhiejjy wet`rjhff`a 4. Rrkc Rrkcery ery dhisuc` dhisuc`rs< rs< nkras, nkras, sjhtg, chus`, chus`, spka`r chim`y, nusg pkf T`dhiaery dhisuc`rs< j`hpera, `efj`, siem` A`dhcphs`rs< auif n``tj`, ckjjkp`a`
v3HT>_rf^ODzd
1.
`efj` sjhtg
chim`ys j`hpera
nusg pkf ſtfs nkras chus` siem`
j`eo jktt`r
auif n``tj`s ckjjkp`a`s eits nutt`rk`s
tr``s
72
Qg`c` 4< Qg` hrfeiksc eia kts `ivkrhic`it
0. Rjeit eaeptetkhis< djkcnkif pjeits, tgkdm nuttr`ss rhhts ohr tejj tr``s, tr``s, strete/j`v`js ho v`f`tetkhi eaept`a th jkfgt evekjenkjkty, tejj tr``s ki deihpy Eikcej eaeptetkhis< dechuef`a pr`aethrs (siem` eia j`hpera), jkcns eia tekjs ohr djkcnkif eia lucpkif (ernhr`ej genktet) ?. Ttua`its sghuja sghuja n` ewer` tget tg` tg` jhss ho tg` tr``s whuja kcpedt i`fetkv`jy hi `v`ry `j`c`it ki tg` ohha w`n eia tget shkj jhss eia a`freaetkhi whuja hddur, skckjerjy tget ko hi` ho tg` sp`dk`s ho pjeits hr eikcejs w`r` th n` hv`r-`xpjh hv`r-`xpjhkt`a, kt`a, tg`r` whuja n` ei kcnejeid` ki tg` syst`c, wktg i`fetkv` dhis`qu`id`s et e nrhea`r j`v`j. 6. Gucei edtkvkty, a`ohr`stetkhi, a`ohr`st a`v`jhpc`it, nusg c`et etkhi, trea`, guitkif, `td.
@c`rf`it jey`r< v`ry tejj tr``s, reif` orhc 42∞72 c. Qg` akec`t`rs ho tr`` truims er` ejsh vest. Ki Ikf`rkei ohr`sts, tgks jey`r dhitekis tr``s sudg es ceghfeiy, krhmh, hn`dg`, sep`j` eia wejiut.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.>56
Ttua`its sghuja n` enj` th a`sdrkn` tg` dgeredt`rkstkds ho e rekiohr`st= jkst tg` strete ki tg` ohr`st eia typ`s ho pjeits ki tg`s` jey`rs= eia a`sdrkn` shc` eaeptkv` o`etur`s ho pjeits eia eikcejs ohuia ki rekiohr`sts. Ttua`its dei cem` e ckia cep succerkskif tg` m`y phkits. @xpjeki eiytgkif tget tg`y ah iht uia`rsteia.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — aksduss tg` eisw`rs th tg` edtkvkty wktg tg` djess.
Eisw`rs th ^`vkskhi qu`stkhis 5. >. 4.
Ohr`st hhr, uia`rsthr uia`rsthr`y, `y, deihpy, `c`rf`it A`ohr`stetkhi Ohr`st hhr hhr j`v`j< chss`s Pia`rsthr`y jey`r< scejj`r tr``s eia jhwfrhwkif o`ris, djkcnkif pjeits eia sgruns —
M`y whras ernhr`ej — ho hr r`jetkif th tr``s aksturneid` ef`its — ef`its sudg es wkia, wet`r,, arhufgt, ſtr` eia phjjutkhi tget nrkif wet`r enhut e t`cphrery dgeif` ki `ivkrhic`itej dhiaktkhis tget dei gev` e prhohuia `oo`dt hi tg` `dhsyst`c r`f`i`retkhi r`f`i`retkh i ef`its — ef`its sudg es scejj
pjeits er` er` iht tejj`r tejj`r tgei tgei 4 1 c= c= tg` hw`rs hw`rs er` hot`i nrkfgtjy dhjhur`a hr gev` e v`ry strhif hahur ki hra`r th ettredt phjjkiethrs= tg` yhuif tr``s ohuia g`r` gev` tgki truims eia chss= ouifk eia ejfe` frhw prhjkdejjy hi tg` truims ho tr``s= djkcnkif pjeits cem` tg` chst ho tr`` truims ny djkcnkif up tg`c th r`edg suijkfgt Deihpy jey`r< tejj tr``s, reif` orhc 0∞42 c
eikcejs tget stkcujet` tg` eia r`frhwtg ho pjeits tgrhufg phjjkietkhi s``a aksp`rsej strete — e jey`r ho cet`rkej, ieturejjy hr ertkſtdkejjy ohrc`a, hot`i ohrc`a hi` uphi eihtg`r stretkſtdetkhi — tg` ohrcetkhi hr a`phsktkhi ho jey`rs, es ho rhdm hr s`akc`its trhpkdej — p`rtekikif th, dgeredt`rkstkd ho, hddurrkif ki, hr kigenktkif tg` trhpkds, tg` werc, ght er`es jhdet`a n`tw``i tg` Qrhpkd ho Deid`r eia tg` Qrhpkd Qrhpkd ho Deprkdhri
Qhpkd >6< Ohr`st nkhc` (rekiohr`sts)
75
QHRKD >7< Fressjeias R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s >7.5 ^`dhfiks` tg` ahckieit djkcetkd oedthrs ki fressjeias. >7.> A`sdrkn` tg` shkj strudtur` ho fressjeias. >7.4 A`sdrkn` tg` strudturej eia htg`r eaeptetkhis ho fressjeia pjeits eia eikcejs. >7.1 Ka`itkoy tg` pr`ahckieit pjeit eia eikcej sp`dk`s eia tg` `i`rfy r`jetkhis n`tw``i tg`c. >7.0 A`sdrkn` tg` shkj strudtur`.
Kitrhaudtkhi Fressjeia nkhc`s er` f`i`rejjy ohuia ki tg` ckaaj` jetktua`s eia ki tg` kit`rkhrs ho dhitki`its. Qg`r` er` twh typ`s ho fressjeias — t`cp`ret` fressjeias eia trhpkdej seveiiegs. Fress sp`dk`s ahckiet` tg` nkhc` n`deus` n`deus` tg`y er` w`jj-eaept`a w`jj-eaept`a th tg` kdy wkit`r orhsts, r`fujer r`s eia frezkif. Qgks thpkd dhv`rs tg` dgeredt`rkstkds ho tg`s` fressjeias, es w`jj es tg` akstrknutkhi eia eaeptetkhi ho pjeits eia eikcejs ki tgks nkhc`. Qg` iej s`dtkhi ho tgks tgks thpkd ks enhut typ`s ho seveiieg ki Ikf`rke.
Edtkvkty >7.5>4) ^`shurd`s
Eisw`rs th ^`vkskhi qu`stkhis 5. Q`cp` `cp`ret` ret` fressj fressjeias eias0∞60 cc/y`er (sprkif eia succ`r). • Tuc Tucc` c`rr t`cp`r t`cp`retu etur`s r`s dei dei n` n` w`jj w`jj hv`r hv`r 47 ²D, wgkj` wkit`r t`cp`retur`s dei n` es jhw es -12 ²D. • T`eshiej arhufgt eia hddeskhiej r`s er` kcphrteit th nkhakv`rskty. • Q`cp `cp`re `ret` t` fres fressje sjeias ias dei n` ourt ourtg`r g`r akvka`a es ohjjhws< prekrk`s er` fressjeias wktg tejj fress`s wgkj` st`pp`s er` fressjeias wktg sghrt fress`s. • Fre Fress` ss`ss er` tg` ahc ahckie kieit it v`f` v`f`tet tetkhi khi.. • Eiiuej rekioejj kiu`id`s tg` g`kfgt ho fressjeia v`f`tetkhi, wktg tejj`r fress`s ki w`tt`r r`fkhis. • Qr` r``s `s eia eia je jerf rf`` sgru sgruns ns er` er`
Qg` t`xtnhhm= kcef`s/pkdtur`s/dgerts ho fressjeia hrfeikscs= r`j`veit w`nskt`s eia vka`hs sudg es gttps. Qgkdm nerm th th r`aud` wet`r wet`r jhss th treispkretkhi eia th g`jp pr`v`it tg` kit`is` g`et ho r`s orhc r`edgkif tg` s`isktkv` kii`r pjeit tkssu` • Jhif rhht syst`cs tget er` enj` th enshrn es cudg wet`r es phssknj` ki v`ry ary p`rkhas • Jerf` sudduj`it st`cs eia truims th sthr` wet`r • Qg` enkjkty th sg`a j`ev`s ki tg` ary s`eshi th g`jp r`aud` wet`r jhss • (Eiy tgr`` phkits) 4. ^ha`its jkm` th nurrhw th `sdep` tg` tg` g`et ho tg` aey eia e t`ia`idy th n` ihdturiej. • Thc` er` frez`rs, htg`rs er` nrhws`rs. • Jerf`r uifujet`s gev` tg` enkjkty th hutrui tg`kr pr`aethrs. • Ceiy gev` `xd`jj`it skfgt eia g`erkif enkjkty th g`jp a`t`dt pr`aethrs. • Qg`y t`ia th hdm hr g`ra sh tget tg`y gev` seo`ty ki iucn`rs. • Qg`y chv` hr ckfret` hv`r jerf` aksteid`s ki s`erdg ho wet`r eia n`tt`r
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
TN p.>>1
Ttua`its sghuja n` enj` th a`sdrkn` tg` dgeredt`rkstkds ho t`cp`ret` eia trhpkdej fressjeias, es w`jj es tg` akstrknutkhi eia eaeptetkhis ho pjeit eia eikcej sp`dk`s ki tgks nkhc`. Ttua`its dei cem` e ckia cep succerkskif tg` m`y phkits. @xpjeki eiytgkif tget tg`y ah iht uia`rsteia.
M`y whras ahckiet` — eiy ho hi` hr chr` typ`s ho pjeits, hr shc`tkc`s eikcejs, tget ny vkrtu` ho enuiaeid`, skz`, skz`, hr genkts `x`rt ei kiu`id` hi tg` dhiaktkhis ho ei er`e eia a`t`rcki`/ kiu`id` wget htg`r hrfeikscs jkv` tg`r` prekrk`s — fressjeias wktg tejj fress`s seveiieg — ei `dhjhfkdej zhi` cea` up ho e fressy jey`r eia ei upp`r jey`r ho a`dkauhus hr `v`rfr``i tr``s. st`pp`s — fressjeias wktg sghrt fress`s
frezkif (tgks ks s`eshiejjy arkv`i). • Qg`y gev` dechuef` hr pett`rikif th g`jp nj`ia ki wktg fressjeia surrhuiakifs (strkp`s, dhjhuretkhi th nj`ia ki wktg fr``i/nrhwi fr``i/nrhwi surrhuias). surrhuias).
Qhpkd >7< Fressjeias
74
QHRKD >;< Erka jeias/a`s`rts R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s >;.5 ^`dhfiks` erka jeias es pjed`s wg`r` wet`r ks iht evekjenj` th hrfeikscs n`deus` kt ks sderd` hr orhz`i. >;.> Pia`rsteia tget `xphsur` th sui, `xtr`c`s ho t`cp`retur` eia wet`r sderdkty er` oedthrs tget a`s`rt hrfeikscs gev` th dhp` wktg >;.4 Akoo`r`itket` dhja a`s`rts (tuiare) orhc ght a`s`rts. >;.1 A`sdrkn` eaeptetkhis ho hrfeikscs th erka jeias.
Kitrhaudtkhi Qg` a`s`rt nkhc` dhv`rs e jerf` echuit ho tg` @ertg‛ss suroed`. Qg`s` er` genktets wg`r` tg` @ertg‛ eiiuej rekioejj ks j`ss tgei >02 cc p`r eiiuc. Qg`r` er` ohur celhr typ`s ho a`s`rts< ght eia ary= s`ck-erka= dhestej eia dhja. Qgks thpkd ks enhut tg`s`, es w`jj es tg` akstrknutkhi eia eaeptetkhi ho pjeits eia eikcejs ki tg` a`s`rt.
Edtkvkty >;.5>7) ^`shurd`s Qg` t`xtnhhm= cefezki`s, nhhms, r`j`veit
seianjestkif, ih j`ev`s hr spki`s th pr`v`it wet`r jhss, suim`i suim`i sthcete, `xt`iskv` rhht syst`cs, eia tgkdm wexy dutkdj`s hi j`ev`s. >. Nurrhw, ohref` et (ihdturiej), sp`dkej o`etur`s ki ikfgt tg`kr `ers eia `y`s th g`jp prht`dt tg`s` hrfeis orhc gkfg wkias eia seianjestkif (`y` sgk`jas, jhif`r `y`jesg`s, orkif`a `ers)= gev` scejj hr v`ry w`jj-dhv`r`a `ers th ckikcks` g`et jhss= shc` (jkm` tg` e scejj sp`dk`s ho ohx ki Ihrtg Eorkde), gev` v`ry jerf` et `ers, wgkdg edt jkm` reakethrs eia g`jp m``p tg` eikcej dhhj= jey `ffs tget r`ceki ahrceit uitkj dhiaktkhis er` suktenj` ohr getdgkif (d`rteki kis`dt sp`dk`s).
w`nskt`s ohr r`s`erdg= kcef`s/pkdtur`s/dgerts kcef`s/pkdtur`s/dgerts ho a`s`rt hrfeikscs= vka`hs sudg es gttp2∞>0 ²D, cexkcucs gkttkif 1; ²D, ckikcuc t`cp`retur`s es jhw es -57 ²D. • Thkjs< dhers`-t dhers`-t`xtur`a, `xtur`a, sgejjhw, rhdmy hr frev`jy wktg fhha arekief`= i` aust eia seia pertkdj`s njhwi `js`wg`r`, j`evkif g`evk`r pk`d`s n`gkia. • Rjeits er` sudduj`its, sp`dkejks`a j`ev`s, eaeptetkhis th dhp` wktg
71
4. Gera nhay dhv`rkifs dhv`rkifs th g`jp r`aud` r`aud` wet`r jhss orhc tg` nhay (shc`tkc`s sdej`s hi r`ptkj`s hr gera wexy suroed`s hi kis`dts)= cey s`ej tg`cs`jv`s ki nurrhws eia r`ceki kiedtkv` ohr `kfgt hr iki` chitgs uitkj e g`evy reki hddurs (theas, ohr `xecpj`)= cey gev` tg` enkjkty th survkv` hi tg` wet`r dhit`it ho ohhas tg`y `et es hpphs`a th arkimkif wet`r eia tg`y ejsh prhaud` v`ry dhid`itret`a dhid`itret`a urki`= gev` sg`jjs wgkdg tg`y us` th wktgarew tg`kr nhak`s th pr`v`it pr`v`it a`skddetkhi (arykif (arykif hut)= gev` v`ry `odk`it `xdr`thry syst`cs, wgkdg prhaud` e gkfgjy dhid`itret`a urki`, sh es th r`aud` wet`r jhss orhc tg` nhay. 1. Gkn`riet`, rhjj kith nejjs th pr`v`it g`et jhss.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it — aksduss tg` eisw`rs th tg` edtkvkty wktg tg` djess. Ps` tg` ohjjhwkif runrkd th g`jp yhu `vejuet` tg` hrej.
Qg`c` 4< Qg` hrfeiksc eia kts `ivkrhic`it
^unrkd ohr tg` hrej Rhhr
Ev`ref`
Fhha
@xd`jj`it
^`s`erdg & dhit`it< nedmfrhuia r`s`erdg eia edmihwj`af` shurd`s
2∞ 5
>—>,0
4—4,0
1—0
Ttyj`< u`idy eia `y` dhitedt, `xpr`sskhi, sp``a, r`eakif, tkckif
2∞ 5
>—>,0
4—4,0
1—0
Ps` ho c`ake,0
4—4,0
1—0
Qhtej cerms< hut ho 50
Eisw`rs th ^`vkskhi qu`stkhis 5. Ght eia ary, s`ck-erka s`ck-erka,, dhja, dhestej >. Eiy tgr`` eisw`rs< eisw`rs< • gev` `sgy, sudduj`it j`ev`s eia st`cs th g`jp sthr` wet`r • gev` rknn`a suroed`s th ejjhw ohr `xpeiskhi (jkm` e dhid`rtkie) wg`i tg`y enshrn wet`r (dedtus sp`dk`s) • sp`dkejks`a j`ev`s tget ejjhw tg` pjeit th tem` ki tkiy arhpj`ts ho hd`ei ohf • gev` sp`dkej eaeptetkhis th pr`v`it seianjestkif ki seia sthrcs • gev` ih j`ev`s, wgkdg g`jps pr`v`it wet`r jhss th treispkretkhi • phss`ss v`ry a``p eia `xt`iskv` rhht
tg` aey wg`i t`cp`retur`s er` jhw`r eia g`et jhss ks ckikcks`a. Qg`y cey cem` us` ho nurrhws th evhka tg` gkfg t`cp`retur`s aurkif tg` aey. 1. Qg` eisw`rs er` gev` es ohjjhws< ohjgera jhws>;
Ttua`its sghuja n` enj` th a`sdrkn` tg` dgeredt`rkstkds ho a`s`rt nkhc`s, es w`jj es tg` akstrknutkhi eia eaeptetkhis ho pjeit eia eikcej sp`dk`s ki tgks nkhc`. Ttua`its dei cem` e ckia cep succerkskif tg` m`y phkits. @xpjeki eiytgkif tget tg`y ah iht uia`rsteia.
M`y whras erka — jeia tget ks nerr`i hr uiprhaudtkv` n`deus` ho jedm ho chkstur` ahrceit — iht edtkv` nut enj` th n`dhc` edtkv` reakethr — us`a th treiso`r `i`rfy orhc hi` c`akuc th eihtg`r ohr tg` purphs` ho dhhjkif eia g`etkif
Qhpkd >;< Erka jeias/a`s`rts
70
QG@C@
1
Dhitkiukty ho jko`
QHRKD 42< ^`prhaudtkhi ki uikd`jjujer hrfeikscs eia kiv`rt`nret`s R`rohrceid` hnl`dtkv`s 42.5 A`i` r`prhaudtkhi. 42.> Jkst tg` akoo`r`it typ`s ho r`prhaudtkhi. 42.4 A`sdrkn` tg` ohrcs ho es`xuej r`prhaudtkhi. 42.1 A`sdrkn` s`xuej r`prhaudtkhi. 42.0 A`sdrkn` r`prhaudtkhi ki uikd`jjujer hrfeikscs eia kiv`rt`nret`s, ki Ech`ne ki Ech`ne,, ki
Rerec`dkuc, ki tg` `ertgwhrc, ki tg` dhdmrhedg, ki tg` ghus`y eia ki tg` siekj. 42.? Rerec`dkuc Akoo`r`itket`,n`tw``i dhcpj`t` eia kidhcpj`t` c`techrpghsks.
Kitrhaudtkhi Qgks thpkd dhv`rs tg` akoo`r`id`s n`tw``i es`xuej eia s`xuej r`prhaudtkhi. Es tg` dgrhchshc` iucn`r cust n` r`aud`a ki s`xuej r`prhaudtkhi, c`khsks ks a`sdrkn`a ki a`tekj. C`khsks ks e typ` ho iudj`er akvkskhi
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — aksduss tg` hns`rvetkhis wktg tg` djess.
Edtkvkty 42.>41)
tget `isur`s tget tg`r` er` e dhisteit iucn`r ho dgrhchshc`s wktgki tg` d`jjs ho e pertkdujer pertk dujer hrfe hrfeiksc iksc.. Ki htg`r htg`r whras, whras, ki ki tgks tgks typ` typ`
^`shurd`s
ho akvkskhi e akpjhka (>i) nhay d`jj akvka`s th ohrc ohur akoo`r`it gepjhka (i) s`x d`jjs.
Fuka`jki`s
Edtkvkty 42.54>)
^`shurd`s Nr`ea= ei `cpty ler= e geia j`is= ckdrhsdhp`= sjka`s= dhv`rsjkp= akss`dtkif i``aj`= wet`r= arhpp`r
Fuka`jki`s Oedkjktet`< Dg`dm tget stua`its wesg tg`kr geias eot`r thudgkif tg` chuja. Qg`y sghuja iht `et tg` chujay nr`ea es kt dei deus` s`rkhus ohha phkshikif. Ttua`its dei pjed` shc` nr`ea chuja ki e arhp ho wet`r hi e dj`ei sjka` eia t`es` hut tg` streias.
Eisw`rs Ttua`its wkjj hns`rv` tg` chuja eia cem` iht`s.
7?
Qg` t`xtnhhm
Oedkjktet`< ^`vks` tg` stef`s ho ckthsks n`ohr` ahkif tgks edtkvkty. Ttua`its cust aksduss tg` qu`stkhis wktg tg`kr perti`rs. Qg`r`eot`r dg`dm tg` eisw`rs wktg tg` djess.
Eisw`rs 5. Qg`r` er` ohur dgrhchshc`s dgrhchshc`s pr`s`it ki tg` tg` per`it d`jj. >. Ki e akpjhka d`jj, d`jj, dgrhchshc`s hddur hddur ki pekrs. Qg` c`cn`rs c`cn`rs ho `edg pekr er` dejj`a dejj`a ghchjhfhus dgrhchshc`s hr ghchjhfu`s. Qg` ghchjhfu`s< jhhm ejkm`= gev` tg` sec` j`iftg eia d`itrhc`r` phsktkhi= dhiteki tg` sec` typ`s ho f`i`s= gev` e f`i` ohr e pertkdujer trekt (ohr `xecpj`, `xecpj`, gekr dhjhur) dhjhur) jhdet`a et skckjer jhdk (phsktkhis hr jhdetkhis hi tg` dgrhchshc`) ohr `edg dgrhchshc`. Ghw`v`r, tg` f`i` hi hi` dgrhchshc` dhuja n` ahckieit eia tg` f`i` hi tg` htg`r dgrhchshc` dhuja n` r`d`sskv`.
Qg`c` 1< Dhitkiukty ho jko`
4. Qwh d`jjs er` ohrc`a et tg` `ia ho c`khsks K. 1. Ghchjhfhu Ghchjhfhuss dgrhchshc`s dgrhchshc`s s`peret` eia eia chv` th hpphskt` phj`s. Qgks r`sujts ki twh s`ts ho dgrhchshc`s, hi` s`t et `edg phj`. Qg` dythpjesc tg`i akvka`s th ohrc twh d`jjs. 0. Et tg` `ia ho c`khsks c`khsks K, tg` d`jjs gev` gejo gejo tg` iucn`r ho dgrhchshc`s dhcper`a th tg` per`it d`jj. ?. Ohur aeufgt`r d`jjs d`jjs er` prhaud`a et tg` tg` `ia ho c`khsks KK. 6. @edg aeufgt`r aeufgt`r d`jj ges e c`cn`r ho tg` ghchjhfhus dgrhchshc` orhc tg` per`it d`jj. 7. Qg` aeufgt`r aeufgt`r d`jjs akoo`r akoo`r orhc tg`
nr` ks nrhm`i ahwi ki t`jhpges` K. Qg` dgrhchshc`s uidhkj eia tg` dythpjesc n`fkis th akvka`, akvka`, r`sujtkif ki tg` tg` ohrcetkhi ho twh d`jjs. @edg d`jj ges hijy gejo tg` f`i`tkd cem`-up ho tg` hrkfkiej d`jj n`deus` kt ges hijy hijy hi` dgrhchshc` dgrhchshc` orhc `edg ghchjhfhus pekr. Qg`r`ohr` eihtg`r akvkskhi ks i``a`a skid` tg` dgrhchshc` ks stkjj ahunj`a, dhitekikif twh ka`itkdej skst`r dgrhcetkas. Aurkif eiepges` KK, tg` d`itrhc`r` ho `edg dgrhchshc` spjkts, ejjhwkif tg` skst`r dgrhcetkas th s`peret` eia chv` th hpphskt` phj`s. Qg` skst`r dgrhcetkas er` ihw dejj`a dgrhchshc` dgrhchshc`s. s.
per`it d`jj n`deus` n`deu s` `edg d`jjper`it ges gejo gej o tg` dgrhchshc` iucn`r ho tg` d`jj.
Qg` iudj`k r`ohrc t`jhpges` KK, tg` spkiaj` nr`s nr`emkiahwi eia tg` dythpjesc akvka`s. Et tg` `ia ho c`khsks KK, ohur gepjhka d`jjs er` ohrc`a orhc tg` hrkfkiej akpjhka d`jj. @edg gepjhka d`jj dhitekis hi` dgrhchshc` orhc `edg ghchjhfhus pekr.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — dg`dm tg` eisw`rs th tg` edtkvkty wktg tg` djess.
Edtkvkty 42.440)
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r — dg`dm tg` arewkifs eia
^`shurd`s
jen`js ho tg` akefrecs ho `edg stua`it.
Qg` t`xtnhhm
Fuka`jki`s
Oedkjktet`< Qgks edtkvkty s`rv`s th a`v`jhp tg` stua`its‛ enkjkty th hns`rv`. Kt ks tg`r`ohr` kcphrteit th ess`ss tg`kr arewkifs ohr edduret` r`pr`s`itetkhi. Dg`dm tget stua`its arew eia jen`j hijy wget tg`y s``. Qem` kith eddhuit esp`dts sudg es skz`, sgep` eia prhphrtkhi.
Edtkvkty 42.147)
^`shurd`s Qg` t`xtnhhm
Fuka`jki`s Qgks edtkvkty dei n` fkv`i es e ghc`whrm tesm.
Eisw`rs 5. & >. Ttua`its wkjj hns`rv` eia arew akefrecs. Qg`y cust pey ett`itkhi th edduredy eia prhphrtkhi. Qg` akefrecs cust n` fkv`i e dj`er g`eakif eia i`etjy jen`jj`a hi tg` rkfgt-geia ska`. 4. Aurkif prhpges` prhpges` K, tg` dgrhchshc`s dgrhchshc`s dhkj up eia spkiaj` nr`s ohrc. Qg` ghchjhfhus dgrhchshc`s dhc` thf`tg`r th ohrc nkvej`its hr t`treas. Drhsskif hv`r tem`s pjed` wktg tg` `xdgeif` ho f`i`tkd cet`rkej. Aurkif tgks stef`, tg` iudj`er c`cnrei` ejsh akskit`fret`s. Qg` spkiaj`
Eisw`rs 5. Ih — `xdgeif` `xdgeif` ho f`i`tkd cet`rkej cet`rkej n`tw``i ihi-skst`r dgrhcetkas thhm pjed`. >. Ih — tg`y gev` gejo tg` iucn`r ho ho dgrhchshc`s, eia tg` dgrhchshc`s er` ejsh akoo`r`it orhc tg` hrkfkiej d`jj au` th `xdgeif` ho f`i`tkd cet`rkej.
Ess`ssc`it Kiohrcej< T`jo-ess`ssc`it — dg`dm tg` eisw`rs th tg` edtkvkty wktg tg` djess.
Qhpkd 42< ^`prhaudtkhi ki uikd`jjujer hrfeikscs eia kiv`rt`nret`s
76
Edtkvkty 42.0. Ki es`xuej r`prhaudtkhi r`prhaudtkhi sphr`s sphr`s er` ohrc`a ny nuaakif, ohr `xecpj`, `xecpj`, ki y`est. y`est. Tphr`s er` ohrc`a ki sp`dkej oruktkif nhak`s, sudg es sphreifke.
^`shurd`s
F^HPRT (TN p.>47)
E s`t ho deras wktg arewkifs ho tg` akoo`r`it stef`s ho c`khsks= e sg``t ho kp dgert pep`r, wgkdg cey n` studm hi tg` wejj ho yhur djessrhhc= Mhmk p`is= stkdmy tep` hr Rr`stkm
Fuka`jki`s Qg` purphs` ho tgks edtkvkty ks th dhishjkaet` tg` uia`rsteiakif ho d`jj akvkskhi. Rr`per` s`ts ho deras wktg dhpk`s ho Okfur` 42.; eia Okfur` 42.52 orhc tg` Ttua`it‛s Nhhm. @edg dera ks th dhiteki hijy hi` pkdtur` a`pkdtkif tg` r`j`veit stef` ho d`jj akvkskhi, ohr `xecpj` hi` dera ohr prhpges` K, eihtg`r dera ohr c`tepges` K, eia sh hi. Kidjua` ejsh ki `edg s`t hr pedm ho deras, pkdtur`s ho tg` stef`s ho ckthsks. Ko phssknj`, jeckiet` tg` deras sh tget tg`y dei n` us`a ki outur` y`ers.
4. T`xuej r`prhaudtkhi r`prhaudtkhi tem`s pjed` pjed` wg`i cej` eia o`cej` fec`t`s lhki thf`tg`r. Ki hw`rkif pjeits, phjj`i dhitekis tg` cej` fec`t` eia tg` o`cej` fec`t`s er` ki tg` hvery. Ki eikcejs, tg` cej`s eia o`cej`s jhhm akoo`r`it. Qg` cej` prhaud`s sp`rc (cej` fec`t`) eia tg` o`cej` prhaud`s `ffs (o`cej` fec`t`). Vg`i tg` cej` eia o`cej` fec`t` lhki thf`tg`r ,tgks ks
Eisw`rs 0. e) [`s. Qg` d`jjs gev` twkd` tg` iucn`r ho dgrhchshc`ss ki tg` rst dera dhcper`a dgrhchshc` th tg` d`jjs ki tg` jest dera. Qg` typ` ho dgrhchshc`ss er` ejsh akoo`r`it ki nhtg dgrhchshc` deras. Qgks ks au` th drhsskif hv`r. n) Qwh d`jjs er` ohrc`a et tg` `ia ho c`khsks K. d) Qg` d`jjs er` gepjhka gepjhka (i). a) Qg`r` wkjj n` 4; dgrhchshc`s ki tg` `ff. `) E pekr ho ghchjhfhus dgrhchshc`s< jhhm ejkm`= gev` tg` sec` j`iftg eia d`itrhc`r` phsktkhi o) Qh prhvka` f`i`tkd akv`rskty ki e phpujetkhi.. Qgks dhitrknut`s phpujetkhi dhitrknut`s th tg` survkvej ho tg` hrfeiksc. (^`o`r th r`o`r`id` nhhms hr r`j`veit w`nskt`s enhut ieturej s`j`dtkhi eia verketkhi sudg es gttpi) iucn`r ho dgrhchshc`s. Ejj nhay d`jjs hr shcetkd d`jjs ho ei hrfeiksc wkjj gev` tg` akpjhka iucn`r ho dgrhchshc`s. Akpjhka (>i) d`jjs gev` twh s`ts ho dgrhchshc`s, wgkdg er` dejj`a ghchjhfhus pekrs ho dgrhchshc`s. Qgks c`eis tget ohr `edg ghchjhfhus pekr ho dgrhchshc`s, hi` dgrhchshc` dhc`s orhc tg` chtg`r eia tg` htg`r dgrhchshc` dhc`s orhc tg` oetg`r. Ki eaaktkhi, `edg c`cn`r ho e ghchjhfhus pekr ho dgrhchshc` ks skckjer ki skz`, eia derry skckjer typ`s ho f`i`s.
Qg`c` 1< Dhitkiukty ho jko`
Ki tgks typ` ho d`jj akvkskhi, e akpjhka (>i)
@edg `ertgwhrc r`j`es`s `ffs, wgkdg er`
nhay d`jj akvka`s akvka`s th ohrc ohur akoo`r`it akoo`r`it gepjhka (i) s`x d`jjs. Gepjhka d`jjs hijy gev` hi` s`t ho dgrhchshc` dgrhchshc`s. s. Qg`y gev` ih ghchjhfhus perti`r. Qg` gepjhka (i) iucn`r ks gejo tg` akpjhka iucn`r. T`x d`jjs hr fec`t`s gev` tg` gepjhka iucn`r ho dgrhchshc`s. Qg` prhd`ss ho c`khsks hddurs et akoo`r`it phkits aurkif tg` jko` dydj` ho akoo`r`it hrfeikscs (s`` Okfur` 42.?). Ohr `xecpj`, ki eikcejs, kt tem`s pjed` aurkif tg` prhaudtkhi ho fec`t`s. Ki pjeits, c`khsks hddurs aurkif tg` prhaudtkhi ho
o`rtkjks`a ny eihtg`r kiakvkauej‛s sp`rc. Qg` `ffs a`v`jhp kith dhdhhis. Kiska` tg`s` dhdhhis tkiy `ertgwhrcs er` ohrc`a, wgkdg dhc` hut ho tg` dhdhhi es scejj, oujjy ohrc`a `ertgwhrcs. 6. Dhcpj`t` c`techrpghsks< c`techrpghsks< stef`s stef`s ki ei kis`dt jko` dydj` wg`r` tg` jerve ah`s iht r`s`cnj` tg` eaujt stef`= tg` stef`s ki tg` jko` dydj` er` `ff — jerve — pupe — eaujt Kidhcpj`t` c`techrpgh c`techrpghsks< sks< stef`s ki ei kis`dt jko` dydj` wg`r` tg` jervej stef`/s jhhms skckjer th tg` eaujt= tg` stef`s ki tg` jko` dydj` er` `ff — jerve- eaujt
sphr`s, wgkdg wkjj akvka` ny ckthsks th prhaud` tg` gepjhka gepjhka f`i`retkhi. f`i`retkhi. Ki shc` ouifk, c`khsks tem`s pjed` kcc`aket`jy eot`r tg` prhaudtkhi ho tg` zyfht`. 0. T`xuejjy eia es`xuejjy es`xuejjy ?. @ertgwhrcs r`prhaud` r`prhaud` ny s`xuej r`prhaudtkhi eia er` g`rcepgrhakt`s. Qg` nhay ho `ertgwhrcs ks akvka`a kith
7. Qg` dhdmrhedg dhdmrhedg ges kidhcpj`t` c`techrpghsks c`techrpgh sks sh ges ih pupe stef` jkm` tg` ghus`y. ;. Ejtghufg siekjs siekjs `xdgeif` sp`rc, sp`rc, ejj siekjs dei jey `ffs es tg`y er` g`rcepgrhakt`s. Qgks kidr`es`s tg` dgeid` ho survkvej.
Ess`ssc`it
s`fc`its eia tg` s`xuej hrfeis er` ohuia ki s`fc`its ; th 50. @ertgwhrcs gev` hi` hr twh t`st`s ki seds eia sp`rc er` r`j`es`a tgrhufg cej` phr`s. Qg` hverk`s eia hvkaudts ki s`fc`it 54 r`j`es` `ffs tgrhufg o`cej` phr`s hi s`fc`it 51. Tp`rc ks `xdr`t`a tgrhufg s`fc`it 50. Vg`i `ertgwhrcs cet` — usuejjy usuejjy et ikfgt — twh whrcs dhpujet` sh tget s`fc`it 50 ho hi` whrc r`j`es`s sp`rc kith s`fc`its ; eia 52 ho kts cet`.
Kiohrcej< Q`edg`r ess`ssc`it
Ghw er` yhu ahkif8
Qg`r` ks e jerf` echuit ho dhit`it ki tgks thpkd. Nr`em kt up kith ceief`enj` phrtkhis ohr tg` w`em`r stua`its. Dg`dm tget tg`y uia`rsteia tg` t`rckihjhfy eia dhid`pts ny esmkif tg`c qu`stkhis. @xpjeki eiytgkif tget stua`its ah iht uia`rsteia.
Qhpkd 42< ^`prhaudtkhi ki uikd`jjujer hrfeikscs eia kiv`rt`nret`s
M`y whras nkiery ſtsskhi — e c`tgha ho es`xuej r`prhaudtkhi tget kivhjv`s tg` spjkttkif ho e per`it d`jj kith twh epprhxkcet`jy `quej perts nuaakif — e ohrc ho es`xuej r`prhaudtkhi ki wgkdg e i`w hrfeiksc a`v`jhps orhc ei hutfrhwtg hr nua au` th d`jj akvkskhi et hi` pertkdujer skt` dhcpj`t` c`techrpghsks — stef`s ki ei kis`dt jko` dydj` wg`r` tg` jerve ah`s iht r`s`cnj` tg` eaujt eia dgeif`s ki e pupe stef`= tg` stef`s ki tg` jko` dydj` er`< `ff — jerve ∞ pupe ∞ eaujt fec`t` — e d`jj tget ous`s wktg eihtg`r d`jj aurkif o`rtkjksetkhi ki hrfeikscs tget s`xuejjy r`prhaud` g`rcepgrhakt` — ei kiakvkauej ki wgkdg r`prhaudtkv`` hrfeis ho nhtg s`x`s er` pr`s`it r`prhaudtkv kidhcpj`t` c`techrpghsks — stef`s ki ei kis`dt jko` dydj` wg`r` tg` jervej stef`/s jhhms skckjer th tg` eaujt= tg` stef`s ki tg`
TN p.>1>
7;
jko` dydj` er` `ff — jerve — eaujt c`khsks — d`jj akvkskhi ki tg` s`x d`jjs, wg`i ohur gepjhka aeufgt`r d`jjs er` ohrc`a c`techrpghsks — e dgeif` ki ohrc orhc hi` stef` th tg` i`xt ki tg` jko` gksthry ho ei hrfeiksc cujtkpj` ſtsskhi — e prhd`ss aurkif wgkdg tg` per`it d`jj akvka`s kith ceiy aeufgt`r d`jjs aurkif uioevhurenj` dhiaktkhis sphr` — e r`prhaudtkv` d`jj depenj` ho a`v`jhpkif kith e i`w kiakvkauej wktghut ouskhi wktg eihtg`r r`prhaudtkv` d`jj v`f`tetkv` prhpefetkhi — e ohrc ho es`xuej r`prhaudtkhi ki pjeits ny wgkdg i`w hrfeikscs erks` wktghut prhaudtkhi ho s``as hr sphr`s zyfht` — e o`rtkjks`a `ff= e d`jj tget ks ohrc`a wg`i ei `ff eia e sp`rc dhcnki`
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Qg`c` 1< Dhitkiukty ho jko`
TT5 @xeckietkhi Cerms< >>2
Qkc`< > ghurs
T`dtkhi E Cujtkpj`-dghkd` qu`stkhis (?2) @edg qu`stkhi ks ohjjhw`a ny ohur hptkhis (E∞A). Dghhs` tg` dhrr`dt hptkhi. Fkv` hi` hi` eisw`r hijy th `edg qu`stkhi. 5. Qg` stuay ho tg` r`jetkhisgkps n`tw``i pjeits eia eikcejs, eikcejs, eia tg` `ivkrhic`it `ivkrhic`it ks dejj`a<
>.
E Nhteiy N @dhjhfy D Reje`hithjhfy A @tghjhfy E oedthr tget ks us`a ohr dhcperkshi ki ei `xp`rkc`it ks< E e prhd`aur`
0.
Ei `xecpj` ho tg` Rgyjuc Eii`jkae ks< E ei `ertgwhrc N e cusgrhhc D e sphif` A e orhf ?. E frhup ho tkssu`s tget whrm thf`tg`r th p`rohrc e sp`dkd ouidtkhi ouidtkhi ks dejj`a< E ei hrfeiksc N ei hrfei D e tkssu` A e syst`c 6. Qg` fes/fes`s tem`i ki tgrhufg tg` phr`s ki j`ev`s aurkif pghthsyitg pghthsyitg`sks `sks ks/er`< E hxyf`i N dernhi akhxka` D wet`r vephur A dernhi akhxka` eia wet`r vephur
4.
1.
N e gyphtg`sks D e dhitrhj A ei ekc Ejj c`cn`rs ho tg` Rgyjuc Ertgrhphae gev`< E twh nhay r`fkhis, lhkit`a j`fs, ei `xhsm`j`thi N tgr`` nhay r`fkhis, tgr`` pekrs ho j`fs, wkifs D ei `xhsm`j`thi, lhkit`a j`fs A e uka sm`j`thi, hi` hr twh sg`jjs Hlece hns`rv`a tg` ohjjhwkif hrfeiksc uia`r e jkfgt ckdrhsdhp`. Tg` dhrr`dtjy ka`itk`a kt es<
7.
Qg` ohha chj`duj` prhaud`a ny pghthsyitg`sks pghthsyitg` sks dhisksts ho< E oet N fjudhs` D edkas A AIE
;.
Fes W eia [ ki tg` ohjjhwkif dydj` er`< Fes W Qr``
Ahf Fes [
E W — hxyf`i= [ — dernhi akhxka` N W — hxyf`i= [ — hxyf`i D W — dernhi akhxka`= [ — dernhi akhxka` A W — dernhi akhxka`= [ — hxyf`i 52. E fhha `xecpj` ho e ohha tget dhitekis oet E ks< cerferki` N sg D n`eis A yhfgurt 55. Vgkdg vktecki ks r`qukr`a ohr nhi` ohrcetkhi8 E _ktecki D N _ktecki A D _ktecki N A _ktecki E
E @ufj`ie @ufj`ie N _hjvhx _hjvhx D Ech`ne Ech`ne A Dgjecyahchies
TT5 @xeckietkhi
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5>. E typ` ho iutrktkhi ki wgkdg hrfeikscs hnteki tg`kr ohha orhc a`ea hr a`deykif cett`r ks< E euthtrhpgkd iutrktkhi N peresktkd iutrktkhi D seprhpgytkd iutrktkhi A ghjhzhkd iutrktkhi 54. Vgkdg `izyc` ks ohuia ki sejkve8 E cejtes` N prht`es` D jkpes` A ecyjes` 51. Vgkdg ho tg` ohjjhwkif ohjjhwkif ks ei euthtrhpg8 euthtrhpg8
^hhts er` phsktkv`jy f`htrhpkd eia st`cs er` phsktkv`jy pghthtrhpkd. pghthtrhpkd. A ^hhts er` i`fetkv`jy pghthtrhpk pghthtrhpkdd eia phsktkv`jy f`htrhpkd. f`htrhpkd. 5;. Ghrchi`s er`< E hijy ohuia ki pjeits N d`jjs ki tg` tkps ho pjeit hrfeis D dg`ckdej c`ss`if`rs A r`sphis`s th stkcujk >2. Qg` nkhc` cea` up ho e fressy jey`r eia ei upp`r jey`r ho a`dkauhus hr `v`rfr``i tr``s ks< E e trhpkdej rekiohr rekiohr`st `st
E yhmhth (Jefhs spkiedg) yhmhth (Jefhs N sghmh e drhdhakj` D e gkpphphtecus A e puooeaa`r 50. Ka`itkoy tg` stef` ho ho ckthsks sghwi ki ki tg` kjjustretkhi<
N e swecp ohr`st D fressjeia A seveiieg >5. Vgkdg stet`c`it/s eppjy th tg` a`s`rt nkhc`8 E Kt r`d`kv`s v`ry jkttj` rekioejj. N Kt ks `xtr`c`jy ght ki tg` aey eia
D
v`ry dhja et ikfgt. D Guckakty ks hot`i n`jhw >0 ²D. A Kt r`d`kv`s v`ry jkttj` rekioejj, ks `xtr`c`jy ght ki tg` aey eia v`ry dhja et ikfgt, eia guckakty ks hot`i n`jhw >0 ²D.
E prhpges` N c`tepges` D eiepges` A t`jhpges` 5?. Chv`c`it ho tg` tg` jkquka pert ho tg` tg` d`jj ks dejj`a< E esskckjetkhi N jhdhchtkhi D krrktenkjkty A dydjhsks
>>. Vgkdg c`tgha ah`s iht g`jp pr`v`it tg` jhss ho thpshkj8 E pjeitkif wkianr`ems N dhithur pjhufgkif D uskif cujdg A a`ohr`stetkhi ^`o`r th tg` ohjjhwkif akefrec ohr Uu`stkhis >4 eia >1.
56. T`dhiaery frhwtg deus`s pjeits th< E kidr`es`frhwtg ki g`kfgt N jkv` jhif`r D kidr`es` ki wkatg A kidr`es` ki g`kfgt eia wkatg 57. Dghhs` tg` tg` dhrr`dt stet`c`it< E Tt`cs er` i`fetkv`jy pghthtrhpkd eia i`fetkv`jy f`htrhpkd. N Tt`cs er` phsktkv`jy pghthtrhpkd eia phsktkv`jy f`htrhpkd. f`htrhpkd.
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T
Q
TT5 @xeckietkhi
>4. Qg` stef`s ho c`khsks er`< E c`tepges` K eia c`tepges` KK N eiepges` K eia eiepges` KK D c`tepges` K eia eiepges` KK A prhpges` K eia prhpges` KK >1. Vgkdg stef`/s gev` ghchjhfhus dgrhchshc`s8 E T eia Q N hijy T D hijy Q A i`ktg`r stef` >0. Ghw ceiy d`jjs d`jjs er` pr`s`it et tg` `ia `ia ho c`khsks K8 E 5 N > D 4 A 1 >?. Ghw ceiy d`jjs d`jjs er` pr`s`it et tg` `ia `ia ho c`khsks KK8
45. Vgkdg stet`c`it stet`c`it ah`s iht eppjy eppjy th siekj r`prhaudtkhi8 E Qg` yhuif ah iht jhhm jkm` tg` eaujts. N Tiekjs er` g`rcepgrhakt g`rcepgrhakt`s. `s. D Tiekjs jey `ffs. A O`rtkjksetkhi ks kit`riej. 4>. Qgks pghthfrepg n`jhw sghws<
E
nkiery sskhi
E 5 N > D 4 A 1 >6. Nkiery sskhi sskhi hddurs ki< E nkras N nedt`rke
N
dhilufetkhi deiejs n`tw``i twh jec`its ho Tpkrhfyre Tpkrhfyre D c`khsks A twh `ertgwhrcs `xdgeifkif sp`rc 44. Vgkdg ho tg` ohjjhwkif ohha dgekis ks dhrr`dt8 E g`rnkvhr`s derikvhr`s
D dets A orhfs >7. Eikcej W ges 12 dgrhchshc`s. Ghw Ghw ceiy dgrhchshc`s er` ohuia ki tg` fec`t`s ho eikcej W8 E 12 N 52 D 1 A >2 >;. Vgkdg stet`c`it stet`c`it ks dhrr`dt dhrr`dt ohr `ertgwhrcs8 E Neny `ertgwhr `ertgwhrcs cs er` ohrc`a ki dhdhhis. N Qg`y r`prhaud` ny nuaakif. D Qg`y er` g`rcepgrhakt` g`rcepgrhakt`s. s. A Nhtg E eia D er` dhrr`dt. 42. Qg` jerve` ho ghus`k`s er` dejj`a< E pupe` N ceffhts D neny k`s A ckaf`s
derikvhr`s N prhaud`rs derikvhr`s derikvhr`s D prhaud`rs prkcery dhisuc`rs dhisuc`rs s`dhiaery dhisuc`rs A prhaud`rs s`dhiaery dhisuc`rs t`rtkery dhisuc`rs 41. Ki e ohha dgeki, e nuzzera nuzzera `ets e siem`= tg` siem` `ets e orhf= tg` orhf `ets e pr`aed`hus kis`dt= kis`dt= tg` pr`aed`hus pr`aed`hus kis`dt `ets e g`rnkvhrhus kis`dt. Qg` orhf ks ei `xecpj` ho e< E e prhaud`r N e s`dhiaery dhisuc`r D e prkcery dhisuc`r A e t`rtkery dhisuc`r
TT5 @xeckietkhi
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40. Qgks qu`stkhi r`jet`s th tg` Eorkdei ohha r`jet`s w`n sghwi g`r`<
guitkif ahf
j`hpera
jkhi
nenhhi z`nre
fress
fkreoo`
t`rckt`s ededke
4;. Jhhm et tg` ohha dgekijkzera sghwi n`jhw< n`jhw< W fressghpp`r puoo eaa`r Dhifh s`rp`it `efj` W dhuja n`< E fress N e orhf D e gucei A e audm 12. Hrfeikscs tget nr`em ahwi a`ea hrfeikd cett`r er` mihwi es< E prhaud`rs N dhisuc`rs D g`rnkvhr`s A a`dhcphs`rs 15. Vgkdg ho tg` ohjjhwkif ohjjhwkif ks iht strkdtjy strkdtjy djessk`a es e ckdrh-hrfe ckdrh-hrfeiksc8 iksc8 E Qun`rdujhsks nedt`rke N tg` cejerke pereskt` ( Rjeschakuc Rjeschakuc
Vget wkjj n` tg` `oo`dt hi tg` ohha w`n ko tg` nenhhis er` r`chv`a8 E Qg` phpujetkhi ho jkhi wkjj kidr`es`. N Qg` phpujetkhis ho j`hpera, guitkif ahf eia jkhi wkjj a`dr`es`. D Qg` phpujetkhis ho j`hpera, guitkif ahf eia jkhi wkjj a`dr`es`. Qg` echuit ho fress ki tg` er`e wkjj kidr`es`. A Qg` phpujetkhis ho j`hpera, guitkif ahf eia jkhi wkjj a`dr`es`. Qg` echuit ho fress ki tg` er`e wkjj kidr`es`. Qg` phpujetkhis ho z`nre eia fkreoo` wkjj a`dr`es`. 4?. Vget ks tg` hrkfkiej hrkfkiej shurd` ho `i`rfy `i`rfy ki ohha dgekis8 E dernhgyaret`s N suijkfgt D wet`r A dernhi 46. Qg` iec` fkv`i th ei kit`rdhii`dt`a kit`rdhii`dt`a ohha dgeki ki ei er`e ks< E ei `dhsyst`c N e dhccuikty D e ikdg` A e ohha w`n 47. Guceis er` n`st dgeredt`rks`a dgeredt`rks`a es< E derikvhr`s N hcikvhr`s D a`dhcphs`rs A g`rnkvhr`s
vkvex) — Mkifahc Rrhtkste vkvex) D gekr jkd` A y`est 1>. Ei `xecpj` `xecpj` ho e ckdrhsdhpkd ckdrhsdhpkd a`dhcphs`r ks< E e nedt`rkuc N e vkrus D ejfe` A ei `ertgwhrc 14. Qg` iec` ho ho tgks uikd`jjujer uikd`jjujer ckdrhhrfeiksc tget ks `etkif e ohha pertkdj` ks< E GK_ N Qrypeihshc` D Ech`ne Ech`ne A ^gkzhpus ikfrkdeis ikfrkdeis (nr`ea (nr`ea chuja)
11. Vgkdg c`tgha c`tgha ks iht us`a th dhitrhj dhitrhj ckdrh-hrfeikscs8 E jhw t`cp`retur t`cp`retur`` N eitks`ptkds D eitknkhtkds A gkfg sejkikty
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Qg` ohjjhwkif akefrec r`jet`s th Uu`stkhis 10 eia 1?. jef pges`
`xphi`itkej pges`
T
Q
e k r ` t d e n o h s r ` n c u i o h f h J
stetkhiery pges` tg`hr`tkdej frhwtg
P
10. Vgkdg pges` pges` ks Q8 E jef pges` N `xphi`itkej pges` D stetkhiery pges` A a`etg pges`
a`etg pges`
_
05. Ea`sghje ks fhkif hi ghjkaey th ei er`e tget ges tg` cejerke chsqukth. Vgkdg hptkhi wkjj n` n`st ohr g`r th ohjjhw th pr`v`it f`ttkif f`ttkif cejerke8 E gevkif tg` cejerke veddki` N kcprhvkif g`r ak`t D temkif eitk-cejerkej tenj`ts A arkimkif > jktr`s ho wet`r e aey 0>. Qg` neskd uikt uikt ho jko` ks ks tg`< E d`jj N ethc D hrfei A tkssu` 04. Qg` mkifahc dhitekikif hijy hrfeikscs tget dei cem` tg`kr hwi ohha ks< E tg` eikcej mkifahc N tg` pjeit mkifahc
1?. Vgkdg pges` pges` ks _8 E jef pges` N `xphi`itkej pges` D stetkhiery pges` A a`etg pges` 16. Vgkdg aks`es` aks`es` ks iht deus`a deus`a ny ei eikcej v`dthr8 E dghj`re
01.
00.
N cejerke D u A ohha phkshikif 17. Vgkdg hrfeiksc hrfeiksc ks tg` prkcery prkcery dhisuc`r ki tg` ohjjhwkif ohha dgeki8 pgythpjeimthi teaphj` scejj sg nkf sg mkifsg`r E tg` teaphj` N tg` scejj sg D tg` pgythpjeimthi A tg` mkifsg`r 1;. Vgkdg hrfeiksc hddupk`s tg` s`dhia trhpgkd j`v`j ki tg` ohjjhwkif ohha dgeki< pgythpjeimthi teaphj` scejj sg nkf sg mkifsg`r E tg` teaphj` N tg` scejj sg D tg` pgythpjeimthi A tg` mkifsg`r 02. Vgkdg hrfeiksc ks e a`dhcphs`r a`dhcphs`r88 E e vujtur` N e gy`ie D e cusgrhhc A e net
0?.
06.
D nedt`rke A ouifk Ei er`e tget ks cea` cea` up ho jkvkif (nkhtkd) eia ihi-jkvkif (enkhtkd) dhcphi`its ks< E ei `dhsyst`c N e genktet D e ikdg` A e phpujetkhi Rjedkif tgkifs tgkifs kith frhups nes`a nes`a hi skckjer dgeredt`rkstkds ks dejj`a< E `dhjhfy N syi`dhjhfy D texhihcy A djesskdetkhi Qg` d`jj tget ohrcs wg`i wg`i ei `ff d`jj eia eia e sp`rc d`jj dhcnki` ks dejj`a< E e sp`rc N ei `ff D e zyfht` A ei `cnryh Ei `xecpj` ho ho ei hrfeiksc tget tget ges nhtg
cej` eia o`cej` r`prhaudtkv` hrfeis ks< E ei `ertgwhrc N e orhf D e siekj A ei `ertgwhrc eia siekj 07. E dhcpj`t` c`techrpghsks kidjua`s tg` ohjjhwkif stef`s< E `ff, jerve, eaujt N `ff, iycpg, eaujt D `ff, jerve, pupe, eaujt A `ff, eaujt
TT5 @xeckietkhi
;0
0;. Qg` ev`ref` iucn`r iucn`r ho kiakvkauejs kiakvkauejs ho e sp`dk`s ki e pertkdujer uikt hr er`e ho genktet ks< E e dhccuikty N e phpujetkhi D ei `dhsyst`c A e nkhspg`r` ?2. Ea`j`m` ihtkd`a ihtkd`a e rkif-sgep`a rkif-sgep`a petdg hi g`r smki. Qg` ahdthr seka kt wes e dhitefkhus smki aks`es` deus`a ny< E e ouifus N e nedt`rkuc D e vkrus A e ahf
T`dtkhi N
e)
Vrkt` e suktenj` ekc ohr tg` `xp`rkc`it. (5) n) Vget ks tg` ouidtkhi ouidtkhi ho tg` shakuc shakuc gyarhf`i dernhiet` shjutkhi ki tg` `xp`rkc`it8 (>) d) Vget ks tg` ouidtkhi ho tg` jkfgt nujn ki tgks `xp`rkc`it8 `xp`rkc`it8 (5) a) Qg` iucn`rs ho hxyf`i nunnj`s w`r` dhuit`a hv`r e d`rteki iucn`r ho ckiut`s es sghwi n`jhw< Iht` ckiut`s< 502 nunnj`s ^et` p`r 4 ckiut`s< >22 nunnj`s ^et` p`r 1 ckiut`s< >02 nunnj`s
Ttrudtur`a qu`stkhis (5?2) 5.
e)
Iec` v` dgeredt`rkstkds tget ejj jkvkif hrfeikscs sger`. (0) n) Ttet` twh akstkifuksgkif akstkifuksgkif dgeredt`rkstkds ho tg` Ouifk Mkifahc. (>) >. ^`ea tg` ohjjhwkif `xp`rkc`it eia eisw`r tg` qu`stkhis tget ohjjhw< @jha`e (Deieakei Rhiaw``a) ks @jha`e (Deieakei hot`i us`a th kiv`stkfet` tg` sp``a ho pghthsyitg`sks. pghthsyitg `sks. Es Es pjeits prhaud` ohha ohha ny pghthsyitg`sks, pghthsyitg`sks, tg`y ejsh fkv` fkv` hut hxyf`i. Qg` chr` sterdg prhaud`a, tg` fr`et`r tg` echuit ho hxyf`i prhaud`a. Es @jha`e Es @jha`e ks ks e phia pjeit, tg` hxyf`i fkv`i hoo dei n` s``i es nunnj`s. Qg`s` dei `ktg`r n` dhuit`a akr`dtjy hr, ohr edduredy, tg` vhjuc` ho hxyf`i r`j`es`a dei n` c`esur`a. hxyf`i
^et` p`r 0 ckiut`s< 422 nunnj`s ^et` p`r ? ckiut`s< 402 nunnj`s ^et` p`r 6 ckiut`s< >02 nunnj`s ^et` p`r 7 ckiut`s< 502 nunnj`s ^et` p`r ; ckiut`s< 02 nunnj`s ^et` p`r 52 ckiut`s< 52 nunnj`s k) Arew e tenj` th sghw tgks kiohrcetkhi. kk) Tuff`st e dhidjuskhi ohr
(?)
tg`s` r`sujts. (>) A`sdrkn` tg` dernhi dydj`. Ps` yhur hwi whras. (52) 1. Dghhs` tg` whra orhc tg` ohjjhwkif jkst tget cetdg`s tg` typ` ho iutrktkhi a`sdrkn`a n`jhw< (0) oeckifh nedt`rke tkdm Ech`ne chsqukth e) e pereskt` n) dg`chsyitg dg`chsyitg`sks `sks d) e jt`r o``a`r a) pgefhdythsks `) e njhha o``a`r 4.
0.
Ttuay tg` pkdtur` ho tg` tg` fec` fec` perm eia eisw`r tg` qu`stkhis tget ohjjhw<
wet`r eia shakuc gyarhf`i dernhiet` shjutkhi ouii`j
jecp
;?
@jha`e
TT5 @xeckietkhi
e)
Iec` twh nkhtkd oedthrs vksknj` ki tg` fec` perm. (>) n) Iec` hi` enkhtkd enkhtkd oedthr vksknj` vksknj` ki tg` fec` perm. (5) d) @xpjeki wgy tgks ks ei `dhsyst`c. (4) ?. Efg`ah eia \kiedgkcak s`t up tg` ohjjhwkif `xp`rkc`it< C`tgha
•
•
Qem` twh ka`itkdej phtt`a pjeits eia put hi` (pjeit E) hi tg` turikif aksd ho e ghrkzhitejjy pjed`a whuia djkihstet, eia tg` htg`r (pjeit N) hi e s`dhia uiwhuia djkihstet. Dhv`r `edg pjeit wktg e deranhera nhx
e)
Vget typ` ho `ivkrhic`it ks tg` O`ii`d ohx eaept`a th jkv` ki8 (>) n) Tuff`st tgr`` weys weys ki wgkdg tg` tg` O`ii`d ohx ks eaept`a th jkv` ki tg` a`s`rt. (4) 52. e) Fkv` tgr`` eaveitef`s ho es`xuej r`prhaudtkhi. (4) n) Ttuay tg` akefrec akefrec n`jhw eia eia eisw`r tg` qu`stkhis tget ohjjhw<
• •
tget ges e scejj hp`ikif hi tg` hi` ska`. Rjed` nhtg epperetus ki tg` suijkfgt sh tget tg` hp`ikifs er` akr`dt`a thweras tg` sui. J`ev` tg` epperetus ohr e o`w aeys. e) Tuff`st e suktenj` ekc ohr tg` `xp`rkc`it. (5) n) Tuff`st e suktenj` suktenj` gyphtg`sks gyphtg`sks ohr tg` `xp`rkc`it. (5) d) A`sdrkn` tg` `xp`dt`a r`sujts ho tg` `xp`rkc`it. (>)
a) Vgkdg pjeit ks tg` tg` dhitrhj8 Vget ks tg` purphs` ho tg` dhitrhj8 (>) `) Vget ks tg` rhj` ho tg` djkihstet8 (>) 6. e) Vget ks tg` purphs` ho ckthsks8 (1) n) Arew eia jen`j e akefrec akefrec sghwkif sghwkif eiepges` ki ckthsks. (6) 7. e) @xpjeki tg` t`rc nkhc` nkhc`.. (4) n) A`sdrkn` tg` trhpkdej trhpkdej rekiohr`st nkhc` ki Ikf`rke. Ikf`rke. (0) ;. Qg` O`ii`d ohx jkv`s ki ght, ary r`fkhis ho Ihrtg Eorkde. Kts `ers er` jerf`, shc`tkc`s up th gejo tg` j`iftg ho kts nhay. tei dhjhur`a our
v`ry jerf` `ers
jhif tekj wktg njedm tkp
our hi nhtthc ho o``t
k) Iec` tgks typ` ho r`prhaudtkhi. (5) kk) Ks kt e ohrc ho s`xuej s`xuej hr es`xuej es`xuej r`prhaudtkhi8 Tupphrt yhur eisw`r wktg twh r`eshis. (4) 55. Crs Ezkmkw` Ezkmkw` frhws Eorkdei vkhj`ts, Tekitpeujke,, es e ghnny. Tg` dei frhw Tekitpeujke i`w pjeits `eskjy ny r`chvkif e cetur` j`eo eia pjedkif tg` stejm ki wet`r. Vg`i rhhts frhw, frhw, sg` pjed`s tg` j`eo ki shkj. Eorkdei vkhj`ts jkv` ki rekiohr`sts, wgkdg prhvka` sgea` orhc orhc tg` ght sui. Ki tg`kr tg`kr ieturej genktet, tg`y er` tgr`et`i`a wktg `xtkidtkhi.. Jhdej p`hpj` er` duttkif ahwi `xtkidtkhi tg` tr``s ohr ou`j eia tg`y i``a tg` jeia ohr desg drhps. e) Vget ohrc ho r`prhaudtkhi ks a`sdrkn`a ki tg` enhv` pessef`8 (>) n) Ah yhu tgkim tgkim chr` p`hpj` sghuja sghuja frhw Eorkdei vkhj`ts ki tg`kr ghc`s, jkm` Crs Ezkmkw` ah`s8 Tupphrt yhur eisw`r wktg twh r`eshis. (>) 5>. Ttet` tg` rst rst eia s`dhia s`dhia jew ho tg`rchayieckds. (1) 54. Arew e skcpj` ohha dgeki wktg tg` ohjjhwkif hrfeikscs< `efj`, `ja chus`, siem`, s``as. (1)
TT5 @xeckietkhi
;6
51. Jhhm et tg` ohha w`n w`n n`jhw eia eisw`r eisw`r tg` qu`stkhis tget ohjjhw< jkhi gy`ie
dg``teg
fkreoo` `j`pgeit
fress
z`nre
Kt thhm sdk`itksts enhut 52∞5> y`ers th prhaud` tg` sunsteid` sunsteid` ki e usenj` ohrc. ohrc. Qg` sunsteid` wes dejj`a p`ikdkjjki, tg` rst eitknkhtkd. e) k) Iec` tg` nkhjhfkst ki tg` ertkdj`. (5) kk) Qgks nkhjhfkst dujtur`a ckdrhhrfeikscs. @xpjeki tg` c`eikif ho tg` whra dujtur`a . (5) kk) Vget iutrk`it aka g` us` th dujtur` tg` nedt`rke8 (5) kkk) Vget kcphrteit kcphrteit aksdhv`ry aka g` cem`8 (>) kv) Kt ks hot`i seka seka tget g` cea` cea` tgks aksdhv`ry ny eddka`it. Ghw`v`r, gks aksdhv`ry r`qukr`a
Fkv` ei `xecpj` ho `edg ho tg` ohjjhwkif orhc tg` ohha w`n< e) e prhaud`r (5) n) e sdev`if`r (5) d) e derikvhr` (5) a) e prkcery dhisuc`r (5) `) e s`dhiaery dhisuc`r (5) o) Dhistrudt hi` ohha dgeki wktg ohur jkims orhc tg` ohha w`n. (1) f) @xpjeki wgy ohha dgekis usuejjy n`fki wktg fr``i fr``i pjeits. (>) g) Vget whuja n` tg` `oo`dt hi tg` ohha w`n ko ejj tg` `j`pgeits `j`pgeits ak`a8 (>) 50. Iec` tg` tg` ohur frhups frhups ho ckdrh-hrfeikscs. (1) 5?. ^`ea tg` kiohrcetkhi kiohrcetkhi n`jhw eia eia eisw`r tg` qu`stkhis tget ohjjhw< Ki 5;>7, e nedt`rkhjhfkst dejj`a Ej`xeia`r Oj`ckif wes frhwkif nedt`rke hi aksg`s ho efer. Ihrcejjy Oj`ckif dhv`r`a gks nedt`rkej dhjhik`s dhjhik`s wktg e jka th pr`v`it pr`v`it tg`c orhc f`ttkif dhiteckiet`a. Nut hi hi` hddeskhi, g` eddka`itejjy j`ot e aksg uidhv`r`a. Vg`i g` `xecki`a tg` aksg eot`r shc` tkc`, g` ohuia tget e chuja (ouifus) wes frhwkif hi tg` efer. Qg` kit`r`stkif tgkif wes tget djhs` th tg` chuja, ih nedt`rkej dhjhik`s w`r` pr`s`it. Oj`ckif w`it hi th aksdhv`r tget tg` sunsteid` prhaud`a ny tg` ouifus gea tg` phw`r ho a`strhykif a`strhykif ejj mkias ho nedt`rke nedt`rke tget deus` gucei aks`es`. G` ka`itk`a tg` chuja es R`ikdkjjkuc es R`ikdkjjkuc ihtetuc ihtetuc..
;7
sdk`itkd smkjjs. C`itkhi twh ho tg`s` smkjjs. (>) n) Iec` tg` eitknkhtkd eitknkhtkd c`itkhi`a c`itkhi`a ki tgks ertkdj`. (5) d) Vget ks ei eitknkhtkd8 (>) a) Iec` twh ckdrh-hrfei ckdrh-hrfeikscs kscs c`itkhi`a ki tgks ertkdj`. (>) `) k) Vget deus`s QN8 (5) kk) Vgy ah p`hpj` hot`i sthp temkif tg` QN eitknkhtkd n`ohr` tg` dhurs` ges `ia`a8 (>) kkk) Vget ks tg` AHQT prhfrecc`8 (>) o) Ttet` tgr`` dgeredt`rkstkds ho nedt`rke. (4) 56. Hiy`ak thhm twh twh pk`d`s ho tg` sec` sec` typ` ho wgkt` nr`ea tget w`r` `xedtjy tg` sec` skz`. G` sprkimj`a hi` pk`d` wktg wet`r eia tg` htg`r pk`d` wes m`pt ary. G` dhv`r`a nhtg pk`d`s wktg djkif wrep eia pjed`a tg`c hi tg` ska` suroed` ho gks Nkhjhfy djessrhhc. Hiy`ak r`dhra`a tg` frhwtg ho chuja hv`r twh w``ms. G` ihtkd`a chuja fr`w hi tg` nr`ea tget wes aecp. e) Fkv` e suktenj` ekc ohr tgks kiv`stkfetkhi. (5) n) Fkv` e suktenj` gyphtg`sks gyphtg`sks ohr tgks kiv`stkfetkhi. (5) d) Vgkdg wes tg` dhitrhj ki tgks kiv`stkfetkhi8 (5) a) C`itkhi twh verkenj`s (oedthrs) tget w`r` dhitrhjj`a ki tgks kiv`stkfetkhi. (>)
TT5 @xeckietkhi
`)
Fkv` hi` wey tget Hiy`ak dei r`dhra gks r`sujts th sghw htg`r p`hpj` wget gepp`i`a. gepp`i`a. (5) o) Fkv` e dhidjuskhi ohr gks kiv`stkfetkhi. (5) f) Tuff`st hi` kcprhv`c`i kcprhv`c`itt ohr Hiy`ak‛s kiv`stkfet kiv`stkfetkhi. khi. (5) 57. Vg`i @stg`r eia Enkfekj w`r` ki TT5, tg`y weit`a th try hut tg` cerm-r`j`es`r`deptur` c`tgha. Qg`y ohuia e us`a pjestkd dhjaarkim dhjaarkim nhttj` eia dut dut hoo tg` thp phrtkhi. Qg`i tg`y pjed`a 0 dc ho chkst seia ki tg` nhtthc eia dut shc` i`ttkif orhc e nef tget gea g`ja orukt th
Qg`y w`r` aksepphkit`a es tgks tkc`= tg`y ceief`a th detdg twh jhdusts hijy, hi` ho wgkdg wes cerm`a wktg pekit. Kt gea n``i e v`ry ght w``m eia tg` fkrjs whia`r`a ko tg` w`etg`r gea eoo`dt`a tg` r`sujts. e) Dejdujet` tg` phpujetkhi skz` ho jhdusts ki tgks `ja. (4) n) Ah yhu tgkim tgks ks ei edduret` `stkcet` ho tg` phpujetkhi skz`8 @xpjeki yhur eisw`r. (4) d) Ah yhu efr`` wktg Enkfekj eia @stg`r‛s secpjkif c`tgha8 5;. e)
Tuff`st hi` kcprhv`c`i kcprhv`c`it. t. A`i` tg` t`rc t`rc phpujetkhi phpujetkhi..
(5) (>)
put hv`r tg` thp ho tg` nhttj`. @stg`r @stg`r eia Enkfekj whm` up `erjy ki tg` chrikif `v`i tghufg kt wes rekikif eia w`it th ei hp`i `ja i`er wg`r` tg`y jkv`a. Pskif e scejj sgkif i`t, tg`y ceief`a th detdg >5 jhdusts. Qg`y pjed`a tg`c ki e dhjaarkim nhttj` eia fev` tg`c shc` or`sg fress th `et eia thhm tg`c th sdghhj. G`r` tg`y der`oujjy cerm`a tg` jhdusts wktg nrkfgt y`jjhw ihi-thxkd pekit, eia eot`r sdghhj, tg`y w`it th tg` sec` `ja eia r`j`es`a tg`c. Qgr`` aeys jet`r, @stg`r eia Enkfekj w`it th tg` `ja eia hid` efeki trk`a th deptur` tg` jhdusts.
n) Fkv` ohur oedthrs tget tget eoo`dt tg` frhwtg eia skz` ho phpujetkhi phpujetkhiss eia `xpjeki tg` c`eikif ho tg`s` t`rcs. (7) d) Ghw wkjj e ohha sghrtef` eoo`dt e phpujetkhi8 (4) a) Ttet` twh `oo`dts ho hv`rphpujetkh hv`rphpujetkhi i ki ei er`e. (>) `) Ei `dhjhfkst weits th a`t`rcki` tg` verk`ty ho fress`s hi e `ja ki Ikf`rke. Ikf`r ke. k) Vget kistruc`it sghuja tg` `dhjhfkst us`8 (5) kk) Nrk`y `xpjeki tgks c`tgha. (4)
;;
TT5 @xeckietkhi
TT5 @xec pep`r c`ch T`dtkhi E (?2) 5. >. 4. 1. 0. ?. 6.
N D D A E N N
5?. 56. 57. 5;. >2. >5. >>.
A D A D A A A
7.
N
>4. N
45. 4>. 44. 41. 40. 4?. 46.
E N D A D N A
47. N
1?. 16. 17. 1;. 02. 05. 0>.
A N E E D D E
04. N
^et` ^e t` p` p`rr cki ckiut ut` ` (5) (5)
Iucn`r Iucn `r ho hx hxyf yf`i `i nunnj`s (5)
6
>02
7
502
;
02
52
52
(> cerms ohr tg` dhrr`dt r`dhrakif ho
;. 52. 55. 5>. 54. 51. 50.
E E N D A E N
>1. >0. >?. >6. >7. >;. 42.
N N A N A A N
4;. 12. 15. 1>. 14. 11. 10.
E A D E D E N
01. 00. 0?. 06. 07. 0;. ?2.
E A D A D N E
4.
T`dtkhi N (5?2) 5.
e)
n)
>.
e) n) d) a)
Eiy 0 — r`prhaudtkhi, iutrktkhi, `xdr`tkhi, s`isktkvkty th tg` `ivkrhic`it `ivkrhic`it,, frhwtg, r`spkretkhi, chv`c`it Eiy > — `umeryht`s, `umeryht`s, d`jj wejjs dhiteki d`jjujhs`, g`t`rhtrhpgs, r`prhaud` s`xuejjy eia es`xuejjy, chst r`spkr` e`rhnkdejjy Qh sghw tget hxyf`i ks fkv`i hoo es e ny-prhaudt ki pghthsyitg`sks pghthsyitg`sks Qh prhvka` dernhi dernhi akhxka`, wgkdg wgkdg ks r`qukr`a ohr pghthsyitg pghthsyitg`sks `sks Rghthsyitg`sks Rghthsyitg `sks tem`s pjed` ki tg` pr`s`id` ho jkfgt. jkfgt. k)
^et` ^e t` p` p`rr cki ckiut ut` ` (5) (5)
Iucn`r Iucn `r ho hx hxyf yf`i `i nunnj`s (5)
5
522
>
502
4
>22
1
>02
0
422
?
402
522
(0)
(>) (5) (>) (5) (?)
kiohrcetkhi ki `edg dhjuci) kk) Rghthsyitg Rghthsyitg`sks `sks kidr`es`s up th e d`rteki phkit au` th tg` evekjenkjkty ho dernhi akhxka`. (5) Vg`i ejj tg` dernhi akhxka` ks us`a up, kt sterts th a`dr`es`. (5) ]>S Dernhi ks ohuia ki tg` etchspg`r` (5) es dernhi akhxka` (5). Dernhi akhxka` ks ohuia aksshjv`a ki wet`r nhak`s. (5) Ckdrhhrfeikscs a`dhcphs` a`ea hrfeikscs (5) r`j`eskif dernhi akhxka` ki tg` prhd`ss ho r`spkretkhi. (5) Rjeits eia eikcej r`j`es`
dernhi akhxka` (5) ki tg` prhd`ss ho r`spkretkhi. (5) Nurikif ho whha hr ou`j (5) r`j`es`s dernhi akhxka` (5) ki tg` prhd`ss ho dhcnustkhi (5). Rjeits us` dernhi akhxka` (5) ki tg` prhd`ss ho pghthsyitg`sks (5). (Eiy 52) ]52S 1. e) tkdm (5) n) nedt`rke (5) d) eckifh (5) a) Ech`ne (5) Ech`ne `) chsqukth (5) ]0S 0. e) `j`pgeits, fress, tr``s — eiy > (>) n) wet`r (5) d) pjeits eia eikcejs (>), kit`redtkhis n`tw``i nkhtkd nkhtkd eia enkhtkd oedthrs oedthrs (5) ]4S ?. e) Qh prhv` tget e pjeit frhws thweras e uikjet`rej jkfgt shurd` (5) n) Qg` pjeit hi tg` tg` uiwhuia djkihstet djkihstet frhws thweras tg` uikakr`dtkhie uikakr`dtkhiejj jkfgt shurd`. (5) d) Qg` pjeit hi tg` uiwhuia djkihstet frhws thweras tg` uikakr`dtkhie uikakr`dtkhiejj jkfgt shurd`.
TT5 @xec pep`r c`ch c`ch
Qg` pjeit hi tg` whuia djkihstet ah`s iht frhw thweras tg` uikakr`dtkhiejj suijkfgt. uikakr`dtkhie (>) a) Qg` hi` hi tg` whuia-up djkihstet — tg` uikjet`rej stkcujus ks i`fet`a ny tg` turikif ho tg` djkihstet. Qh prhvka` e dhcperkshi ohr tg` `xp`rkc`it. (>) `) E djkihstet ks e a`vkd` tget pr`v`its tg` `oo`dts ho e stkcujus orhc hi` ska` orhc gevkif ei `oo`dt hi tg` pjeit. Qg` `itkr` `itkr` pjeit ks fkv`i fkv`i tg` sec` echuit ho tg` stkcujus. (>)
rekioejj ks > 222 cc p`r p`r n) Qg` ev`ref` rekioejj y`er= tg` rekis usuejjy jest enhut 52 chitgs= guckakty ks et 62%= strkp ho tejj tr``s wktg e a`is` uia`rfrhwtg ho djkcnkif pjeits — thp, ckaaj` eia jhw`r jey`rs= `v`rfr``i ohr`st= a`is` gucei phpujetkhi. (Eiy 0) (0) ;. e) Ght, ary, seiay (>) n) Teiay dhjhur`a dhjhur`a our ohr dechuef`= dechuef`= our uia`r tg` o``t th prht`dt tg`c orhc g`et= scejj nhay sh es iht th
6.
e)
Ckthsks ks tg` ohrc ho d`jj akvkskhi tget cem`s kt phssknj` ohr frhwtg th tem` pjed`. (5) Ckthsks ks tg` wey tget hur nhak`s r`pekr (5) eia r`pjed` tg`cs`jv`s (5). Ckthsks prhaud`s i`w kiakvkauejs aurkif es`xuej r`prhaudtkhi (5), ]1S
n) @erjy
jhs` thh cudg g`et= jhif tekj wktg njedm tkp ohr dhccuikdetkhi dhccuikdetkhi wktg htg`r eikcejs (4) 52. e) Hijy hi` per`it ks i``a`a= tg`r` er` ih fec`t`s th lhki= tg` i`w hrfeikscs tget er` ohrc`a er` ka`itkdej th tg` per`its eia th hi` hi` eihtg`r= tg`r` er` er` usuejjy jerf` iucn`rs ho hoosprkif prhaud`a. (Eiy 4) 4) (4) n) k) nuaakif (5) kk) es`xuej es`xuej (5) hi` spkiaj` ſtnr`s per`it, hoosprkif hoosprkif jhhms ka`itkdej ka`itkdej sghrt`i, pujjkif th tg` per`it (>) ]4S tg` dgrhcetkas wktg tg`c
55. n) e) [ v`f`tetkv`, es`xuej (>) `s, tgks wkjj g`jp kidr`es` kidr`es` tg` iucn`rs ho kiakvkauejs — pr`v`itkif `xtkidtkhi. Kt ks ei `esy c`tgha th frhw pjeits. (>) 5>. Qg` rst jew< tg` jew jew tget stet`s tget tget `i`rfy dei n` treiso`rr`a orhc hi` syst`c th eihtg`r ki ceiy ohrcs, nut deiiht n` dr`et`a hr a`strhy`a (>) Qg` s`dhia jew< tg` jew tget stet`s tget wg`i `i`rfy ks dhiv`rt`a orhc hi` ohrc th eihtg`r, shc` ks jhst es g`et (>) 54. s``as `ja chus`
dhistrkdtkhi ho d`jj c`cnrei` Jet`
7.
Ewera cerms hi tg` ohjjhwkif nesks< Jen`js (4) Edduredy ho akefrec (>) I`eti`ss (5) G`eakif G`eakif (5) ]6S e) E jerf` ieturej er`e wg`r` d`rteki typ`s ho pjeits frhw. frhw. @v`ry nkhc` ks kiu`id`a ny m`y oedthrs sudg es djkcet`, shkj, jeiaohrc, r` hr orhst. Qg`s` oedthrs g`jp th a`t`rcki` tg` typ`s ho pjeits tget frhw ki e nkhc` eia, ki turi, tg` mkias ho eikcejs tget cem` kt tg`kr ghc`. (Eiy 4) (4)
siem` `efj` (1) 51. e) fress (5) n) gy`ie (5) d) derikvhr` (eiy 5 — jkhi, dg``teg, gy`ie) (5) a) fkreoo`, `j`pgeit, z`nre (eiy 5) (5) `) dg``teg, gy`ie (eiy 5) (5) o) Edd`pt eiy dhrr`dt ohha dgeki, ohr `xecpj`, fress z`nre dg``teg jkhi (1)
TT5 @xec pep`r c`ch
525
f) Fr``i pjeits trep `i`rfy ohr pghthsyitg`sks. pghthsyitg `sks. Eikcejs Eikcejs ki tg` ohha dgeki utkjks` tgks `i`rfy — `i`rfy ks treiso`rr`a. g) Qg`r` whuja n` chr` fress, nut j`ss ohha ohr tg` dg``teg sh tg` dg``teg whuja gev` th jhhm ohr e i`w ohha shurd`. 50. vkrus`s, nedt`rke, ouifk, prhthzhe/ejfe` 5?. e) k) Oj`ckif kk) th frhw
(>)
(>) (1) (5) (5)
tg` rst rst tkc` tkc` tget tget tg` fkrjs deufg deufgtt n) Ih, tg` tg` jhdusts, tg`y aka sh hi e rekiy aey. Qgks c`eis tget tg`y sghuja ejsh gev` deptur`a jhdusts tg` s`dhia tkc` hi e rekiy aey th f`t ei edduret` r`sujt. Ejsh, tg` fkrjs whuja i``a th r`p`et tg` r`depturkif chr` tgei hid`. Qg` chr` tkc`s tg`y r`p`et tgks, tg` chr` edduret` tg`kr r`sujts wkjj n`. (4) d) Qg`y cust `isur` tget tg` pekit ah`s iht kidr`es` tg` jhdusts‛ vksknkjkty th
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