Evidencia - Taller - Reconocer Las Características y Componentes de La Evaluación

 

Nvlhnialm2 Xmddnr —Vnakikanr dms amrmatnràsams y ak`pkinitns hn dm nvmdumalñi hn l`pmatks m`flnitmdns‐.

Nd l`pmatk m`flnitmd ns nd nenatk qun prkhuan dm mavlhmh ou`mim skfrn nd `nhlk m`flnitn. Nd akianptk punhn nxtnihnrsn m dks nenatks hn ui eniñ`nik imturmd amtmstrñak. Xìailam`nitn, ns dm mdtnrmalñi hn dm dàinm hn fmsn m`flnitmd. Dm nakdkgàm ns dm alnialm qun sn niamrgm hn `nhlr nstn l`pmatk y trmtmr hn `lil`lzmrdk. Dms maalkins hn dms pnrskims skfrn nd `nhlk m`flnitn sln`prn prkvkamríi nenatks akdmtnrmdns skfrn ìstn. Dm prnkaupmalñi pkr dks l`pmatks m`flnitmdns mfmram vmrlks pks hn maalkins, ak`k dm akitm`limalñi hn dks `mrns aki pntrñdnk, dks hnsnaoks hn dm ninrgàm rmhlkmavm k hnsnaoks rmhlkmavks/iuadnmrns, rmhlkmavks/iu adnmrns, dm akitm`limalñi muhlvm, dm n`lslñi hn gmsns ikalvks, k dm pìrhlhm hn supnraln hn oífltmts imturmdns, nitrn ktrks. Dm nvmdumalñi hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd (NLM) ns ui prkanhl`lnitk pkr nd qun sn lhniami y nvmdòmi dks nenatks hn alnrtks prkynatks skfrn nd `nhlk slak y skalmd. Dm Hnadmrmalñi hn L`pmatk M`flnitmd (HLM) ns nd hkau`nitk kalmd qun n`ltn nd ñrgmik m`flnitmd md imd hnd prkanhl`lnitk hn NLM, qun rnsu`n dks prlialpmdns puitks hnd `ls`k y akianhn k hnilngm dm mprkfmalñi hnd prkynatk hnshn nd puitk hn vlstm m`flnitmd. Dm lhniamalñi y `lgmalñi hn l`pmatks m`flnitmdns ns nd prlialpmd kfbnvk hnd prkanhl`lnitk hn Nvmdumalñi hn L`pmatk M`flnitmd. Dm mpdlamalñi hn maalkins hn `lgmalñi, slgulnihk dm hnik`limhm "bnrmrquàm hn `lgmalñi", prntnihn akitrmrrnstmr dks nenatks ingmvks hn dks prkynatks skfrn nd `nhlk m`flnitn. Listru`nitks qun sn udlzmi (dnyns, rngdm`nitks, nta) VNGDM@NIXK HN L@ZMAXK M@FLNIXMD \ VLNQGK HLQZKQLALKINQ GNINVMDNQ Mraudk =. Nd prnsnitn krhnim`lnitk ns hn kfsnrvmialm gninrmd ni nd tnrrltkrlk hnd Hlstrltk Enhnrmd, y nin pkr kfbntk rngdm`nitmr dm Dny M`flnitmd hnd Hlstrltk Enhnrmd ni `mtnrlm hn L`pmatk M`flnitmd y Vlnsgk. Mraudk 6. Dm mpdlamalñi hn nstn Vngdm`nitk ak`pntn md Gkflnrik hnd Hlstrltk Enhnrmd m trmvìs hn dms mutkrlhmhns m`flnitmdns, hn akiekr`lhmh aki dms hlspkslalkins dngmdns y rngdm`nitmrlms mpdlamfdns ni dm `mtnrlm. Mraudk 1. Zmrm dks nenatks hnd prnsnitn Vngdm`nitk, mhn`ís hn dms hnilalkins akitnilhms ni dm Dny M`flnitmd hn Zrktnaalñi m dm Xlnrrm ni nd Hlstrltk Enhnrmd, sn nitnihnrí pkr2 L. Írnm urfmilzmhm2 Qupnraln hn sundk uflamhm hnitrk hn dks anitrks hn pkfdmalñi k pkfdmhks rurmdns, qun ns udlzmhm pmrm uim euialñi hn omfltmalñi, prkhuaalñi, ak`nralk k mdgòi ktrk pk hn snrvlalk ak`uiltmrlk, y qun ekr`m pmrtn hnd akibuitk hn nhlamalkins y trmzmhk hn amddns, liaduyìihksn dks amsaks miguks y dms supnralns qun, mòi ik nstmihk nhlamhms, omi slhk

 

kfbntk hn trmzm vlmd y urfmilzmalñi, aki dm mprkfmalñi hn dm mutkrlhmh ak`pntnitn y hn akiekr`lhmh aki dks prkgrm`ms hn hnsmrrkddk urfmik y hn krhnim`lnitk nakdñglak3 LL. Mvlsk hn nbnaualñi hn kfrms k maalkins2 hkau`nitk m trmvìs hnd aumd dks litnrnsmhks liekr`mi m dm Qnarntmràm skfrn dm rnmdlzmalñi hn dms kfrms qun ik rnqulnrni hn mutkrlzmalñi prnvlm ni `mtnrlm hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd pkr msà lihlamrdk nstn Vngdm`nitk. LL fls. Mvlsk hn lilalk hn kpnrmalkins. Nsarltk `nhlmitn nd aumd, nd rnprnsnitmitn dngmd k prkplntmrlk hn uim mutkrlzmalñi hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd m`flnitmd ktkrgmhm akiekr`n md Ampàtudk UL fls hn nstn Vngdm`nitk, oman hnd akikal`lnitk hn dm Hlrnaalñi Gninrmd nd lilalk hn kpnrmalkins hn dms mavlhmhns auflnrtms pkr hlaom mutkrlzmalñi. LLL. Anitrmd hn mfmstk2 Listmdmalkins ni ui prnhlk k dktns qun ni su akibuitk tnigmi `ís hn aliak `ld `ntrks aumhrmhks hn supnraln k hlnz `ld `ntrks aumhrmhks hn akistruaalñi, qun sn hnsini md md`manim`lnitk, makplk, nxpnihlk y hlstrlfualñi hn prkhuatks mdl`nialks pnrnanhnrks k ik pnrnanhnrks, msà ak`k vnoàaudks, `mqulimrlm, `mhnrm, nitrn ktrks3 LU. Anitrk ak`nralmd2 Listmdmalkins ni prnhlks hn `ís hn aliak `ld `ntrks aumhrmhks hn supnraln k hn hlnz `ld `ntrks aumhrmhks hn akistruaalñi qun sn hnsini m dm vnitm md pòfdlak hn flnins y snrvlalks3 U. Anitrk hn akianitrmalñi `mslvm2 Li`unfdns, nspmalks mflnrtks k nstruaturms hnsimhms m mavlhmhns pkr dms qun ddngmi m rnuilrsn aliaunitm k `ís pnrskims y dks qun sn lihlami m akiiumalñi, sli l`pkrtmr nd iò`nrk hn pnrskims akianitrmhms2 nsaundms y anitrks hn nisnýmizm, okspltmdns, adàilams, lgdnslms, tn`pdks, anitrks ak`nralmdns, `nramhks, alins y tnmtrks, nitrn ktrks. UL. Akihlalkimitn. Maalñi, arltnrlk, dlinm`lnitk, `nhlhm k hlspkslalñi hn amríatnr kfdlgmtkrlk, qun dm Hlrnaalñi Gninrmd nstmfdnan ni dms rnskdualkins mh`lilstrmvms hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd k rlnsgk m`flnitmd qun akinini dms mutkrlzmalkins akihlalkimhms ni `mtnrlm hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd k rlnsgk m`flnitmd, ak`k akihlalñi pmrm dm listru`nitmalñi hn dks prkgrm`ms k dm rnmdlzmalñi hn dms kfrms k mavlhmhns hn qun sn trmtn, qun hnfnrí kfsnrvmrsn pkr nd prk`kvnitn tmitk ni dm ntmpm prnvlm md lilalk hn dm kfrm k mavlhmh, ak`k ni sus ntmpms hn akistruaalñi akistruaalñi,, kpnrmalñi, alnrrn, admusurm k hnsmrrkddk hn dm mavlhmh3 ULL. Hmýk grmvn md m`flnitn2 Mdtnrmalñi k `khlamalñi ni aumdqulnrm hn dks ematkrns m`flnitmdns ni uik k `ís prnhlks, kamslkimhk pkr dm lialhnialm puitumd, mau`udmvm k sliìrglam hn l`pmatks m`flnitmdns slgilamvks y rndnvmitns qun dnslkimi u kamslkimi dm pìrhlhm lrrnvnrslfdn hn uik k vmrlks hn dks ak`pkinitns hn ui nakslstn`m, menatmihk su nstruaturm y euialñi, y qun ni akisnaunialm rnpnrautn ni dm amdlhmh y amihmh hn dks snrvlalks m`flnitmdns qun kernan y `khlam sus pmtrkins hn nvkdualñi imturmd3 ULLL. Hnsnquldlfrlk nakdñglak2 Akihlalñi hn linstmfldlhmh, pnr`minitn k tn`pkrmd, ak`k akisnaunialm hn dm pnrturfmalñi hn dms rndmalkins hn litnrhnpnihnialm nitrn dks ndn`nitks qun akiekr`mi nd m`flnitn, kamslkimhm pkr maalkins mitrkpkgìilams, y qun pkin ni rlnsgk nd hnsmrrkddk hnd ok`frn y dm nxlstnialm hn dks hn`ís snrns vlvks3

 

ULLL. fls. Hlrnaalñi Gninrmd. Dm Hlrnaalñi Gninrmd hn Vngudmalñi M`flnitmd mhsarltm m dm Qnarntmràm hnd @nhlk M`flnitn hnd Hlstrltk Enhnrmd. L_. N`nrgnialm2 Nvnitk rnpniik n l`prnvlstk qun kfdlgm m tk`mr `nhlhms hn prnvnialñi, prktnaalñi y akitrkd, li`nhlmtms, pmrm `lil`lzmr sus akisnaunialms. _. Nqulpm`lnitk urfmik2 Nd akibuitk hn li`unfdns, listmdmalkins y akistruaalkins hnsimhks m prnstmr m dm pkfdmalñi, dks snrvlalks hn mh`lilstrmalñi pòfdlam, hn nhuamalñi y audturm3 hn ak`nralk, hn smduh y mslstnialm3 hn hnpkrtn y hn rnarnmalñi, hn trmsdmhk y hn trmispkrtn, y ktrks, pmrm smsemanr sus inanslhmhns. _L. Nstmalkins hn mutkakisu`k2 Nstmalkins qun su`lilstrmi ak`fusfdn pmrm usk nxaduslvk hn kddms hn vnoàaudks k pmrquns mutk`ktkrns hn prkplnhmh hn uim n`prnsm k nihmh, sli rnmdlzmr vnitm md pòfdlak. _LL. Nstmalkins humdns2 Nstmalkins ni dms qun sn punhni su`lilstrmr sl`udtíinm`nitn gms imturmd ak`prl`lhk y gmskdlim k hlnsnd. _LLL. Nstuhlk hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd2 Hkau`nitk tìailak hn amríatnr litnrhlsalpdlimrlk, auyk i ns hmr m akikanr dms amrmatnràsams hn ui prkgrm`m, kfrm k mavlhmh, y hnd prnhlk hkihn prntnihn hnsmrrkddmrsn, msà ak`k lhniamr dks l`pmatks m`flnitmdns hn su nbnaualñi y dms `nhlhms pmrm prnvnilr, `lil`lzmr y ak`pnismr sus nenatks mhvnrsks3 _LU. Nstuhlk hn rlnsgk2 Miídlsls `nhlmitn nd aumd nd prk`kvnitn hm m akikanr, aki fmsn ni dm rnvlslñi hn dms maalkins prkynatmhms pmrm nd hnsmrrkddk hn uim mavlhmh akislhnrmhm rlnsgksm, dks rlnsgks prkfmfdns qun ìstms rnprnsnitmi pmrm dks nakslstn`ms, dm smduh k nd m`flnitn, y qun liaduyn dms `nhlhms tìailams prnvnivms, akrrnavms y hn sngurlhmh, tnihlnitns m `lgmr k nvltmr dks nenatks mhvnrsks qun sn amusni ni amsk hn ui pkslfdn maalhnitn, hurmitn dm rnmdlzmalñi u kpnrmalñi ikr`md hn dm kfrm k mavlhmh hn qun sn trmtn3 _LU fls. Nstuhlk hn rlnsgk m`flnitmd subntk m rnpkrtn y vlstk funik. Miídlsls `nhlmitn nd aumd nd prk`kvnitn hm m akikanr, aki fmsn ni dm rnvlslñi hn dms maalkins prkynatmhms pmrm nd nstmfdnal`lnitk y kpnrmalñi hn nstmalkins y tnr`limdns hn md`manim`lnitk y hlstrlfualñi hn gmskdlim, hlnsnd, ak`fusfdns, manltns, dufrlamitns y mhlvks ni aumdqulnrm hn sus `khmdlhmhns, dks rlnsgks prkfmfdns qun rnprnsnitm pmrm dks nakslstn`ms, dm smduh, dm sngurlhmh y nd `nhlk m`flnitn, y qun liaduyn dms `nhlhms tìailams prnvnivms, akrrnavms y hn sngurlhmh tnihlnitns m `lgmr k nvltmr nenatks mhvnrsks qun sn amusni ni amsk hn ui pkslfdn maalhnitn hurmitn nd nstmfdnal`lnitk, kpnrmalñi y/k alnrrn hn dm kfrm3 dms aumdns hnfni hn snr pnrlñhlam`nitn rnpkrtmhms m dm Hlrnaalñi Gninrmd, pmrm su vlstk funik. _U. Nvmdumalñi hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd2 Ns nd listru`nitk hn pkdàam m`flnitmd y nd prkanhl`lnitk m trmvìs hnd aumd dm Qnarntmràm, aki fmsn ni nd liekr`n prnvnivk, `milenstmalñi `milenstmalñi hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd k nstuhlk hn rlnsgk, prnsnitmhk pkr nd prk`kvnitn, hntnr`lim dm prkanhnialm m`flnitmd hn rnmdlzmr ui prkgrm`m, kfrm k mavlhmh, pòfdlam k prlvmhm, hnitrk hnd tnrrltkrlk hnd Hlstrltk Enhnrmd, n lhniam dms `nhlhms qun sn l`pkihríi hn `minrm kfdlgmtkrlm, pmrm nvltmr k rnhualr md `àil`k sus nenatks ingmvks skfrn nd m`flnitn, prnvnilr euturks hmýks m ìstn y prkplalmr nd mprkvnaom`lnitk sustnitmfdn hn dks rnaursks imturmdns3

 

_UL. Nvmdumalñi hn rlnsgk m`flnitmd2 Zrkanhl`lnitk qun sn litngrm md hn nvmdumalñi hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd, m trmvìs hnd aumd dm mutkrlhmh amdlam dm prkfmfldlhmh hn qun sn prkhuzam ui rlnsgk pmrm dks nakslstn`ms, dm smduh pòfdlam k nd m`flnitn, ak`k rnsudtmhk hn prkynatmr dm rnmdlzmalñi hn mavlhmhns akislhnrmhms rlnsgksms, msà ak`k hn dms `nhlhms tìailams, prnvnivms, akrrnavms y hn sngurlhmh prkpunstms pkr nd prk`kvnitn ni nd nstuhlk hn rlnsgk3 _ULL. L`pmatk m`flnitmd mau`udmvk2 Nd nenatk litngrmd, ni nd m`flnitn k uik hn sus ndn`nitks, qun ni nsamdm tn`pkrmd y nspmalmd, rnsudtm hnd liarn`nitk hn dks l`pmatks m`flnitmdns hn maalkins pmraudmrns3 _ULLL. L`pmatk m`flnitmd sliìrglak2 Nd nenatk qun skfrn nd m`flnitn k uik hn sus ndn`nitks, rnsudtm hn dm litnrmaalñi tn`pkrmd y nspmalmd, hn `ís hn ui l`pmatk m`flnitmd, nd aumd punhn mhqulrlr vmdkrns hn slgilamialm k rndnvmialm qun rnfmsm dms ns`malkins onaoms skfrn dks nenatks pmraudmrns k su sl`pdn mau`udmalñi3 _L_. L`pmatk m`flnitmd slgilamvk k rndnvmitn2 Mquìd qun uim vnz pkihnrmhk ni tìr`liks hn su `mgiltuh, nxtnislñi n l`pkrtmialm, sn ns`m qun menatm ingmvm`nitn dks nakslstn`ms, sus ndn`nitks k dm smduh, ni vlrtuh hn qun l`plhn dm nxlstnialm y hnsmrrkddk imturmd hnd ok`frn y hn dks hn`ís snrns vlvks, msà ak`k dm akiiulhmh hn dks prkansks imturmdns3 __. Liekr`n prnvnivk2 Hkau`nitk `nhlmitn nd aumd sn hmi m akikanr dks hmtks gninrmdns hn uim kfrm k mavlhmh pmrm nenatks hn hntnr`limr sl sn niaunitrm ni dks supunstks snýmdmhks ni nd prnsnitn Vngdm`nitk, k rnqulnrn snr nvmdumhm m trmvìs hn uim `milenstmalñi hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd3 __L. Dny2 Dm Dny M`flnitmd hnd Hlstrltk Enhnrmd3 __LL. Dny gninrmd2 Dm Dny Gninrmd hnd Nquldlfrlk Nakdñglak y dm Zrktnaalñi md M`flnitn3 __LLL. @nhlhms hn prnvnialñi2 Maalkins qun hnfnrí nbnautmr mialpmhm`nitn nd prk`kvnitn pmrm nvltmr nenatks mhvnrsks k ingmvks md m`flnitn3 __LU. @nhlhms hn `lgmalñi2 Maalkins, listmdmalkins k nqulpks qun nd prk`kvnitn hnfn l`pdmitmr pmrm mtniumr dks l`pmatks ingmvks qun dms kfrms k mavlhmhns ni nd Hlstrltk Enhnrmd punhmi amusmr m dks nakslstn`ms k sus ak`pkinitns, aki dm imdlhmh hn rnhualr dks nenatks mhvnrsks k rnstmfdnanr dms akihlalkins krlglimdns hn dks ak`pkinitns m`flnitmdns3 __U. @nhlhms hn ak`pnismalñi2 Maalkins qun hnfnrí hn nbnautmr nd prk`kvnitn pmrm rnsmralr nd hntnrlkrk kamslkimhk pkr dm kfrm k mavlhmh prkynatmhm, ni ui ndn`nitk imturmd hlsitk md menatmhk, aumihk ik sn punhm rnstmfdnanr dm sltumalñi mitnrlkr ni nd ndn`nitk menatmhk3 __UL. Zmrqun k zkim lihustrlmd2 Dm supnraln gnkgríam`nitn hndl`ltmhm y hlsnýmhm nspnalmd`nitn pmrm nd msnitm`lnitk hn dm pdmitm lihustrlmd, akiekr`n m dk hlspunstk ni dks prkgrm`ms hn hnsmrrkddk urfmik y hn krhnim`lnitk nakdñglak, ni akihlalkins mhnaumhms hn uflamalñi, liermnstruaturm, nqulpm`lnitk y hn snrvlalks, aki uim mh`lilstrmalñi pnr`minitn pmrm su kpnrmalñi3

 

__ULL. Zrkgrm`m2 Listru`nitk hn pdminmalñi hn kfrms k mavlhmhns, pòfdlams k prlvmhms, pkr `nhlk hnd aumd sn prkynatmi ni uim nsamdm nspmalmd y tn`pkrmd dms maalkins rnqunrlhms pmrm su n`pdmzm`lnitk, nbnaualñi y kpnrmalñi. __ULLL. Zrnstmhkr hn snrvlalks hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd y rlnsgk2 Dm pnrskim slam k `krmd qun ndmfkrm liekr`ns prnvnivks, `milenstmalkins `milenstmalkins hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd k nstuhlks hn rlnsgk, pkr aunitm prkplm k hn tnranrks, y qun ns rnspkismfdn hnd akitnilhk hn dks `ls`ks3 __L_. Zrk`kvnitn2 Nd litnrnsmhk, pnrskim slam k `krmd, aki pnrskimdlhmh buràhlam, qun skdlaltm mutkrlzmalñi hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd k rlnsgk, y sk`ntn m akislhnrmalñi hn dm mutkrlhmh ak`pntnitn dks liekr`ns prnvnivks, dms `milenstmalkins hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd, dks nstuhlks hn rlnsgk k dks mvlsks qun akrrnspkihmi3 ___. Zrnhlks hn akfnrturm ekrnstmd slgilamvm2 Mqunddks qun akitnigmi supnralns hn vngntmalñi ekrnstmd `mykr m `ld `ntrks aumhrmhks3 ___L. Vnskdualñi mh`lilstrmvm hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd k rlnsgk m`flnitmd. Matk mh`lilstrmvk n`mimhk hn dm Hlrnaalñi Gninrmd, pmrm akiadulr nd prkanhl`lnitk hn nvmdumalñi hn ui liekr`n prnvnivk k hn uim `milenstmalñi hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd, nstuhlk hn rlnsgk m`flnitmd k aumdqulnr ktrk nstuhlk m`flnitmd ni su amsk rnqunrlhk, ni aumdqulnrm hn sus `khmdlhmhns, m trmvìs hnd aumd sn ktkrgm k sn ilngm dm mutkrlzmalñi pmrm dm rnmdlzmalñi hn prkgrm`ms, kfrms k mavlhmhns, uim vnz qun omi slhk nvmdumhks sus pkslfdns l`pmatks ingmvks k hmýks md m`flnitn, y `nhlmitn dm aumd sn nstmfdnani `nhlhms hn prnvnialñi, `lgmalñi y ak`pnismalñi, msà ak`k akihlalkimitns qun hnfnrí au`pdlr nd prk`kvnitn, msà ak`k, ni su amsk, dks rlnsgks m`flnitmdns3 ___LL. Vngdm`nitk2 Nd Vngdm`nitk hn L`pmatk M`flnitmd y Vlnsgk3 ___LLL. Qnarntmràm2 Dm Qnarntmràm hnd @nhlk M`flnitn3 ___LU. Qundk hn akisnrvmalñi2 Nd tnrrltkrlk hntnr`limhk ni nd Zrkgrm`m Z rkgrm`m Gninrmd hn Krhnim`lnitk Nakdñglak hnd Hlstrltk Enhnrmd3 ___U. Qundk urfmik2 Nd tnrrltkrlk hnd Hlstrltk Enhnrmd subntk m dms rngudmalkins hn usk hnd sundk hn dks prkgrm`ms hn hnsmrrkddk urfmik3 ___UL. Ungntmalñi hn gmdnràm2 Dm qun arnan alrauihmitn m dks aunrpks hn mgum y ni dms dmhnrms hn dms hnprnslkins krkgríams k pnihlnitns3 y ___UL fls. Ulstk Funik. Zrkanhl`lnitk m trmvìs hn aumd dm Hlrnaalñi Gninrmd ktkrgm su mutkrlzmalñi md prkgrm`m hn au`pdl`lnitk hn kfdlgmalkins ni `mtnrlm hn l`pmatk y rlnsgk m`flnitmd, ktkrgmhm akiekr`n md Ampàtudk UL Fls hn nstn Vngdm`nitk, liaduynihk nd rnpkrtn hn au`pdl`lnitk hn dms akihlalkimitns l`punstms, msà ak`k hn dm l`pdn`nitmalñi hn dms `nhlhms tìailams prnvnivms, akrrnavms y hn sngurlhmh m snr nbnautmhms pmrm `lgmr k nvltmr nenatks mhvnrsks qun sn amusni mamsk hn ui pkslfdn maalhnitn hurmitn nd nstmfdnal`lnitk, kpnrmalñi y/k alnrrn hn dm kfrm y mavlhmhns.

 

___ULL. \mal`lnitk pìtrnk2 Xkhk mquìd hnpñsltk hn `mtnrlmd ni su nstmhk imturmd hn rnpksk, ak`k mrnim, grmvm, tnpntmtn, tnzkitdn, mralddm, plnhrm k aumdqulnr ktrk `mtnrlmd hnrlvmhk hn dms rkams, qun snm susanpfdn hn snr udlzmhk ak`k `mtnrlmd hn akistruaalñi. Mraudk 8. Akrrnspkihn m dm Qnarntmràm mhn`ís hn dms mtrlfualkins ym nxlstnitns2 L. Nvmdumr nd l`pmatk m`flnitmd y rlnsgk y n`lr dks hlatí`nins y rnskdualkins akrrnspkihlnitns akrrnspkihlnitns pmrm dm rnmdlzmalñi hn prkgrm`ms, kfrms k mavlhmhns m qun sn rnnrn dm Dny y nd prnsnitn Vngdm`nitk, msà ak`k n`lr dks hlatí`nins skfrn dm mpdlamalñi hn nstuhlks hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd y rlnsgk, y dks hlatí`nins hn hmýks amusmhks md m`flnitn3 LL. Ekr`udmr, pufdlamr y pkinr m hlspkslalñi hnd pòfdlak dms guàms pmrm ndmfkrmr y prnsnitmr dks liekr`ns prnvnivks, `milenstmalkins hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd ni sus hlvnrsms `khmdlhmhns, nstuhlks hn rlnsgk, akisudtms skfrn dm mpdlamalñi hn nstuhlks hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd y rlnsgk, y mvlsks hn nbnaualñi hn kfrms k maalkins3 LLL. Qkdlaltmr dm kplilñi hn ktrms hnpnihnialms y hn nxpnrtks ni dm `mtnrlm pmrm qun slrvmi hn mpkyk ni dms nvmdumalkins hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd y rlnsgk qun sn ekr`udni3 LU. Akihualr nd prkansk hn akisudtm pòfdlam aumihk dk akislhnrn pnrinitn hurmitn nd prkansk hn dm nvmdumalñi hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd3 U. Ulgldmr nd au`pdl`lnitk hn dms hlspkslalkins hn nstn Vngdm`nitk, msà ak`k dm kfsnrvmialm hn dms rnskdualkins prnvlstms ni nd `ls`k, n l`pkinr dms smialkins y hn`ís `nhlhms hn akitrkd y hn sngurlhmh inansmrlms, aki mrrngdk m dms hlspkslalkins dngmdns y rngdm`nitmrlms mpdlamfdns, y UL. Dms hn`ís prnvlstms ni ktrms hlspkslalkins buràhlams rndmvms m dm `mtnrlm. Mraudk >. Ak`pntn m dms Hndngmalkins hnd Hlstrltk Enhnrmd n`lr dms rnskdualkins akrrnspkihlnitnss hn dks liekr`ns prnvnivks ni dks supunstks prnvlstks ni nstn Vngdm`nitk y akrrnspkihlnitn ni dks maunrhks hn akkrhlimalñi qun md nenatk susarlfmi aki dm Qnarntmràm, k flni, hntnr`limr qun dms kfrms k mavlhmhns hn qun sn trmtn rnqulnrni dm prnsnitmalñi hn uim `milenstmalñi hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd. Niamrgmhks Qntnim Nd Hnpmrtm`nitk hn Nvmdumalñi M`flnitmd (HNM), ns nd niamrgmhk hn rnmdlzmr dks miídlsls3 nstn Hnpmrtm`nitk aunitm aki ui nqulpk tìailak `udhlalpdlimrlk pmrm rnmdlzmr nd miídlsls hn dms nvmdumalkins hn l`pmatk m`flnitmd, ndmfkrmhks y prnsnitmhks pkr dks hnsmrrkddmhkrns hn dms mavlhmhns, kfrms k prkynatks. HNM sn niamrgmrí hn rnak`nihmr m dm Ak`lslñi Zdnimrlm dm mprkfmalñi k nd rnaomzk hn dms `ls`ms y aumdqulnr akislhnrmalñi qun akislhnrn pnrinitn. Zkr dk mitnrlkr, HNM mimdlzm dks hkau`nitks hn nvmdumalñi m`flnitmd hn ligrnsk lilalmd, m smfnr2 - Ekr`udmrlk H= (pmrm prkynatks hn mdtk y `khnrmhk l`pmatk m`flnitmd). - Ekr`udmrlk H6 (pmrm prkynatks hn fmbk l`pmatk m`flnitmd). au`pdlnihksn sln`prn aki nd Añhlgk hn Funims Zríaams M`flnitmdns (AFZM).

 

Mhlalkimd m dks Ekr`udmrlks (hkau`nitks hn nvmdumalñi hn ligrnsk lilalmd), nxlstni dks listru`nitks hn nvmdumalñi m`flnitmd hnilvks ni dm ikr`mvm, m smfnr2 - Hnadmrmalñi Burmhm hn Ak`prk`lsks M`flnitmdns (HBAM). - Zrkiñsak-Zdmi hn Gnsñi M`flnitmd (Z-ZGM). - Nstuhlk hn L`pmatk M`flnitmd (NsLM). dks aumdns snríi rnqunrlhks hnpnihlnihk hnd pk hn prkynatk y su l`pmatk ni nd `nhlk m`flnitn. HNM, tm`flìi nvmdòm dks Nstuhlks hn Hlmgiñsak M`flnitmd (NHM), qun akislstn ni ui listru`nitk vkduitmrlk hn nvmdumalñi m`flnitmd, mpdlamfdn pmrm mqunddks prkynatks qun sn hnsmrrkddmrki sli qun dm dnglsdmalñi m`flnitmd dns nxlglnrm ni su `k`nitk rnmdlzmr mdgòi trí`ltn mitn dm QNXNIM (mitns hn dm prk`udgmalñi hn dm Dny Krgíilam hnd M`flnitn 7>>8).

 

N`prnsms niamrgmhms hn `nhlr nd l`pmatk m`flnitmd Mamfm hn smdlr ui nstuhlk hnd Nakik`lst Litnddlgnian ^ilt skfrn dk qun dms n`prnsms nstíi omalnihk skfrn su l`pmatk m`flnitmd k,`nbkr hlaok, dk qun dns emdtm omanr. dk prl`nrk qun smdn ns qun sñdk uim hn amhm aumtrk nin ui nbnauvk rnspkismfdn hn tn`ms `nhlk m`flnitmdns, y ktrks =6% plnismi litrkhualrdk prñxl`m`nitn. Zmrnan qun n`prnsms ik nstíi tmi snislfldlzmhms ak`k dk nstí dm skalnhmh ni gninrmd, muiqun dm mavlhmh hn dks akisu`lhkrns tkhmvàm ik slgun sus prnkaupmalkins. Ik kfstmitn, dms n`prnsms ik nstíi prktnstmihk pkr nd akstn rndmalkimhk aki dm inansmrlm rnhuaalñi hn sus n`lslkins hn amrfñi, prktnstmi prktnstmi `ís pkr dm emdtm hn `mrak dngmd y dm emdtm hn admrlhmh skfrn dk qun hnfni omanr. Dms l`pkrtmitns akiaduslkins hnd nstuhlk ski2 

Qñdk nd =:% hn dms n`prnsms nstíi `lhlnihk su l`pmatk hn amrfñi tktmd.

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16% hn dms n`prnsms il nini ekr`ms hn `nhlr sus n`lslkins hn amrfñi. 6:% hn dms n`prnsms ym omi litrkhualhk slstn`ms pmrm rnhualr sus n`lslkins. Ktrms 6?% hlani qun dk tnihríi mitns hn 6:=:, ns hnalr qun `niks hn dm `ltmh ni nsm enaom dk tnihríi.

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1>% hn dms n`prnsms ym omi rnhualhk sus vlmbns mìrnks k nini pdmins pmrm omanrdk.

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Qñdk =?% hn dms n`prnsms udlzmi mutk`ñvldns hn fmbms n`lslkins.

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Ktrms 65% nini pdmins pmrm litrkhualrdks hnitrk hn trns mýks.

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8:% hn dms n`prnsms ym udlzmi ninrgàm rnikvmfdn k nini pdmins pmrm omanrdk.

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Vnhualr n`lslkins hn amrfñi ik ns inansmrlm`nitn amrk.

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Xkhmvàm omy `uaok qun mprnihnr y ik nxlstni guàms nstmfdnalhms.

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N`prnsms ik akikani dks slstn`ms vlgnitns qun nxlstni pmrm su usk, ak`k ski dm pkslfldlhmh hn trmismr ni pnr`lsks y slstn`ms hn ak`pnismalñi.

  Zmrí`ntrks qun sn hnfn tk`mr ni aunitm Nd l`pmatk m`flnitmd ns dm mdtnrmalñi qun sn prkhuan ni nd m`flnitn aumihk sn ddnvm m amfk ui prkynatk k uim mavlhmh. Dms kfrms pòfdlams ak`k dm akistruaalñi hn uim amrrntnrm, ui pmitmik k ui punrtk hnpkrvk3 dms aluhmhns3 dms lihustrlms3 uim zkim hn rnarnk pmrm pmsnmr pkr nd am`pk k omanr nsamdmhm3 uim grmibm k ui am`pk hn audvk3 aumdqulnr mavlhmh hn nstms nin ui l`pmatk skfrn nd `nhlk.

 

Dm mdtnrmalñi ik sln`prn ns ingmvm. Zunhn snr emvkrmfdn k hnsemvkrmfdn pmrm nd `nhlk. Ni dks l`pmatks m`flnitmdns omy qun tninr ni aunitm2 

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slgik2 sl ns pkslvk y slrvn pmrm `nbkrmr nd `nhlk m`flnitn k sl ns ingmvk y hngrmhm dm zkim litnislhmh2 sngòi dm hnstruaalñi hnd m`flnitn snm tktmd, mdtm, `nhlm k fmbm3 nxtnislñi2 sngòi menatn m ui dugmr `uy akiarntk y sn ddm`m puitumd, k m uim zkim mdgk `mykr -pmralmd-, k m uim grmi pmrtn hnd `nhlk -l`pmatk nxtrn`k- k m tkhk -tktmd-. Omy l`pmatks hn uflamalñi aràam2 ak`k punhn snr ui vnrhk ni ui ràk pkak mitns hn uim tk`m hn mgum pmrm akisu`k ou`mik2 snrí ui l`pmatk puitumd, pnrk ni ui dugmr aràak3 nd `k`nitk ni qun sn `milnstm y msà hlsigul`ks l`pmatk dmtnitn qun sn `milnstm md amfk hnd n`pk, ak`k punhn snr nd amsk hn dm akitm`limalñi hn ui sundk ak`k akisnaunialm hn qun sn vmymi mau`udmihk pnsalhms u ktrks prkhuatks quà`laks, pkak m pkak, ni nsn dugmr. Ktrks l`pmatks ski li`nhlmtks k m akrtk pdmzk y mdguiks ski aràaks ak`k punhn snr rulhk pkr dm ikaon, anram hn ui okspltmd3 pnrslstnialm. Qn hlan qun ns eugmz sl hurm `niks hn = mýk3 sl hurm hn = m 1 mýks ns tn`pkrmd y pnrimz sl hurm hn 8 m hlnz mýks. Ql ns pmrm sln`prn snràm pnr`minitn3 rnaupnrmalñi. Qngòi snm `ís k `niks eíald hn rnpmrmr hlsigul`ks lrrnaupnrmf lrrnaupnrmfdns, dns, rnvnrslfdns, `lgmfdns, rnaupnrmfdns, nta. su`m hn nenatks2 M vnans dm mdtnrmalñi imd amusmhm pkr ui akibuitk hn l`pmatks ns `mykr qun dm su`m hn tkhks dks lihlvlhumdns y sn omfdm hn nenatk sliìrglak. Msà, pkr nbn`pdk hks amrrntnrms hn `kitmým, punhni tninr amhm uim su l`pmatk, pnrk sl dungk sn oman ui tnranr trm`k qun, muiqun snm akrtk, uin dms hks y slrvn pmrm nidmzmr hks zkims mitns mdnbmhms, nd nenatk akibuitk punhn snr qun mu`nitn `uaok nd tríak pkr nd akibuitk hn dms trns. Nsk snràm ui nenatk sliìrglak3 pnrlkhlalhmh. Hlsigul`ks Hlsigul`ks sl nd l`pmatk ns akiiuk ak`k uim amitnrm, pkr nbn`pdk3 k hlsakiiuk ak`k uim lihustrlm qun, hn vnz ni aumihk, hnsprnihn sustmialms akitm`limitns k pnrlñhlak k lrrngudmr ak`k dks lianihlks ekrnstmdns3

Nvmdumalñi hn L`pmatk M`flnitmd (NLM) Mitns hn n`pnzmr hntnr`limhms kfrms pòfdlams k prkynatks k mavlhmhns qun punhni prkhualr l`pmatks l`pkrtmitns ni nd m`flnitn, dm dnglsdmalñi kfdlgm m omanr uim Nvmdumalñi hnd L`pmatk M`flnitmd qun prkhualríi sl sn ddnvmi m amfk. Dm imdlhmh hn dm NLM ns lhniamr, prnhnalr n litnrprntmr dks l`pmatks qun nsm mavlhmh prkhualrí sl ns nbnautmhm. Dks pmsks m hmr pmrm omanr uim NLM ski2 Nstuhlk hn L`pmatk M`flnitmd (NsLM).- Zmrm omanr uim NLM prl`nrk oman emdtm ui Nstuhlk hn L`pmatk M`flnitmd qun ns nd hkau`nitk qun omani dks tìailaks lhniamihk dks l`pmatks, dm pkslfldlhmh hn akrrnglrdks, dks nenatks qun prkhualríi, nta. Hnfn snr dk `ís kfbnvk pkslfdn, sli litnrprntmalkins il vmdkrmalkins, rnakglnihk Ns ui nstuhlk`udhlsalpdlimr nstuhlk`udhlsa lpdlimr pkr dk qun nin qun bmrsn ni ak`k menatmríslik md adl`m, sundk, hmtks. mgum3 akikanr dm imturmdnzm qun sn vm m vnr

 

menatmhm2 pdmitms, mil`mdns, nakslstn`ms3 dks vmdkrns audturmdns k olstñrlaks, nta.3 mimdlzmr dm dnglsdmalñi qun menatm md prkynatk3 vnr ak`k menatmrí m dms mavlhmhns ou`mims2 mgrlaudturm, vlstms, n`pdnk, amdlhmh hn vlhm, nta. Hnadmrmalñi hn L`pmatk M`flnitmd (HLM).- Dm Hnadmrmalñi hn L`pmatk M`flnitmd dm omani dks krgmils`ks k mutkrlhmhns `nhlkm`flnitmdns m dms qun akrrnspkihn nd tn`m hnspuìs hn mimdlzmr nd Nstuhlk hn L`pmatk M`flnitmd y dms mdngmalkins, kfbnalkins k ak`nitmrlks qun nd pòfdlak ni gninrmd k dms listualkins akisudtmhms omymi onaok. Dm fmsn pmrm dm HLM ns nd Nstuhlk tìailak, pnrk nsn nstuhlk hnfn nstmr hlspkilfdn hurmitn ui n`pk hn akisudtm pòfdlam pmrm qun tkhm pnrskim k listualñi litnrnsmhm dk akikzam y prnsnitn md krgmils`k akrrnspkihlnitn akrrnspkihlnitn sus kfbnalkins k ak`nitmrlks, sl dk hnsnm. Hnspuìs, aki tkhk nstn `mtnrlmd hnalhn dm akivnilnialm k ik hn omanr dm mavlhmh nstuhlmhm y hntnr`lim dms akihlalkins y `nhlhms qun sn hnfni tk`mr pmrm prktngnr mhnaumhm`nitn nd m`flnitn y dks rnaursks imturmdns. Xlpks hn Nvmdumalkins hn L`pmatk M`flnitmd.- Dm dnglsdmalñi plhn nstuhlks `ís k `niks hntmddmhks sngòi snm dm mavlhmh qun sn vm m rnmdlzmr. Ik ns dk `ls`k dm listmdmalñi hn ui fmr qun uim pnquným n`prnsm k ui grmi n`fmdsn k uim anitrmd iuadnmr. Zkr nsk sn hlsiguni2 

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Liekr`ns `nhlkm`flnitmdns qun sn uini m dks prkynatks y ski sl`pdn`nitn lihlamhkrns hn dm lialhnialm m`flnitmd aki dms `nhlhms akrrnatkrms qun sn pkhràmi tk`mr. Nvmdumalñi prndl`limr qun liakrpkrm uim prl`nrm vmdkrmalñi hn l`pmatks qun slrvn pmrm hnalhlr sl ns inansmrlm uim vmdkrmalñi `ís hntmddmhm hn dks l`pmatks hn nsm mavlhmh k ns sualnitn aki nstn nstuhlk `ís supnralmd3 Nvmdumalñi sl`pdlamhm qun ns ui nstuhlk hn prkeuihlhmh `nhlm skfrn dks l`pmatks m`flnitmdns

Nvmdumalñi hntmddmhm ni dm qun sn prkeuihlzm pkrqun dm mavlhmh qun sn nstí nstuhlmihk ns hn grmi nivnrgmhurm. @ìtkhks udlzmhks pmrm `nhlr nd l`pmatk Nd Matm hnd @nramhk Òilak LL nstmfdnan qun «dm Ak`lslñi ndmfkrmrí ui `ìtkhk pmrm `nhlr dks fninalks skalknakiñ`laks gninrmhks pkr dms n`prnsms skalmdns. @nhlr rlgurksm y slstn`íam`nitn dm rnpnrauslñi hn dms n`prnsms skalmdns ni dm ak`uilhmh … ns nsnialmd pmrm hn`kstrmr qun nd hlinrk livnrhk ni nddms prkhuan mokrrks n ligrnsks ndnvmhks³. Nd Zrkgrm`m pmrm nd N`pdnk y dm Liikvmalñi Qkalmd tm`flìi prnvì, ni su tnranr nbn (@larkimialmalñi y N`prnihl`lnitk Qkalmd), qun dks liekr`ns hn nbnaualñi qun dms nihmhns imialnrms y dks gnstkrns hn ekihks omi hn prnsnitmr m dm Ak`lslñi hnfnríi akitninr tm`flìi liekr`malñi manram hn dks rnsudtmhks ni rndmalñi aki dms rnpnrauslkins skalmdns. Zkr akislgulnitn, nd sufgrupk hnd Grupk hn nxpnrtks skfrn dms n`prnsms skalmdns (GNANQ) sn listmurñ ni katufrn hn 6:=6 aki nd i hn makrhmr ui `ìtkhk nurkpnk qun puhlnrm mpdlamrsn m dm nakik`àm skalmd nurkpnm. Nd ak`nhk hnd sufgrupk akislstn ni arnmr ui `ìtkhk pmrm `nhlr dm rnpnrauslñi skalmd qun nini dms mavlhmhns hn dms n`prnsms skalmdns pmrm imdns hn 6:=1. Nstn `ìtkhk rnsudtm pmraudmr`nitn inansmrlk ni hks akitnxtks2

 

○ Ni prl`nr dugmr, pmrm nd hnsmrrkddk hn dks ekihks hn n`prnihl`lnitk skalmd nurkpnk (NuQNE), hkihn punhni prnalsmrsn ktrks arltnrlks m nenatks hn akkrhlimr `nbkr dm ekr`m ni qun dks gnstkrns hn ekihks skalmdns hnalhni sl punhni livnrr ni uim n`prnsm akiarntm y supnrvlsmr y ak`uilamr dks rnsudtmhks hn tmdns livnrslkins, msà ak`k pmrm pnr`lr qun tmdns gnstkrns rlihmi aunitms hn dm `minrm mprkplmhm m dks livnrskrns y md pòfdlak ni gninrmd. ○ Ni snguihk dugmr, ni nd akitnxtk hnd Zrkgrm`m pmrm nd N`pdnk y dm Liikvmalñi Qkalmd (NmQL), qun omfldltm `ís hn ?5 `lddkins hn nurks hlspkilfdns pmrm sufvnialkins, livnrslk livnrslkins ins y gmrmims pmrm nd pnrlkhk 6:=8-6:6: hnsimhks m dms n`prnsms skalmdns qun punhmi hn`kstrmr qun nini uim rnpnrauslñi skalmd `nisurmfdn. Dms hlenrnialms nitrn dks NuQNE y nd NmQL rmhlami ni dms inanslhmhns, nd niekqun y dm mpdlamalñi, pkr dk qun nd GNANQ sn om hmhk aunitm hn qun punhni rnqunrlr skdualkins hlenrnitns. Ni nd amsk hnd NuQNE, dm ikr`m hn `nhlalñi arnm uim ikr`m hn aumdlamalñi pmrm hntnr`limr sl uim n`prnsm skalmd au`pdn dks rnqulsltks pmrm rnalflr mpkyk imialnrk y pmrm rnamfmr liekr`malñi, msà ak`k pmrm emaldltmr dm liekr`malñi qun prkanhm. Ni am`flk, ni nd akitnxtk hnd NmQl, dm inanslhmh hn `nhlr nstí rndmalkimhm aki dm rnakpldmalñi hn liekr`malñi, m i hn qun dm Ak`lslñi y dks mgnitns hnslgimhks pmrm gnskimr dks ekihks ni dks Nstmhks `ln`frks liekr`ni manram hn dm `nhlhm ni qun sn au`pdni dks kfbnvks nstmfdnalhks ni nd í`fltk hn dm rnpnrauslñi skalmd ni tkhk nd ekihk. Nd hnsmrrkddk hn uim ikr`m pmrm `nhlr dm rnpnrauslñi nxanhn hn dms inanslhmhns hn dks NuQNE y hnd NmQL, pkr dk qun sn trmtm hn ktrk fninalk l`pkrtmitn hn nstn trmfmbk. Ni iliguim ktrm pmrtn hnd `uihk sn om makrhmhk uim ikr`m pmrm `nhlr dm rnpnrauslñi skalmd. Hlspkinr hn uim ikr`m mpkrtmràm akonrnialm m dm liekr`malñi, akistulràm dm fmsn pmrm gnskimr nd rnihl`lnitk hn dms n`prnsms skalmdns hn tkhks dks tm`mýks (aki uim `nbkrm hn dm namalm) n listmràm m uim akdmfkrmalñi `ís liekr`mhm aki skalks, livnrskrns y imialmhkrns hnd snatkr pòfdlak.

@nhlhms pmrm akitrmrrnstmr nd l`pmatk m`flnitmd =.

^sm nalnitn`nitn dm ninrgàm. Vnmdlzm muhltkràms ninrgìams hn tus prkansks n listmdmalkins, tn myuhmrí m smfnr sl nstís udlzmihk dms `nbkrns tìailams hlspkilfdns. Vnvlsm pnrlñhlam`nitn tus akisu`ks y dks mlsdm`lnitks tìr`laks ni nqulpks hn eràk y amdkr.

6.

Akisu`n mgum hn ekr`m rnspkismfdn. Ns l`pkrtmitn rnmdlzmr ui akitrkd pnrlñhlak hn tus akisu`ks y mpdlam dms `nbkrns tìailams hlspkilfdns. Zlnism añ`k punhns rnhualr nd akisu`k k rnudlzm mdguims akrrlnitns hn mgum hn dm listmdmalñi.

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Fusam iunvms kpkrtuilhmhns kpkrtuilhmhns pmrm vmdkrlzmr tus rnslhuks. Zkr nbn`pdk, dm prkhuaalñi hn flkgís k flk`msm, dm trmisekr`malñi ni ni`lnihms k enrdlzmitns, dm nxtrmaalñi hn prkhuatks k sustmialms hn vmdkr.

8.

Kp`lzm dks nivmsns hn tus prkhuatks. Vnmdlzm ui pdmi hn prnvnialñi hn nivmsns nspnaàak. ^dlzm iunvks `mtnrlmdns `ís flkhngrmhmfdns.

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Amdaudm dm ounddm m`flnitmd hn tu mavlhmh n lhniam kfbnvks hn `nbkrm.

 

5.

@nbkrm dm gnsñi hn dks `mtnrlmdns y rnslhuks pndlgrksks.

7.

Qnislfldlzm y kernan ekr`malñi m`flnitmd m dks trmfmbmhkrns.

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Vnhuan nd vkdu`ni y amrgm akitm`limitn hn dks vnrhks hn mgum rnslhumd. Mpdlam tìailams pmrm rnhualr dm akitm`limalñi ni krlgni. Qndnaalkim dm listmdmalñi hn hnpurmalñi `ís mhnaumhm kp`lzmihk su gnsñi y `mitnil`lnitk.

. Dm liekr`malñi skfrn dm ak`pmfldlhmh hnd prkynatk aki dks usks hnd sundk nstmfdnalhks ni nd ZKX. Dk mitnrlkr, sli pnrbulalk hn dk hlspunstk ni nd Hnarntk 66:= hn 6::1. 5. Dm liekr`malñi skfrn dks rnaursks imturmdns rnikvmfdns qun sn prntnihni usmr, mprkvnaomr k menatmr pmrm nd hnsmrrkddk hnd prkynatk, kfrm k mavlhmh. 7. Lhniamalñi hn dms ak`uilhmhns y hn dks `namils`ks udlzmhks pmrm liekr`mrdns skfrn nd prkynatk, kfrm k mavlhmh. ?. Dm hnsarlpalñi, amrmatnrlzmalñi y miídlsls hnd `nhlk flñak, mflñak, skalknakiñ`lak ni nd aumd sn prntnihn hnsmrrkddmr nd prkynatk, kfrm k mavlhmh.