Evolusi Kelelawar Dan Bukti Youri

 

I@D@B@E ]jgrf Jvgbusf Djbjb`w`r  

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Mfsusul Gbje ; Iue`ii`m Vgurf @zrj`b UFF IFQ@ 3

_I@ LJHJSF 0 BJZXFBF@LH ]@EZL @K@S@L 3106/3131

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D`t` Qjlh`lt`r

Qukf syudur dje`mfr`t @bb`e _X] y`lh tjb`e ijicjrfd`l r`ei`t m`l efm`y`e-Ly` sjeflhh` s`y` m`p`t ijlyjbjs`fd`l tuh`s i`d`b`e y`lh cjrkumub ]jgrf Jvgbusf Djbjb`w`r flf tjp`t p`m` w`dtuly`. @m`pul tuku`l m`rf pjlubfs`l m`rf i`d`b`e flf `m`b`e ultud ijijluef tuh`s C`p`d Fr. L`l` p`m` i`t` pjb`k`r`l Cfgbghf Djb`s UFF. _jb`fl ftu, i`d`b`e flf kuh` cjrtuku`l ultud ijl`ic`e w`w`s`l tjlt`lh Djbjb`w`r m`l tjgrf tjlt`lh jvgbusfly` c`hf p`r` pjic`o` m`l kuh` c`hf pjlubfs. _`y` ijlhuo`pd`l tjrfi` d`sfe djp`m` C`p`d Fr.L`l`, sjb`du Huru I`t` Qjb`k`r`l Cfgbghf y`lh tjb`e ijicjrfd`l tuh`s flf sjeflhh` m`p`t ijl`ic`e pjlhjt`eu`l m`l w`w`s`l djp`m` s`y`. _`y` kuh` ijlhuo`pd`l tjrfi` d`sfe djp`m` sjiu` pfe`d y`lh tjb`e ijic`hf sjc`hf`l pjlhjt`eu`lly` sjeflhh` s`y` m`p`t ijlyjbjs`fd`l i`d`b`e flf, c`fd mf fltjrljt/cudu. _`y` ijly`m`rf, i`d`b`e y`lh s`y` tubfs flf i`sfe k`ue m`rf d`t` sjipurl`. Gbje d`rjl` ftu, drftfd m`l s`r`l y`lh ijic`lhul `d`l s`y` l`ltfd`l mjif djsjipurl``l i`d`b`e flf.

Cghgr,= Njcru`rf 3131

Iue`ii`m Vgurf @zrj`b

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M`nt`r Fsf

D`t` Qjlh`lt`r ................................................................ f M`nt`r fsf ......................................................................... ff C@C F Qjlm`eubu`l @. B`t`r Cjb`d`lh ....... ................ ................... ................... ................... ............. ... = C@C FF Qjic`e`s`l @. Igy`lh Djbjb`w`r ......... .................. .................. ................... ............... ..... > C. Jvgbusf Djbjb`w`r .............. ........................ ................... ................... .......... 8 O. Cudtf Jvgbusf Djbjb`w`r ............ ...................... ................... ......... 0? C@C FFF Qjlutup @. Djsfipub`l... Djsf ipub`l................... ................................. ................................ ............... 33 M`nt`r Qust`d` .............................................................. 3?

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C@C F QJLM@EZBZ@L

@. B`t`r Cjb`d`lh

Jvgbusf `m`b`e fbiu y`lh ijipjb`k`rf sjk`r`e `s`b-usub i`debud efmup m`l djtjrd`ft`l hjljtfdmdd., `lt`r i`debud efmup y`lh s`tu jvgbusf, mjlh`l `t`u i`debud y`lh b`fl. E`ss`l, 310= ijlhjiud`d`l c`ew` sjrflhefmup kuh` mfsjcut jvgbusf grh`lfd `t`u jvgbusf Cfgbghf, `m`b`e pjruc`e`l m`rf w`dtu dj w`dtu p`m` s`tu `t`u bjcfe sfn`t tjrw`rfsd`l y`lh mfkuip`f p`m` pgpub`sf grh`lfsij. Ofrf-ofrf y`lh tjrw`rfsd`l flf ijlo`dup `l`tgif, cfgdfif`, `t`upul pjrfb`du y`lh cjrk`b`l m`rf s`tu hjljr`sf dj hjljr`sf sjb`lkutly`. Jvgbusf ijipjlh`ruef sjtf`p `spjd cjltud m`l pjrfb`du grh`lfsij. V`lh p`bflh ijlglkgb `m`b`e pjrfb`du spjsfnfd m`l `m`pt`sf nfsfd y`lh ijrup`d`l e`sfb sjbjdsf `b`i. M`b`i k`lhd` w`dtu y`lh s`lh`t b`i`, jvgbusf `d`l ijlyjc`cd`l tjrk`mfly` spjsf`sf y`ftu tjrcjltudly` spjsfjs c`ru. Q`m` t`eul 05:6, Oe`rbjs M`rwfl ijlhjiud`d`l tjgrfly` tjlt`lh jvgbusf ijb`buf sjbjdsf `b`i sjc`h`f pjlkjb`s`l `t`s `m`pt`sf m`l spjsf`sf, m`b`i cuduly` y`lhcjrkumub Gl tej Grfhfl gn _pjofjs. M`rwfl m`b`i cuduly` ]ej Grfhfl gn _pjofjs ijly`t`d`l c`ew` i`debud efmup y`lh `m` mf cuif flf ijrup`d`l e`sfb djturul`l m`rf igy`lh y`lh s`i` y`lh ijlh`b`if igmfnfd`sf, `m` su`tu ijd`lfsij ultud ijlkjb`sd`l c`h`fi`l` pjruc`e`l jvgbusf ftu cjrb`lhsulh y`lh mfsjcut mjlh`l tjgrf sjbjdsf `b`i. H`h`s`l tjlt`lh jvgbusf ftu tjb`e ijicjrfd`l su`tu pjlkjb`s`l y`lh i`sud `d`b tjlt`lh sjkuib`e n`dt` y`lh sud`r mfijlhjrtf (Dfic`bb, 065?). ]`lt`lh`l ut`i` m`b`i Cfgbghf `m`b`e ultud iji`e`if c`h`fi`l` spjsfjs cjrjvgbusf. E`rf flf, tjlt`lh 0:> t`eul sjtjb`e pjljrcft`l M`rwfl ‒Gl tej Grfhfl gn _pjofjs’ dft` cjl`r -cjl`r -cjl`r i`sfe tfm`d ijlhjrtf prgsjs spjsf`sf. E`b flf sjc`hf`l mfsjc`cd`l gbje djly`t``l c`ew` djc`ly`d`l stumf db`sfd spjsf`sf mfm`s`rd`l p`m` spjsfjs y`lh tjb`e ijlyfip`lh, m`l d`rjl` ftu, d`if cjrspjdub`sf djic`bf p`m` w`dtuly` ultud ijlyfipubd`l pjlyjc`c spjsf`sf.

Q`m` i`d`b`e flf `d`l mfc`e`s tjlt`lh jvgbusf ejw`l y`fu jvgbusf djbjb`w`r. Djbjb`w`r ijrup`d`l s`b`e s`tu `lhhgt` i`i`bf` y`lh tjri`sud dj m`b`i grmg Oefrgptjr` y`lh cjr`rtf ijipuly`f ‒s`y`p t`lh`l’, d`rjl` d`df mjp`lly` cjrigmfnfd`sf sjc`h`f s`y`p y`lh cjrcjm` mjlh`l s`y`p curulh (MjCb`sj m`l I`rtfl, 0650). _`y`p djbjb`w`r mfcjltud gbje pjrp`lk`lh`l k`rf djmu` s`ip`f djbfi` y`lh mftutupf gbje sjb`put tjrc`lh `t`u p`t`hfui, sjm`lhd`l k`rf pjrt`i` cjc`s m`l cjrudur`l rjb`tfn lgri`b. @lt`r` d`df mjp`l m`l d`df cjb`d`lh, p`t`hfui flf ijicjltud sjb`put b`tjr`b, sjm`lhd`l `lt`r` d`df cjb`d`lh m`l jdgr ijicjltud fltjrnjigr`b.

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C. Suius`l I`s`b`e 

Ijipjb`k`rf bjcfe k`ue tjlt`lh jvgbusf djbjb`w`r, ijlficubd`l cjcjr`p` pjrt`ly``l y`lh m`p`t mfruiusd`l sjc`h`f cjrfdut; 0. @p`d`e igy`lh m`rf djbjb`w`r7 3. C`h`fi`l`d C`h`fi`l`d`e `e prgsjs jvgbusf djbjb`w`r7 ?. @p` s`k`d`e cudtf-cudt cudtf-cudtff jvgbusf djbjb`w`r7 =. C`h`fi`l`d C`h`fi`l`d`e `e t`dsglgif djbjb`w`r7 :. C`h`fi`l` djtjrd`ft`l hjljtfd djbjb`w`r mjlh`l i`debud efmup y`lh b`fl7 O. ]uku`l 

Cjrm`s`rd`l p`m` ruius`l i`s`b`e, m`p`t mftjt`pd`l tuku`l sjc`h`f cjrfdut; 0. Ijlhjt`euf igy`lh djbjb`w`r. 3. Ijlhjt`euf prgsjs jvgbusf djbjb`w`r. ?. Ijlhjt`euf cudtf-cudtf jvgbusf djbjb`w`r. =. Ijlhjt`euf t`dsglgif djbjb`w`r djbjb`w`r.. :. Ijlhjt`euf djtjrd`ft`l hjljtfd djbjb`w`r djbjb`w`r mjlh`l mjlh`l i`debud efmup y`lh y`lh b`fl.

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C@C FF QJIC@E@_@L @. Igy`lh Djbjb`w`r 

Flngri`sf y`lh mfdjt`euf s`lh`t sjmfdft ijlhjl`f jvgbusf djbjb`w`r, d`rjl` ngsfb y`lh mftjiud`l :: kut` t`eul y`lh b`bu tjrly`t` sum`e sjpjrtf djbjb`w`r y`lh `m` p`m` s``t flf. Djbjb`w`r pjrt`i` y`lh mfdjt`euf mfcjrf l`i` Fo`rglyotjrfs, efmup mf  @ijrfd` Zt`r` m`l ijifbfdf bjc`r s`y`p sjp`lk`lh ?8 oi. _`y`ply _`y`ply` ` pjlmjd m`l bjc`r. Djbjb`w`r tfm`d sjk`d `w`b mfofpt`d`l mjlh`l dji`ipu`l l`vfh`sf ultud ijb`dud`l i`luvjr mf djhjb`p`l. Djbjcfe`lly` ftu iulhdfl c`ru cjrdjic`lh sjtjb`e djbjb`w`r cfs` tjrc`lh. E`b tjrsjcut m`p`t mfbfe`t m`rf ngsfb spjsfjs djbjb`w`r prfiftfn y`lh mftjiud`l mf Xygiflh, @_. Djbjb`w`r tjrsjcut mfpjrdfr`d`l efmup sjdft`r :3 kut` t`eul b`bu. Mfbfe`t m`rf tub`lh-cjbub`lhly`, djbjb`w`r tjrsjcut sum`e m`p`t tjrc`lh. L`iul, ejw`l tjrsjcut tfm`d ijifbfdf tub`lh y`lh cjrnulhsf m`b`i prgsjs l`vfh`sf cjrc`sfs hjbgic`lh su`r` y`lh sjrflh mfsjcut joegbgo`tfgl. Dji`ipu`l flf mfhul`d`l ultud ijlheflm`rf pjlhe`b`lh mf mjp`lly` s``t tjrc`lh `t`u pgsfsf i`lhs`ly`. Djbjb`w`r ijlhjbu`rd`l su`r` cjrnrjdujlsf tflhhf m`l ijljrfi` p`ltub`lly` p`ltub`lly` ultud ijlhudur k`r`d.

_jk`ue flf, sjiu` ngsfb djbjb`w`r y`lh pjrl`e mftjiud`l ijifbfdf dji`ipu`l tjc`lh i`upul joegbgo`tfgl. K`mf, p`r` pjljbftf ejw`l i`sfe ijipjrmjc`td`l sjk`d d`p`l dji`ipu`l tjrsjcut iuloub. ]jiu`l djbjb`w`r prfiftfn t`lp` joegbgo`tfgl mfb`pgrd`l L`loy _fiigls, Djp`b` Mfvfsf ^jrtjcr`t` Iusjui _jk`r`e L`sfgl`b @ijrfd`, Ljw Vgrd m`l tfily` m`b`i kurl`b L`turj jmfsf tjrc`ru. Ijrjd` ijicjrf l`i` fbif`e Glyoeglyotjrfm`j nflljyf ultud ijlhe`rh`f Cgllfj Nflljy, sjgr`lh dgbjdtgr y`lh ijljiud`lly` p`m` t`eul 311?. Zdur`lly` sjmfdft bjcfe djofb m`rfp`m` djbjb`w`r y`lh i`sfe efmup, mjlh`l bjc`r djp`d`l s`y`p sjdft`r ?1 ojltfijtjr. _trudtur hfhfly` ijlulkudd`l c`ew` f` i`d`l sjr`lhh`. _jburue  k`rf duduly` cjrdudu, tfm`d sjpjrtf djbjb`w`r djbjb`w`r uiuily` y`lh e`ly` e`ly` p`m` s`tu `t`u mu` k`rf.

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C. Jvgbusf Djbjb`w`r  0. Jvgbusf _`y`p Djbjb`w`r 

_`y`p tjb`e cjrdjic`lh sjo`r` i`lmfrf m`b`i vjrtjcr`t` sjtfm`dly` tfh` d`bf; mf ptjrgs`urus, curulh, m`l djbjb`w`r. Ijsdfpul p`r` fbiuw`l t`eu c`ew` ptjrgs`urus, sjpjrtf djbjb`w`r, tjrc`lh mjlh`l s`y`p y`lh tjrmfrf m`rf dubft ijicjlt`lh m`rf t`lh`l dj tucue. _`y`p curulh, mf sfsf b`fl tjrmfrf m`rf cubu. Curulh m`l djbjb`w`r, ijipuly`f s`y`p tjc`b mf mjp`l, ojiculh mf `t`s, m`l ojdulh `t`u nb`t mf c`hf`l c`w`e. _jc`h`f cjltud flf frfs`l ijb`buf um`r`, zgl` tjd`l`l rjlm`e y`lh tjrcjltud gbje um`r` bjcfe ojp`t cjrhjr`d dj `t`s, m`l tjd`l`l um`r` tflhhf ijlmgrglh s`y`p dj c`w`e, ijlofpt`d`l m`y` `lhd`t. Zltud ijrflh`ld`l tucue ijrjd` m`l ijiflfi`bd`l kuib`e m`y` `lhd`t y`lh ijrjd` e`rus ijicu`t, c`fd curulh m`l djbjb`w`r cf`s`ly` rjb`tfn djofb, m`l curulh ijifbfdf tub`lh cjrglhh`.

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Qjljbftf`l tjrc`ru m`rf Crgwl Zlfvjrsfty ijlulkudd`l djbjb`w`r tjb`e cjrjvgbusf, deususly` p`m` c`hf`l s`y`p. _`y`p y`lh mfifbfdf ejw`l tjrsjcut mfdjt`euf i`ipu ijlyfip`l jljrhf p`m` s``t tjrc`lh m`rf s`tu tjip`t dj tjip`t b`fl. Mfb`lsfr _gntpjmf`, D`ifs (03/=/3103), s`b`e s`tu `b`s`l ijlh`p` ejw`l i`i`bf` y`lh i`ipu tjrc`lh tjrsjcut i`ipu ijlyfip`l jljrhf `m`b`e d`rjl` s`y`p ijrjd` y`lh s`lh`t nbjdsfcjb. Q`r` fbiuw`l ijlh`t`d`l c`ew` tjiu`l flf cfs` cjri`ln``t c`hf flsflyur y`lh cjrhjbut mf cfm`lh pjljrc`lh`l ultud mjs`fl s`y`p pjs`w`t tjrc`lh. _`y`p djbjb`w`r ijifbfdf ijicr`l tfpfs y`lh ijiulhdfld`l ijrjd` ultud tjrc`lh m`l ijlk`h` cjr`t c`m`l ijrjd` sjo`r` djsjburue`l. _tumf c`ru flf mfpfipfl gbje tfi fltjrmfsfpbfljr m`rf `ebf Cfgbghf, Nfsfd`w`l m`l flsflyur mf Crgwl Zlfvjrsfty, Qrgvfmjloj, @ijrfd` _jrfd`t. Mjlh`l ijlh`l`bfsfs mfl`ifd` hjr`d`l s`y`p djbjb`w`r djtfd` tjrc`lh mjlh`l mjt`fb y`lh t`k`i, p`r` fbiuw`l m`p`t ijlhjt`euf c`ew` ejw`l ftu cfs` ijbfp`t s`y`p ijrjd` dj m`b`i tucue ijrjd`. Hjr`d`l bfp`t`l tjrsjcut mfpjro`y` gbje p`r` fbiuw`l sjc`h`f sjcu`e kjm` `t`u fstfr`e`t, sjeflhh` mfd`t`d`l i`ipu ijlheji`t eflhh` >: pjrsjl jljrhf. Djiumf`l, jljrhf y`lh tjrsfip`l ftu mfhul`d`l ultud djp`d`l sjb`lkutly` sjeflhh` djbjb`w`r cfs` tjrc`lh bjcfe b`i` m`l bjcfe tflhhf. Ijlurut fbiuw`l, e`b flf s`lh`t pjltflh d`rjl` djbjb`w`r ijifbfdf gtgt m`l pjrsjlmf`l mf s`y`ply` sjpjrtf gtgt p`m` t`lh`l i`lusf`. Fbiuw`l pjro`y` s`y`p nbjdsfcjb sjpjrtf djbjb`w`r, ijiulhdfld`l ejw`l ftu ultud m`p`t ijlhfic`lhf cjr`t c`m`lly`. 3. Jvgbusf ]jlhdgr`d Djbjb`w`r 

_jcu`e stumf c`ru, y`lh ijbfc`td`l tjlhdgr`d djbjb`w`r, pjlhudur`l djdu`t`l hfhft`l m`l s`ipjb dgtgr`l, mfduipubd`l gbje tfi `ebf  cfgbghf jvgbusf fltjrl`sfgl`b, ijic`ltu m`b`i ijijo`ed`l pjrt`ly``l `ebf y`lh ijlhh`lhhu jvgbusf; Ijlh`p` cjcjr`p` djbgipgd ejw`l ijlhjic`lhd`l sjkuib`e spjsfjs y`lh cjrcjm` m`rf w`dtu dj w`dtu sjijlt`r` y`lh b`fl e`ly` sjmfdft cjrjvgbusf. ]jiu`l ijrjd` iuloub i uloub m`b`i jmfsf tjrc`ru Qrgojjmflhs gn tej Sgy`b _gofjty C; Cfgbghfo`b _ofjlojs. Zltud ijlk`w`c pjrt`ly``l flf, Jbfz`cjte Muiglt m`rf Zlfvjrsfty gn I`ss`oeusjtts @iejrst sjrt` Bfbf`l` M`v`bgs m`rf _tgly Crggd Zlfvjrsfty cjrs`i` rjd`l-rjd`l m`rf ZOB@ m`l Bjfclfz Flstftutj ngr [gg `lm Xfbmbfnj Sjsj`roe, Cjrbfl, ijlyusul sjkuib`e cjs`r m`t` p`m` pgb` i`d`l, djdu`t`l 5

 

hfhft`l m`l cjltud tjlhdgr`d m`b`i djbu`rh` djbjb`w`r Mulf` C`ru, m`l iji`ln``td`l tjdlfd st`tfstfd c`ru ultud ijb`dud`l pjl`lhh`b`l m`l pjlmgduijt`sf`l pjruc`e`l-pjruc`e`l pjruc`e`l-pjruc`e`l m`b`i tflhd`t jvgbusf p`m` sfn`t-sfn`t flf sjrt` kuib`e spjsfjs m`rf w`dtu dj w`dtu. Ijrjd` ijlyjbfmfdf ijlh`p` `m` bjcfe c`ly`d spjsfjs m`rf djbjb`w`r Cjrefmulh-M`ul Mulf` C`ru, e`ipfr 311 spjsfjs, sjm`lhd`l djr`c`t tjrmjd`t ijrjd` e`ly` ijlhe`sfbd`l 01 spjsfjs sjb`i` pjrfgmj w`dtu y`lh s`i`. Djc`ly`d`l djbjb`w`r `m`b`e pji`d`l sjr`lhh`, sjm`lhd`l djbjb`w`r Cjrefmulh-M`ul Mulf` C`ru `m`b`e pji`d`l ljdt`r, cu`e, d`t`d, d`m`b m`l c`ed`l m`r`e. ]jlhdgr`d m`l w`k`e djbjb`w`r pji`d`l ljdt`r (dfrf), djbjb`w`r pji`d`l sjr`lhh` (tjlh`e) m`l djbjb`w`r pji`d`l cu`e (d`l`l).

]jlhdgr`d pjlmjd djbjb`w`r cu`e ijiulhdfld`l ijrjd` ijlhhfhft mjlh`l bjcfe djr`s mfc`lmflhd`l djbjb`w`r pji`d`l ljdt`r `t`u sjr`lhh`. (Drjmft; Jbfz`cjte Muiglt, ZI`ss @iejrst). ‒Kfd` djtjrsjmf``l cu`e ijicjrfd`l djsjip`t`l jdgbghfs y`lh ijlyjc`cd`l pjlflhd`t`l sfhlfnfd`l m`b`i djb`efr`l spjsfjs c`ru, i`d` igrngbghf tjlhdgr`d sje`rusly` ijiprjmfdsf pgb` i`d`l i`upul djdu`t`l hfhft`l,’ d`t` p`r` pjljbftf. Ijrjd` ijljiud`l mudulh`l ultud prjmfdsf flf mjlh`l ijlh`l`bfsfs rfcu`l pgegl jvgbusf m`rf 0:1ijlhukf spjsfjs, djdu`t`l ijlhudur hfhft`l bjcfe m`rf >11 tjlhdgr`d spjsfjs flmfvfmubjcfe djbjb`w`r, p`m` bjcfe m`rf 5: :11 jdgr djbjb`w`r m`rf ?6 spjsfjs mf b`p`lh`l sjrt` ijijrfds` rfcu`l s`ipjb dgtgr`l ultud ijlhfmjltfnfd`sf pgb` i`d`l djbjb`w`r. Ijrjd` ijljiud`l c`ew` iuloubly` cjltud tjlhdgr`d y`lh c`ru p`m` djbjb`w`r Cjrefmulh-M`ul Mulf` C`ru sjdft`r 0: kut` t`eul b`bu ijlyjc`cd`l bjm`d`l c`ly`d spjsfjs djbjb`w`r c`ru. Cjltud c`ru p`m` i`s` ftu cjrup` tjlhdgr`d rjlm`e m`l bjc`r y`lh ijiulhdfld`l djbjb`w`r djofb ijlhe`sfbd`l hfhft`l du`t y`lh mfpjrbud`l ultud iji`d`l cu`e y`lh djr`s. ]flhd`t djb`efr`l spjsfjs c`ru ijlflhd`t sjc`h`fi`l` cjltud c`ru flf cjrjvgbusf, m`l djbgipgd djbjb`w`r flf mjlh`l ojp`t ijlflhd`td`l prgpgrsf cu`e m`b`i pgb` i`d`l ijrjd`. Qjruc`e`l cjltud ijb`ic`t s``t tjlhdgr`d c`ru flf cjrjvgbusf.

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Cfs` ijlk`mf subft c`hf p`r` `ebf Cfgbghf jvgbusf ultud ijlulkudd`l c`ew` sfn`t-sfn`t sfn`tsfn`t y`lh tjrd`ft mjlh`l pjruc`e`l `l`tgif, kuh` mfsjcut ‒flgv`sf igrngbghf’ sjpjrtf cjltud tjlhdgr`d y`lh y`l h c`ru, ijicjrfd`l djultulh`l cjrt`e`l efmup c`hf djbgipgd-djbgipgd tjrtjltu djtfd` suicjr i`d`l`l c`ru, sjpjrtf cu`e djr`s, ijlk`mf tjrsjmf`. ‒_tumf flf mfb`dud`l mf b`dud`l sjb`i` ]`eul Djbjb`w`r Fltjrl`sfgl`b (Fltjrl`tfgl`b Vj`r gn tej C`t) ijl`w`rd`l ogltge y`lh kjb`s tjlt`lh c`h`fi`l` jvgbusf sfn`t c`ru, m`b`i e`b flf sjcu`e tjlhdgr`d mjlh`l cjltud y`lh c`ru, ijiulhdfld`l ejw`l-ejw`l ultud ijlhhul`d`l suicjr m`y` c`ru m`l p`m` `defrly`, mjlh`l ojp`t cjrjvgbusf ijlk`mf spjsfjs c`ru,’ d`t` Muiglt. ‒D`if ijljiud`l c`ew` ijljiud`l c`ew` djtfd` ojrud jdgbghf c`ru tjrcud` mjlh`l sjcu`e pjbu`lh c`hf djbjb`w`r y`lh cfs` iji`d`l cu`e djr`s, ijrjd` ijlhhjsjr pgb` i`d`l ijrjd` sjo`r` sfhlfnfd`l, y`lh p`m` hfbfr`lly` ijlyjc`cd`l jvgbusf spjsfjs c`ru.’  c`ru.’  ?. Mj-jvgbusf Djbjb`w`r 

Jvgbusf sjb`bu cjrhjr`d i`ku m`l i`ebud efmup y`lh ijlh`b`ifly` djefb`lh`l dji`ipu`l-dji`ipu`l dji`ipu`l-dji`ipu`l y`lh sum`e tfm`d t fm`d tjrp`d`f b`hf y`lh mubu mfifbfdf spjsfjs ljljd igy`lh i`ebud efmup tjrsjcut. Ijb`buf pjlh`i`t`l y`lh bjcfe ojri`t, sjcjl`rly` jvgbusf kuh` cfs` cjrhjr`d iulmur, flf mfsjcut mj-jvgbusf `t`u mjvgbusf. Ogltge b`fl y`lh ulfd m`rf mjvgbusf `m`b`e djbjb`w`r. 3 spjsfijl Glyoeglyotjrfs y`lh ijrup`d`l ljljd igy`lh djbjb`w`r mftjiud`l mf t`eul 311?. Ngsfb tjrsjcut cjrusf` :3,: kut` t`eul, k`mf cjr`s`b m`rf jr` Jgojlj. Glyoeglyotjrfs sum`e ijlhjic`lhd`l s`y`p-s`y`p t`pf i`sfe ijifbfdf o`d`r mf : k`rf t`lh`lly`. _jc`h`f pjrc`lmflh`l, djbjb`w`r i`s` dflf e`ly` ijifbfdf 3 `t`u ? o`d`r. Qjrcjm``l b`flly` `m`b`e Glyoeglyotjrfs tfm`d ijifbfdf tjbflh` cjs`r sjpjrtf p`m` djbjb`w`r i`s` dflf. ]jbflh` cjs`r p`m` djbjb`w`r i`s` dflf mfhul`d`l sjc`h`f pjlmjtjdsf hji` s``t tjrc`lh, c`fd ultud ijljltud`l e`b`lh`l, bgd`sf sjrt` ijljiud`l sjr`lhh` tjrc`lh y`lh ijlk`mf i`d`l`lly`. Glyoeglyotjrfs ijifbfdf : k`rf cjro`d`r y`lh t`ip`dly` mfhul`d`l ultud iji`lk`t pgegl. O`d`r-o`d`r mf ukulh k`rf sjrup` mjlh`l cfl`t`lh pji`lk`t pgegl y`lh tfm`d cfs` tjrc`lh sjpjrtf dud`lh. _``t djbjb`w`r purc` ijljiud`l sjr`lhh` tjrc`lh, mf` `d`l ijbglo`t dj um`r` ultud ijlm`p`td`l sjr`lhh` tjrsjcut. @w`bly` cfl`t`lh flf tjrc`lh ijbulour sjrup` mjlh`l tup`f `t`u d`m`b tjrc`lh, t`lp` ijlhjp`d-lhjp`dd`l s`y`p, cjb`d`lh`l Glyoeglyotjrfs ijlhjic`lhd`l dji`ipu`l ijlhjp`dd`l s`y`p sjeflhh` mf` cfs` ijb`dud`l i`luvjr mf um`r` sup`y` bjcfe bflo`e ijl`lhd`p sjr`lhh` tjrc`lh `t`u ijlheflm`rf ejw`l pji`lhs`. _jo`r` cjrs`i``l cjrdjic`lh pub` dji`ipu`l tjrc`lhly` sjeflhh` mf` cjruc`e ijlk`mf i`ebud tjrc`lh y`lh tfm`d b`hf iji`lk`t pgegl. D`rjl` ngsfb-ngsfb Glyoeglyotjrfs tjrdjl` tjd`l`l m`l ijr`t`d`l tub`lhtub`lh djp`b`ly`, tfm`d kjb`s `p`d`e rglhh` i`t` ejw`l flf cjs`r `t`u djofb. I`t` y`lh cjs`r tjrd`ft p`m` dji`ipu`l ejw`l flf ijbfe`t mf i`b`i e`rf 01

 

sjc`bfdly` i`t` y`lh djofb ijlulkudd`l d`b`u ejw`l flf efmup mf sf`lh e`rf. X`b`u pjtulkud tfm`d b`lhsulhly` `m`b`e ejw`l flf cjbui ijifbfdf tjbflh` y`lh cjs`r sjeflhh` djiulhdfl`lly` oglmglh d`b`u djbjb`w`r purc` `dtfn ijlo`rf i`d`l mf sf`lh e`rf. Djcjr`m``l pji`lhs` sjpjrtf ljljd igy`lh curulh iji`ds`ly` ultud cjrcuru mf i`b`i e`rf, sjeflhh` sjpjrtf p`m` djbjb`w`r i`s` dflf, tjrcjltudb`e i`t` y`lh cjs`r m`l sfstji flmr` sgl`r y`lh cfs` ijic`ltuly` ultud ijlo`rf i`d`l mf i`b`i e`rf. _jc`hf`l pjljbftf ijlmuh` sfstji sgl`r o`lhhfe p`m` djbjb`w`r p`m` `w`bly` cjrdjic`lh d`rjl` djbjb`w`r purc` cjrus`e` ijlmjlh`rd`l su`r`-su`r` e`bus m`rf hjr`d`l sjr`lhh` i`lhs`ly` mf tjlh`e hjb`ply` eut`l y`lh pjlue mjlh`l m`ul, r`ltflh m`l c`t`lh pgegl. Mf i`s` dflf mf _jb`lmf` C`ru `m` spjsfjs djbjb`w`r jdgr pjlmjd (Iyst`ofl` tucjroub`t`) `t`u mfsjcut pjd`pjd`-tgu-pgtg m`b`i c`e`s` I`grf. Q`lk`lh c`m`l m`rf djp`b` s`ip`f ukulh c`m`l `lt`r` > ‟ > ‟ 8  8 oi m`l bjc`r b jc`r s`y`p `lt`r` 35  ‟  ‟   ?1 oi. Cjr`t djbjb`w`r mjw`s` `lt`r` 01  ‟  ‟   33 hr`i sjcjbui mfcjrf i`d`l. Ejc`tly`, sjtjb`e cjrcuru m`l i`d`l sji`b`i`l, cjr`t c`m`lly` cfs` cjrt`ic`e ?1%. Ftu sjt`r` sjgr`lh i`lusf` y`lh cjr`t c`m`lly` >1 dh cjrt`ic`e 05 dh sjtjb`e i`d`l. _jb`lmf` C`ru e`ly` ijifbfdf 3 spjsfjs djbjb`w`r m`l cfs` mfcjm`d`l mjlh`l ium`e d`rjl` y`lh s`tuly` ijifbfdf jdgr, sjb`fl `m` tjbflh` y`lh cjs`r m`l ruloflh. Djbjb`w`r jdgr pjlmjd pji`d`l sjh`b` y`lh `m` mf eut`l, tjltuly` y`lh sjsu`f mjlh`l udur`l c`m`lly` y`lh iulhfb. Ijrjd` cfs` tjrc`lh sjb`fl  kuh` ijlhgrjd-grjd tficul`l s`ip`e m`ul mf m`s`r eut`l mjif ijlm`p`td`l sjr`lhh`. _jb`fl i`d`l sjr`lhh` ijrjd` kuh` i`d`l cu`e, culh` m`l spgr`. _f`lh e`rf ijrjd` tfmur m`l c`ru iuloub `lt`r` 31  ‟  ‟   0:1 ijlft sjcjbui i`t`e`rf tjrcjl`i, b`bu cjrcuru sjp`lk`lh i`b`i. Ijrjd` e`ly` ijlhhul`d`l sjdft`r ?1% w`dtu ijrjd` ultud ijl`lhd`p sjr`lhh` y`lh sjm`lh tjrc`lh m`l tflhhf tjrc`lhly` cf`s`ly` dur`lh m`rf 3 ijtjr m`rf `t`s t`l`e. _jdft`r =1% w`dtu cjrcuru ijrjd` mfhul`d`l ultud i`d`l m`rf t`l`i`l, sfs` ?1% w`dtu mfhul`d`l ultud cjrcuru mf m`s`r eut`l. Ijrjd` cfs` cjrk`b`l m`l cjrb`rf s`icfb ijbfp`t s`y`p-s`y`p ijrjd`. Mjlh`l djb`du`l flf, djbjb`w`r jdgr pjlmjd ijlk`mf spjsfjs djbjb`w`r y`lh p`bflh sjmfdft ijlhhul`d`l s`y`ply` m`l spjsfjs djbjb`w`r y`lh p`bflh c`ly`d ijlhhul`d`l d`dfly` ultud cjrk`b`l m`l cjrb`rf. _pjsfjs flf kuh` sum`e ijlhjic`lhd`l tub`lh p`lhhub y`lh ogogd ultud `dtfvft`s cjrcuru sjpjrtf flf. _pjsfjs djbjb`w`r jdgr pjlmjd mf _jb`lmf` C`ru sjm`lh tjr`lo`i pul`e d`rjl` sjr`lh`l tfdus eut`l. D`b`u t`lp` o`ipur t`lh`l i`lusf`, spjsfjs djbjb`w`r flf tfm`d cfs` cjrt`e`l, k`mf p`r` pjljbftf m`rf Zlfvjrsft`s I`ssjy mf _jb`lmf` C`ru cjrflfsf`tfn iji`s`lh uip`l-uip`l cjrfsf r`oul tfdus mjif ijlhur`lhf pgpub`sf tfdus. @w`bly` mftjiud`l cjcjr`p` djbjb`w`r jdgr pjlmjd fdut i`tf d`rjl` r`oul tfdus, sjtjb`e p`r` pjljbftf ijipjrc`fdf o`r` pji`s`lh`l uip`l cjrfsf r`oul tfdus, tfm`d mftjiud`l `m` djbjb`w`r y`lh i`tf. Dgtgr`l djbjb`w`r i`sfe ijlh`lmulh r`oul tfdus m`b`i mgsfs djofb. _jtjb`e cjcjr`p` djbjb`w`r jdgr pjlmjd mft`lhd`p ultud mftjbftf, tjrut`i` 00

 

djbjb`w`r cjtfl` y`lh sjm`lh e`ifb, ultud ijbfe`t `p`d`e ijrjd` `d`l djhuhur`l d`rjl` dglsuisf r`oul tfdus, tjrly`t` tfm`d mftjiud`l hjk`b` s`dft p`m` djbjb`w`r-djbjb`w`r. Q`r` pjljbftf y`lh ijlh`w`sf djbjb`w`r kuh` ijlm`p`tf d`b`u sjcjl`rly` djbjb`w`r-djbjb`w`r flf tfm`d sjo`r` b`lhsulh iji`d`l uip`l cjrfsf r`oul tfdus, t`pf d`rjl` sjc`hf`l sjr`lhh` y`lh mfi`d`l sum`e iji`d`l uip`l-uip`l ultud tfdus. K`mf djbjb`w`r purc` `m`b`e cfl`t`lh pji`lk`t pgegl y`lh tfm`d cfs` tjrc`lh m`l tfm`d ijifbfdf flmr` sgl`r, e`ly` ijifbfdf dji`ipu`l ijbglo`t sjrt` ijbulour. Djbjb`w`r-djbjb`w`r s``t flf, e`ipfr sjiu`ly`, ijl`lhd`p sjr`lhh` s`icfb tjrc`lh. B`bu `m` spjsfjs djbjb`w`r jdgr pjlmjd y`lh djic`bf ijlhhul`d`l d`df-d`dfly` s`icfb ijlhur`lhf pjlhhul``l s`y`ps`y`ply`. Flf sjcu`e mjvgbusf y`lh mfsjc`cd`l gbje pgb` i`d`l m`l djtjrsjmf``l i`lhs`. Ogltge-ogltge mf `t`s ijlulkudd`l, d`b`u `b`i cfs` ijlmgrglh spjsfjsspjsfjs ejw`l ultud ijlk`b`lf mjvgbusf, y`lh cfs` tjrk`mf d`rjl` pjruc`e`l bflhdulh`l sjpjrtf `m` `t`u tfm`d `m`ly` djtjrsjmf``l i`d`l`l mf su`tu wfb`y`e, kuh` `lo`i`l ejw`l-ejw`l pji`lhs`. _jcjbui pji`e`i`l y`lh sji`dfl cjrdjic`lh tjlt`lh mjvgbusf, sum`e mfdjt`euf d`b`u pjruc`e`l fdbfi, djtjrsjmf``l `fr ultud mfiflui ejw`l, `dtfvft`s-`dtfvft`s i`lusf` kuh` ijlmgrglh jvgbusf. =. Jvgbusf Dglvjrhjl Jdgbgd`sf 

Jdgbgd`sf `m`b`e pjlhhl``l hjbgic`lh s`r` ultd ijljltud`l bjt`d gcyjdgcyjd y`lh `m` cjrm`s`rd`l p`ltb`l hjbgic`lh su`r` ftu. _jb`fl pjlhbfe`t`l, djbjb`w`r bjcfe ijlh`lm`bd`l p`m` su`r`ly` y`lh ly`rflh ultud ijlultully` tjrc`lh. F` ijlhjbu`rd`l culyf y`lh mfl`i`d`l "Zbtr`sglfo" y`lh tfm`d m`p`t mfmjlh`r i`lusf`. Hjt`r`l culyf flf ijipuly`f nrjdujlsf `lt`r` 3:.111 - :1.111 Ez. Kfd` ijl`cr`d su`tu gcyjd `t`u cjlm`, hjt`r`l su`r`ly` ftu iji`ltub djic`bf, b`bu mft`lhd`p tjbflh`ly` y`lh bjc`r y`lh cjrnulhsf sjc`h`f r`m`r c`hfly`. Qrgsjs flf e`ly` iji`d`l w`dtu sjpjrsjpubue mjtfd, oudup c`hf djbjb`w`r ultud ijlhjt`euf `p` y`lh `m` mf mjp`lly`, dji`l` `r`ely` m`l cjr`p` djojp`t`lly`. Efmulhly` y`lh cjrcjltud `lje sjpjrtf ifs`bly` d`df dum`, trfsub` mjlh`l tglkgb`l, ijicu`tly` m`p`t ijlhjbu`rd`l ubtr` culyf. Ijsdfpul m`b`i djhjb`p`l i`b`i, djbjb`w`r i`ipu ijb`dud`l i`luvjr dgipbjds ultud ijl`lhd`p i`lhs`ly` d`rjl` ijifbfdf dji`ipu`l jdgbgd`sf. Djbjb`w`r ijljltud`l bjt`d mflmflh, pgegl, `t`u i`lhs`ly` ijb`buf p`ltub`l hjbgic`lh ubtr`sglfd y`lh mfe`sfbd`lly`. B`pgr`l Qjljbftf`l - Djbjb`w`r m`l buic` ijlhjvgbusf joegbgo`tfgl mjlh`l o`r` y`lh s`i`. Djbjb`w`r m`l buic`-buic` tfm`d ijifbfdf c`ly`d djs`i``l. @b`i pjlue ogltge jvgbusf dglvjrhjl mfi`l` grh`lfsij t`ip`d s`i` `t`u ijifbfdf dji`ipu`l m`l sfn`t-sfn`t s`i`. Curulh, djbjb`w`r m`l sjr`lhh` ijifbfdf s`y`p. Fbiuw`l cjr`suisf e`b c`ru tjrcjltud p`m` tflhd`t hjljtfd mjlh`l o`r` cjrcjm` sjo`r` nulm`ijlt`b. L`iul cjcjr`p` cudtf ijlulkudd`l joegbgo`tflh djbjb`w`r m`l buic`-buic` ijifbfdf iut`sf p`m` 03

 

prgtjfl s`i` mfsjcut prjstfl y`lh ijipjlh`ruef sjlsftfvft`s pjlmjlh`r`l. Qjljbftf b`flly` ijljiud`l cjcjr`p` sfn`t p`m` prgtjfl kuh` tjrk`mf p`m` i`i`bf` b`fl.

_jd`r`lh sjcu`e tfi ijipjrbu`s pjlo`rf`l dglvjrhjlsf igbjdubjr p`m` sjburue hjlgi. _tjpejl Sgssftjr m`l Kgj Q`rdjr mf Pujjl I`ry Ogbbjhj, Zlfvjrsfty gn Bglmgl, ijl`rfd m`t`sjt cjs`r ultud ijlo`rf jvgbusf dglvjrhjl 3.?3> hjl sjo`r` cjrs`i` p`m` 33 i`i`bf` tjri`sud > djbjb`w`r m`l buic`buic` cgtgb. Djbjbw`r m`l buic`-buic` cjrcuru i`lhs`ly` mjlh`l iji`lo`rd`l su`r` cjrl`m` tflhhf m`l ijlmjlh`rd`l hji`. Sgssftjr m`l rjd`l ijlulkudd`l dji`ipu`l y`lh iuloub sjo`r` flmjpjlmjl p`m` sjtf`p djbgipgd i`i`bf` t`pf ijifbfdf t`e`p`l iut`sf hjljtfd y`lh s`i`. _jcu`e t`lm` t`lh`l dglvjrhjlsf mf e`ipfr 311 wfb`y`e hjlgi. Hjl y`lh tjrbfc`t m`b`i pjlmjlh`r`l bjcfe iulhdfl cjrjvgbusf s`i` mf sjburue spjsfjs y`lh tjrbfc`t m`b`i sfn`t cfgbghfs b`flly`. Cjcjr`p` hjl y`lh tjrbfc`t m`b`i pjlhbfe`t`l kuh` ijic`w` sfly`b tjrdu`t dglvjrhjlsf. "Djkut`l tjrcjs`r. Jvgbusf igbjdubjr dglvjrhjl t`ip`dly` ijbu`s m`b`i hjlgi" d`t` Nræmærfo Mjbsuo, nfbghjljtfd`w`l Igltpjbbfjr Zlfvjrsfty mf Qjr`lofs. Jvgbusf d`m`lhd`m`lh iuloub mjlh`l sfn`t-sfn`t c`ru ijb`buf urut`l b`lhd`e-b`lhd`e y`lh s`i`, c`ed`l p`m` ejw`l y`lh s`lh`t cjrcjm`. Qjljbftf`l flf kuh` ijlulkudd`l jvgbusf dglvjrhjl dglvjrhjl `m`b`e e`b uiui m`b`i hjlgi. O. Cudtf Jvgbusf Djbjb`w`r 

Cudtf-cudtf jvgbusf djbjb`w`r `m`b`e sjc`h`f cjrfdut; 0. Ngsfb

0?

 

H`ic`r; Ngsfb djbjb`w`r Glyoeglyotjrfm`j nflljyf (_uicjr ^`uhe`l 0658)

_tumf @l`bfsfs Ngsfb Djbjb`w`r ]fi `ebf p`bjgltgbghy m`rf @ijrfd` _jrfd`t m`l Flhhrfs tjb`e cjre`sfb ijljltud`l w`rl` p`m` djbjb`w`r y`lh tjb`e pul`e cjrm`s`rd`l ngsfb mjlh`l pjl`lhh`b`l sjdft`r :1 kut` t`eul. Qjljiu`l flf ijrup`d`l pjrt`i` d`bfly` c`hf fbiuw`l ultud ijlmjsdrfpsfd`l w`rl` tucue i`i`bf` y`lh tjb`e pul`e ijb`buf `l`bfsfs ngsfb. ]fi y`lh mfdjp`b`f gbje Mr K`dgp ^fltejr m`rf Zlfvjrsfty gn Crfstgb, Flhhrfs, ijljltud`l w`rl` mu` spjsfjs djbjb`w`r, Q`b`jgoefrgptjryx sp. m`l E`ssf`lyotjrfs sp., y`lh efmup mf jr` Jgojlj, sjdft`r :>-??,6 kut` t`eul b`bu. Mjlh`l ijipjb`k`rf cgb` ifdrgsdgpfs m`l strudtur cjrcjltud pjrsjhf p`lk`lh p`m` ngsfb, p`r` fbiuw`l ijljiud`l c`ew` djbjb`w`r tjrsjcut cjrw`rl` ogdjb`t djijr`e-ijr`e`l. djijr`e-ijr`e`l. ‒_trudtur ifdrgsdgpfs tr`mfsfgl`b y`lh mfy`dflf ngsfb c`dtjrf sjcjl`rly` ijb`lgsgi - grh`ljb m`b`i sjb y`lh ijlh`lmulh ijb`lfl, pfhijl y`lh ijicjrfd`l w`rl` p`m` r`icut, cubu, dubft, m`l i`t`," d`t` Mr ^fltejr. ‒V`lh s`lh`t pjltflh, d`if ijbfe`t `m`ly` ijb`lfl cjrcjm` y`lh mftjiud`l mf m`b`i grh`ljb mjlh`l cjrc`h`f cjltud; ijb`lgsgi cjrw`rl` djijr`e-ijr`e`l cjrcjltud sjpjrtf c`dsg djofb, sjijlt`r` ftu, ijb`lgsgi w`rl` eft`i cjrcjltud sjpjrtf sgsfs djofb. Dft` m`p`t ijbfe`t e`b sji`o`i flf kuh` tjrm`p`t p`m` ngsfb,’ tutur Mr ^fltejr.  ^fltejr.   @rtfly`, dgrjb`sf `lt`r` w`rl` ijb`lfl m`l cjltudly` ijrup`d`l w`rfs`l ljljd igy`lh, sjeflhh` dft` m`p`t ijlhjt`euf w`rl` cjrm`s`rd`l ngsfb e`ly` mjlh`l ijbfe`t cjltud ijb`lgsgi s`k`. _jb`fl cjltudly`, ijb`lgsgi sjo`r` dfif`wf kuh` cjrcjm`. M`b`i r`lhd` ijlhfmjltfnfd`sf `s`b usub strudtur flf, tfi fbiuw`l djiumf`l ijrjpbfd`sf dglmfsf mfi`l` ngsfb mfcjltud mjlh`l ijlhhul`d`l tjd`l`l tflhhf m`l sueu tflhhf pjrogc``l `utgob`vj. Ijrjd` ijlulkudd`l c`ew` ngsfb ijlh`lmulh ngsfb ijb`lfl mjlh`l ijlhhul`d`l w`dtu pjljrc`lh`l spjdtrgsdgpf i`ss` fgl sjdulmjr, y`lh dgipgsfsf dfif`ly` tjb`e cjruc`e m`rf w`dtu dj w`dtu. ‒Mjlh`l ijlhh`culhd`l pjrogc``l flf d`if m`p`t ijbfe`t c`h`fi`l` ijb`lfl sjo`r` dfif`wf cjruc`e sjb`i` kut``l t`eul, ijic`lhul o`r` c`ru y`lh s`lh`t ijl`rfd m`b`i ijlhulhd`p flngri`sf ngsfb ngsfb y`lh sjcjbuily` ifstjrfus,’ d`t` `lhhgt` tfi, 0=

 

O`ftbfl Ogbbj`ry, i`e`sfsw` p`so`mgdtgr`b mf ^frhflf` Qgbytjoelfo Flstftutj `lm _t`tj Zlfvjrsfty. 3. Egigbghf m`l @l`bghf 

?. Jicrfgbghf Qjrc`lmflh`l

_jiu` `lhhgt` ^jrtjcr`t` m`b`i pjrdjic`lh`l jicrfgly` ijlulkudd`l `m`ly` pjrs`i``l. Qjrs`i``l pjrdjic`lh`l jicrfg mfiub`f m`rf t`e`p cjrfdut flf ; pjbjcur`l spjri` mjlh`l gvui á zfhgt á pjicjb`e`l (obj`v`hj) igrubb` á cb`stub` á h`strub` á t`e`p `w`b pjrdjic`lh`l jicrfg.  @m`ly` pjrs`i``l pjrdjic`lh`l p`m` sjiu` hgbglh`l ^jrtjcr`t`, tjrsjcut ijlulkudd`l `m`ly` euculh`l djdjr`c`t`l. Qjrdjic`lh`l flmfvfmu iub`f m`rf sjb tjbur mfcu`ef eflhh` flmfvfmu ftu i`tf mfsjcut Gltghglf. D`b`u dft` c`lmflhd`l mjlh`l nfbghjlf, y`ftu sjk`r`e pjrdjic`lh`l grh`lfsij m`rf nfbui y`lh p`bflh sjmjre`l` eflhh` y`lh p`bflh sjipurl`, i`d` `d`l dft` bfe`t `m`ly` djsjsu`f`l. _jeflhh` dft` m`p`t ijlh`t`d`l c`ew` gltghjlf ijrup`d`l nfbghjlf y`lh mfpjrsflhd`t. Mjlh`l d`t` b`fl, gltghjlf ijrup`d`l ub`lh`l (rjd`pftub`sf) m`rf nfbghjlf. 0:

 

=. ^`rf`sf Djbjb`w`r 

M`b`i pgdgd-pgdgd pfdfr`l M`rwfl mfly`t`d`l c`ew` tfm`d `m` mu` flmfvfmu mf mulf` flf y`lh cjljr-cjl`r s`i`. ^`rf`sf `lt`r flmfvfmu kuh` ijrup`d`l pjtulkud tjrk`mfly` jvgbusf. ^`rf`sf ijlulkudd` i jlulkudd` `m`ly` pjrcjm``l sfn`t y`lh mfturuld`l gbje flmud dj hjljr`sf cjrfdutly`. Cjrfdut `m`b` v`rf`sf p`m` djbjb`w`r.

:. _pjsf`sf 

]`lt`lh`l ut`i` m`b`i cfgbghf `m`b`e ultud iji`e`if c`h`fi`l` spjsfjs cjrjvgbusf. E`rf flf, tjlt`lh 0:> t`eul sjtjb`e pjljrcft`l M`rwfl ‒Gl tej Grfhfl gn _pjofjs’ _pjofjs’ dft` cjl`r -cjl`r -cjl`r i`sfe tfm`d ijlhjrtf prgsjs spjsf`sf. E`b flf sjc`hf`l mfsjc`cd`l gbje djly`t``l c`ew` djc`ly`d`l stumf db`sfd spjsf`sf mfm`s`rd`l p`m` spjsfjs y`lh tjb`e ijlyfip`lh, m`l d`rjl` ftu, d`if cjrspjdub`sf djic`bf ultud ijlyfipubd`l pjlyjc`c spjsf`sf.

H`ic`r Cuicbjcjj djbjb`w`r, tjrdjofb i`i`bf` mf mulf`4 ngtg mf`icfb mf Curi` 311> gbje tfi b`p`lh`l.

0>

 

Mr. Jii` ]jjbflh ijlhjiud`d`l pjljbftf`l flf `m`b`e ulfd m`b`i `rtf c`ew` spjsf`sf y`lh ‒sjm`lh cjr`dsf’ p`m` pgpub`sf y`lh s``t flf ijlyfip`lh sjo`r` jdgbghfs. Qgpub`sf flf `m`b`e i`i`bf` tjrdjofb mf mulf`, djbjb`w`r bjc`e (Or`sjglyotjrfs teglhbglhy`f) e`ly` mftjiud`l mf ]e`fb`lm m`l Curi`. Qrgsjs jvgbusf flf ijifbfdf sd`b` w`dtu ultud ijlhfmjltfnfd`sf sfn`t m`rf prgsjs-prgsjs y`lh ijlh`dfc`td`l spjsf`sf `b`i. _tumf flf ijlulkudd`l c`ew` m`b`i d`sus spjsfjs flf `m` `bfr`l hjl tjrc`t`s y`lh mfe`sfbd`l m`rf  k`r`d hjghr`nfs. Mr. _jc`stfjl Qujoei`fbbj ijly`t`d`l c`ew` ultud ijb`dud`l pjljbftf`l flf d`if ijijrfds` t`t` ru`lh, strudtur hljtfd m`l sfn`t-sfn`t jdgbghfs sjlsgrfd y`lh e`ly` mfdjt`euf m`rf i`i`bf` tjrdjofb mf mulf`, djbjb`w`r bjc`e (Or`sjglyotjrfs teglhbglhy`f). D`if ijlhe`sfbd`l m`l ijlhuipubd`l s`tu sjt m`t` y`lh cjs`r tjlt`lh igbjdub, jdgbghf m`l `dustfd ijlulkudd`l c`ew`  k`r`d hjghr`nfs iji`fld`l pjr`l pjltflh m`b`i ijic`t`sf `bfr`l hjl m`rfp`m` pjrcjm``l m`rf joegbgo`tfgl. E`sfb flf ijlmudulh h`h`s`l c`ew` jdgbghf sjlsgrfd cjrtflm`d sjc`h`f ijd`lfsij pjlhu`t`l m`b`i prgsjs spjsf`sf. E`sfb flf kuh` ijlh`lhd`t pjrt`ly``l `p`d`e spjsf`sf syip`trfo cjl`r-cjl`r tjrk`mf, `t`u kfd` cjcjr`p` tflhd`t fsgb`sf hjghr`nfs m`l `bfr`l hjl tjrc`t`s i`sfe mfpjrbud`l ultud ijiub`f prgsjs spjsf`sf. ]jiu`l b`fl y`lh ijl`rfd m`rf stumf flf `m`b`e fmjltfnfd`sf hjl ‒joegbgo`tfgl’ (SCQ-K) ijlulkudd`l t`lm`-t`lm` sjbjdsf y`lh cjrcjm` sjsu`f mjlh`l pjrcjm``l m`rf joegbgo`tfgl p`m` pgpub`sf ]e`fb`lm. Flf `m`b`e `sgsf`sf pjrt`i` m`rf hjl mffmjltfnfd`sf mjlh`l d`p`sft`s joegbgo`tfgl. Hjl flf tjrbfc`t m`b`i pjicjltud`l sjb-sjb r`icut mf dgdbj` (grh`l rjsjptgr tjrmjlh`r mf tjbflh` m`b`i). _jpjrtf djbjb`w`r ijlhhul`d`l nrjdujlsf tjrtflhhf (mf `t`s 311 dEz) m`rf sjiu` i`i`bf sfstji pjlmjlh`r`l, tjrut`i` sjb-sjb r`icut r `icut mf grh`l Ogrtf, mf i`l` su`r` mftjrfi` m`l mfpjrdu`t, ijicutued`l `m`pt`sf deusus. Qjljbftf`l flf kuh` ijlulkudd`l c`ew` `m` dgipjtfsf fltjrspjsfnfd mjlh`l spjsfjs djbjb`w`r, Iygtfs sfbfhgrjlsfs, iulhdfl `m`b`e pjlyjc`c bgd`bfs`sf sjlsgrfd `t`u n`dtgr `cfgtfd sjpjrtf sueu m`l djbjic`c`l. M`rf sumut p`lm`lh dglsjrv`sf, flf `m`b`e stumf pjrt`i` ultud ijlyjbfmfdf strudtur pgpub`sf m`l sjk`r`e jvgbusf i`i`bf` tjrdjofb mf mulf`, djbjb`w`r bjc`e, Or`sjglyotjrfs teglhbglhy`f. ‒Flf spjsfjs djbjb`w`r b`lhd` m`l tjr`lo`i pul`e, tjrc`t`s p`m` wfb`y`e 3111 di3 mf m`jr`e pjrc`t`s`l `lt`r` ]e`fb`lm m`l Curi` m`l mf`lhh`p s`b`e s`tu m`rf sjpubue spjsfjs jvgbusfgljr y`lh cjrcjm` m`l sjo`r` hbgc`b tjr`lo`i pul`e. _jo`r` nfbghjljtfd mfw`rfsd`l gbje djmu` gr`lh tu` m`l m`t` jdgbghf ijlulkudd`l `m`ly` mu` spjsfjs djbjb`w`r bjc`e, s`tu mf ]e`fb`lm m`l Curi`, y`lh mfpfs`ed`l `m` sjdft`r 1,= kut` t`eul. ]jrc`t`s pjlyjc`r`l dji`ipu`l flmfvfmu mfdgicfl`sfd`l mjlh`l rjlt`lh y`lh s`lh`t tjrc`t`s (dur`lh 3111 di3) ijlulkudd`l c`ew` djmu` spjsfjs tjr`lo`i m`l ijijrbud`l rjlo`l` pjlhjbgb``l m`l dglsjrv`sf y`lh cjrcjm`.

08

 

>. ]`dsglgif Djbjb`w`r 

Djbjb`w`r ijrup`d`l s`b`e s`tu `lhhgt` i`i`bf` y`lh tjri`sud dj m`b`i grmg Oefrgptjr` y`lh cjr`rtf ijipuly`f ‒s`y`p t`lh`l’, d`rjl` d`df mjp`lly` cjrigmfnfd`sf sjc`h`f s`y`p y`lh cjrcjm` mjlh`l s`y`p curulh (MjCb`sj m`l I`rtfl, 0650). _`y`p djbjb`w`r mfcjltud gbje pjrp`lk`lh`l k`rf djmu` s`ip`f djbfi` y`lh mftutupf gbje sjb`put tjrc`lh `t`u p`t`hfui, sjm`lhd`l k`rf pjrt`i` cjc`s m`l cjrudur`l rjb`tfn lgri`b. @lt`r` d`df mjp`l m`l d`df cjb`d`lh, p`t`hfui flf ijicjltud sjb`put b`tjr`b, sjm`lhd`l `lt`r` d`df cjb`d`lh m`l jdgr ijicjltud fltjrnjigr`b.  @l`tgif `t`u c`hf`l tucue m`rf djbjb`w`r m`p`t mfbfe`t m`rf h`ic`r 3 cjrfdut flf ;

H`ic`r 3. @l`tgif/C`hf`l tucue djbjb`w`r (_uicjr ; S`kjse S`koe`b) _jm`lhd`l pjruc`e`l cjltud pjrtub`lh`l bjlh`l p`m` djbjb`w`r mfc`lmflhd`l mjlh`l i`i`bf` b`flly` sjc`h`fi`l` sjc`h`fi`l` h`ic`r ? mfc`w`e flf ;

H`ic`r ?. Qjrc`lmflh`l pjrbu`s`l djr`lhd` bjlh`l djbjb`w`r mfc`lmflhd`l kjlfs i`i`bf` b`flly`. (_uicjr ; C`ts Cfgbghy, 3115) ]`dsglgif /Db`sfnfd`sf Djbjb`w`r 

Db`sfnfd`sf djbjb`w`r ijlurut Ogrcjt & Efbb (0663) `m`b`e sjc`h`f cjrfdut ; 05

 

Dflhmgi ; @lfi`bf` Nfbui ; Oegrm`t` _uc Nfbui ; ^jrtjcr`t` Djb`s ; I`i`bf` Flnr` djb`s ; Jutejrf` Grmg ; Oefrgptjr` _ucgrmg ; Ijh`oefrgptjr` N`ifbf ; Qtjrgpgmfm`j _ucgrmg ; Iforgoefrgptjr` N`ifbf ; Seflgbgpefm`j, Efppgsfmjrfm`j, Ijh`mjri`tfm`j, Or`sjglyotjrfm`j, Seflgpgi`tfm`j, Lyotjrfm`j, Jic`bbglurfm`j, Qeybbgstgifm`j, Igriggpfm`j, Lgotfbfglfm`j, Nurfptjrfm`j, ]eyrgptjrfm`j, Iyst`oflfm`j, Iyzgpgmfm`j, ^jspjrtfbfglfm`j, Igbgsfm`j m`l L`t`bfm`j. 8. Djtjrd`ft`l Hjljtfd   `. ]flk`u`l _uc Grmg 

Djbjb`w`r ijrup`d`l n`ul` trghbgzjlj ut`i` mf hu`-hu` d`rst mf Flmgljsf` (Xefttjl jt `b. 06664 _uy`ltg 3110). Djbjb`w`r `m`b`e I`i`bf` y`lh tjri`sud m`b`i grmg Oefrgptjr`. Ofrf de`s grmg flf `m`b`e tub`lh tjb`p`d t`lh`l (ijt`o`rp`b) m`l tub`lh k`rf (mfhftf) ijlh`b`if pji`lk`lh`l sjeflhh` cjrnulhsf sjc`h`f djr`lhd` s`y`p. _`y`p tjrsjcut tjrcjltud m`rf sjb`put tfpfs (pjt`hfui) y`lh ijicjlt`lh `lt`r` tub`lh-tub`lh tjb`p`d m`l k`rf t`lh`l s`ip`f sjp`lk`lh sfsf tucue (Lgw`d 066=4 @btrflhe`i 066>). Grmg Oefrgptjr` tjrmfrf `t`s 3 sucgrmg, y`ftu Ijh`oefrgptjr` m`l Iforgoefrgptjr`. Djmu` sucgrmg flf mfmuh` tfm`d ijipuly`f euculh`l djdjr`c`t`l m`l ijrup`d`l e`sfb jvgbusf dglvjrhjl, y`ftu jvgbusf y`lh tjrk`mf p`m` mu` spjsfjs y`lh cjrcjm` tjt`pf cjr`m`pt`sf mjlh`l o`r` y`lh s`i` sjeflhh` ijlhe`sfbd`l igrngbghf y`lh ifrfp (@btrflhe`i 066>). _`b`e s`tu `b`s`l y`lh ijlmudulh `m`b`e; s`r`n supjrfgr ogbbfoubus (s.o) d`l`l p`m` gt`d tjlh`e Iforgoefrgptjr` ijlh`tur rjtfl` i`t` dfrf m`l sjc`bfdly` s.o dfrf ijlh`tur rjtfl` i`t` d`l`l. E`b flf mftjiud`l p`m` sjiu` I`i`bf`, djou`bf prfi`t`. Q`m` Ijh`oefrgptjr`, s`r`n supjrfgr ogbbfoubus d`l`l gt`d tjlh`e ijlh`tur rjtfl` i`t` dfrf m`l i`t` d`l`l sjd`bfhus. Dj`m``l flf e`ly` mftjiud`l p`m` Qrfi`t`, Mjrigptjr`, m`l Ijh`oefrgptjr` (Ogrcjt & Efbb 06634 @btrflhe`i 066>). D`rjl` `b`s`l tjrsjcut i`d` mfmuh` Ijh`oefrgptjr` cjr`s`b m`rf ljljd igy`lh Qrfi`t`, sjm`lhd`l Iforgoefrgptjr` mfmuh` cjr`s`b m`rf ljljd igy`lh cud`l cud`l Qrfi`t` (I‖Cgy 310=).  310=).  Qjljbftf`l E`lHu`l jt `b. (311>) ijlhjl`f nfbghjljtfd` djbjb`w`r kuh` ijlm`p`td`l c`ew` djbjb`w`r Ijh`oefrgptjr` ijifbfdf djdjr`c`t`l bjcfe mjd`t mjlh`l prfi`t` mfc`lmflhd`l mjlh`l Iforgoefrgptjr`. _``t flf mfdjt`euf tjrm`p`t 05 n`ifbf, 063 hjlus m`l sjdft`r 0000 kjlfs djbjb`w`r y`lh

06

 

`m` mf mulf` (_`nf & Djrte 311=). Ijlurut _uy`ltg jt `b. (0665) tjrm`p`t 01 n`ifbf, =6 hjlus, m`l sjdft`r 0:0 kjlfs tjrm`p`t mf Flmgljsf`.  @lhhgt` sucgrmg Ijh`oefrgptjr` i`d`l`l ut`i`ly` `m`b`e cu`e (nruhfvgr`), sjb`fl ftu kuh` iji`d`l sjrcud s`rf (pgbjl) m`l ljdt`r. _ucgrmg flf tjrmfrf `t`s 0 n`ifbf, y`ftu Qtjrgpgmfm`j mjlh`l =3 hjlus m`l 0>> spjsfjs (Lgw`d 066=). _ucgrmg Ijh`oefrgptjr` ijifbfdf udur`l y`lh rjb`tfn cjs`r (cgcgt iflfiui 01 hr`i i`dsfiui 0:11 hr`i mjlh`l cjlt`lh`l s`y`p i`dsfiui 0811 ii)4 ijifbfdf i`t` cjs`r4 tjbflh` tfm`d ijifbfdf tr`hus4 igloglh sjmjre`l` m`l jdgr tfm`d cjrdjic`lh4 k`rf djmu` m`l k`rf djtfh` tjrpfs`e rjb`tfn k`ue m`l ijifbfdf o`d`r p`m` k`rf djmu`, djou`bf p`m` Jglyotjrfs, Mgcsglf`, m`l Ljgptjrfx (@btrflhe`i 066>).  @lhhgt` sucgrmg Iforgoefrgptjr` djc`ly`d`l pji`d`l sjr`lhh` (flsjotfvgr`). _jb`fl ftu, `m` kuh` y`lh pjlhefs`p m`r`e (s`lhufvgr`), ifs`bly` Mjsigmus v`ipfrus4 m`l pjlhefs`p i`mu ifs`bly` (Bjptglyotjrfs our`sg`j). _ucgrmg flf tjrmfrf `t`s 08 n`ifbf, 0:1 hjlus, m`l 6=: spjsfjs. Ofrf sucgrmg Iforgoefrgptjr` `m`b`e cjrudur`l djofb (cgcgt iflfiui 3 hr`i, i`dsfiui 06> hr`i mjlh`l cjlt`lh`l s`y`p i`dsfiui 81 ii)4 ijifbfdf i`t` djofb4 tjbflh` ijifbfdf tr`hus (tglkgb`l m`rf m`b`i m`ul tjbflh`) `t`u `ltf tr`hus (tglkgb`l m`rf bu`r m`ul tjbflh`)4 k`rf s`y`p tfm`d cjro`d`r m`l igloglh s`lh`t cjrv`rf`sf, tjrut`i` n`ifbf Seflgbgpefm`j & Efppgsfmjrfm`j ijifbfdf m`ul efmulh (lgsjbj`) y`lh dgipbjds. c. ]flk`u`l Jvgbusf Qjrdjic` Qjrdjic`lh`l lh`l I`i`bf`.

I`i`bf` iuloub p`m` z`i`l ]rf`s sjdft`r 311 kut` k ut` t`eul b`bu. I`s` jds`dly` cjbui p`stf m`l e`b flf tjrut`i` d`rjl` i`s`b`e mjnflfsf sji`t`. Kjldfls jt `b (0668) cjrpjlm`p`t i`i`bf` p`m` i`s` y`lh bjcfe tu` (]rf`s tjlh`e) m`rf fbiu`l b`flly`, cjrm`s`rd`l ngsfb y`lh ijlulkudd`l dj`ljd`r`h`i`l y`lh cjr`rtf s``t 311 kut` t`eul b`bu. I`i`bf` cjrjvgbusf m`rf sjkjlfs rjptfb, sjk`b`l mjlh`l jvgbusf mflgs`urus y`lh  kuh` cjr`s`b m`rf kjlfs b`fl rjptfb purc`. ]r`lsfsf m`rf rjptfb ijlk`mf i`i`bf` cjr`m` m`b`i mjrjt`l y`lh e`bus, mfpjrdu`t gbje cudtf ngsfb mjlh`l sjkuib`e cjltud pjr`lt`r`, cjhftu ifrfp sjo`r` `l`tgif sjeflhh` subft ijifbfe s`b`e s`tuly` m`l ijlh`t`d`l ‒flfb`e i`i`bf` pjrt`i`.’ _`b`e s`tu pjrcjm``l djr`lhd` pjltflh `lt`r` rjptfb m`l i`i`bf` tjrbjt`d p`m` tjbflh` m`b`i, mfi`l` rjptfb e`ly` ijifbfdf s`tu tub`lh sjijlt`r` i`i`bf` ijifbfdf tfh` tub`lh, sjeflhh` ijipjrdu`t k`lhd`u`l nrjdujlsf m`l sjlsftfvft`s tjbflh` ijrjd`. I`i`bf` ijsgzgfdui purc` cjrudur`l djofb m`l s`lh`t iulhdfl cjrsfn`t lgdturl`b, ifrfp mjlh`l serjw igmjrl l`iul ijrup`d`l `lhhgt` djbgipgd y`lh dflf tjb`e pul`e. Mfvjrsfnfd`sf pb`sjlt` ijlk`mf grmg-grmg i`i`bf` sjd`r`lh, m`rf pjrfssgm`otyb eflhh` prfi`t`, tfm`d tjrk`mf eflhh` e`ipfr 0:1  kut` t`eul sjtjb`e i`i`bf` pjrt`i` pjrt`i` iuloub. I`i`bf` pb`sjlt` `t`u sjo`r` ngri`b cjrl`i` Jutejrf`, `m`b`e i`i`bf` y`lh mfbjlhd`pf mjlh`l pb`sjlt`, m`l d`rjl`ly` i`ipu ijr`w`t `l`d ijrjd` mf m`b`i tucue ijrjd` sjlmfrf ultud pjrfgmj y`lh bjcfe p`lk`lh, cjrcjm` 31

 

mjlh`l i`rsupf`b m`l iglgtrji`t` pjtjbur. I`s` djiuloub`l i`i`bf` pb`sjlt` kuh` cjr`m` p`m` sjdft`r i`s` djpul`e`l i`ss` mf pjrc`t`s`l D`pur-]jrsfjr (D] cgulm`ry). I`s` djpul`e`l flf p`bflh tjrdjl`b d`rjl` pul`ely` mflgs`urus. I`i`bf` ijifbfdf d`r`dtjrfstfd mjlh`l `m`ly` r`icut, djbjlk`r i`i`j, gt`d y`lh bjcfe cjs`r cfb` mfc`lmflhd`l mjlh`l vjrtjcr`t` b`fl mjlh`l udur`l y`lh s`i`, mfnjrjlsf`sf hjbfhf. I`i`bf` cjrdjic`lh m`rf bjbueur rjptfbf` bjcfe `w`b m`rf curulh. Ngsfb tjrtu` mfy`dflf ijrup`d`l i`i`bf` cjruiur 331 kut` t`eul, i`s` ]rf`s. Bjbueur i`i`bf` ijrup`d`l s`b`e s`tu mf `lt`r` ejw`l tjr`psfm`, y`lh ijrup`d`l c`hf`l m`rf o`c`lh sfl`psfm` m`rf nfbghjlf rjptfbf`. ]jr`psfm` ijlhefb`lh s``t mflgs`urus cjrbfip`e, tjt`pf i`i`bf` y`lh cjr`s`b m`rf tjr`psfm` efmup cjrm`ipflh`l mjlh`l mflgs`urus sjb`i` z`i`l Ijsgzgfdui. _jc`hf`l cjs`r i`i`bf` z`i`l Ijsgzgfdui cjrudur`l djofb m`l sjc`h`fl cjs`r iulhdfl ijrup`d`l pji`d`l sjr`lhh`. Cjr`h`i cudtf, sjpjrtf udur`l buc`lh i`t`, ijlyfr`td`l i jlyfr`td`l c`ew` i`i`bf` djofb `m`b`e ejw`l lgdturl`b. _jtjb`e djpul`e`l i`ss`b mf i`s` Drjt`sjsus, s``t z`i`l _jlgzgfdui m`t`lh, i`i`bf` sjm`lh ijb`dud`l r`mf`sf `m`ptfn cjs`r-cjs`r`l. Dj`ljd`r`h`i`l ftu mfw`dfbf gbje tfh` djbgipgd ut`i`, y`ftu iglgtrji` (i`i`bf` cjrtjbur), i`rsupf`b (i`i`bf` cjrd`ltulh), m`l i`i`bf` jutejrf` (i`i`bf` cjrpb`sjlt`).

30

 

C@C FFF DJ_FIQZB@L @. Djsfipub`l 

Cjrm`s`rd`l pjic`e`s`l tjlt`lh jvgbusf djbjb`w`r m`p`t mfsfipubd`l sjc`h`f cjrfdut; 0. Igy`lh djbjb`w`r `m`b`e Fo`rglyotjrfs. 3. _`y`p djbjb`w`r djbjb`w`r cjrjvgbusf cjrm`s`rd`l p`m` dj`m``l dj`m``l bflhdlh`lly` bflhdlh`lly` m`rf dji`ip`lly` ultud ijlo`rf i`d`l mf pgegl-pgegl djiumf`l cjruc`e ijlk`mf ijlo`rf i`d`l mjlh`l o`r` ijl`lhd`p i`lhs` mjlh`l o`r` tjrc`lh. _jm`lhd`l jvgbusf tjlhdgr`d cjrm`s`rd`l p`m`  kjlfs i`d`l`lly`. Djbjb`w`r kuh` ijlh`b`if mj-jvgbusf m`l jvgbusf dglvjrhjl jdgbgd`sf. ?. Cudtf-cudtf jvgbusf djbjb`w`r `m`b`e mftjiud`lly` ngsfb djbjb`w`r, egigbghf m`l `l`bghf, jicrfgbghf pjrc`lmflh`l, v`rf`sf, m`l spjsf`sf. =. ]`dsglgif djbjb`w`r djbjb`w`r ijlurut Db`sfnfd`sf Db`sfnfd`sf djbjb`w`r djbjb`w`r ijlurut Ogrcjt & Efbb (0663) `m`b`e sjc`h`f cjrfdut ; Dflhmgi ; @lfi`bf`, Nfbui ; Oegrm`t`, _uc ;Nfbui ; ^jrtjcr`t`, Djb`s ; I`i`bf`, Flnr` N`ifbf Djb`s ;; Jutjrf`, Grmg Oefrgptjr`, _ucgrmg ; Ijh`oefrgptjr`, Qtjrgpgmfm`j, _ucgrmg ; Iforgoefrgptjr`, N`ifbf ; Seflgbgpefm`j, Efppgsfmjrfm`j, Ijh`mjri`tfm`j, Or`sjglyotjrfm`j, Seflgpgi`tfm`j, Lyotjrfm`j, Jic`bbglurfm`j, Qeybbgstgifm`j, Igriggpfm`j, Lgotfbfglfm`j, Nurfptjrfm`j, ]eyrgptjrfm`j, Iyst`oflfm`j, Iyzgpgmfm`j, ^jspjrtfbfglfm`j, Igbgsfm`j m`l L`t`bfm`j. :. Djtjrd`ft`l hjljtfd djbjb`w`r djbjb`w`r mftflk`u m`rf tflhd`t tflhd`t grmg c`ew` mfmuh` Ijh`oefrgptjr` cjr`s`b m`rf ljljd igy`lh Qrfi`t`, sjm`lhd`l Iforgoefrgptjr` mfmuh` cjr`s`b m`rf ljljd igy`lh cud`l Qrfi`t`. Djtjrd`ft`l hjljtfd mftflk`u m`rf jvgbusf pjrdjic`lh`l i`i`bf` c`ew` Bjbueur i`i`bf` ijrup`d`l s`b`e s`tu mf `lt`r` ejw`l tjr`psfm`, y`lh ijrup`d`l c`hf`l m`rf o`c`lh sfl`psfm` m`rf nfbghjlf rjptfbf`.

33

 

M@N]@S QZ_]@D@ 

 @lglfi. 310:. @ebf Q`bjgltgbghf Cjre`sfb ]jltud`l X`rl` Djbjb`w`r y`lh ]jb`e Qul`e. www.obfi`tjoe`lhj.uii.`o.fm. Sjdglstrudsf Q`b`jgoefrgptjryx sp (Gcsfmf`l _gub / OO CV-_@ ?.1). L`tfgl`bhjghr`pefo. _tumf flf tjb`e mfpucbfd`sfd`l mf kurl`b fbif`e Qrgojjmflhs gn tej L`tfgl`b  @o`mjiy gn _ofjlojs. _ofjlojs.  @rsjl`b, @rs`b. 310:. Djbjb`w`r Djbjb`w`r _jc`h`f Djbgipgd N`ul` N`ul` ]rghbgzjlj. etib. Mkurf, _um`rsglg. Ijlhjl`b Mulf` Djbjb`w`r. Qjlmfmfd`l Bflhdulh`l m`l Dglsjrv`sf _jrf 3.0 Qjlhjl`b`l Mlf` N`ul`. Qmn. Hul, E_. 3100. Ijipjb`k`rf ]jlhdgr`d Djbjb`w`r, Fbiuw`l Ijljiud`l C`h`fi`l` _pjsfjs Cjrjvgbusf. ettp;//N`dt`Fbif`e. Etib. E`ss`l, I. _., Njrf`b, J.X., m`l _gjdjlm`rsfe, J. 310=. Qjlh`lt`r Cfgbghf Jvgbusf. Jrb`lhh`; K`d`rt`. ettp;//d`t`dutu.ogi. Mj-jvgbusf Djbjb`w`r. etib ettp;//dbfdsi`.ogi.etib. Jvgbusf Ejw`l ]jrc`lh. Dfic`bb, Kgel X. 065?. Cfgbghf Kfbfm ?, Jmfsf Djbfi`. Jrb`lh`; K`d`rt`. www.kjlmjb`s`rk`l`.ogi/ www.kjlmjb`s`rk`l`.og i/ Jdgbgd`sf. etib.

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