Evolució del llatí al català

A. TERMINACIONS 1. La '–m' final cau i la paraula té resultats diferents: •

am

→

a

•

um

→

Ø/e/o

•

em

→

Ø/e

altam barbam canalem carnem casam famam

→ → → → → →

alta barba c ana l ca r n casa fama

farinam febrem plagam plantam portam totam

→ → → → → →

farina febre plaga planta porta to ta

dolorem fidelem famem febrem

→ → → →

dolor   fidel f am febre

salem salutem veritatem virtutem

→ → → →

sal salut veritat virtut

altum amicum avarum cantum cardum curtum fatum ferrum filum fixum

→ → → → → → → → → →

alt amic avar   c ant ca r d cu r t f at ferro f il fixe

fumum furtum gallum lucrum luxum nostrum reflexum templum plum ventum

→ → → → → → → → →

fum furt gall lucre luxe nostre reflex temple ple vent

2. La '-s' final es manté (especialment en plurals). altas → altes fideles altos → alts fumos amicos → amics gallos avaros → avars genus barbas → barbes luxus canales → canals nostros cantus → cants plagas carnes → carns sales casas → cases salutes curtos → curts tempus famas → fames ventos fames → fams veritates farinas → farines virtutes

→ → → → → → → → → → → → →

fidels fums gall gens luxe nostre plages sals saluts temps vent veritats virtuts

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3. Totes les altres consonants finals cauen (excepte la '-l'). ad → a hic animal → animal hoc cantat → canta mel caput → cap non donat → dóna sic fel → fel volat

→ → → → →

hi ho mel no sí vola

4. La terminació '-en' d’alguns neutres també cau. alumen → alum vermen crimen → crim vimen nomen → nom volumen

→ → →

verm vim volum

5. La '-e' i la '-i' ' -i' final dels infinius cauen per apòcope. armare → armar   moriri cantare → c a n ta r   portare domare → domar   sentire → donare donar  sonare dormire → dormir   venire ferire → ferir   versare limitare → limitar   vestire

→ → → → → → →

morir   portar   sentir   sonar   venir   versar   vestir  

→ → → → → → →

gla glatir   plaga pla ple plorar   pluja

→

B. INICIS DE PARAULA 6. La majoria de consonants inicials es mantenen.1 blas blaspphemare are → blas blasfe fem mar  glandem clamare → clamar   glattire clavem → c l au plagam farinam → farina planum fastidium → fàstic plenum ferire → ferir   plorare flamma → flama pluviam formam → forma

7. La 's-' inicial davant de consonant desenvolupa una 'e-' protètica. scalam → escala spartum → espart → espina scindere → escindir   spinam sculpere → esculpir   stare → estar   scutum → escut stellam → estel·la 8. La 'l-' inicial evoluciona a 'll-'. lanam → llana larem → llar (lar) largum → llarg l ll i

librum ligamen ligamentum li

→ → →

llibre lligam lligament lli

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C. VOCALS EN POSICIÓ INTERIOR 9. Les '-o-' i '-e-' tòniques es mantenen.2 bonam → bona collum → coll colorem → color   coronam → corona costam → costa focum → foc follem → foll fontem → f ont foras → fora formam → forma fortem → fort fossam → fossa

grossum molam mollem mortem nostram novam ovum portam porcum portum solem solum

→ → → → → → → → → → → →

gros mola moll mort nostra nova ou porta porc port sol sól

ceram clementem feram festam herbam mentem

→ → → → → →

ce r a Climent fera festa herba ment

pellem serram terram velum vespam

→ → → → →

pe pell serra terra vel ve vespa

Nota bene: forum

→

fur (fòrum, forense)

montem

→

munt

oleum temonem

→ →

oli (oleoducte) timó

→ → → → → → → → → → → →

pél (pilós) pera segell (sigil, sigillat) selva (silvà) sencer (sincer) s et temor   vesc esc (vis (viscó cós) s) vèncer   verga (vírgula) enemic mànec

10. Una '-e-' àtona pot evolucionar a '-i-'. creare → criar (crear) et → i fe fennestram → fine finesstra (defenestra trar) 11. La '-i-' i la bitumen carinam circare cristam firmare in inimicum intrare linguam nec nigrum nivem

'-u-' sovint s’obren ('-u-'→'-o-'; '-i-'→'-e-'). → betum (bituminar) pilum → carena (carina) piram → cercar   sigillum → cresta silvam → fermar (firmar) sincerum → en sitim → enemic timorem → entrar   viscu iscum m → llengua (lingüista) vincerem → ni virgam → negre (Nigèria) inimicum → neu (nivi) manicum

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consulem dulcem furcam furnum fuscum gulam lupum mullum

→ → → → → → → →

cònsol dolç (dulcificant) forca (fúrcula) forn (furnícula) fosc gola (gula) llop (lupus) moll

12. Els diftongs es monoftonguen: monoftonguen: au  →

muscam mustela plumam pulsum turturem tussire umbram

→ → → → → → →

mosca (múscids) mostela (mustèlids) ploma (plumífer) pols (púlsar, pulsació) tòrtora tossir   ombra (umbròfil)

o

ae

→

e

oe

→

e

aurum aut caulem causam

→ → → →

or (aurífer) o col (caulifome) cosa (causa)

laurum maurum pausare taurum

→ → → →

llorer (làurea) moro (Mauritània) posar (pausa) toro (taure)

amoenam comoediam foederare foetorem

→ → → →

amena comèdia federar   fetor  

oeconomiam Oedipum poenam trag tragoe oedi diam am

→ → → →

economia Èdip pena trag tragèd èdiia

aedificare aedilem aemulare aerarium aestimare aestivum aeternum caecum caelum Caesarem graecum

→ → → → → → → → → → →

edificar   edil emular   erari estimar   estiu etern ce c ce l Cèsar   grec

paenins ninsuulam praefectura praefixum praemium praeparare praesagium praetextum praetorem praevium scaenam

→ → → → → → → → → →

península prefectura prefix premi preparar   presagi pretext pretor   previ escena

→ → → → → → →

mascle (masculí) merla net (nítid) porpra (púrpura) senda sengl nglar (singular) teula (tègula)

13. Les vocals posttòniques i pretòniques cauen. angulus → angle (angular) masculum arborem → arbre (arbori) merulam asperum → aspre nitidum calidum → caldo (càlid) purpuram comitem → comte (comité) semita compara arare → compra prar (compara arar) singul ngular areem comput utaare → compt ptar ar (computador ador)) tegulam

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14. La 'i' inicial i intervocàlica evoluciona a 'j'. diem Iovis → dijous Iudit iam → ja Iuppiter iocari → jugar   iurare iocum → joc iuvenem Ioseph → Josep maiorem

→ → → → →

Judit Jupíter   jurar  jove major  

D. CONSONANTS SIMPLES DINS DE PARAULA 15. Les oclusives sordes entre vocals i davant de “-r-“ sonoritzen (davant de “-r-“ “- r-“ poden desaparèixer). c → g p → b qu → gu t → d acrem aequalem alacrem aquilam cacare caecam carricare clericum crassum cretam crocum eruca ficam formicam fricare graecam iocularem lacrimam

→ → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → →

agre (acritud) igual alegre àguila (aquilí) cagar   cega carregar   clergue (clerical) gras (cras) greda (creta) groc eruga (erúcic) figa formiga (fòrmic) fregar (fricativa) grega joglar   llagrima (lacrimal)

locare macrum manicam mastecare necare pacare pastinacam plicare precare sacratum secare securum soceram spicam urticam vacare vocar ocaree

→ → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → →

llogar   magre màniga mastegar   negar   pagar   pastanaga plegar (aplicar) pregar (imprecar) sagrat (sacrament) segar (secant) segur   sogra espiga (espiciforme) ortiga (urticària) vagar (vacant) vog ogar ar (voc (vocal al))

apricare aprilem capere capistrum capital capram cepam concipere cooperire copulam

→ → → → → → → → → →

abrigar   abril cabre cabestre cabal (capital) cabra (caprí) c eba concebre cobrir   cobla (cópula)

opacum opera operire paenitere pauperem piperem populum pupillam ripam sapere

→ → → → → → → → → →

obac (opac) obra (ópera) obrir   penedir   pobre (paupérrim) pebre (piperina) poble (popular) pubilla (pupil·la) riba saber  

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aetatem botellum catenam fatam imperator invitare monetam natare nutrire petram

→ → → → → → → → → →

edat budell cadena (catenària) fada (fatal) emperador   envidar (invitar) moneda (monetari) nedar (natació) nodrir (nutritiu) pedra (petroli)

putare quiritare rotam saeta scutellam strata utrem vetare vitam vitreum

→ → → → → → → → → →

podar (amputar) cridar   roda (rotar) seda escudella estrada (estratigrafia) odre (utricle) vedar (vetar) vida (vital) vidre (vitri)

fratrem matrem

→ →

frare (fraternal) mare (maternal)

patrem

→

pare (paternal)

16 – La -c- intervocàlica pot desaparèixer i produir una '-u-'. cruc crucem em → creu creu (cru (cruci cial al)) perdicem → decem → deu (decemvir) placere → dicit → di diu varicem → nu nuce cem m → no nouu (nuc (nucíífer) fer) vocem → pa pace cem m → mauu (pa ma pací cífi fic) c)

perdiu plaure variu (varicós) veu (vocal) al)

17. Les oclusives sonores (g, d, i b) desapareixen en posició intervocàlica. alligare → aliar   regem → rei (regicidi) cogitare → cuidar   reginam → reina (regicidi) digitum → dit (dígit, digital) rumigare → rumiar   legalem → lleial (legal) triginta → trenta magistram → mestra (magistral) vagina → vaina (vagina) quadraginta → quaranta viginti → vint (vigintecimal) audire benedicere benedictum cathedram caudam claudere crudelem crudum fidem

→ → → → → → → → →

oir (audició) beneir   beneit, Benet cadira (càtedra) cua (caudal) cloure (clausura) cruel cru fe (fidel)

gradum invadere laudare nitidum oboedire quadrum sudorem tegulam tepidum

→ → → → → → → → →

grau (gradual) envair   lloar (lauda) net (nítid) obeir   caire (quadre) suor (sudació) teula [tb. tella] tebi (tepidari)

dormiebat fabricam fabulam

→ → →

dormia farga (fàbrica) faula (fabulós)

parabolare saburram sibi

→ → →

parlar   sorra (saburra) si

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18. La '-d-' i la '-b-' intervocàliques poden produir una '-u-' en desaparèixer. bibit → beu (biberó) liberum → lliure debere → deure (dèbit) libram → lliura debitum → deute (dèbit) scribere → escriure liberare → lliurar   cade cadere re credere foedum gradum hederam heredem nodus

→ → → → → → →

caur cauree (cad (cadèn ènci cia) a) creure (crèdit) feu (feudal) grau(gradual) heura (hederaci) hereu nus (nodus)

pedem radere ridere sede sedem m sede sedere re tradere

19. la “-b-“ pot passar a “-v-“ en lloc de desaparèixer. abhorrere → avorrir   gubernare caballum → cavall habere cantabat → cantava hibe hibern rnum um cere erebel bellum → cerv ervell (cere erebel bel) labium cribellum → crivell plorabat cubare → covar (cúbit) prob probar aree eboreum → ivori subinde fabam → fava (fabàcies) tabernam

→ → → → → →

peu (pedicura) r au r e riure (ridícul) seu seu (sed (seden enta tari ri)) seur seuree (sed (seden enta tari ri)) traure/treure (tradició)

→ → → → → → → →

governar   haver (hàbit) hive hivern rn (hib (hiber erna nar) r) llavi (labial) plorava prov provar ar (pro (proba babl ble) e) sovint taverna (tabernacle)

20. La “-v-“ intervocàlica sol donar –u- o desaparèixer; en altres posicions es manté però pot donar '-b-'. bov bovem → bou bou (boví) nave avem → nau (naval) brevem → breu (brevetat) novem → nou cav cavum → cau cau (cav (caviitat) tat) novum → nou (novetat) civi civita tatem tem → ciut ciutat at (civ (civis isme me)) ovum → ou (ovípar) ar) clav clavem em → clau clau (cla (claví vícu cula la)) rivu rivum m → riu riu (riv (rivul ular ar)) clav clavum um → clau clau (cla (clavvar) ar) sebum → sèu (sebaci) longaevum longeu suavem suau (suavitat)

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quattuor → quatre super → sobre (supermercat) semper → sempre 22. La “-n-“ interior cau en quedar en última posició, però es manté en els plurals. bonum → bo orphanum → orfe carbonem → carbó petitionem → petició cuminum → comí planum → pla draconem → dragó plenum → ple falconem → falcó saponem → sabó finem → fi sermonem → sermó latinum → llatí sinum → si leonem → l l eó urbanum → urbà linum → ll i venit → ve ve manum → mà vinum → vi

E. GRUPS CONSONÀNTICS 23. Els grups 'ch' i 'ph' passen a 'c/qu' i 'f' respectivament. chaos → caos christianum chartam → carta machinam Chimaeram → Quimera schema chordam → corda scholam chorum → co r  

→ → → →

cristià màquina esquema scola

blasphe blasphemar maree phantasma pharmacum phaselum

→ → → →

fil filoso osofia fia fisltre [amorós] foca esfera

→ → → →

blasfem blasfemar  ar  fantasma fàrmac fesol

phil hilosophi ophiam am philtrum phocam sphaeram

24. Els grups 'ct', 'bt' i 'pt' entre vocals es redueix a “-t-“ i sovint es modifica la vocal anterior. biscoctum → biscuit lucta → lluita delectum → delit (delectar) luctare → lluitar   des despec pectum → des despit pit (desp espect ectiu) nactum → nat factum → fet (factual) noctem → nit (nocturn) fictum → fit octo → vu vuit

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illustrem nullam

→ →

il·lustre nul·la

villam

→

vil·la

ampullam capillum capitellum castellum cerebellum

→ → → → →

ampolla cabell capitell castell cervell

colligere gallinam gallum pellem vallem

→ → → → →

collir   gallina gall pell vall

bullam

→

bola

commam commeatum committere

→ → →

coma comiat cometre

communem flammam summam

→ → →

comú flama suma (summe)

affigere affligere

→ →

afegir   afligir  

offendere officium

→ →

ofendre ofici

exaggero

→

exagerar  

atttendere gluttonem

→ →

atendre glotó

guttam vittam

→ →

gota veta

cappam cippum cuppam drappum oppressio

→ → → → →

capa cceep copa drap opressió

opprimere stuppam suppam supplicar

→ → → →

oprimir   estopa sopa suplicar  

accapare buccam flaccum floccum

→ → → →

acabar   boca flac floc

occupare peccare siccam vaccam

→ → → →

ocupar   pecar   seca vaca

fossam fissuram missionem

→ → →

fossa fissura missió

pressiónem russam spissam

→ → →

pressió rossa espessa

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restringere

→

restrenyir

stringere

→

estrènyer  

agnellum cognatum insignare insigniam lignam

→ → → → →

anyell cunyat (cognat) ensenyar   ensenya (insígnia) llenya (ligni)

pugnum signalem signare stagnum tam-magnum

→ → → → →

puny (pugna) senyal (signacle) senyar (signar) estany tamany

araneam castaneam cotoneum cuneum extraneum

→ → → → →

aranya (araneids) castanya codony cuny estrany

interaneas pineam tineam vinea ineam m

→ → → →

entranyes pinya (pineal) tinya viny inya (vin (vinea eal) l)

Catalonia ciconiam Hispaniam

→ → →

Catalunya cigonya (cicònids) Espanya

Sardiniam scrinium seniorem

→ → →

Sardenya escriny senyor (sènior)

afannae annum cannam cunnum gannire

→ → → → →

a fa n y any (annals) canya (cànnabis) cony (cunnilingus) ganyir  

grunnire ingannare pannum pinnam

→ → → →

grunyir   enganyar   pany (pannicle) penya (pinnat)

damnum

→

dany (damnar)

balneum

→

bany (balneari)

28. Els grups'nd' i 'mb' es redueixen a 'n' i 'm' respectivament. bindam → bena mundum → fundam → fona (funda) secundam → mandare → manar (mandat) undam → mundam → mona vendit →

món (mundial) segona (secundar) ona ven

cambam columbam

coma [=vall] plom (plumbi)

→ →

cama coloma (columbari)

cumba plumbum

→ →

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30. Els grups 'ce', 'ci' i 'ti' passen a 'c/ç' o 's'. atrocem → atroç felicem calceam → calça lanceam calceatum → calçat lanceare calcem → calç loquacem capacem → c apa ç velocem falcem → falç voracem

→ → → → → →

feliç llança llançar   loquaç veloç voraç

ericium glaciem lucium

→ → →

eriçó glaç lluç

unciam viviam

→ →

unça veça

cantionem capitia captiare duritiam fortia initium Laetitia lectionem lucium martium

→ → → → → → → → → →

cançó (càntic) cabeça (capital) caçar (captiu) duresa força (fortitud) inici Letícia lliçó(lectiu) lluç (luci) març

nuntium otium pigritia portionem propitium satiare sationem tertium tristitiam

→ → → → → → → → →

nunci oci peresa porció propici saciar   saó terç tristesa

linteolum linteum

→ →

llençol llenç

plateam

→

plaça (platea)

31. Els grups 'be', 'ti', 'di' i 'gi' interior poden evolucionar a 'j / ig / tj'. adiuvare → ajudar   medium → mig (medi) deorsum → jussà (ant. Jus) modium → muig (modi) desidium → desig (desiderata) pedicare → petjar (pedicura) gaudium → goig (gaudir) pluviam → pluja (pluviòmetre) invidiam → enveja podium → puig (podi) iudicare → jutjar   radiare → rajar (radiar) ( ) ( )

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32. Els grups 'cul' i 'gul' entre vocals evolucionen a 'll'. (11,16) acuculam → agulla graculam → anulum → anell (anular) lent lentic icul ulam am → apiculam → abella (apicultura) maculam → articulum → artell (article) mira miracu culu lum m → auriculam → orella (auricular) ocul oculum um → butticulam → botella oviculam → corniculam → cornella periculum → craticula → graella regulam → crucicula → cruïlla scopulum → cuniculum → cunill (cunilicultura ura) specu speculu lum m → faculam → falla tegulam → fenuculum → fonoll ventr ventric icul ulum um → geniculum → genoll vermi ermicculum ulum →

gralla llent llentia ia (lent (lentíc ícul ula) a) malla (màcula) mira mirallll (mir (mirac acle le)) ull ull (ocu (oculilist sta) a) ovella (ovicultura) perill rella (regla, regular) escull espi espillll (espec (especul ular ar)) tella [=teula] ventr ventrel elll (vent (ventri ricl cle) e) verme ermellll (ver (vermi miccular ular))

modulum radulare rotulus

→ → →

motlle (mòdul) ratllar (raduliforme) rotlle (ròtul)

spatulam titulare

→ →

espatlla (espàtula) titllar (titular)

catulum martulum

→ →

cadell martell

vetulum vitulum

→ →

vell (vetust) vedell (vitulí)

avu avuncul nculuum capulum cingulum circ circul ulum um crep crepusc uscul ulum um

→ → → → →

onc oncle ob obst stac acul ulum um cable op opus uscu cullum cingle oracu aculum cerc cercle le (cir (circu cula lar) r) saeculum crep crepusc uscle le (cre (crepu pusc scul ular ar)) singulum

→ → → → →

ob obst stac acle le op opus uscl clee oracl acle segle (secular) sengle (singular)

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35 - Els grups 'ax', 'ex/exs' 'ox' i 'ix' “ passen a 'aix', 'eix' i 'oix' i 'uix'. 20 axillam → aixella (axil·la) exsucare → eixugar   coxam → cuixa (coxal) exsuctum → eïxut coxinum → coixí exsurdare → eixordar   coxum → coix fraxinum → freix examen → eixam (examen) lixivum → lleixiu (lixiviar) examplare → eixamplar   mataxam → madeixa exce excere rebr brat atum um → eix eixeleb elebra ratt sexa sexagi gint ntaa → seix seixant antaa (sex (sexag agena enari ri)) exereptum → eixerit taxonem → teixó exire → eixir (èxit) taxum → teix exitam → eixida te texe xere re → teix teixir ir (tex (textitil) l) exsiccare → aixecar   36 - Els grups finals 'bilum' i 'bilem' evolucionen a 'vol' o 'ble'. amab am abililem em → amab am able le (ama (amabi bililitat tat)) nobilem → mobilem → moble (mòbil) stabulum →

nubilum

→

núv núvol (nebu nebullós)

habilem

37 - Els grups 'mar', 'mer', 'min' i 'mor' solen donar 'mbr'. cameram → cambra (càmera) numerum cucumerem → cogombre rememorari feminam → fembra (fèmina) seminare marm ma rmor oree → marb ma rbre re (mar (marmo mori ri)) similare 38. El grup grup -ener- passa a -ndre-ndregenerum → gendre i d

ponere t

noble (nobiliari) estable

→

àvol

→ → → →

nombre (número) remembrar (rememorar ) sembrar (seminari) semblar (similar)

→

pondre t d