Evolucion Historica Del Derecho Probatorio

 

CUGOSNHGK BH^TGZHNM DCO DCZCNBG VZGJMTGZHG

Co Dcrcnbg Vrgjmtgrhg sc dcsckvucovc m trmvès dc om Cvgounhþk Bhstþrhnm ym quc dcsdc sus hkhnhgs bmstm om mntumohdmd sc vm ngaprckdhckdg ac`gr co vmogr quc sc oc dm m om Vrucjm ck co Vrgncsg Vckmo, ym scm lumtcamotcng g ck numoquhcr gtrg pmás pm ás dc dcpc pckd kdhc hckd kdg g dc ogs ogs shst shstca cams ms pr prgn gncs csmo mocs cs g ym scm scm nmdm nmdm ukm ukm dc oms oms ngrrcspgkdhcktcs sgnhcdmdcs.= Co cstudhg dc om Vrucjm sc cstmjocnc quc om prucjm shcaprc bm cstmdg vhknuomdm m oms egrams hdcgoþlhnms dc ogs pucjogs quc bmk hkeoucknhmdg ck su comjgrmnhþk, ck om prínthnm y sgjrc tgdg ck su ngkstrunnhþk oclhsomthvm oclhs omthvm.. Vgr coog, kg pgdám cstmr cquhvgnmdg Mulustg Ngatc mo cstmjocncr cstmjocncr quc ogs cstudhgs bhstþrhngs dcjck cstmr su`ctgs m om ocy dc ogs trcs cstmdgs0 tcocgoþlhng, actmeáshng y pgshthvg. X cs quc rcsuotm erág cstudhmr om prucjm shk dhsthkluhr ogs pcrágdgs g oms emscs hdcgoþlhnms quc ck co thcapg sc bmk suncdhdg pmrm dmr egram, ngktckhdg y sckthdg m om prucjm `udhnhmo. Ck cstc sckthdg, kg pgdcags hlkgrmr m Nomudhg Jcrkmrd numkdg dh`g quc ogs cstudhgs bhstþrhngs dcjck mshahomrsc m oms ctmp ct mpms ms dco sc sckt ktha hahc hckt ktg, g, om rmz rmzþk þk y om cxpcr cxpcrhc hckn knhm hm,, nga ngag g og ogss tr trcs cs csckn cscknhm hmoc ocss agac ag ackt ktgs gs ck co pr prgn gncs csg g dc cvgo cvgoun unhþ hþk k sgnh sgnhmo mo dc dcoo bg bgaj ajrc rc.. : vmrhgs mutgrc mutgrcss ngkshdcrmk quc om Vrucjm thckc sus emscs dc cvgounhþk shckdg cstms nhkng emscs0 om emsc ètkhnm g prhahthvm, om rcohlhgsm g aásthnm, om emsc oclmo, om emsc agrmo g dc áktham ngkvhnnhþk y om emsc nhcktáehnm. =. OM EM^C EM^C CTKHN CTKHNM M G VZHAHTH VZHAHTHUM UM0 Ngrrcspgkdc m oms sgnhcdmdcs prhamrhms

g ck egramnhþk ck om quc tgdm prucjm sc vm rhlhckdg pgr co caphrhsag g ym sc scm m pgr pgr om su supcr pcrst sthn hnhþ hþk k qu quc c tc tcká kámk mk om omss pc pcrs rsgkm gkmss ck csm csm èp èpgnm gnm g om omss haprcshgkcs quc dmjmk oms pcrsgkms9 oms prucjms eucrgk tmktg egramocs ngag shajþohnms, om vcrdmd euc vmogrmdm ngag mrtáehnc g ehnnhgsm. Ck cstm emsc om mprcnhmnhþk dc ogs bcnbgs crm hkvgnmdm pgr co ahsthnhsag, cs dcnhr, =. Bulg Z Zgjcrtg gjcrtg @íurc @íurcluh, luh, HHktrgd ktrgdunnhþk unnhþk mo Dcr Dcrcnbg cnbg Vrgjmtgr Vrgjmtgrhg, hg, pí píl. l. =4. :. Jgrhs Jmrrhgs Jmrrhgs Lgk Lgkzíocz zíocz,, Hdcgoglám Hdcgoglám dc dc om Vru Vrucjm cjm Vckmo Vckmo píl píl.. =: y =>. =>. Cs pgr coog quc ckc sckdg om tcgrám dc Ercud (Ner. Cknhnogpcdhm @urádhnm Gacjm . Juckgs Mhrcs (Mrlckkm)00 Cdhtgrhmo Jhjohglríng, =825, T. RRHHH, p. . Dcvhs Cnbmkdhm Gp. Nht., pp. 33-35. 4. @mhac Lumsp (Dcrcnbg Vrgncsmo Nhvho. Amdrhd0 Hkstutg dc Cstudhgs Vgoángs, =85:, pp. >5= y

>5:

 

"hktckthg" g dcnomrmnhþk dco dcrcnbg moclmdg pgr co mntg9 y >¶ om "ngkdckmthg" g ngkecrhahcktg mo `ucz dc om pgtcstmd dc ngkdckmr g dc mjsgovcr, sclðk om vcrdmd dc ogs bcnbgs moclmdgs pgr ukm u gtrm pmrtc:5= ^hovm Acomkg, Om Vrucjm Vrgncsmo, Amdrhd, Cdht. Zcvhstm dc Dcrcnbg Vrhvmdg, =85>, p ml. =>< Lgrpbc, Dc om Mprcnhmnhg Mprcnhmnhg k dc om Vrucjm, Juckgs Mhrcs, Cdht. C`c. =833 Vm Vm l. 2.

 

Bmyy qu Bm quc c mdvc mdvcrt rthr hr quc quc om eukn euknhþ hþk k `uzl `uzlmd mdgr grm, m, co "hud "hudhn hnhu hua" a" k sc jm jmsm sm ck co "hap "hapcr crhu hua" a",, dc dcoo qu quc c kg cs cstí tík k rcv rcvcst csthd hdgs, gs, shkg shkg ck co "gee "geehn hnhu hua" a",, qu quc c ththckc ckc su eukdmacktg ck co `urmacktg bcnbg m om bgrm dc scr kgajrmdg y pgr co quc prgactck emoomr ngkegrac m oms kgrams dco dcrcnbg pgshthvgˌ. Ck cs csttm ems msc c dc dcoo pr prgn gncs csg, g, ckt cktgk gknncs cs,, co `uc uczz sc oha ohahtmj htmjm m m cx cxma mahk hkmr mr ogs ogs eu eukd kdma mack cktg tgss dc bc bcnbg nbg,, ng ngag ag og sg sgk k om omss pr prucj ucjms ms pr prcs csckt cktmd mdms ms y dhnt dhntmjm mjm om scktcknhm. Om "Nglkhthg Cxtrm grdhkca", shlog HU mo UH d.N.

Co prgncdhahcktg egrauomrhg sc amktuvg ck vhlgr durmktc tgdm om èpgnm noíshnm. Vcrg om prínthnm prgncsmo dc rcsgovcr ogs ohthlhgs ck ukm sgom vám (cxtrm grdhkca) mktc co amlhstrmdg, ooclþ m ngkvcrthrsc ck co shstcam egramo durmktc co hapcrhg, mo cxtrcag quc ngk @usthkhmkg om sgounhþk pgr om vám cxtrmgrdhkmrhm, cs dcnhr ck uk sþog mntg g agacktg, sc bmnc ngaðk m tgdgs ogs `uhnhgs. Om mshahomnhþk dc om "nglkhthg cxtrm grdhkca" tcrahkm ngk om noíshnm jhpmrthnhþk dco prgncsg ck oms emscs "hk hurc" y "mpud hudhnca". Kg gjstmktc, co `ucz sc ngkvhcrtc ck euknhgkmrhg pðjohng y rcprcscktm mo Cstmdg, y mktc èo mbgrm sc sustmknhm co pochtg ck uk sgog agacktg prgncsmoˌ. Vmrm cstm èpgnm y jm`g cstc prgncdhahcktg dcsmpmrcnc, pucs, om "hurhsdhnthg" y om "hudhnmthg", y ngk co mdvckhahcktg dc om "Nglkhthg Cxtrmgrdhkca" sc hktrgdunck hkkgvmnhgkcs ck rcomnhþk m om prucjm, cktrc oms quc sc pucdck acknhgkmr0 m. Om emnuotmd dco `ucz dc grdckmr prucjms dc gehnhg, j. Om susthtunhþk dc ogs `uhnhgs grmocs pgr co prgncdhahcktg csnrhtg, n. Om gj gjohohlm lmnh nhþk þk dc dcoo `u `ucz cz dc dm dmrr vmo vmogr gr m dctc dctcra rahk hkmd mdgs gs ac acdh dhgs gs pr prgjm gjmtg tgrh rhgs gs cstmjocnhdgs pgr co shstcam dc tmrhem oclmo dc prucjms, d. Co sur surlh lhah ahckt cktg g dc om omss pr prcs csukn uknhg hgkcs kcs dc dcr dcrcn cnbg bg ac acdh dhmk mktc tc om omss nu numo mocs cs sc ngkshdcrmjm molukgs supucstgs ngag dcagstrmdgs shk kcncshdmd dc prucjm ck ngktrmrhg. C`capog, dctcrahkmdg kðacrg dc tcsthlgs, om prucjm csnrhtm, ctn.

>. Dcvhs Cnbmkdhm Gp. Nht., pp. 33-35. 4. @mhac Lumsp (Dcrcnbg Vrgncsmo Nhvho. Amdrhd0 Hkstutg dc Cstudhgs Vgoángs, =85:, pp. >5= y

>5:

 

:. EM^C EM^C ZCOHLHG^ ZCOHLHG^M M G AH^THNM0 AH^THNM0

Vmrm ukm ac`gr ngaprckshþk dc cstm emsc bhstþrhnm dc om prucjm vmags m cxpgkcr, prhacrg, om lckcrmohdmd dc om emsc rcohlhgsm g aásthnm, y ogs pcrhgdgs quc pucdck dckgahkmrsc0 m. Co pcrágdg dco mkthlug dcrcnbg lcramkg9 j. Om hkeoucknhm dco dcrcnbg dc ogs ‟Csnmjhkgs‑9 y n. Co pcrágdg dco dcrcnbg nmkþkhng. Vrcdgahkmjm ck cstm emsc co emkmthsag rcohlhgsg uthohzíkdgsc shstcams prgjmtgrhgs quc sc crhlámk ngag vcrdmdcrms tgrturms, dcktrg dc oms numocs tckcags0 ogs `uhnhgs dc Dhgs u grdmoáms (oms aís ngrrhcktcs eucrgk oms dco euclg, co mlum bhrvhcktc, co vckckg, co `urmacktg y co ducog `udhnhmo). Om prucjm sc nmrmntcrhzm, cktgkncs, pgr om supcrsthnhþk aásthnm g rcohlhgsm, y cs quc ogs pucjogs mo kg pgdcr cxpohnmrsc dc amkcrm rmnhgkmo oms nmusms dc ogs eckþackgs kmturmocs msá ngag ogs bcnbgs buamkgs, tmapgng pgdámk cxpohnmrsc co eckþ eckþac ackg kg buam buamkg kg dco dco dc dcohohtg tg,, dc om dc dcohohkn knuc uckn knhm hm kh sus sus nmus nmusms ms99 y pg pgrr om hknmpmnhdmd dc pgdcr cxpohnmr cstgs eckþackgs sgjrcvhkg om supcrsthnhþk, y jm`g oms hkeoucknhms dc oms nrccknhms aásthnms y rcohlhgsms, co bgajrc jusnm ck csc csnckmrhg oms rcspucstms quc kg cknucktrm ck co rmzgkmahcktg, y mncptm quc om sgounhþk oc scm dmdm pgr pgdcrcs suprcags y sgjrckmturmocs. Ck cstc sckthdg dcjcags cktckdcr quc numkdg co bgajrc prhahthvg jusnm om prucjm dco dcohtg ck om dhvhkhdmd kg cs quc pcksmrm quc co dcohtg eucrm ukm mercktm ngktrm om dhvhkhdmd (cstm vhckc m scr ukm ngkncpnhþk ngksnhcktcacktc dcegramdgrm quc surlhþ ngk om agkmrquám y co pgdcr bcrcdmdg ck om cdmd acdhm) shkg pgrquc dcdunám dc su hamlhkmnhþk quc om dhvhkhdmd ngag uk ngkgnhahcktg suprcag pgdám mdvcrthrog y vcrog tgdg, msá sc oc pcdám m ogs dhgscs quc hktcrvhkhcrmk pmrm rcvcomr om vcrdmd y prgtclhcrm mo hkgncktc. Cs jm`g cstm ngkncpnhþk hdcgoþlhnm dc om prucjm quc kmnc om prínthnm dc ogs `uhnhgs dc Dhgs, oms grdmoáms y co `urmacktg dco mnusmdg.

Lumsp, Dcrcnbg Vrgncsmo Nhvho, Amdrhd, Hksthtutg dc Cstudhgs Vgoá thngs, thngs, =85: pml. >5= ^hovm Acomkg, Om Vrucjm Vrgncsmo, Amdrhd, Cdht. Zcvhstm dc Dcrcnbg Vrhvmdg, =85>, p ml. =>< Lgrpbc, Dc om Mprcnhmnhg Mprcnhmnhg k dc om Vrucjm, Juckgs Mhrcs, Cdht. C`c. =833 Vm Vm l. 2.

 

Vcrágdg dco mkthlug dcrcnbg lcramkg

Ck co mkthlug dcrcnbg lcramkg om prucjm tckám uk vmogr ck sá ahsam quc dctcrahkmjm om scktcknhm, èstm crm mpckms mdgptmdm pgr co `ucz, m rmzþk dc quc om ahsam crm prgduntg dc om prucjm. Cs prudcktc ngacktmr mquá quc ahcktrms ck co dcrcnbg rgamkg om prucjm sc prcscktmjm ngag uk acdhg dc pcrsumshþk sgjrc co íkhag dco `uzlmdgr, om quc m om vcz co `uzlmdgr vmogrmjm ngk ohjcrtmd9 pgr co ngktrmrhg, ck co mkthlug dcrcnbg lcramkg om prucjm prcscktmdm ngk oms egramohdmdcs rcqucrhdm hapgkám su eucrzm, om quc tckám quc scr rcngkgnhdm. Ck cstc agacktg bhstþrhng surlc uk kucvg ngkncptg dc prucjm, ngkdhnhgkmdg m om oclmohdmd dc oms egrams, pgr og quc om prucjm hkngrpgrmdm ck nuapohahcktg dc oms egrams oclmocs prgdunám uk cecntg lckcrmoacktc hkngktrgvcrthjoc. Om prucjm, cktgkncs, ck co mkthlug dcrcnbg lcramkg crm ukm prgdunnhþk eáshnm c hktcocntumo nmsh cxnoushvm dc oms pmrtcs, ngkdhnhgkmdms mo nuapohahcktg dc oms egra egramo mohd hdmd mdcs cs qu quc c vcká vckámk mk m scr scr rc rclo loms ms dc pr prgd gdun unnh nhþk þk dc om pr pruc ucjm jm,, nuym nuym mnrc mnrcdh dhtm tmnh nhþk þk ck co `uhn `uhnhg hg dceh dcehká kámk mk om sckt scktck cknh nhm, m, pg pgrq rquc uc co `ucz `ucz kg pg pgdá dám m dcsngkgncroms. ^c trmtmjm dco hapcrhg dc oms egrams quc, pgr ngkscnucknhm, prgdunám om vcrdmd egramo ngag rcsuotmdg dco `uhnhg, y kg om vcrdmd amtcrhmo. Oms egramohdmdcs crmk co nuapohahcktg dc mrthehnhgs, pgr og lckcrmo mjsurdgs, quc dcrhvmjmk dc om nrccknhm ck om hktcrvcknhþk dhvhkm pmrm om sgounhþk dc ogs nmsgs pmrthnuomrcs. X cs mo nmogr dc cstm hdcm dc om prucjm quc kmnck oms grdmoáms, ogs ducogs `udhnhmocs, co `urmacktg, om prucjm dco mtmðd y ogs `uhnhgs dc Dhgs, mo hlumo quc om prucjm dco mlum y dco euclg. Numkdg kgs rcecrhags mo hapcrhg dc oms egrams cs quc nuapohdm om prucjm ngk oms egrams cstmjocnhdms pmrm co nmsg su cecntg crm quc cohahkmjmk tgdm dhsnushþk rcspcntg dc om ahsam, pucstg quc kg cxhstám om vmogrmnhþk rmnhgkmo, sþog sc mtckdám mo rcsuotmdg dco cxpcrhacktg9 pgr og quc co `ucz qucdmjm cxgkcrmdg dc hkvcsthlmr.

>. Dcvhs Cnbmkdhm Gp. Nht., pp. 33-35. 4. @mhac Lumsp (Dcrcnbg Vrgncsmo Nhvho. Amdrhd0 Hkstutg dc Cstudhgs Vgoángs, =85:, pp. >5= y

>5:

 

Dcnám Eogrhík quc "ck ogs `uhnhgs dc Dhgs cs om dhvhkhdmd ahsam om quc dhrcntmacktc ngapm nga pmrcn rcnc c y dcn dcnhd hdc, c, y pg pgrr cs cstg tg pucd pucdc c dc dcnh nhrsc rsc quc quc shaj shajgo gohz hzmk mk dcnh dcnhsh shgk gkcs cs sgjrckmturmocs"5= ^hovm Acomkg, Om Vrucjm Vrgncsmo, Amdrhd, Cdht. Zcvhstm dc Dcrcnbg Vrhvmdg, =85>, p ml. =>< Lgrpbc, Dc om Mprcnhmnhg Mprcnhmnhg k dc om Vrucjm, Juckgs Mhrcs, Cdht. C`c. =833 Vm Vm l. 2.

 

ngk co bhcrrg ck om amkg89 ck tmktg quc Tmrdc (Vbhogsgpbhc Vèkmoc, p.4:5) oms nmohehnþ dc "pcrhtmnhgkcs dhvhkg oclmocs dco pmsmdg"=6. Cstc shstcam prgjmtgrhg pcrdurþ, ck nmsh tgdgs ogs pucjogs dc Curgpm, bmstm auy cktrmdm om cdmd acdhm, ^hlogs RUH y RUHH, y bmstm co mdvckhahcktg dco dcrcnbg nmkþkhng. Dco dcrcnbg lcramkg y ogs ‟Csnmjhkgs‑ mo dcrcnbg nmkþkhng

Om bhstgrhm dco dcrcnbg lcramkg pucdc cstudhmrsc dcsdc, pgr og ackgs, numtrg èpgnms0 co pcrágdg lcramkg prhahthvg (dcsdc co pmocgoáthng bmstm co mýg 466 d.N., quc ngrrcspgkdc mo pcrágdg dc ogs lcramk lcramkgs gs y dc oms trhju trhjuss jírjmrms)9 co pcrágdg ermkng (dcsdc co mýg 466 d.N. bmstm co mýg 866, quc ngrrcspgkdc mo pcrágdg dco rchkg dc ogs ermkngs y mo hapcrhg Nmrogvhklhg)9 co pcrágdg acdhcvmo (dcsdc co mýg 866 d.N. bmstm co mýg =,482, quc ngrrcspgkdc m om cdmd agdcrkm ck Mocamkhm y sc hkhnhm ngk om rcncpnhþk dc ogs dcrcnbgs cxtrmk`cr cxtrmk`crgs)9 gs)9 y pcrágdg ngktcapgríkcg ngktcapgríkcg (dcsdc =265 m om mntumohdmd, y quc mjmrnm dcsdc om nmádm dco ^mnrg Hapcrhg)==. Co dcrcnbg lcramkg prhahthvg crm ngksuctudhkmrhg, y su trmksahshþk sc dmjm dc lckcrmnhþk ck lckcrmnhþk m trmvès dc prgvcrjhgs y pgcams èphngs. Om `usthnhm om mdahkhstrmjm ukm msmajocm `udhnhmo, ngksthtuhdm, ck cstc pcrágdg, pgr tgdgs ogs bgajrcs ohjrcs y uk prcshdcktc, coclhdg pgr coogs9 co prgncdhahcktg crm dc uk egramohsag rálhdg, mncptíkdgsc ngag uk acdhg grdhkmrhg dc prucjm om dcnomrmnhþk dc tcsthlgs y ngag acdhg sujshdhmrhg, oms grdmoáms g `uhnhgs dc Dhgs9 ck tmktg quc om comjgrmnhþk dc om scktcknhm ngrrcspgkdám, cxnoushvmacktc, m ogs bgajrcs ohjrcs, pcrg pc rg kg md mdqu quhr hráám co nm nmrí rínt ntcr cr dc sc sckt ktck cknh nhm m bms msttm qu quc c cr crm m pr prgn gnom oma amd mdm m sgocakcacktc pgr co Vrcshdcktc=:. Kg gjstmktc, oms kgrams ngksuctudhkmrhms, hapcrmktcs ck co pcrágdg prhahthvg, ngk co pmsg mo pcrágd pcrágdg g ermkng, quc oc suncdc, pmsmk m scr vcrthdms ck kgrams csnrhtms (Ocy ^ío ^íohnm hnm,, Ocy Zhp Zhpumrh umrhm, m, Ocx Jur Jurlukd lukdhgru hgrua, a, Ocx Mom Momamk amkkgru kgrua, a, Nþd Nþdhlg hlg dc Curhng, co Jrcvhmrhg dc Momrhng). Ck ogs ogs hkhn hkhnhg hg dc dcoo pcrá pcrágd gdg g er ermk mkng ng,, om md mdah ahkh khst strm rmnh nhþk þk dc `ust `usthn hnhm hm mð mðk k sclu scluám ám c`crnhèkdgsc pgr om msmajocm `udhnhmo egramdm pgr ogs "rmnbhajurlgs" u bgajrcs >. Dcvhs Cnbmkdhm Gp. Nht., pp. 33-35. 4. @mhac Lumsp (Dcrcnbg Vrgncsmo Nhvho. Amdrhd0 Hkstutg dc Cstudhgs Vgoángs, =85:, pp. >5= y

>5:

 

ohjrcs, quc ouclg eucrgk rcapomzmdgs pgr ogs "Csnmjhkgs", quc sc hksthtuycrgk ngag vcrdmdcrgs `ucncs, ck tmktg quc sc amktck amktckám ám co prgncd prgncdhahckt hahcktg g dc ngkstruhr  om scktcknhms ck oms emscs dc comjgrmnhþk y prgnomamnhþk sgocakc=>. ^hluhckdg m Ahttcramhcr=4 y m Cnbmkdám=3, vmoc ngacktmr quc cktrc ogs pcrágdg dcoo mkth dc mkthlu lug g dcr dcrcn cnbg bg lc lcra ramk mkg g y co dc dcrcn rcnbg bg nm nmkþ kþkh khng ng buj bujhcr hcrgk gk nh nhud udmdc mdcss qu quc c mjmkd mj mkdgkm gkmrg rgk k om omss pr prmnt mnthn hnms ms pr prgj gjmt mtgrh grhms ms dc om omss grd grdmo moám ámss y og ogss duco ducogs9 gs9 eucr eucrgk gk nhudmdcs nhudmd cs ck oms quc sc amkhe amkhecstþ cstþ ukm hkeoucknh hkeoucknhm m dc oms hdcms dco dcrcnbg rgamkg hapcrhmo, y dc amkcrm dhrcntm ogs acdhgs dc prucjm ngkgnhdgs ck èo y co prhknhphg dc om jðsqucdm dc om vcrdmd rcmo.  Mo mapmrg dc om hkeoucknhm dco dcrcnbg rgamkg ogs ‟Csnmjhkgs‑ mdahkhstrmrgk  `usthnhm prgdunhckdg om prucjm ck nuapohahcktg dc rcloms dc oclmohdmd, pcrg og quc bmnc om hkeoucknhm dc su pcrágdg cs quc bhnhcrgk om vmogrmnhþk dc om prucjm ck jmsc m om pcrsgkmo ngkvhnnhþk. Co shstcam ‟Csnmjhkg‑ ‟Csnmjhkg‑ dc vmogrmnhþk dc om prucjm, quc thckc sus mktcnc mktcncdcktcs dcktcs ck co dcrcnbg rgamkg hapcrhmo, cktgkncs, shrvhþ dc hkeoucknhm m om ngkegramnhþk dco shstcam dc vmogrmnhþk dc om prucjm quc sc hksthtuyþ ck co dcrcnbg nmkþkhng. Co ck`uhnhmahcktg pckmo ck co pcrágdg lcraíkhng sc jmsmjm ck om nrccknhm dc om "`usthnhm c hktcrvcknhþk dhvhkm", pcrg quc mo ehkmo dc nucktms sc trmtmjm dc om jðsqucdm dc om vcrdmd egramo dco prgncsg. Co ck`uhnhmahcktg crm, cktgkncs, co rcsuotmdg dc sgocakhdmdcs y rhtgs, ck co quc oms prucjms y om eucrzm dc ogs ohthlhgs tckámk kcemstms ngkscnucknhms. Ogs acdhgs dc prucjms mdahthdgs crmk0 ogs `uhnhgs dc Dhgs, oms grdmoáms (prucjms dc eucl euclg, g, dc ml mlum um), ), y co `urm `urmac ackt ktg g ngk ngk smnr smnrma mack cktm tmrh rhgs gs,, ngk` ngk`ur urmd mdgr grcs cs g cxpurlmtgrhgs. Vcrágdg dco dcrcnbg nmkþkhng

Ngk om hkstmurmnhþk dco dcrcnbg nmkþkhng sc suncdc co pcrágdg dc trmkshnhþk dc om prucjm quc vm dco mkthlug dcrcnbg lcramkg y om hkeoucknhm dc ogs ‟Csnmjhkgs‑ m om emsc dco shstcam oclmo dc om prucjm.

Lumsp, Dcrcnbg Vrgncsmo Nhvho, Amdrhd, Hksthtutg dc Cstudhgs Vgoá thngs, thngs, =85: pml. >5= ^hovm Acomkg, Om Vrucjm Vrgncsmo, Amdrhd, Cdht. Zcvhstm dc Dcrcnbg Vrhvmdg, =85>, p ml. =>< Lgrpbc, Dc om Mprcnhmnhg Mprcnhmnhg k dc om Vrucjm, Juckgs Mhrcs, Cdht. C`c. =833 Vm Vm l. 2.

 

Co dcrcnbg nmkþkhng mshahom oms ngkncpnhgkcs ‟csnmjhkms‑ ‟csnmjhkms‑ dc om prucjm quc thckc sus mktcncdcktcs ck om èpgnm rgamkm dco hapcrhg, pcrg hapgkc co scoog dc uk shstcam rhlurgsmacktc oclmo. Kg gjstmktc, ngacktmags ngk Dcvhs Cnbmkdám=5 y Ahttcramhcr=< quc, m dhecrcknhm dc og ogss ‟Cs ‟Csnm nmjh jhkg kgs‑, s‑, og ogss `u `ucn cncs cs cno cnocs cshí híst sthn hngs gs sc hk hkst sththtuy uyck ck ng ngag ag vcrdm vcrdmdcr dcrgs gs amlhstrmdgs, y vmogrmk om prucjm ym kg mo mapmrg dc su ohjrc g pcrsgkmo ngkvhnnhþk shkg ngk ogs rhlgrcs dc ukm vcrdmdcrm mprcnhmnhþk `urádhnm, mukquc ck mpclg m rcloms nmdm vcz aís kuacrgsms. Ngk co mdvckhahcktg dco shstcam nmkþkhng sc susthtuyþ co egramohsag dco pcrágdg lcraíkhng pgr om mprcnhmnhþk dc om prucjm ck jmsc m rcloms. Cktr Ck trc c ogs ogs nmaj nmajhg hgss emvg emvgrm rmjo jocs cs euc euc om mj mjgo gohn hnhþ hþk k dc ogs ogs ac acdh dhgs gs pr prgj gjmt mtgr grhg hgss hrrmnhgkmocs dco mktcrhgr pcrágdg. Msá, om cohahkmnhþk dc oms grdmoáms, sclðk sc cstmjocnhþ, dc amkcrm lckcrmo, ck co Ngknhohg dc Octrík ck =:=3, ck co Ngknhohg dc Ocþk ck =:22 y co dc Umoomdgohd ck =>::. Jm`g co pcrágdg dco Dcrcnbg Átmog-Nmkþkhng euc hktrgdunhdm om "Tcgrám dc oms prcsuknhgkcs", y ngk coog sc hktrgdunc ngag ngktckhdg hkdhspcksmjoc dc ogs `uhnhgs om oþlhnm. Cktrc ogs acdhgs dc prucjm ngaukcs m cstc pcrágdg sc acknhgkmk0 om ngkecshþk  `udhnhmo, co tcsthagkhg (sc cstmjocnhcrgk oms dhecrcktcs nmtclgráms dc tcsthlgs sgspcnb sgs pcnbgsg gsgss y su vmo vmogr gr prgjmt prgjmtgrh grhg), g), ogs pcrhtgs pcrhtgs,, rcng rcngkgn kgnhah hahckt cktg g `ud `udhnh hnhmo, mo, ogs dgnuacktgs y om prucjm hkdhnhmrhm. Co shstcam dc tmrhem oclmo, trmc ngkshlg om suprcshþk dc oms emnuotmdcs hkquhshtgrhms y dc om ohjrc mprcnhmnhþk dc om prucjm pgr pmrtc dco `ucz, bmstm oms pgstrhacráms dco shlog RUHHH. >. EM^C EM^C OCL OCLMO MO00

^h oms hdcgogláms y co sckthahcktg sgnhmo bmk hkeouhdg shcaprc ck om ngkncpnhþk dc om prucjm, ngag ck cecntg msá bm shdg, pgr ngkscnucknhm om ngkncpnhþk hdcgoþlhnm dco Cstmdg tmajhèk bm tckhdg su rcpcrnushþk ck om ngkncpnhþk dc om prucjm, y cs quc >. Dcvhs Cnbmkdhm Gp. Nht., pp. 33-35. 4. @mhac Lumsp (Dcrcnbg Vrgncsmo Nhvho. Amdrhd0 Hkstutg dc Cstudhgs Vgoángs, =85:, pp. >5= y

>5:

 

ck om acdhdm quc co Cstmdg pmsþ dc scr gjscrvmdgr y mrjhtrg dco ngkeohntg m pmrtánhpc y dcnomrmr co dcrcnbg mpohnmjoc ck hktcrès ym kg dco hkdhvhdug shkg ck euknhþk sgnhmo, ck csm ahsam acdhdm om ngkncpnhþk dc om prucjm sc scpmrm dco hk hkdh dhvh vhdug dug y ng ngk k co coog og co sck sckththah ahck cktg tg dc sup supcrs crsththnh nhþk þk hk hkdh dhvh vhdu dumo mo,, pgr pgrqu quc c og qu quc c hapgrtm, cktgkncs, ym kg cs om prucjm ck rmzþk hkdhvhdumo shkg co sckthdg dc `usthnhm sgnhmo quc sc dcrhvm dc om prucjm, y cstg sc ngkvhcrtc ck co hktcrès dco Cstmdg. Om cvgounhþk dco pcksmahcktg dco bgajrc og oocvm m cktckdcr co sckthdg dc vhvhr ck sgnhcdmd, y ym kg hkvgnm m om dhvhkhdmd pmrm om sgounhþk dco ngkeohntg pgr hkdhvhdumo quc scm, shkg quc mpcom mo Cstmdg9 dc cstm amkcrm sunuajc co sckthahcktg hk hkdh dhvh vhdum dumoo dc su supcr pcrst sthn hnhþ hþk k y sc sg sgjr jrcpg cpgkc kc co sck sckththah ahck cktg tg sgn sgnhm hmo.o. ^u ^url rlc c om rclomacktmnhþk dc om prucjm acdhmktc ocy, y pgr ocy sc cstmjocnc nuíocs sgk oms prucjms, ym ck ngkshdcrmnhþk dc ogs dcohtgs ck pmrthnuomr g ym ck ngkshdcrmnhþk dco  `uhnhg. Ck cstm emsc sc hapgkc co shstcam prgjmtgrhg dc om tmrhem oclmo, cs dcnhr, sc cstmj cst mjoc ocná námk mk mk mkththnh nhpm pmdma dmackt cktc c om omss pr prucj ucjms ms y su vmo vmogrh grhzm zmnh nhþk þk pgr rclom rclom dc oc ocy, y, shstcam quc ck uk dctcrahkmdg agacktg sc dcegram, om prucjm cktgkncs sc tgrkm scvcrm y bmstm ck uk hkstruacktg dc nmsthlg.  Mbgrm jhck, cs quc om emsc dc om prucjm oclmo sc dcsmrr dcsmrrgoom goom ck uk noham pgoáthng dc dcspgthsag y dc thrmkám, y pgr og quc ym bcags dhnbg quc om prucjm bhstþrhnmacktc shcaprc bm cstmdg ukhdm m om hdcgoglám y mo sckthahcktg ym hkdhvhdumo g sgnhmo, co csnckmrhg pgoáthng ck quc cstm emsc sc dcsmrrgoom, dcegram om euknhþk dc om prucjm oclmo y om bmnc ngapmýcrm dc om tgrturm, jm`g co trhstc prctcxtg dc mrrmknmr ym om ngkecshþk dco nuopmjoc g co tcsthagkhg vcrdmdcrg pmrm nuapohr ngk co hdcmrhg dc  `usthnhm hkquhshtgrhm. Ck cstc sckthdg, y pmrmermscmkdg m ^cktás Acockdg, numkdg sc mjmkdgkm co prgncsg mnusmtgrhg y surlc co hkquhshtgrhg, co `ucz sc vmoc dc emnuotmdcs pmrm prgnurmr om ngkecshþk, ck ogs prgncsgs pckmocs, y surlc msá co tgracktg `udhnhmo ngag prínthnm usumo, y quc monmkzm tmktg mo prgncsg pckmo gehnhmo ngag m ogs prgncsgs quc crmk oocvmdgs pgr om Hkquhshnhþk dco ^mktg Gehnhg=2.

Lumsp, Dcrcnbg Vrgncsmo Nhvho, Amdrhd, Hksthtutg dc Cstudhgs Vgoá thngs, thngs, =85: pml. >5= ^hovm Acomkg, Om Vrucjm Vrgncsmo, Amdrhd, Cdht. Zcvhstm dc Dcrcnbg Vrhvmdg, =85>, p ml. =>< Lgrpbc, Dc om Mprcnhmnhg Mprcnhmnhg k dc om Vrucjm, Juckgs Mhrcs, Cdht. C`c. =833 Vm Vm l. 2.

 

^c hapgkc, cktgkncs, om prucjm oclmo jm`g co rèlhack dco dcrcnbg nmkþkhng, y dgahkm co nrhtcrhg dc om rcluomnhþk dctmoomdm dc ogs acdhgs dc prucjm y sc hapgkc su mprcnhmnhþk prcvhm. Bmy quhckcs ck om dgntrhkm sustcktmk quc om rcluomnhþk dctmoomdm dc ogs acdhgs dc prucjm y su mprcnhmnhþk prcvhm crm pmrm mqucoom èpgnm hkdhspcksmjoc ck om ounbm ngktrm ogs shstcams aásthngs gprgjhgsgs quc rclámk ck tgdm Curgpm=8 Og nhcrtg cs quc tmo vcz om amygr vhrtud dco Dcrcnbg Nmkþkhng mkthlug cs quc trmtg dc dmr ukm jmsc `urádhnm mo prgncsg, y quc mtckdhþ om hlkgrmknhm dc ogs `ucncs hapgkhckdg uk shstcam prgjmtgrhg dc tmrhem oclmo. Om oclhsomnhþk cnocshísthnm sc dcrhvm dc oms hkstrunnhgkcs dctmoomdms quc dmk ogs pmpms pmrm co prgncsg nmkþkhng, muxhohmdgs pgr ogs nmkgkhstms quc mo mapmrg dco aètgdg csngoísthng comjgrmk rcloms prgjmtgrhms, vmohèkdgsc dc oms trmdhnhgkcs rgamkms, y mtckdhckdg om cspcnhmo hkeoucknhm dc oms hksthtunhgkcs dc @usthkhmkg, y gtrms vcncs tgamkdg ckscýmkzms dc om Jhjohm ngag ck co nmsg dco kuacrg dc tcsthlgs kcncsmrhgs pmrm om pockm prucjm dco tcsthagkhg. Oms rcloms prgjmtgrhms quc sc comjgrmk jm`g om emsc dc om prucjm oclmo sc mpohnmk sþog m oms prucjms quc pgr su kmturmoczm pcrahtck ukm rclomacktmnhþk prcvhm, ngag om ngkecshþk y co tcsthagkhg, y mnmsg pmrm molukgs mutgrcs eucrgk oms ðkhnms, y quc durmktc cstc pcrágdg monmkzmrgk su mpglcg. Thckc cstm emsc om vhrtud dc bmjcr hktrgdunhdg om oþlhnm ck co trmtmahcktg dc oms prucjms y ck co prgncsg `udhnhmo. X cs pgr gjrm dc ogs logsmdgrcs quc sc cstmjocnck oms rcloms quc hapgrtmk m om nmrlm dc om prucjm ck co prgncsg nhvho, rcloms quc sc comjgrmk sgjrc om jmsc dc ogs prhknhphgs rgamkgs quc om bmnámk dcpckdcr dco dcamkdmktc ck numktg m ogs bcnbgs mehramdgs ck om dcamkdm, pcrg quc om bmnám dcpckdcr dco dcamkdmdg rcspcntg m sus cxncpnhgkcs. EM^C ^CKTHACKTMO G DC ÁKTHAM NGKUHNNHÞK AGZMO0

>. Dcvhs Cnbmkdhm Gp. Nht., pp. 33-35. 4. @mhac Lumsp (Dcrcnbg Vrgncsmo Nhvho. Amdrhd0 Hkstutg dc Cstudhgs Vgoángs, =85:, pp. >5= y

>5:

 

Co mngktcnhahcktg dc om Zcvgounhþk Ermkncsm y su hknhdcknhm ck om prucjm  `udhnhmo

Ck Ermknhm, ngk co mngktcn mngktcnhahckt hahcktg g dc om Zcvgounhþ Zcvgounhþk k Ermkncsm y om Dcnomrmnhþ Dcnomrmnhþk k dc ogs dcrcnbgs dco Bgajrc y dco Nhudmdmkg mpmrcn mpmrcnc, c, tmajhèk, ukm kucvm ngrrhcktc  `urádhnm, ohdcrhzmdm, cktrc gtrgs, pgr JCNNMZHM, quc pgkc ck jglm oms tcgráms dc pcksmdgrcs ngag Agktcsquhcu y Ugotmhrc, jmsmdm ck co shstcam dc om ohjcrtmd dc mprcnhmnhþk g dc ohjrc ngkvcknhahcktg ngktrm oms prucjms egramocs, prhknhpmoacktc ck amtcrhm pckmo. Ck pmomjrms dc Dcvhs Cnbmkdám, "ngk co trmksnursg dco thcapg surlhþ pgr ðothag, ukm kucvm ctmpm ck om cvgounhþk dco ngkncptg dc prucjm. Co agvhahcktg dc ohjcrmnhþk y rccvmoumnhþk dc om pcrsgkm buamkm ercktc mo Cstmdg quc ngkdu`g m om Zcvgounhþk Ermkncsm y quc sc cxpmkdhþ lrmnhms m èstm pgr tgdm Curgpm, trm`g ngag bcags vhstg, om rcmnnhþk ngktrm om tmrhem oclmo y om hapomktmnhþk dc om ohjcrtmd dc mprcnhmnhþk dc oms prucjms pgr co @ucz, prhacrg ck co prgncsg pckmo y ouclg ck og nhvho>6.  M ehkmocs dco shlog RUHH sc hkhnhm uk agvhahcktg hktcocntumo ngktrm co rèlhack cstmjo cst mjocnh cnhdg dg dc mdahkh mdahkhstr strmr mr `us `usthn thnhm, hm, y cs ngk om Zcv Zcvgou gounhþ nhþk k Erm Ermkncs kncsm m quc sc mshahomk oms hdcms dc csgs pcksmdgrcs houahkhstms y huskmturmohstms ngag Ognic, Zgusscmu, Agktcsquhcu, Ugotmhrc, Jcnnmrhms y sc prgdunc, ngag ngkscnucknhm, om "Dcnomrmnhþk dc ogs Dcrcnbgs dco Bgajrc y dco Nhudmdmkg" dc =, p ml. =>< Lgrpbc, Dc om Mprcnhmnhg Mprcnhmnhg k dc om Vrucjm, Juckgs Mhrcs, Cdht. C`c. =833 Vm Vm l. 2.

 

ngks ngksgk gkmk mknh nhm m ngk ngk csgs csgs pr prhk hknh nhph phgs gs,, om jurl jurluc ucsá sám m msck mscktþ tþ co shst shstca cam m dc sus sus hksthtunhgkcs cstmtmocs ck co buamkhsag jurluès, co rcspctg m om pcrsgkmohdmd buamkm y co rcngkgnhahcktg dc su hkvhgomjhohdmd y sgjcrmkám. Xm ck =5:

 

Numkdg co bgajrc caphczm m ngkgncr om vcrdmd pgr su prgphm cxpcrhcknhm y rmzgkmahcktg, surlc om ehogsgeám pgshthvhstm y comjgrm ukm ngkncpnhþk prgjmtgrhm vmohèkdgsc vmohè kdgsc dc oms hkvcsthlmn hkvcsthlmnhgkcs hgkcs ehogsþe ehogsþehnms hnms dco ^hlog RUHHH RUHHH,, cs numkdg om prucjm cacrlc ngk vmogr rmnhgkmo, nhcktáehng y rcmnnhgkm ngktrm om mrjhtrmrhcdmd hapcrmktc ck co shstcam hkquhshthvg. Ogss lrmk Og lrmkdc dcss dc dcsn snuj ujrh rhah ahck cktg tgss qu quc c sc vmk vmk ngkg ngkgnh nhah ahck cktg tg ck co aukd aukdg, g, co ngkgnhahcktg dc ogs dctmoocs dc ogs vhm`cs dc Ngoþk quc oocvmk mo dcsnujrhahcktg dco kucvg aukdg macrhnmkg y sus cecntgs dc quc om thcrrm cs rcdgkdm, co dcsnujrhahckt dcsnujr hahcktg g dc om pþovgrm, om haprcktm y om jrð`uom mjrck om èpgnm agdcrkm. Co dcsnujrhahcktg dc Ngpèrkhng quc vhckc m ngapocacktmr co dcsnujrhahcktg dc Ngoþk y cs quc ym kg sþog om thcrrm cs rcdgkdm shkg quc, mdcaís, lhrm morcdcdgr  dco sgo. Cstgs Cst gs dcsnujrh dcsnujrhahc ahcktg ktgss cah cahkck kcktca tcackt cktc c nhc nhcktá ktáehn ehngs gs prucjmk prucjmk om rmn rmnhgk hgkmoh mohdmd dmd dco bgajrc y cstrcacnck om acktmohdmd sgnhmo, pgrquc og quc bmstm cktgkncs sc cktckdám ngag pomkg y shk agvhahcktg dc rcpcktc sc dcaucstrm quc cs rcdgkdg y quc thckc ngkstmktc agvhahcktg lhrmtgrhg. Coog ngkoocvm m rcpomktcmr co ngkncptg dc om vc vcrdm rdmd, d, pgrqu pgrquc c csgs csgs dcs dcsnu nujrh jrhah ahck cktg tgss dc dcau aucs cstr trmk mk og ck cklmý lmýgs gsg g qu quc c cs co ngkgnhahcktg gjtckhdg pgr ogs sckthdgs, y ngag ngkscnucknhm co bgajrc ooclm mo cktckdhahcktg quc hkegram, ngag ngknoushþk, m kg `uzlmr pgr oms mpmrhcknhms. Ngk oms ocycs dc Icpocr, ogs prhknhphgs dc Lmohocg, om Ocy dc om lrmvhtmnhþk ukhvcrsmo dc Kc Kcwt wtgk gk y co dc dcsn snuj ujrh rhah ahck cktg tg dc dcoo Tcoc Tcocsn sngp gphg hg,, mp mpmr mrcn cnc c om nhck nhcknh nhm m dc om  Mstrgkgaám9 y msá sc ckscým quc tgdg numktg cxhstc pucdc scr gj`ctg dc vcrhehehn vcr hnmn mnhþ hþk k y ng ngap aprg rgjmn jmnhþ hþk k am amtc tcaí aíththnm nm99 qu quc c tg tgdg dg nu numkt mktg g cxhs cxhstc tc am amtc tcrh rhmo mo c hk hkam amtc tcrh rhmo moac ackt ktc c pu pucd cdc c sc scrr gj gj`c `ctg tg dc cstud cstudhg hg y ng ngkgn kgnha hahc hckt ktg. g. Dc mooá mooá quc co ngkncptg dc prucjm kg scm uk prgduntg cxnoushvg dco ngkgnhahcktg `urádhng shkg uk ngkncptg ukhvcrsmo mpohnmdg, tmajhèk, m oms nhcknhms `urádhnms. Co cs cstu tudh dhg g dc dcoo ítga ítgag g y om jga gajm jm mtþa mtþahn hnm m oocvm ocvmk k mo bg bga ajr jrc c m uk kucv kucvg g ngkgnhahcktg dhackshgkmo9 co ngkgnhahcktg dc om pgomrhdmd dco ahnrgngsags y om pcrhgdhnhdmd dco amnrgngsags, shckdg co bgajrc uk jckcehnhmrhg dco ngkgnhahcktg.

Lumsp, Dcrcnbg Vrgncsmo Nhvho, Amdrhd, Hksthtutg dc Cstudhgs Vgoá thngs, thngs, =85: pml. >5= ^hovm Acomkg, Om Vrucjm Vrgncsmo, Amdrhd, Cdht. Zcvhstm dc Dcrcnbg Vrhvmdg, =85>, p ml. =>< Lgrpbc, Dc om Mprcnhmnhg Mprcnhmnhg k dc om Vrucjm, Juckgs Mhrcs, Cdht. C`c. =833 Vm Vm l. 2.

 

 M ehkmocs dco prhacr ahockhg y prhknhphgs dco sclukdg, om nhcknhm dco dcrcnbg sc vmoc dco aètgdg cxpcrhacktmo dcsnujhcrtg pgr Nomudhg Jcrkmrd ck co íajhtg dc om acdhnhkm pcrg nuym mpohnmnhþk monmkzþ tmajhèk m oms nhcknhms `urádhnms y sgnhmocs. Om mpohnmnhþk dco aètgdg cxpcrhacktmo ck oms nhcknhms `urádhnms y sgnhmocs y ck pmrt pm rthn hnuo uomr mr m om pr pruc ucjm jm oooocvm cvm m su csp csphrh hrhtu tumo mohz hzmn mnhþ hþk, k, pgrqu pgrquc c co usg dc ac acdh dhgs gs prgjmtgrhgs prgjmt grhgs ngag co tcsth tcsthagkhg, agkhg, om ngkecshþk y om prucjm dc hkhn hkhnhgs hgs mdquhcrck ukm dumohdm dumo hdmd d dha dhacks ckshgk hgkmo, mo, cstg cstg cs quc mon monmkzm mkzmk k ukm cxp cxpcrha crhackt cktmnhþ mnhþk k gj` gj`cth cthvm vm y suj`cthvm. Msá om prucjm smoc dc su nomustrg egramohstm y cxhlc, mdcaís dc ukm mdcnumnhþk m om ocy, ukm vmogrmnhþk suj`cthvm ck ngkshdcrmnhþk m om pcrsgkm buamkm.  Mpmrcnck ck co csnckmrhg dco ngkgnhahcktg oms hdcms dc ^clhsaukdg Ercud y su tcgrám dco pshngmkíohshs y nmusm ukm rcvgounhþk ck om ngkncpnhþk dc om prucjm. ^clðk om tcgrám dco pshngmkíohshs ck tmktg co bgajrc cs su`ctg dc prucjm co ahsag sc amkhehcstm ck dgs dhackshgkcs0 co mspcntg bgajrc, ck co quc sc amkhehcstm om ackthrm9 y co mspcntg hktcrkg, quc cs co csnckmrhg dco moam, dgkdc hapcrm shcaprc om vcrdmd. Ck cstc ahsag csnckmrhg dc dcsnujrhahcktgs dc oms nhcknhms sc mlrclm co dc oms mrtcs y tènkhnms. X oms nhcknhms `urádhnms, mo mapmrg dco pgshthvhsag, m ehkmocs dco prhacr ahockhg, mooí pgr oms pgstrhacráms dc ogs mýgs =266, y pgr hkhnhmthvm dc bgajrcs ngag Nèsmr Ogajrgsg, Moegksg Jcrthooþk, Ckrhng Ecrrh, y m ngahckzgs dco sclukdg ahockhg, mooí pgr =866, pgr bgajrcs ngag Khnèegrg, ]uhkthohmkg ^modmým, vmk mpmrcnhckdg ogs cstudhgs sgjrc mktrgpgactrám y agregoglám, m ogs quc aís tmrd tmrdc c sc ml mlrc rclm lmk k ogs ogs shst shstca cams ms jhgl jhglrí ríehehng ngss y csnr csnrhthtur urmo mo,, ck co amrn amrng g dc om hkvcsthlmnhþ hkvcst hlmnhþk k pckmo, y ck co ngktcx ngktcxtg tg dc shstc shstcams ams y tènkhnms tènkhnms pmrm om hdckt hdckthehnmn hehnmnhþk hþk dc pcrsgkms. Bgy om hkvcst hkvcsthlmnhþ hlmnhþk k pckmo sc vmoc dc tènkhn tènkhnms ms pmrm om hdcktheh hdckthehnmnhþk nmnhþk dc pcrsgkms, tm tmoc ocss ng ngag ag om Dm Dmnt nthohogs gsng ngph phm m (dc (dcsnu snujrh jrhah ahck cktg tg dc =5 =524 24 dc Kc Kcbc bcah ahmt mttt Lr Lrcw cw,, Ac`grmdg Ac`grm dg ck =28: pgr Ermknh Ermknhss Lmotgk y pcrecn pcrecnnhgkmd nhgkmdg g ck =8>8 pgr Nuaakhs)9 Om Lrmegoglám g Lrmeg shngoglám, Lrmeg tènkhnm g Lrmeg actrám (shstcam csnrhturmo >. Dcvhs Cnbmkdhm Gp. Nht., pp. 33-35. 4. @mhac Lumsp (Dcrcnbg Vrgncsmo Nhvho. Amdrhd0 Hkstutg dc Cstudhgs Vgoángs, =85:, pp. >5= y

>5:

 

mehmkzmdg m hkhnhg dco shlog pmsmdg pgr Cdagkd ^goomklc Vcoomt quc cstmjocnhþ oms ocycs dc om csnrhturm)9 om Gdgktgsphm, om Vhogs ngphm. Skg dc ogs ðothags dcsnujrhahcktgs nhcktáehngs, y mo quc qucrcags bmncr rcecrcknhm mktcs dc ngknouhr cstc pmkgrmam bhstþrhng cs co dcsnujrhahcktg dco MDK, g co dcsnu dc snujr jrha hahc hckt ktg g dc dcoo Ínhd Ínhdg g Dh Dhsgx sgxhrr hrrhj hjuku ukuno noch chng ng su sunc ncdh dhdg dg =2 =258 58 pg pgrr Er Erhc hcdr drhn hnb b Ahcsnbcr, ac`grmdg aís tmrdc pgr V. M. Ocvckc, ehkmoacktc pcrecnnhgkmdg ck =83> pgr @macs \mtsgk y Ermknhs Nrhni, quc bgy cs ukm prucjm nhcktáehnm ðtho pmrm om hdckthehnmnhþk dc pcrsgkms ck om hkvcsthlmnhþk pckmo. Co ngk`u ngk`ukt ktg g dc og ogss dcs dcsnu nujr jrha hahc hckt ktgs gs nhck nhcktá táehehng ngs, s, dc om omss mr mrtc tcss y om omss tè tènk nkhn hnms ms suncdhdms dcsdc acdhmdgs, y aís ckeíthnmacktc dcsdc ehkmocs dco prhacr ahockhg bmstm kucstrgs dáms, bmk amrnmdg co ngkncptg sgnhmoacktc mncptmjoc dc om prucjm  `udhnhmo. Bgy, prgduntg dc om cvgounhþk nhcktáehnm sc bmjom, ck ngkscnucknhm, dc om prucjm nhcktáehnm, y molukgs hdcmohzmkdg co ngkncptg bmjomk dc om cdmd dc grg dc om prucjm, og quc dc khklukm amkcrm shlkhehnm quc sc bmym rcsucotg co prgjocam dc om vmogrmnhþk dc om prucjm, pucs sh jhck ogs dcsnujrhahcktgs nhcktáehngs mjrhcrgk om pucrtm dco ngkgnhahcktg, csc ngkgnhahcktg bm cstmdg supcdhtmdg m shstcams y dglams c hdcgogláms quc bmk hapcdhdg monmkzmr co hdcmo dc ukm `usthnhm hktclrmo. Ngktcapgríkcmacktc sc bmjom, cktgkncs, quc om vmogrmnhþk dc om prucjm ck cstm èpgnm nhcktáehnm dcjc scr g bmncrsc ck jmsc m uk shstcam ahxtg g cnoènthng quc sc dcrhvm dc ogs shstcams dc om ‟tmrhem oclmo‑ g ‟prucjm tmsmdm‑ y mngrdc m oms rcloms cstm cstmjo jocn cnhd hdms ms dc om smkm smkm nr nrát áthn hnm. m. Ck èstm èstm,, co `uzl `uzlmd mdgr gr egra egram m su ngkv ngkvhn hnnh nhþk þk rmzgkmdmacktc, dcjhckdg eukdmacktmr y agthvmr su dcnhshþk. Ck Om dg dgnt ntrhk rhkm m kmnhg kmnhgkm kmoo Hl Hloc ocsh shms ms bm csnrh csnrhtg tg quc "cst "cstm m cxprc cxprcsh shþk þk qu quc c ng ngag ag dcná dc náma mags gs bm sh shdg dg ðo ðoththam amac ackt ktc c gj gj`c `ctg tg dc hk hktc tcrc rcsmk smktc tcss cstu cstudh dhgs gs kg cs ukm cxprcshþk prgphm y cxnoushvm dc ogs nþdhlgs cspmýgocs c bhspmkgmacrhnmkgs ngag nrcck molukgs. ^us grálckcs bmy quc jusnmrogs ck oms ocycs cspmýgoms dco shlog pmsmdg, cspcnáehnmacktc ck co Zclomacktg dc og Ngktcknhgsg mktc co Ngksc`g dc Cstmdg Cspmýgo, ck dgkdc euc tgamdm c hkngrpgrmdm ck co mrtánuog >=< dc om Ocy dco Ck`uhnhmahcktg Nhvho dc =233 quc prcncptumjm0 ??Ogs `ucncs y trhjukmocs mprcn mp rcnhm hmrí rík, k, sc sclð lðk k om omss rc rclo loms ms dc om sm smkm km nrá nráththnm nm om eu eucrz crzm m pr prgj gjmt mtgrh grhm m dc om omss Lumsp, Dcrcnbg Vrgncsmo Nhvho, Amdrhd, Hksthtutg dc Cstudhgs Vgoá thngs, thngs, =85: pml. >5= ^hovm Acomkg, Om Vrucjm Vrgncsmo, Amdrhd, Cdht. Zcvhstm dc Dcrcnbg Vrhvmdg, =85>, p ml. =>< Lgrpbc, Dc om Mprcnhmnhg Mprcnhmnhg k dc om Vrucjm, Juckgs Mhrcs, Cdht. C`c. =833 Vm Vm l. 2.

 

dcnomrmnhgkcs dc ogs tcsthlgs;;. Vgr su pmrtc ogs mrtánuogs =4< y =42 nhtmdg (shn) rclomacktg dco Ngksc`g Zcmo, mutgrhzmjmk m cstc grlmkhsag pmrm quc nmohehnmsc ??sclðk oms rcloms dc om smkm nráthnm oms nhrnukstmknhms ngkduncktcs m ngrrgjgrmr  g dhsahkuhr om eucrzm prgjmtgrhm dc sus dcnomrmnhgkcs;;::.

>. Dcvhs Cnbmkdhm Gp. Nht., pp. 33-35. 4. @mhac Lumsp (Dcrcnbg Vrgncsmo Nhvho. Amdrhd0 Hkstutg dc Cstudhgs Vgoángs, =85:, pp. >5= y

>5: