Examen Tecnologia Farmaceutica

 

]GLH 8 ]GZLOECACFOH _ FGEGZHAOMHMG[ ]GKECACFOH IHZLHKGW]OKH2 gs ah kogekoh y ga hrtg mg prgphrhr, kcesgrvhr  y prgsgethr acs lgmokhlgetcs. Gs ah oefgeogrìh mg ah prcigsoûe. -

[g ckuph mg tcmc ga shjgr egkgshroc phrh kcevgrtor ueh sujsthekoh kce khphkomhm ihrlhkcaûfokh ge ue prcmuktc ihrlhkïutokc c lgmokhlgetc phrh sgr hmloeostrhmc h pgrscehs c heolhags phrh lgbcrhr ah shaum mga geigrlc.

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]hljoïe ]hljoï e cir cirgkg gkg acs kce kcecko ckolog logetc etcss egk egkgsh gshroc rocss phr phrh h rgh rghaoz aozhr hr mg icr icrlh lh kcrrgkth ga mosgøc, icrluahkoûe, prgphrhkoûe, hkcemokocehmc y kcetrca mg khaomhm mg ahs moigrgetgs icrlhs mg mcsoiokhkoûe.

KCEKGP]C[ MG JPL -

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Hkhjhmc sheo Hkhjhmc sheothroc throc, h ah tgrloehkoûe qug sg ags mh h ahs supgriokogs oetgrocrgs mg ahs èrghs phrh gvothr ah hkuluahkoûe mg phrtìkuahs vohjags y ec vohjags y ihkoaothr su aolpogzh. Phrtìkuahs vohjags2 lokrccrfheoslcs vorus Phrtìkuahs ec vohjags2 pcavc, rgstcs mg hafcmûe, rgstcs mg kgauacsh, rgstcs mg paèstokcs y rgstcs lgtèaokcs. Hkkoûe kcrrgktovh, h ahs hktovomhmgs qug sce paheghmhs y gbgkuthmhs, kce ga ioe olprgvostc mg kcrrgfor ueh mgsvohkoûe c ec kceicrlomhm. [g dhkg kuhemc sukgmg hafc Hkkoûe prgvgetovh, h ahs hktovomhmgs qug sce paheghmhs y gbgkuthmhs, phrh gvothr su rgkurrgekoh. Hecthr y paheghr phrh qug ec sukgmh hafòe prcjaglh Hmogstrhlogetc,  h ahs hktovomhmgs gekhloehmhs h fgegrhr c mgshrrcaahr  dhjoao dhj oaomhm mhmgs gs ge ga pgr pgrsc sceha eha.. Khp Khphko hkothk thkoûe oûe h tcm tcmc c eov eovga ga the thetc tc pgr pgrsc sceha eha huxoaohrgs y prcigsocehags sce e acs lok lokrcc rccrfh rfheos eoslcs lcs kc kceth ethloe loehet hetgs gs mg ue Hfgetgs Hfge tgs hmvg hmvgetokoc etokocs, s,  sc kuatatov ku ovc c kg kgau auah ahrr y/ y/c c mg ac acss lh lhtg tgro roha hags gs mg ph phrt rtom omh h mg cr crof ofge ge he heol olha ha (lykc (ly kcpah pahsl slhsg hsgspo sporcp rcpahs ahslhs lhs,, rok rokngt ngttso tsohs, hs, vor vorus, us, pro proceg cegss u ctr ctrhs hs icr icrlhs lhs lcagku lca gkuahr ahrgs) gs) qug sg oet oetrcm rcmukg ukge e mg lhe lhegrh grh ec oet oetge gekoc koceha eha mge mgetrc trc mga prckgsc mg ihjrokhkoûe. Halhkgehlogetc,  h ah kcesgrvhkoûe mg oesulcs, prcmuktc h frhega y tgrloehmc ge èrghs kce kcemokocegs gsthjagkomhs. Mga JPH Heèaosos mg rogsfc, ha lïtcmc phrh gvhauhr kce hetokophkoûe acs ihktcrgs qug pugmge higkthr ah iuekocehaomhm mg2 sostglhs, gquopcs, prckgscs c khaomhm mg oesulcs y prcmuktc. Èrgh, ha kuhrtc c kcebuetc mg kuhrtcs y gsphkocs mosgøhmcs y kcestruomcs jhbc gspgkoiokhkocegs mgioeomhs. Gb2 èrgh mg rgsomuc Èrgh hsïptokh, ha èrgh mosgøhmh, kcestruomh y lhetgeomh kce ga cjbgtc mg tgegr mgetrc mg aìlotgs prggsthjagkomcs ga eòlgrc mg phrtìkuahs vohjags y ec vohjags ge supgriokogs y lgmoc hljogetg. Hsgfurhlo Hsgf urhlogetc getc mg khaom khaomhm, hm,  ha kc kceb ebue uetc tc mg hk hktov tovom omhm hmgs gs pa pahe hegh ghmh mhss y sostglètokhs qug aagvh h khjc ueh glprgsh, kce ga cjbgtc mg jroemhr ah kceiohezh, mg qug ue prcmuktc c sgrvokoc kulpag kce acs rgquosotcs mg

 

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khaom aomhm hm gs gspg pgko koiok iokhm hmcs cs.. [u [upg pgrv rvos osh h tc tcmc mc mg mgsm smg g ac acss pr prcm cmuk uktc tcss dh dhst sth h ga kh pgrsceha. Humotcrìh,  ha prc prckgs kgsc c sos sostgl tglèto ètokc, kc, oem oemgpg gpgemo emoget getg g y mck mckulg ulgeth ethmc mc phr phrh h cjtgegr gvomgekohs y phrh vgr qug sg kulpage acs krotgrocs gsthjagkomcs. Kcetrhtc h ueh glprgsh phrh qug lg dhfh vgr ahs ihaahs humotcroh gxtgreh. Hfglga2 gs ah hfgekoh gsththa mg lgmokhlgetc y tgkecacfìh ge shaum.sg gekhrfh mg vgroiokhr, kcetrcah qug lgmokhlgetc vh shaor h ah vgeth, acs prgkocs. Kcetrcah mostrojukoûe. Jockhrfh, ha eovga y topc mg lokrccrfheoslcs qug pugmge gsthr prgsgetgs ge kuhaquogrh mg acs gaglgetcs mg ah ihjrokhkoûe (oesulcs, oesthahkocegs, pgrsceha, getrg ctrcs). Jocsgfuromhm, ha kce cebu bue etc mg lg lgm mom omh hs y hk hkko koc ceg egss cr crog oget eth hmhs h ah prctgkkoûe mga pgrsceha, kclueomhm y lgmoc hljogetg phrh ga lhegbc mg hfgetgs qug rgprgsgethe ue rogsfc h ah shaum. [g kahsoiokh ge acs sofuogetgs sofuogetgs eovgags2 Eovga 8 mg Jocsgfuromhm, Jocsgfuromhm, Eovga :, ; y =. Ge ahjcrhtcroc J[A 82  sg trhjhbh kce lokrccrfheoslcs mg jhbc rogsfc gbglpac2 kgph phtûfgeh D.kcao ec popgtghr kce ah jckh, ahvhrsg ahs lhecs, prctgkkoûe phrh cbcs fuhetgs jhth, aolpohr ahs supgriokogs, ec kclgr jgjgr, trhj hjhb hbhe he kc kce e phtûfgecs hfge hf getg tgss hs hsck ohmc mcss kc kce egbglpac geig ge igrl rlgm gmhm gs Ahj Ahjcr crhtc htcroc roc :2  tr dulhehs (gs mgkor, crfheoslcs c ckoh oeigkkocscs) gbglpac ga hmgs vorus mg gekgihaotos gquoeh y ga YOD. Ahjcr Ahj crhtc htcroc roc ;2  tr trhj hjhb hbc c kc kce e lo lokr krcc ccrf rfhe heos oslc lcss qu qug g sc sce e hu hutû tûkt ktce cecs cs c gxûtok gxû tokcs cs y qu qug g pug pugmge mge khu khushr shr ge geigr igrlgm lgmhmg hmgss frh frhvgs vgs c pct pctgek gekoha ohalge lgetg tg agthags pcr oedhahkoûe. gbglpacs oekauyge iogjrg hlhroaah y Lykcjhktgroul tujgrkuacsos, mgjge tgegr gquopc mg prtgkkoce, rgsporhmcrgs, iaubc mg horgs, gstg hkkgsc gs rgstroefomc y kcetrcahmc. Ahjc Ah jcrh rhtc tcro roc c =2 sc sce e ac acss lg lgec ecss kc kclu lueg egs. s. Kc Kclc lc ga eo eovg vgaa lè lèss ha hatc tc mg sgfuromhm jocaûfokh, trhjhbh kce hfgetgs jocaûfokcs hathlgetg pgaofrcscs, yh qug ahs oeigkkocegs khushmhs sugage sgr lcrthags y hòe ec togege ue trhthl trh thloge ogetc tc eo vhk vhkueh uehss gbg gbglp lpacs acs vor vorus us Ïjc Ïjcah ah y Lhr Lhrjur jurf. f. Mgj Mgjge ge tge tgegr  gr  khjoeh OOO y luy prctgfomcs kclc mg ah ehsh. Jugehs Juge hs prèk prèktokhs tokhs mg ahjc ahjcrhtcr rhtcroc, oc, ha kcebuetc mg rgfahs, prckgmologetcs cpgr cp grhk hkoc oceh ehag agss y pr prèk èktok tokhs hs gs gsth thja jagk gkom omhs hs ph phrh rh hs hsgf gfur urhr hr ah kh khaoaomh mhm m g oetgfromhm mg ahs hktovomhmgs rghaozhmhs ge ga ahjcrhtcroc y mg acs mhtcs hehaìtokcs cjtgeomcs mg geshycs c prugjhs. mglc lcst strh rhko koûe ûe mg qu qug g ue oe oest stru rulg lget etc c ph phrt rtok okua uahr hr c Khaojrhkoûe,  h ah mg mospcsotovc prcmukg rgsuathmcs mgetrc mg aìlotgs gspgkoiokhmcs. Ojlgtrc2 oestotutc jcaovohec mg lgtrcacfìh2 sg gekhrfh mg kgrtoiokhr ah khaojrhkoûe Khaomhm, ha kulpaologetc mg gspgkoiokhkocegs gsthjagkomhs phrh fhrhetozhr  ah hptotum mg usc. rgha haoz ozhk hkoû oûe e mg ah ahss pr prug ugjh jhss gs gspg pgkì kìioiokh khss jh jhsh shmh mhss ge Khaoiokhkoûe, h ah rg kceckologetc kogetìiokc, phrh mglcstrhr qug acs gquopcs, sostglhs krìtokcs, oesthahkoc oesth ahkocegs, egs, pgrsc pgrsceha eha y prcv prcvggmc ggmcrgs rgs kulp kulpage age kce acs rgqug rgqugrologe rologetcs tcs prgvohlgetg gsthjagkomcs, ah kuha mgjg sgr kcekauomh hetgs mg vhaomhr acs prckgscs.

 

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Khaoiokhkoûe mg mgsglpgøc, h ah gvomgekoh mckulgethmh mg qug ahs oesthahkocegs, sostglhs, y gquopcs sg mgsglpgøhe kulpaogemc acs krotgrocs mg hkgpthkoûe prgvohlgetg gsthjagkomcs. mckulgethmh qug mglugstrh qug ga Khaoiokhkoûe mg mosgøc , h ah gvomgekoh mckulgethmh mosgøc prcpugstc mg ahs oesthahkocegs, sostglhs y gquopcs gs kcevgeogetg phrh ga prcpûsotc prcygkthmc. gvom omge geko koh h mc mcku kulg lget ethm hmh h mg qu qug g ah ahss Khaoiokhko Khaoio khkoûe ûe mg oesth oesthahkoû ahkoûe e, h ah gv oesthahko oestha hkoceg cegs, s, sos sostgl tglhs hs y gq gquop uopcs cs sg dhe oes oestha thahm hmc c mg hku hkugrm grmc c h ahs gspgkoiokhkocegs mg mosgøc prgvohlgetg gsthjagkomhs Khaoiokhkoûe mg cpgrhkoûe, h ah gvomgekoh mckulgethmh qug mglugstrh qug ga gquopc, ahs oesthahkocegs y acs sostglhs cpgrhe mg lhegrh rgfuahr. Kgrtoiokhmc mg heèaosos, ha rgsulge mg acs rgsuathmcs cjtgeomcs mg ahs mgtgrloehkocegs gigktuhmhs h lugstrhs mg prcmuktcs, lhtgrohs prolhs, lhtgrohags c kuhaquogr ctrc oesulc thljoïe qug gstïe acs lïtcmcs mg heèaosos y ga kulpaologetc.  Kgrtoiokhmc mg Jugehs Prèktokhs mg Ihjrokhkoûe , ha mckulgetc glotomc pcr ah Hutcromhm [heothroh mg ue phìs, pcstgrocr h ueh vosoth mg vgroiokhkoûe sheoth she othroh roh rgh rghaozh aozhmh mh h ue gst gsthja hjagko gkolog logetc etc,, phr phrh h kce kceiorl iorlhr hr su gst gsthm hmc c mg kulpao kul paolog logetc etc mg ahs Jug Jugehs ehs Prè Prèkto ktokhs khs mg Ihj Ihjrok rokhko hkoûe ûe kce kceicr icrlg lg h ahs mospcsokocegs burìmokhs hpaokhjags. _h sgh pcr : c ; høcsiìsokhs, sorvg quìlokhs c , h ah prgsgekoh mg getomhmgs Kcethloehkoûe kruzhmh jocaûfokhs oemgsghjags, prckgmgetgs mg ue prckgsc c prcmuktc moigrgetg. Kcethl Kce thloeh oehetg etg,, h ahs olp olpurg urgzh zhss oem oemgs gsghj ghjags ags mg eht ehturh urhagz agzh h quì quìlok lokh h c lokrcjocaûfokh, c mg lhtgroh gxtrhøh, prgsgetgs ge acs prcmuktcs yh sgh sglo c tgrloehmc. Kcetgegmcr mg fhs lgmokoeha , ha gevhsg mosgøhmc phrh kcetgegr fhs h prgsoûe ge icrlh mg fhs kclprolomc, aokuhmc c aìquomc krocfïeokc y sg pugmg pug mge e kah kahsoi soiokh okhrr ge trg trgss fru frupcs pcs22 koa koaoem oemrc, rc, tgr tgrlc lc (mg (mgwhr whr)) y the thequg qug mg halhkgehlogetc. Aolpogzh, ha prckgsc phrh ah mosloeukoûe mg phrtìkuahs ec vohjags h eovgags gsthjagkomcs.   Lheuha mg khaomhm, ha mckulgetc qug mgskrojg ga sostglh mg fgstoûe mg ah kh khaoaomh mhm m mg hk hkug ugrm rmc c kc kce e ah pc pcaìaìtotokh kh y ac acss cj cjbg bgtotovc vcss mg ah kh khaoaomh mhm m gsthjagkomcs.   Lhquoah, ha prckgsc c gthph mg ue prckgsc oevcaukrhmc ge ah ihjrokhkoûe mg ue lgmokhlgetc, rghaozhmc pcr ue gsthjagkologetc moigrgetg mga totuahr  mga Zgf Zgfost ostrc rc [he [heoth othroc roc>> pu pugmg gmg sgr ehk ehkoce oceha, ha, oet oetgre grehko hkoceh ceha,a, tgl tglpcr pcrha ha c pgrlhegetg. Lugstrh Lugst rh mg rgtg rgtgekoû ekoûe e, h ah khetomhm suiokogetg mg lhtgrohs prolhs c prcmuktc phrh aagvhr h khjc mcs heèaosos kclpagtcs, gxkgptc prugjh mg gstgroaomhm y porûfgecs.  Lugstrh, h ah khetomhm mg lhtgroha kuyh kclpcsokoûe gs rgprgsgethtovh mga actg qug vh h sgr gxhloehmc. lhtg tgro roha ha cjtg tge eom omc c mur urh het etg g gth thph phss mg ah Prcmuktc Prcm uktc oetgr oetgrlgmo lgmoc c, ha lh prcmukkoûe hetgs mg kcevgrtorsg ge ue prcmuktc h frhega. Xug ec dh somc pugstc ge su gevhsg prolhroc

 

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Prcmuktc sglotgrloehm Prcmuktc sglotgrloehmc, c, ha prcmuktc qug sg gekugetrh ge su gevhsg prolhroc y qug sgrè sclgtomc h gthphs pcstgrocrgs phrh kcevgrtorsg ge prcmuktc tgrloehmc.  Prcmuktc tgrloehmc, ha lgmokhlgetc ge su prgsgethkoûe ioeha. Prcfrhlh mg lceotcrgc hljogetha, ha gsthjagkologetc mg ueh sgkugekoh krcecaûfokh mg hktovomhmgs phrh gvhauhr ga kulpaologetc mg acs phrèlgtrcs gsthjagkomcs mg phrtìkuahs vohjags y ec vohjags ge ue hljogetg kcetrcahmc.   Xugbh, h tcmh cjsgrvhkoûe prcvgeogetg mg ue kaogetg, rgahkocehmh kce ah khaomhm mga prcmuktc [gfuromhm, h ah vhacrhkoûe mga jgegiokoc qug prcmukg ue lgmokhlgetc irgetg h sus pcsojags rogsfcs ge ue lclgetc mhmc. [ostglh kcetgegmcr kogrrg, ha kcebuetc mg lhtgrohags mg glphqug qug kcetogege y prctgfge h ah icrlh ihrlhkïutokh. Oekauyg thetc ha gevhsg prol pr olhr hroc oc kc kclc lc ha sg sgkkue uemh mhro roc, c, so gs gstg tg òa òatotolc lc ku kulp lpag ag ah iu iuek ekoû oûe e mg prcpcrkocehr prctgkkoûe hmokoceha ha prcmuktc. [ostglh mg fgstoûe mg khaomhm , h ah lhegrh kclc ah crfheozhkoûe morofg y kcetrcah ahs hktovomhmgs hsckohmhs kce ah khaomhm. gaglge lgetc tc fge fgeïto ïtokc kc khp khphz hz mg oet oetrcm rcmuko ukor  r  [ostglh vgktcr-dcspgm vgktcr-dcspgmgrc grc, ha gag èkomc mgscxorrojceukagokc y khushr su rgpaokhkoûe y gxprgsoûe ge ueh kïauah dcspgmgrh. [ostglhs krìtokcs, h hqugaacs qug togege olphktc morgktc ge acs prckgscs y prcmuktcs. ]rhzhjoaomhm,Gs ga hkkgsc h ah oeicrlhkoûe mgsmg ga crofge dhsth qug aagfh ha kcesulomcr, mgjc tgegr ga iaubc mg oeicrlhkoûe so ge tcmc ga prckgsc h phshmc hafòe prcjaglh. Gs ueh lgmokoûe phrh vgr ahs ihaahs ge ga prckgsc. fgegrhmh h trhvïs mg ah a h rgkcpoahkoûe Yhaomhkoûe, h ah gvomgekoh mckulgetha fgegrhmh y gvhauhkoûe mg acs mhtcs cjtgeomcs ge ah khaoiokhkoûe y mg ahs prugjhs gspgkìiokhs, jhshmhs ge kceckologetc mga prckgsc, sostglh c lïtcmc, phrh mglcstrhr iuekocehaomhm, kcesostgekoh y rcjustgz Yhaomh Yha omhkoû koûe e mg aol aolpog pogzh, zh,  h ah gv gvom omge geko koh h mc mcku kul lge geth thmh mh mg qug ue prck pr ckgm gmol olog oget etc c mg aoaolp lpog ogzh zh ph phrh rh ah ahss èr èrgh ghss y gq gquo uopc pcss us ushm hmcs cs ge ah ihjrokhkoûe mg lgmokhlgetcs rgmukg h ue eovga prggsthjagkomc acs rgsomucs mga hfgetg mg aolpogzh y prcmuktc prckgshmc.  Yhaomhkoûe prcspgktovh, h ah qug sg kcekauyg prgvoc h ah kclgrkohaozhkoûe mg acs lgmokhlgetcs. Ah kcslgtcacfìh y kcslohtrìh sg ckuphe mga kuomhmc y trhthlogetc mg ah poga y sus hegxcs, y mga kceckologetc mg acs prcmuktcs qug hyumhe h trhthr y prctgfgr gsth phrtg the olpcrthetg mg eugstrc kugrpc. Ga kclgrkoc mg acs prcmuktcs kcslïtokcs gstè rgfuahmc pcr ahs Mgkosocegs 789 y 607 Phrh Ph rh ga kh khsc sc mg ac acss PDM (p (prc rcmu mukt ktc c mg do dofo foge geg g mc mclg lgst stok okc) c) y PH PHDP DP (prcmuktc mg hjscrkoûe mg dofogeg pgrsceha), sg hpaokhe ahs Mgkosocegs 609 y 6:8, hsì kclc ah Zgscaukoûe 8;60 Ahss ec Ah ecrl rlhs hs lg lgek ekoc oceh ehmh mhss he hetg tgro rocr crlg lget etg g sg rof rofge ge pc pcrr ac acss so sofu fuog oget etgs gs proekopocs jèsokcs2

 

• Pahthicrlh ueoicrlg getrg acs Phìsgs Logljrcs mg ah KHE (kclueomhm hemoeh mg ehkocegs) kcacljoh gkuhmcr pgru jcaovoh, h ioe mg fhrhetozhr qug ga mg mgrg rgkd kdc c ha kc kclg lgrk rkoc oc mg ac acss pr prcm cmuk uktc tcss kc kclp lprg rgem emom omcs cs mg mget etrc rc mg su hakhekg sg gbgrzh mg lhegrh busth y trhesphrgetg> • Gquoaojroc getrg ah shavhfuhrmoh mg ah shaum pòjaokh y ah aojrg korkuahkoûe mg acs prcmuktcs ge ah sujrgfoûe hemoeh> • Ectoiokhkoûe [heothroh Cjaofhtcroh y su rgkceckologetc, kclc lgkheoslc

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mg hkkgscpcstgrocr, ha lgrkhmc, aufhr mg Zgfostrc [heothroc>ah khaomhm sheothroh mg  • Kcetrca qugge pgrlotg vgroiokhr giokhzlgetg acs prcmuktcs ge ga lgrkhmc> y • [ol [olpao paoiok iokhko hkoûe ûe mg prc prckgm kgmolo ologet getcs cs hml hmloeo oeostr strhto htovcs vcs ph phrh rh ihk ihkoaot oaothr hr ga aoj aojrg rg kclgrkoc mg acs prcmuktcs getrg acs Phìsgs Logljrcs mg ah Kclueomhm  Hemoeh, soe qug gaac htgetg htgetg kcetrh ah khaomhm sheothroh mg mg acs loslcs. ³Xuï gs ah Ectoiokhkoûe [heothroh Cjaofhtcroh3  Ah Ectoiokhkoûe [heothroh Cjaofhtcroh (E[C) gs ah kclueokhkoûe lgmohetg ah kuha ga ihjrokhetg c kclgrkohaozhmcr, h tìtuac mg mgkahrhkoûe burhmh, oeicrlh h ah Hutcromhm Ehkoceha Kclpgtgetg mg su oetgekoûe mg kclgrkohaozhr ue prcmuktc prcmu ktc rgfu rgfuahmc ahmc pcr ahs Mgko Mgkosoceg socegss kcrrg kcrrgspce spcemoge mogetgs, tgs, ge ga tgrrot tgrrotcroc croc ehkoceha mg kuhaquogrh mg acs Phìsgs Logljrcs mg ah Kclueomhm Hemoeh ³Xuïï prc ³Xu prcmuk muktcs tcs kcs kcslït lïtokc okcs, s, PDM c PHD PHDP P pug pugmg mge e hk hkcfg cfgrsg rsg h ah ecrlhtovh kclueothroh oemokhmh3 Acss pr Ac prcm cmuk uktc tcs, s, cr crof ofoe oehr hroc ocss mg ku kuha haqu quog ogrh rh mg ac acss Ph Phìs ìsgs gs Lo Logl gljr jrcs cs c prcvgeogetgs mg tgrkgrcs phìsgs. ³Xuï dhkgr ge ga khsc qug dujogrhe mumhs scjrg ah hpaokhkoûe mg ahs Mgkosocegs3  [o getrg ahs Hutcromhmgs Ehkocehags Kclpgtgetgs dujogrh mumhs scjrg kuhaquogr hspgktc mg ahs Mgkosocegs, pcmrèe oeokohr hkkocegs mg kcesuaths, oetgrkhljoc mg oeicrlhkoûe y kccpgrhkoûe lutuh (hrt. ;0, Mgkosoûe 789> y hrt. 7;, Mgkosoûe 609). [g aagvh ha bugz h acs logljrcs mg ah KHE ³Xuï ckurrg so ec sg kulpag kce ah ecrlhtovh kclueothroh3  Mg hkugrmc h ac gsthjagkomc ge ga ]rhthmc mg Krghkoûe mga ]rojueha mg Bustokoh mg ah Kclueomhm Hemoeh y ah Mgkosoûe 9:;, ahs hutcromhmgs mg acs Phìsgs Logljrcs ehturhags burìmokhs ge mgr grgk gkdc dcs s pcr gay ahs oek eku upgrscehs lpaaol lp olog oge etc mg ccjaoaofh fhkkoc oceg egss higkthmhs glh lhe ehmh mhs s sus mgaa mg crmgeh crm gehlog logetc etc bur burìmo ìmokc kc mg ah Kc Kclue lueomh omhm m Hem Hemoeh oeh,, pcm pcmrèe rèe prg prgsge sgethr thr su rgkahlc h ah [gkrgthrìh Fgegrha, ah kuha togeg kclpgtgekoh phrh kceckgr mg gsths hkkocegs, ge su ihsg prgbumokoha. Mgkosoûe 789 [g getgemgrè pcr prcmuktc kcslïtokc  tcmh susthekoh c icrl ic rlua uahk hkoû oûe e mg hp hpaoaokh khko koûe ûe ac ackh khaa h sg sgrr us ushm hmh h ge ah ahss mo movg vgrs rshs hs ph phrt rtgs gs supgriokohags mga kugrpc dulhec2 gpomgrlos, sostglh poacsc y khpoahr, uøhs, ahjo ah jocs cs y ûr ûrfh fhec ecss fg fgeo eoth thag agss gx gxtg tgre recs cs c ge ac acss mo moge getg tgss y ah ahss lu lukc kcsh shss jukhag juk hags, s, kc kce e ga ioe mg aol aolpoh pohrac racs, s, pgr pgriul iulhra hracs, cs, lcm lcmoio oiokhr khr su hsp hspgkt gktc c y prctgfgracs c lhetgegracs ge juge gsthmc y prgvgeor c kcrrgfor acs cacrgs kcrpcrhags. Hrtì Hr tìku kuac ac ;.- Ac Acss pr prcm cmuk uktc tcss kc kcsl slït ïtok okcs cs qu qug g sg kc kclg lgrk rkoh ohaoaokg kge e ge ah [ujrgfoûe Hemoeh mgjgrèe kulpaor kce ac mospugstc ge ga hrtìkuac 7, hsì kclc kcl c kce acs aos aosthm thmcs cs oet oetgre grehko hkoceh cehags ags sc scjrg jrg oef oefrgm rgmoge ogetgs tgs qug pug pugmg mge e

 

oekcrpcrhrsg c ec h acs kcslïtokcs y sus kcrrgspcemogetgs rgstrokkocegs c kcemokocegs mg usc. [g rgkceckge, phrh thags gigktcs, acs aosthmcs mg oefrgmogetgs mg ah2  8. Iccm & Mruf Hmloeostrhtoce mg acs Gsthmcs Weomcs mg Hlïrokh (IMH), :. ah Kcslgtoks ]coagtry &Irhfhekg Hssckohtoce (K]IH), ;. ah Gurcpghe Kcslgtok ]coagtry hem Pgriulgry Hssckohtoce (KCAOPH) y =. Ahs Morgktovhs mg ah Weoûe Gurcpgh. Acs oefrhgmogetgs tgs pcmr pcmrèe oekcrp prcmukt prcmuktcs cs Hrtìkuac =.-  sg kcsslït kc ïtok okcs cs sgrè rèe eoefrgmoge qug ugaaac acs s qug oekkau oe auom omc cs èegeoekcrpcrhrs kuh uhacrhrsg aqu quog ogrgrhgemacs g ah ahs s aoaost sth hs lgek lg ekoc oceh ehmh mhss ge ga hr hrtì tìku kuac ac he hetg tgro rocr cr., ., ah ahss Hu Hutc tcro romh mhmg mgss [h [heo eoth thro rohs hs Kclpgtgetgs pcmrèe oekauor c gxkauor ue oefrgmogetg, soglprg qug kugetge kce oemokocs kogrtcs c prugjhs kogetìiokhs mg qug ga loslc higkth c pugmg higkthr ah shaum. H tha gigktc, ah [gkrgthrìh Fgegrha, prgvoh ectoiokhkoûe h ahs  Hutcromhmgs Ehkocehags Kclpgtgetgs mg acs mglès Phìsgs Logljrcs, mgtgrloehrè ac kcrrgspcemogetg lgmohetg Zgscaukoûe. ]GLH : PZGICZLWAHKOCE Kcekgptc2  Ga trhjhbc qug hjhrkh ga kceckologetc mg ahs khrhktgrìstokhs jèsokhs thetc jocihrlhkïutokhs kclc iosokcquìlokhs qug vhe h oeiauor ge ah gagkkoûe y mgshrrcaac mg ah icrlh ihrlhkïutokh ioeha mga lgmokhlgetc sg kceckg kclc gstumocs mg prg icrluahkoûe. Hspgktcs h tgegr prgsgetg ge ah prg icrluahkoûe Prcpogmhmgs ihrlhkcmoeèlok i hrlhkcmoeèlokhs hs ✛ Ioehaomhm tgrhpïutokh ✛ Gigktcs tûxokcs ✛ Zghkkocegs hmvgrshs ✛ Mcsos ✛ Khrhktgrìstokhs ihrlhkckoeïtokhs ✛ Irgkugekoh mg hmloeostrhkoûe Khrhktgrìstokhs mg acs geigrlcs h acs qug sg morofg ✛ Hkgpthkoûe y kclcmomhm mga lgmokhlgetcs ✛ Kcstg mga lgmokhlgetc

KCE[OMGZHKOCEG[ JOCIHZLHKGW]OKH[  ✛ Jocmospceojoaomhm ✛ Yìh mg hmloeostrhkoûe ✛ Khrhktgrìstokhs jocihrlhkïutokhs mg ah icrluahkoûe KHZHK]GZO[]OKH[ IO[OKCXWOLOKH[ _ IHZLHKCKOEG]OKH[  ✛ Krosthaoeomhm y pcaolcrioslc ✛ Puetc mg iusoûe ✛ [caujoaomhm ✛ Iauomgz ✛ Gsthjoaomhm ✛ kclphtojoaomhm

 

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Kcesomgrhkocegs gs prgvohs ge ga mgshrrcaac mga lgmokhlgetc 2 Weh vgz sg Kcesomgrhkoce kceckg ah lcaïkuah kce jugehs prcpogmhmgs ihrlhkcaûfokhs, gs mgkor2 rogsfc y jgegiokoc Pcegr h puetc ah icrlh ihrlhkïutokh qug sg quogrg utoaozhr2 yh sgh thjagth,  bhrhjg gtk. ▢ Acs hsp hspgkt gktcs cs tgr tgrhpï hpïuto utokc kcss sg mg mgjge jge tge tgegr gr sog soglpr lprg g prg prgsge sgetgs tgs ge ga mgshrrcaac mg ueh icrluahkoûe.  ▢ Gbglpac 82 trhthlogetc mg ue prckgsc phtcaûfokc hfumc. Ah icrluahkoûe h mgshrrcaahr mgjg tgegr ueh hkkoûe ac lhs rèpomh pcsojag. ▢ Gbglpac :2 ]rhthlogetc prgvgetovc mg ueh hatgrhkoûe krûeokh dhy qug tgegr prgsgetgs ah murhkoûe mga gigktc mga lgmokhlgetc y pugmg rgsuathr  òtoaoa ic òt icrl rlua uahk hkoc oceg egss mg ah ahrf rfh h mu murh rhko koûe ûe.. ]Z ]ZH] H]HL HLOG OGE] E]C C MG OE OEIH IHZ] Z]C C MCEMG [G W]OAORH2 EO]ZCFAOKGZOEH ‛ ICZLWAHKOCE [WJAOEFWHA  ‛ ]x hfumc EO]ZCFAOKGZOEH ‛ PHZKDG[ ]ZHE[MGZLOKC[ ‛ Prgvgetovc ▢ Gelhskhrhr shjcrgs ▢ Irgkugekoh mg mcsoiokhkoûe  ▢ Dcy ge mìh omgha so gs kclprolomc mgjg sgr 8 c : vgkgs ha mìh. MH]C[ MG AH WEOCE GWZCPGH MG PZCMWKKOCE MG IHZLHKC[ ▢ 90% kclprolomcs y khpsuahs / voh crha 67% ▢ 87% aìquomcs crhags ▢ 87% ga rgstc (supcsotcrocs, prgphrhmcs tûpokcs, kcaorocs, hgrcscags…gtk). KCE[OMGZHKOCEG[ JOCIHZLHKGW]OKH[ ▢ Phrh kcesgfuor gigktc tgrhpïutokc gs egkgshroc qug ga proekopoc hktovc aagfug ha aufhr mg hkkoûe.  ▢ Augfc gigktc y murhkoûe mga gigktc. ▢ Ah rgspugsth mgpgemg mg khrhktgrìstokhs iosokcquìlokhs. ▢ Mgpgemg thljoïe mg ahs phrtokuahromhmgs mg ah icrluahkoû oûe e (ihrlhkctgkeokhs). ▢ Ah JOCIHZLHKOH gstumoh ahs khrhktgrìstokhs mg aojgrhkoûe mga proekopoc hktovc oekauomc ge ah icrluahkoûe y su hjscrkoûe h trhvïs mg lgljrhehs.   ▢ [g mgio mgioe eg ah jocmospceojoaomhm  kclc ueh lgmomh mg ah khetomhm y vgackomhm kce qug ue p.h aagfh h shefrg. ▢ Ga cj cjbgt bgtovc ovc mg ah JOC JOCIHZ IHZLHK LHKOH OH  gs kcesgfuor qug ah khetomhm mg lgmo lg mokh khlg lget etc c qu qug g ge getrg trg ge ga cr crfh fheo eosl slc c pr prcm cmuz uzkh kh ga lè lèxo xolc lc gi gigk gktc tc tgrhpïutokc phrh ga geigrlc. KHZHK]GZO[]OKH[ IO[OCACFOKH[ MG AH YOH MG HMLOEO[]ZHKOCE ▢ H tgegr ge kugeth kuhemc sg mgshrrcaah ueh icrlh ihrlhkïutokh. ▢ Gb2 ge ue kcaoroc sg mgjge tgegr luy ge kugeth rgqugrologetcs mg pD g osctceokomhm qug ec sugage sgr the gstroktcs ge ah hmloeostrhkoûe tûpokh, yh qug ah lukcsh ckuahr gs lhs sgesojag qug ah gpomgrlos. ▢ IHK]CZG[ AOLO]HE]G[ MG AH HJ[CZKOCE  ▢ Mosfrgfhkoûe ▢ Moscaukoûe ▢ KH KHZH ZHK] K]GZ GZO[ O[] ]OK OKH[ H[ IO[ O[OK OKC CXW XWOL OLOK OKH[ H[ OL OLP PAO AOK KHM HMH[ H[ GE AH [CAWJOAOMHM ▢ ]hlhøc mg phrtìkuah

 

▢ Kcgiokogetg mg scaujoaomhm ▢ Krosthaoeomhm   ▢ IHK HK] ]CZ CZG[ G[ MG AH ICZL ZLWA WAHK HKOC OCE E XW XWG G OE OEIA IAW_ W_GE GE GE AH [CAWJOAOMHM ▢ GE[H_C[ MG YGACKOMHM MG MO[CAWKOCE OE YO]ZC  ▢ KCZZGAHKOCE OE YO]ZC-OE YOYC ▢ MG[KZOPKOCE MGA G[]HMC IO[OKC  ▢▢ LHKZC[KCPOH ]HLHØC MG PHZ]OKWAH ▢ KZO[]HAOEOMHM _ PCAOLCZIO[LC  ▢ PWE]C MG IW[OCE  ▢ [CAWJOAOMHM2 MG]GZLOEHKOCE MG pnh  ▢ Oeiaugekoh mg ah tglpgrhturh  ▢ Pgrioa mg ah scaujoaomhm ge iuekoûe mga pd  ▢ Kcgiokogetg mg rgphrtc  ▢ Lgkheoslc mg scaujoaozhkoûe  ▢ Ygackomhm mg moscaukoûe ▢ PZCPOGMHMG[ MG IAWBC  ▢ Mgesomhm hphrgetg ▢ Hefuac mg rgpcsc ▢ Kclprgsojoaomhm ▢ G[]HJOAOMHM  ▢ G[] []HJ HJOA OAOM OMH HM MG MGA A P.H GE MO MO[ [CA CAWK WKOC OCE E (P (PD, D, tg tgrl rlc cah ahjo joaoaom mhm hm,, ictcahjoaomhm, gigktc mga cxofgec scjrg ga ièrlhkc ge moscaukoûe, ctrcs)  ▢ G[]HJOAOMHM MGA P.H HA G[]HMC [CAOMC  ▢ G[]WMOC[ MG KCLPH]OJOAOMHM

]GLH BHZHJG[ KCEKGP]C2 KCEKG P]C2

[ce aoquomcs mg hmloeostrhkoûe crha qug kcegege 8 c lhs proekopocs

hkvcs c mrcfhs, qug gstèe mgsehmhs h sgr oefgromhs soe moauor c prgvoh moaukoûe

KAH[OIOKHKOCE2 -

Bhrhjgs solpags

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Bhrhjgs hrclhzhmcs

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 Bhrhjgs lgmokoehags c lgmokhlgetcscs Acs bhrhjgs gsthe kclpugstcs pcr2

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Proekopoc hkvc

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Bhrhjg solpag

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[hjcrozhetg

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Kcacrhetg

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Hecxomhetg

PZGPHZHKOCE MG BHZHJG[ [g pugmg gahjcrhr pcr lgtcmcs mg moscaukoûe2

 

Lgtcmc ge iroc - Pcr hfothkoûe - Pcr pgrkcahkoûe - Ge shkhrcaozhmcr Lgtcmc ge khaogetg

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Pcr hfothkoûe lheuha

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Hfothmcr lgkheokc

Bhrhjgs mg OE]O, JHFC, OIH gbglpacs2 tussoeca, ehstozca, tckgx, pgetusoa, voloe.

]GLH [W[PGE[OCEG[ AOXWOMH[ KCEKGP]C2 Pugmge mgioeorsg kclc sostglhs dgtgrcfïegcs sûaomc- aìquomc icrlhmcs pcr phrtìkuahs sûaomhs oescaujags suspgemomhs c mospgrshs ge ueh ihsg aìquomh. Ah ihsg sûaomh sg kceckg fgegrhalgetg kce ga ecljrg mg ihsg mospgrsh c ihsg moskcetoeuh, logetrhs qug ah ihsg aoquomh sg mgecloeh ihsg mospgrshetg c ihsg kcetoeuh. [CAWKOCEG[ •

Ec gstïroags 2

•

[cau [c auko koce cegs gs crh crhag agss (bhrh (bhrhjg jg,, gaoxo gaoxor, r, fcth fcths) s)

• •

[cauko [cau koce cegs gs tû tûpo pokh khss (po (poga ga)) Geglhs 

 

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Gstïroags

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[cau [c auko koce cegs gs oe oeyg ygkt kthj hjag agss

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[cau auko koce ceg gs Cit Citha halo lokh khss

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[cau auko koce ceg gs Eh Ehssha hags gs

ICZLWAHKOCE [CAWKOCEG[ 8.- Proekopoc Hktovc •

Mos osc cav avge getg tg// vg vgdì dìku kuac ac

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Yoskcshetgs

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Kcesgrvhetgs

: .- Kcrrgktcrgs crfhecagptokcs crfhecagptokcs •

Gmua Gm uakc kcrh rhet etgs gs,, sh shjc jcro rozh zhet etgs gs,, kc kcac acrh rhet etgs gs

;.- Gsthjoaozhetgs Zgfuahmcrgs mg pd, hetocxomhetgs.

KCLPC[OKOCE MG WEH [W[PGE[OCE Ahs suspgesocegs sg mgioege kclc mospgrsocegs dgtgrcfïeghs sûaomc-aìquomc kcestotuomhs pcr mcs ihsgs2 •

Ihsg sûaomh2 Ihsg oetgreh, moskcetoeuh, c mospgrsh2 gstè icrlhmh pcr  phrtìkuahs sûaomhs, oescaujags, ioehlgetg movomomhs y suspgemomhs ge ga vgdìkuac c lgmoc mospgrshetg.

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Ihsg aìquomh2 Ihsg gxtgreh, kcetoeuh c mospgrshetg2 kcesostg ge ue aìquomc, hkucsc c ue sglosûaomc, qug togeg kogrth kcesostgekoh y qug pugmg sgr hkucsc c frhsc.

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]geschktovcs2 hfg hfgetg etgss mos mospgr pgrsh shetg etgs2 s2 acs tgeschktovcs tgeschktovcs  sce susth susthekoh ekohss qug olpomge qug ahs phrtìkuahs sg hfrgfuge, yh qug h lhycr thlhøc, ahs phrtìkuahs togege lhycr tgemgekoh h sgmolgethr. Weh suspgesoûe gsthjag sugag tgegr ge su iûrluah hafòe hfgetg tgesc hktovc.

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Gsthjoaozhetgs2 kuhaquogr susthekoh qug sg oekauyg ge ah icrluahkoûe mg ah suspgesoûe qug olpomh qug gsth pogrmh su gsthjoaomhm

G[]HJOAOMHM MG WEH [W[PGE[OÛE •

Ahs suspge Ahs suspgesoc socegs egs ec ec sce gsth gsthjag jags. s. Ah gsthj gsthjoao oaomhm mhm iìso iìsokh kh mg ahs ahs suspgesocegss pcmrìh mgioeorsg kclc ueh kcemokoûe ge ah kuha ahs suspgesoceg phrtìkuahs ec sg hfrgfhe y pgrlhegkge mostrojuomhs mg icrlh dclcfïegh ge ah suspgesoûe h ac ahrfc mg ue toglpc mgtgrloehmc, soe sgmolgethr eo sgphrhrsg ihsgs.

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Phrh Phr h moslo mosloeuo euorr ah vg vgack ackomh omhm m mg sgf sgflge lgethk thkoûe oûe dhy qug qug22

 

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Mosl Mo sloe oeuo uorr ga th thlh lhøc øc mg ahs ahs ph phrt rtìk ìkua uahs hs..

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Hulg Hu lget ethr hr ah vo vosk skcs csom omhm hm mg lg lgmo moc. c.

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Gvothrr khljoc Gvoth khljocss jrusk jruskcs cs mg tglp tglpgrh grhtur turh h murhet murhetg g ga halhkg halhkgeh ehbg, bg, trhespcrtg...

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Gvothr krosthaozhkocegs lgmohetg ah oekausoûe mg hetokcefgahetgs hetokcefgahetgs ge  ge ah icrluahkoûe.

LG]CMC[ •

Ga prckg prckgsc sc mg mg mgsgsth mgsgsthjoaoz joaozhkoûe hkoûe koeït koeïtokh okh pugmg pugmg sgr jhsth jhsthetg etg ahrfc ahrfc (dhs (dhsth th vhrocs lgsgs c oekausc høcs phrh hafuecs prcmuktcs) y h lgeumc gs egkgshroc phrh ga icrluahmcr ushr lïtcmcs lès rèpomcs phrh hakhezhr ga toglpc mg mgshrrcaac rhzcehjag phrh ga mosgøc mg eugvcs prcmuktcs scjrg ah jhsg mg suspgesocegs kcekgetrhmhs.

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Acs lïtcm lïtcmcs cs tïrlokc tïrlokcss sce sce acs acs lès lès utoaozh utoaozhmcs mcs y kcesost kcesostge ge ge ge ga ga hulgetc hulgetc mg ah tglpgrhturh phrh hkgagrhr ah mgsgsthjoaozhkoûe (pcr mgjhbc mg ahs tglpgrhturhs krìtokhs mg oevgrsoûe mg ihsg c mgfrhmhkoûe quìlokh). Ga halhkgehlogetc mg ueh mospgrsoûe h haths tglpgrhturhs pgrlotg ah soluahkoûe mg mg kogrths kcemokocegs mg ahscahr vomhge rgha ue prcmuktc (pcr soec gbglpac, tujc krglh mg prctgkkoûe uemgkckdg ge vgrhec), thljoïe phrh hkgagrhr ah mgsgsthjoaozhkoûe dhsth uehs :00 vgkgs.

KCE]ZCA MG KHAOMHM •

[caukocegs mg hmloeostrhkoûe crha y tûpokh

•

- Hspgktc

- Kcetgeomc mg P. H

•

- PD

- Kcetgeomc mg prgsgrvhetgs

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- Mgesomhm.

•

[caukocegs hmloeostrhkoûe phrgetgrha

•

- Hs Hspg pgkt ktc. c.

•

- Mgesomhm kcet mg hktovcs, prgsgrvhetgs. prgsgrvhetgs.

- Kcetrca lokrcjoûacfokc - pD hu husg sgek ekoh oh mg ph phrtì rtìku kuah ahss

]glh Krglhs fgags y pclhmhs

 

Ah ic icrl rlh h fh fhaï aïeo eokh kh c ic icrl rlh h ih ihrl rlhk hkïu ïutotokh kh gs ga prcm prcmuk uktc tc rgsu rgsuatathe hetg tg mg ah prgphrhkoûe mg ue ièrlhkc y ue gxkopogetg phrh kcestotuor ue lgmokhlgetc kce ga ioe mg pcsojoaothr su hmloeostrhkoûe. Ahs icrlhs ihrlhkïutokhs sg pugmge kahsoiokhr sgfòe su gsthmc iìsokc ge trgs frupcs proekophags2 Aìquomhs2 ackoûe, iclgetc gtk. [glosûaomhs2 uefñgetcs, pclhmhs, krglhs, gtk. [ûaomhs2 pcavcs lgmokoehags, gtk.

Pclhmhs2  frupc mg prgphrhmc ihrlhkïutokc luy dgtgrcfïegc, khrhktgrozhmc pcr su kcesostgekoh sglosûaomh, gstè mgstoehmc h sgr hpaokhmcs scjrg ah poga c ah lukcsh, kcesth mg gxkopogetgs sgekoaacs y kclpagbcs. Kcesthe mg ueh jhsg ge ueh scah ihsg ge ah qug pugmge mospgrshr susthekohs scaomhs c aoquomhs y sg kahsoiokhe ge2 

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Pclhmhs domrûicjhs2 scac pugmge hjscrjgr pgqugøhs khetomhmgs mg hfuh. Pclhmhs Pclh mhs qug gluasoceh gluasocehe e hfuh2 hfuh2  gsths pugmge hjscrjgr lhycrgs khetomhmgs mg hfuh, prcmukogemc gluasocegs gluasocegs mg topc w/c c c/w. Pclhmhs domrûioahs2  sce prgphrhkocegs kuyhs jhsgs sce loskojags kce hfuh.

KZGLH[ Prgphrhkoûe aoquomh c sglosûaomh qug kcetogeg ga c acs proekopocs hktovcs y hmotovcs egkgshrocs phrh cjtgegr ueh gluasoûe fgegrhalgetg hkgotg ge hfuh kce ue kcetgeomc mg hfuh supgrocr ha :0%. [ce icrlhs ihrlhkïutokhs kcestotuomhs pcr mcs ihsgs, ueh aopciìaokh y ctrh hkucsh. Weh moigrgekoh getrg ah krglh y ah pclhmh gs qug ah pclhmh iauyg kce moiokuathm y ahs krglhs iauyge ièkoalgetg, hmglès ahs pclhmhs sce soglprg lcecièsokhs. [g kahsoiokhe ge2 Domrûioahs Ihsg gxtgreh hkucsh. Gs ahvhjag. Ygdìkuac phrh susthekohs domrcscaujags.

Domrûicjhs Ihsg gxtgreh cagcsh. Ec gs ahvhjag. Ygdìkuac phrh susthekohs aopcscaujag.

FGAG[ Gsths prgphrhkocegs gstèe icrlhmhs pcr aìquomcs fgaoiokhmcs kce hyumh mg hfgetgs hprcpohmcs.

 

[g mg mge ecloe cloeh he fg fgag agss h kcac kcacom omgs gs trh trhes esph phrg rget etg gs> sos ostg tgl lh mg mcs kclpcegetgs, rokc ge aìquomc, mg ehturhagzh sglosûaomh.

[g kahsoiokhe ge2  

Domrûicjcs (cagcfgags) Domrûioacs (domrcfgags)

Moigrgekoh2 Krglh Lgzk Lg zkah ah hfuh hfuh,, fr frhs hsh h gluasocehmh.  Hjscrkoûe lgmoh. Pckh khphkomhm ckausovh.  Hath tcagrhjoaomhm.

Fg a  Hspgktc fgahtoecsc.  Hatc kcetgeomc hkucsc.  Hjscrkoûe jhbh/lgmoh.  Hkkoûe supgriokoha.

Pclhmh  Hatc kcetgeomc ge frhsh. Jhbc kcetgeomc hkucsc, glcaogetg y aujrokhetg.  Hkkoûe prciuemh.

]glh Khpsuahs murhs y jahemhs Mgioeokoûe2 [ce prgphrhkocegs mg kcesostgekohs scaomhs icrlhmhs pcr ueh kujogrth murh c jahemh qug gstè kcestotuomc pcr uec c lès proekopocs hktovcs hkclphøhmcs c ec, gstcs pugmge sgr mg ueh kcesostgekoh sûaomh, aoquomh c phstgcsh, thags kclc2    

Moscavgetgs Moauygetgs Aujrokhetgs Mosfrgfhetgs

Kahsoiokhkoûe2 Gsths sg pugmge kahsoiokhr ge2    

Murhs Jahemhs Aojgrhkoûe Lcmoiokhmh Khpsuahs gspgkohags

Khpsuahs Murhs2 [ce icrlhs ihrlhkïutokhs [caomhs ah kuha gstè kcestotuomh pcr mcs phrtgs ge ga kugrpc, y su prgphrhkoûe gs mg lhegrh sgphrhmh getrg sus kclpcsokocegs tgemrìh2  

Fgahtoeh Aujrokhetg

 

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Mgsoetgfrhetg Kcesgrvhetgs ]geschktovcs

]hlhøc mg khpsuahs murhs2

Ihjrokhkoûe2 

Prgphrhkoûe mg ah scaukoûe kcekgetrhmh mg fgahtoeh (;0- =0% ge pgsc) ge hfuh mgsloegrhaozhmh (90-60°K).

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Icrlhkoûe mg ahs kèpsuahs pcr oelgrsoûe ge ah scaukoûe mg fgahtoeh, lhetgeomh h ueh tglpgrhturh kcesthetg (=7-77°K), kce puezcegs mg hkgrc oecxomhjag. [cjrg ah supgriokog mg puezcegs c lcamgs, sg icrlh

ueh

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pgaìkuah pcr fgaoiokhkoûe. [gkhmc mg ah pgaìkuah ge gstuihs mg mgsgkhkoûe. Gxtrhkkoûe y geshljahmc mg acs kugrpcs y ahs thphs sgkcs. Phrh qug ec sg sgphrge ièkoalgetg ga kugrpc y ah thph mg ahs kèpsuahs sg dhe omghmc movgrscs sostglhs mg kogrrg, kclc2  [gaahmc kce ueh fcth mg fgahtoeh c kcackhkoûe mg ue prgkoetc ge ah zceh mg kcethktc getrg kugrpc y thph. [ostglhs mg hutcjacqugc, kclc [ehp- Iox® , Kceo-[ehp c [thrAckn®,kcesostgetgs Ackn®,kcesostge tgs ge ah icrlhkoûe mg dgemomurhs y prctujgrhekohs kclpaglgethrohs ge ga kugrpc y ge ah thph mg ah kèpsuah.

Kcetrca mg khaomhm2 Acs kcetrcags qug mgjge dhkgr h ahs kèpsuahs kclc prcmuktc tgrloehmc sce2

 

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 Hphrogekoh  Kcacr  Cacr  Geshyc pD Mgsoetgfrhkoûe Moscaukoûe Dulgmhm Aìlotg lokrcjohec

Lhquoehroh2 Ahs lhquoehrohs pcsgge khrhktgrìstokhs qug ahs dhkge lès ièkoa su Cpgrhkoûe y Aolpogzh W2 

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Pugmge aagehr moigrgetgs lhtgrohags kclc sce pcavcs, lokrcfrèeuacs, thjagths y kcljoehkocegs mg gstcs. Kcetrca pgsc prgkosc ge ga aagehmc. Kugethemg kce PAK (Prcfrhlhmcr Aûfokc Kclputhrozhmc). Pugmge sgr ushmhs kce moigrgetgs thlhøcs mg kèpsuahs.

Mohfrhlh mg iaubc2       

 Haolgethkoûe  Hbustg mg morgkkoûe [gphrhkoûe Aagehmc Mgtgktcr mg khpsuahs rgkdhzhmhs Kgrrhr  Gxpuasoûe mg prcmuktc tgrloehmc

Khpsuahs jahemhs2 Icrlhs ihrlhkïutokhs scaomhs cjtgeomhs pcr gevcaturh mg faokgrcfgahtoeh ecrlhalgetg gaèstokh qug kcetogege ge su oetgrocr susthekohs fgegrhalgetg aoquomhs voskcshs. Kcestotuomhs pcr ueh scah pogzh ac qug pgrlotg qug ga kcetgeomc qugmg gekgrrhmc dgrlïtokhlgetg ge ga oetgrocr. ]ogege icrlhs gsiïrokhs hahrfhmhs, cvcomgs ]ujuahr.

Kahsoiokhkoûe2   

Khpsuahs prcpohlgetg mokdh Khpsuaoeh Pgrah

Faûjuac Ihjrokhkoûe2 

 

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Gagfor ue thequg mg iusoûe mg fgahtoeh hmgkuhmc Prgphrhr lhtgroha mg rgaagec Kclogezh ga prckgsc mg gekhpsuahkoûe

Kcetrca mg khaomhm2 8.Gaoloehr kèpsuahs mg [citfga mhøhmhs, rcths c mgicrlhmhs :.Ygroiokhkoûe mga hspgktc mg ah kèpsuah, pgsc, ueoicrlomhm mg kcetgeomc, gtk. ;. Zghaozhkoûe mg geshycs lokrcjocaûfokcs. =.Mgtgrloehr ga eovga mg dulgmhm mg ah khrkhsh, ga frcscr, ga pgsc y ga lgkheoslc mg sgaahmc

]glh [ugrcs MGIOEOKOCE2 prgphrhkocegs gstïroags mgstoehmhs h sgr oeygkthmhs, hmloeostrhmhs pcr pgriusoûe c olpahethmhs ge ga kugrpc dulhec c heuha. (Ihrlhkcpgh Gurcpgh) Mgjge hsgfurhrsg su gstgroaomhm, gvothrah prgsgekoh mg kcethloehetgs y porûfgecs, kclc ga krgkologetc mg lokrccrfheoslcs. [orvge phrh rgpcegr ga aìquomc pgrmomc. ]opcs mg sugrcs2  

Krosthacomgs Kcacomgs

Ihrlhkcacfìh2 Krosthacomgs2  

Lhetgegr ue gquoaojroc domrcgaïktrokc. Gxphemor vcaòlgegs oetgrstokoha y pahslètokc, sce2   

DOPC]CEOKC[ O[C]CEOKC[ DOPGZ]CEOKC[

Kcacomgs2   

Gxphemor ga pahslh shefuìegc. Zgpcegr ihath mg prctgìehs. [dckn dglcrrèfokc.

 

 

]opcs2 Ehturha y hrtoiokoha.

Hljogetg y lhquoehroh2

Kcetrca mg khaomhm2 

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]cmhs ahs lgzkahs phrgetgrhags gahjcrhmhs mgjge sgr hehaozhmhs y phshr ue kcetrca mg khaomhm phrh su hprcjhkoûe ioeha prgvoc h ah utoaozhkoûe. Ah oespgkkoûe vosuha pgrlotg hsgfurhr ah husgekoh mg phrtìkuahs ge suspgesoûe, kcetrca mg khaomhm mg ah aolpomgz mga prgphrhmc, husgekoh mg khljocs mg kcacr. Ah prgphrhkoûe mg actgs 5 :7 ueomhmgs mg lgzkahs mg Zogsfc hatc gxofge ah rghaozhkoûe mg ue tgst mg gstgroaomhm y hporcfgeokomhm mga prgphrhmc ge ahs kcemokocegs qug sg gahjcrh. Ga gtoqugthmc ioeha mg khmh lgzkah mgjg gsthr kclpagtc mg icrlh qug sg omgetoioqug2 Acs ecljrgs y khetomhmgs c kcekgetrhkocegs mg acs kclpcegetgs, ga vcaulge tctha, ga pgrocmc mg vhaomgz, ah vìh hmgkuhmh mg hmloeostrhkoûe, ahs kcemokocegs mg halhkgehlogetc, y kuhaquogr ctrh oeicrlhkoûe egkgshroh phrh su usc sgfurc. Ge ahs lgzkahs oemovomuhaozhmhs mgjgrè iofurh thljoïe ga ecljrg mga phkogetg.

 

HKCEMOKOCEHMCZ PHZH KHJGAAC GE W[C KC[LG]OKC

 

KHJGAAC Gs ueh kcetoeuhkoûe mg ah poga kcreoiokhmh, icrlhmh pcr ueh iojrh mg qugrhtoeh y kcestotuomh pcr ueh rhìz y ue thaac. Ga pD omgha gs mg hprcx getrg 9 y 6 (èkomc pcr ehturhagzh). EW]ZOGE]G[ PHZH GA KHJGAAC Hkgotg mg halgemrh2 hktòh scjrg ga pgac prcpcrkoceèemcag ue sdct mg eutrokoûe. clgfh-; y vothloehs H, J y G, yqug ga lhfegsoc. rgphrhmcr y rgvothaozhetg prctgfg y eutrg h Hkgotg mgKcetogeg kckc2 gigktc prciuemomhm. Gs omgha phrh ah rgsgqugmhm, ge ga kugrc khjgaaumc c pgac. Mgspuïs mga jhøc, phrh gvothr ga iroz. Ahecaoeh2 rgtogeg ah dulgmhm y prctgfg kcetrh ah a h rcturh. Iuekoceh kclc ue dulgkthetg y hjscrjg ah dulgmhm mga horg. Jrceo Jr ceomcx mcx a2  hfgetg hfgetg mg kcesg kcesgrvh rvhkoû koûe, e, hpr hprcpo cpohmc hmc ahs cp cpgrh grhkoc kocegs egs y prgp pr gphr hrhm hmcs cs mg kcsl kcslït ïtok okcs cs qu qug g ec pg pgrl rlhe hegk gkge ge ge ah po poga ga>> kclc kclc sdhlpccs, jhøcs mg gspulh, prgphrhkocegs phrh ah mukdh, krglhs mgtgrfgetgs, dulgkthetgs, gluasocehetgs,gtk gluasocehetgs,gtk.. Mgdyquhrt (kacrurc mg kgtrolceoc)2 utoaozhmc ge krglhs y ic icrl rlua uahk hkoc oceg egss mg hkce hkcemo moko koce cehm hmcr crgs gs ph phrh rh ga khjg khjgaaaac, c, hs hsìì kc kclc lc ge

 

 

icrluahkocegs mg jhsg phrh suhvozhetgs mg tgxtoags. HKCEMOKOCEHMCZ Wshmc phrh ga kuomhmc mga khjgaac, lhetgeoïemcac domrhthmc, suhvg y ihkoaoth su pgoehmc, ag hpcrth jroaac ha pgac, prgvogeg ah rcturh y ahs pueths hjogrths. ]OPC[ MG HKCEMOKOCEHMCZG[ 8. Hkcemokocehmcrgs prciuemcs c lhskhroaahs hkcemokocehmcrhs2 togemge h sgr pgshmcs y gspgscs. :. Hkcemokocehmcrgs ecrlhags c rgfuahrgs2  rgquogrge hpaokhrsg y sg ahvhe oelgmohthlgetg. Pugmge sgr phrtg mga kdhlpò. ;. Hkcemokocehmcrgs Zg-gstrukturhmcrgs2 ag mhe kugrpc y icrlh tglpcrha ha khjgaac. Ec rgphrhe soec qug ag mhe ueh hphrogekoh lès vcauloecsh, shaumhjag y jroaahetg. =. hkcemokocehmcrgs ]cmcs acs Hkcem Hkce mok okoc oce ehmc hmcrg rgs s hr mgsge gsger gm hr22  hyumh hyumhe ephrh h hmgsgergmhr gargmhr pgac. Pgrc dhy gspgkohags phrh gsth iuekoûe y sce lès qug tcmc phrh eoøcs.

HKCEMOKOCEHMCZG[ 

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Phetgeg Zozcs prc  Haquolox Khetu Jrhzoaohe ngrhtoe slcctd

[O[]GLH MG HPC_C KZÌ]OKC PHZH AH OEMW[]ZOH

 

[ce acs [ce acs sost sostgl glhs hs qu qug g ic icrl rlhe he ph phrt rtg g gstr gstruk uktu turh rhaa mg mget etrc rc mg ah oe oemu must stro roh h ihrlhkïut ihrlh kïutokh, okh, acs prckgscs prckgscs mg gsth ck ckuphe uphe ga sgrvokoc sgrvokoc qug acs sos sostglhs tglhs mg hpcyc y su khaomhm h prcmuktc ioeha.

HOZG Gs fgegrhmc mgetrc mg ueh lhegbhmcrh qug kcesostg ge ue fhjoegtg mg hkgrc oecxomhjag sgkkocehmc ge vhrocs kclphrtolgetcs mcemg sg ujokhe2   

Jhekcs mg ioatrcs [grpgetoegs Ygetoahmcr 

Ga horg oefrgsh h ah lhegbhmcrh getrh ge kcethktc kce acs sgrpgetìe gs mg hfuh irìh y vhpcr mcemg ga horg gs geirohmc y augfc khagethmc phrh aagvhrac h ah tg tglp lpgr grht htur urh h y du dulg lgmh mhm m mgsg mgsghm hmh h murh murhet etg g su trhy trhygk gktc tc vh htrh htrhph phem emc c ah ahss phrtìkuahs kclc rgsuathmc cjtgeglcs horg kce acs rgqugrologetcs phrh ahs èrghs mg ihjrokhkoûe.

Mohroc2 tglpgrhturh, dulgmhm y prgsoûe moigrgekoha. Pgroûmokhlgetg2 Phrtìkuahs ec vohjags O[C-4 (9lgsgs) O[C-? (8:lgsgs) Phrtìkuahs vohjags O[C-4 (8lgs) O[C-? (8:lgsgs)  

 

Horg kclprolomc Ga prckgsc oeokoh mgsmg acs kclprgscrgs gstcs gquopcs tclhe horg mga hljo jog get etg g dhko koïe ïem mca cac c phshr shr h tr trhv hvïs ïs mg mc mcss frhe frhem mgs tcre tcreoaoaac acss pcstg pc stgrocr rocrlge lgetg tg ga horg horg phs phsh h ha thequg thequg dòl dòlgm gmc c mg hal halhkg hkgehl ehloge ogetc tc mcemg pogrmg phrtg dulgmhm. Ga horg mga thequg dòlgmc phsh pcr acs sgkhmcrgs gstcs geirìhe ga horg kcemgeshemc ah dulgmhm, qugmhemc rgtgeomh ge ahs Phlphs mg hfuh phshemc scac ga horg. ]hequg sgkc Ga horg horg kclp kclpro rolo lomc mc sg sgkc kc y ioioatatrh rhmc mc phsh phsh ha theq thequg ug sg sgkc kc,, totoge geg g ue ueh h khphkomhm : LA y gs mcemg sg halhkgeh dhsth qug gs rgqugromc pcr  ue gquopc cmg prckgsc. ]ujgr ]u jgrìh ìh mg horg horg kclpro kclprolom lomc c Gs mg hauloeoc aofgrc y rgsostgetg h ah kcrrcsoûe. Ioat Ioatrc rcss mg 0, 0,08 08ul ul rgl rglugv ugvg g lok lokrcc rccrfh rfheos eoslcs lcs prg prgsg sgetg etgss ge ga horg horg kclprolomc ga kuha pugmg utoaozhrsg ge prckgscs.

HFWH Gs ah susthekoh, lhtgroh prolh y lhtgroha mg oeokoc lès ushmc ge ah prcmukkoûe, prckgsc y icrluahkoûe mg prcmuktcs. 

Kcesomgrhmc soglprg kclc sostglh olpcrthetg.

Hfuh phrh Oeygkkoûe (VIO)  

Phrtgs qug kclpcege ue sostglh mg hfuh Prgtrhthlogetc, Fgegrhkoûe, Mostrojukoûe, Halhkgehlogetc.

 

[ostglhh mg hfuh [ostgl hfuh puroi puroiokh okhmh mh (VP) (VP) Fgegrh hfuh mg khaomhm ihrlhkïutokh h phrtor mg hfuh pcthjag. [g kclpceg mg mcs gaglgetcs2

[ostglhh mg fge [ostgl fgegrh grhkoû koûe e  ckur ckurrg rg ga tr trht hthl hlog oget etc c mg hfuh hfuh ga sos ostg tglh lh gs haolgethmc pcr kostgreh mg hfuh pcthjag prgtrhthlogetc. 8. :. ;. =.

Gs sclgtomh scl gtomh h trhthl trhthlogetc ogetc q quìlok uìlokc gaoloeh gaoloehr r gamhs KC:gey su soaokoc soaokoc. . soûe.. Phsh pcr pcr ga ioatrc ga ku kuha ha rglugvg rglu gvg cahsphrh p phrtìku hrtìkuahs ahs sûao sûaomhs suspge spgesoûe Phsh pcr pcr ga ioatrc su suhvoz hvozhmcr, hmcr, rglugv rglugvg g ah murgz murgzh h prgsg prgsgetg etg ge ga hfu hfuh. h. [g ag hfrgfh hfrgfh u ue e hfge hfgetg tg quì quìlokc lokc qug qug hyumh hyumh h rglc rglcvgr vgr ga ka kacrc. crc.

[ostglhh mg mos [ostgl mostro trojuk jukoûe oûe [g halhkgeh ge ue thequg mg kuha haolgeth acs puetcs. ]hequg halhkgehlogetc mg hkgrc oecxomhjag ;89 a togeg ueh khphkomhm mg 7000 aotrcs.

YHPCZ Yhpcr aolpoc prgsurozhmc2 sg utoaozh ge ah oemustroh ihrlhkïutokh phrh gvothr  qug ga kcethktc mg gstg vhpcr prcmuzkh kuhaquogr kcethloehkoûe. Ga vhpc vhpcrr aol aolpo poc c mg gsth gsth kh khaom aomhm hm,, kuhe kuhemc mc gstè gstè prgs prgsur uroz ozhm hmc, c, pu pugm gmg g kh khus ushr  hr  kcrr kc rrcs csoû oûe e iè ièko koal alge getg tg h rg rgmg mgss y hs hsìì losl loslc c ga vh vhpc pcrr pu pugm gmg g kc kcet ethl hloe oehr hrsg sg ièkoalgetg so ec sg utoaozhe lhtgrohags rgsostgetgs.

Yhpcr aolpoc sgkc2 prcmukge vhpcr sgkc shturhmc h prgsoûe supgrocr h ah mga kcemuktc pgrc luy kgrkheh h ah htlcsiïrokh. [ce khphkgs mg fgstocehr ga trhthlogetc mga hfuh ge su mgpûsotc, kcetrcahr ga usc mga vhpcr mg khamgrh ge iuekoûe mg ah mglhemh mg dulgkthkoûe y hmglès, prcmukor ga vhpcr hmgkuhmc ha iaubc mg horg sgkc.

PZC]GK]CZG[ [CAHZG[ (IOA]ZC[ WYJ-WYH) Acs rhycs WYH gstèe prgsgetgs tcmc ga høc y rgprgsgethe ga ?7 % mg acs rhycs uatrhvocagth qug tckhe ah supgriokog mg ah ]ogrrh.  Ha prcmukor rhmokhags aojrgs, aojrgs, pugmge khushr mhø mhøcs cs prcvckhr2    

Ictcgevgbgkologetc Ah oetcagrhekoh ha sca ]rhstcrecs mg ah poflgethkoûe Kèekgr mg poga.

WYJ2 ah J pugmg hsckohrsg kce "jures" (quglhmurhs) c "jrcekghmc mg ah poga‑ Acs rhycs WYJ rgprgsgethe ga 7 % mg acs rhycs WY qug aagfhe h ah ]ogrrh. Acs rhycs WYH,  ahs eujgs y ga vomroc acs irgehe, pgrc pugmge pgegtrhr ah gpomgrlos.

 

³XWG G[ WE PZC]GK]CZ [CAHZ3 Gs ueh ackoûe, fga, hgrcsca u ctrc tûpokc qug gvoth c mosloeuyg acs gigktcs khushmcs pcr ah rhmohkoûe scahr. [o togegs poga, khjgaac y cbcs kahrcs , vhs h egkgsothr ueh prctgkkoûe hath c luy hath (IP[ ;0-70+). [o togeg togegss ueh poga lès cskurh, pcmrì pcmrìhs hs ushr ue ihktcr ihktcr mg prctgkkoûe lès jhbc.

PZC]GKKOÛ PZC]GK KOÛE E KC KCE]Z E]ZH H WYJ [g lomg lgmohetg ue sostglh aahlhmc IP[ (ihktcr mg prctgkkoûe scahr). Dhy kuhtrc eovgags mg prctgkkoûe2     

Jhbc (ihktcr 9 h 80). Lgmoc (87 h :7).  Hatc (;0 h 70). Luy hatc (70+).

PZC]GKKOÛE KCE]ZH AC[ ZH_C[ WYH2 GA [O[]GLH MG PPM ]ogeg su prcpoc sostglh aahlhmc PPM (Ìemokg mg Cskurgkologetc Poflgethroc). We PPM lès hatc olpaokh ueh prctgkkoûe lès pctgetg y murhmgrh kcetrh acs gigktcs eckovcs mg acs rhycs WYH.

³KWÈA G[ GA PZOEKOPOC HK]OYC MG WE PZC]GK]CZ [CAHZ3 Acs prctgktcrgs scahrgs quìlokcs iuekocehe kclc ueh gspcebh, hjscrjogemc acs rhycs WY mga sca. Gstcs prcmuktcs kcetogege uec c lès mg acs sofuogetgs oefrgmogetgs hktovcs hprcjhmcs pcr ah IMH2 ûxomc mg zoek, cxojgezceh, hvcjgezceh, cktoshahtc, cktckryageg, dclcshahtc y cktoecxhtc.