Evidence TSN - Manresa 2020

 

!"#$!%&! 

!!! # $%&'()% )* +,+, – +,+.'/$ 01( 2(304'() /. %00*5 6()) 7%31%(2 ()8(6/  ()8(6/ 

/012 3 4 &567589:

); ?!%!)-< @)A"#*#A%*

!BCD98E9 => ?@A=B@? CD EF@ GHI@> JA 3JHGE KB? => K E@LFB=LKI E@GM5 NF@B =E LJM@> EJ E@LFB=LKI E@GM>O EF@ PG=BL=PI@ EFKE DJH B@@? EJ G@M@MC@G => EFKE =E K?M=E> JA BJ JEF@G ?@A=B=E=JB EFKB EFKE QF=LF the law provides. Meaning Meaning,, if you’re a asked sked in the bar exa examinations minations   or in any of my examinations to define evidence, there’s no other ?@A=B=E=JB EFKB EFKE QF=LF EF@ IKQ PGJR=?@> QF=LF => )@LE=JB -O 'HI@ -+S5 *9EFCG8 3H !BCD98E9 D9IC89DH — (R=?@BL@ => EF@ M@KB>O >KBLE=JB@? CD EF@>@ GHI@>O JA K>L@GEK=B=BT =B K UH?=L=KI PGJL@@?=BT EF@ EGHEF G@>P@LE=BT K MKEE@G JA AKLE5

(G0: EG67G898FJ GI FK9 D9IC8CFCG8 3H  3H  .958J GI 5JE9:F5C8698F !BLIH?@> BJE JBID EF@ PGJL@?HG@ JG MKBB@G JA K>L@GEK=BM@BE

(#)*+ !,-. 

- 

.JG @YKMPI@O =B K LJBEGKLE JA >KI@O DJH KG@ PGJR=?@? Q=EF ?=AA@G@BE >@E> JA JCI=TKE=JB> JB EF@ PKGE JA EF@ CHD@G KB? EF@ >@II@G5 )JO QFKE =A EF@ >@II@G R=JIKE@> JB@ JA F=> JCI=TKE=JB>O I=V@ EF@ JCI=TKE=JB EJ QKGGKBE EF@ EF=BT >JI?5 \=BEKFKD BKT#CG@KLF >DK >K =DKFKBT =MPI=@? QKGGKBED KTK=B>E F=??@B ?@A@LE>O EFKE => KLEHKIID PGJR=?@? CD >HC>EKBE=R@ IKQ5 *JHG LKH>@ JA KLE=JB => PGJR=?@? CD >HC>EKBE=R@ IKQ5 1JQ ?J DJH PGJR@ =EZ 0FKE => EF@ [H@>E=JB EFKE => KB>Q@G@? CD G@A@GG=BT EJ EF@ 'HI@> JA (R=?@BL@O C@LKH>@ EF@ 'HI@> JA (R=?@BL@ TJR@GB EF@ MKBB@G JA PGJR=BT EF@ >K=? AKLE>5 QK2 CJ 9BCD98E9 :9R0C:9DS !E => G@[H=G@? C@LKH>@ JA EF@ PG@>HMPE=JB EFKE EF@ LJHGE => BJE KQKG@ JA EF@ R@GKL=ED JA EF@ AKLE> =BRJIR@? =B K LK>@5 !E => EF@G@AJG@ =BLHMC@BE HPJB EF@ PKGE=@> EJ PGJR@ K AKLE =B =>>H@ EFGJHTF EF@ PG@>@BEKE=JB JA K?M=>>=CI@ @R=?@BL@5

!"#$!%&! @)#%&#@ BJ QG=E=BT JG BJE@ JG M@MJGKB?HM JA EF@ KTG@@M@BE C@EQ@@B EF@ PKGE=@>O DJH QJHI? FKR@ K FKG? E=M@ PGJR=BT DJHG LKH>@ JA KLE=JB =B LJHGE

(#)*+ !,-. 

+ 

=A =E => CK>@? JB EF@ HBQG=EE@B LJBEGKLE5

=H =H   )!_;#)!.!%+ A( @)AA( (A) &5 !B >FJGEO QF@B DJH EKIV KCJHE KLEHKI ?KMKT@>O MKJ B= >DK KBT =MJBT =BUHGD5 .JG @YKMPI@O EF@ KMJHBE DJH >P@BE AJG FJ>P=EKI=aKE=JBO JG AJG G@PK=G=BT DJHG ?KMKT@? LKGO EF@>@ KG@ KLEHKI ?KMKT@> EFKE QJHI? G@[H=G@ PGJJA JA P@LHB=KGD IJ>>5 ;HE Q=EF G@>P@LE EJ JEF@G AJGM> JA ?KMKT@> WMJGKIO @Y@MPIKGDO BJM=BKI KB? I=[H=?KE@?X EF@G@ => BJ B@@? AJG PGJJA JA P@LHB=KGD IJ>>5 MH MH   +A)+* -%$ $-.-?!* @)!*;.@+#A%*   )9J #7J5 FK> KB @R=?@BE=KGD @AA @AA@LE5 @LE5 0F=> ?JLEG=B@ KLEHKIID PIKL@> EF@ CHG?@B JA MJR=BT AJGQKG? Q=EF EF@ @R=?@BL@ HPJB EF@ ?@A@B?KBE EJ PGJR@ EFKE F@ => BJE B@TI=T@BE5 ;@LKH>@ JG?=BKG=ID =B K LK>@ CK>@? JB %GE +-_b JA EF@ 3=R=I 3J?@O EF@ CHG?@B => HPJB EF@ PIK=BE=AA EJ PGJR@ EFKE EF@ ?@A@B?KBE QK> B@TI=T@BE5 !A EF=> ?JLEG=B@ KLEHKIID KPPI=@>O =E Q=II G@R@G>@ @R@GDEF=BTO =B K >@B>@ EFKE =E => BJQ EFKE EF@ ?@A@B?KBE QFJ >FJHI? PGJR@ EFKE F@ QK> BJE B@TI=T@BE5 



 

@:9J067FCG8J GI 89O1CO98E9 C8 B9KCE015: 5EECD98FJ

!"#$!%&! @)#%&#@ JA KT@ => KIQKD> @Y@MPE AGJM LG=M=BKI liability, it doesn’t matter whether he acted with or without ?=>L@GBM@BE5 ;HE =A =E => B=B@ EJ A=AE@@BO G@M@MC@G EFKE EJ C@ @Y@MPE AGJM LG=M=BKI I=KC=I=EDO F@ MH>E FKR@ KLE@? Q=EFJHE ?=>L@GBM@BE5 NFD => EFKEZ 0F@ IKQ PG@>HM@> EFKE K LF=I? C@IJQ B=B@ D@KG> JI? => =BLKPKCI@ JA ?=>L@GBM@BE5 =H =H   = Q#+%!** );@? AJG EF@ LG=M@ JA EG@K>JBO EF@G@ >FJHI? C@ E@>E=MJBD JA KE I@K>E EQJ Q=EB@>>@> EJ EF@ >KM@ JR@GE KLE JA EG@K>JB5 0F@ IKQ =E>@IA E@II> DJH EF@ BHMC@G JA @R=?@BL@ DJH MH>E C@ KCI@ EJ PGJ?HL@5

To Atty. Espejo’s mind, there’s s G69FKC8O G69FKC8O Z9C:D 5LG0F *9EFCG8 1. What’s weird about this is the word “TRUTH”   !> EGHEF G@KIID =MPJGEKBE =B EF@ LJHGE JA IKQZ !> =E G@KIID =MPJGEKBE EFKE QFKE EF@ LJHGE ?@LIKG@> =B EF@ @B? CD M@KB> JA =E> UH?T@M@BE => KLEHKIID EF@ EGHEFZ 0GHEF FK> K ?=AA@G@BE EG@KEM@BE HB?@G EF@ IKQ LJMPKG@? EJ =E> EG@KEM@BE =B MJGKI=ED5 NFDZ 0GHEFO JA LJHG>@O => KC>JIHE@5 ;HE =B K court of law, the word “truth” is actually relative. 2@E H> >HPPJ>@ EFKE EF@G@ => K THD >EKB?=BT KGJHB? EF@ LJGB@G JA ;JB=AKL=J KB? ;JIEJB )EG@@E5 0QJ PJI=L@M@B FKPP@B EJ BJE I=V@ EF@ AKL@ JA EF=> A@IIJQ C@LKH>@ F@ IJJV> >H>P=L=JH>5 )JO Q=EFJHE Q=EFJHE

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   :JLEG=B@ JA @[H=PJ=>@ JG @[H=PJB?@GKBL@ @[H=PJB? @GKBL@ KPPI=@>5 4B?@G EF=> ?JLEG=B@O =A EF@ @R=?@BL@ JA EF@ PKGE=@> KG@ JA @[HKI Q@=TFEO EF@ 3JHGE Q=II GHI@ =B AKRJG JA EF@ ?@A@B?KBE5 0F=> => C@LKH>@ =A EF@ @R=?@BL@ => @[H=PJB?@GKBEO EF@ PIK=BE=AA FK> AK=I@? EJ ?=>LFKGT@ F=> CHG?@B JA PGJJA5 0F@G@ => BJ >HLF EF=BT K> K LJBA@>>=JB =B L=R=I LK>@>5

0F@G@ => BJ @[H=PJ=>@5 0F@ KLLH>@? LKB JBID C@ LJBR=LE@? CD PGJJA C@DJB? G@K>JBKCI@ ?JHCE5 )JO EF@ PGJ>@LHE=JB KB? EF@ KLLH>@? B@R@G >EKGE KE KB @R@B >LKI@ =B EF@ A=G>E PIKL@5

0F@ LJBL@PE JA LJBA@>>=JB => KPPI=LKCI@5

1JQ@R@GO EF@G@ KG@ K?M=>>=JB>5 0F@ LJBL@PE JA LJBA@>>=JB> KG@ @YLIH>=R@ID KPPI=LKCI@ EJ LG=M=BKI LK>@>5

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%@ E@GM> KG@ JAE@B H>@? =BE@GLFKBT@KCID 0F@ @AA@LE QF@B EF@ G@[H=>=E@ 0F@ MJ?@ KB? MKBB@G JA [HKBEHM JA @R=?@BL@ JA K PGJR=BT LJMP@E@BE AKLE> =B PKGE=LHIKG AKLE FK> C@@B ?HID  UH?=L=KI PGJL@@?=BT>5 PGJL@@?=BT>5 K?M=EE@? KB? T=R@B Q@=TFE5 0F@ PGJCKE=R@ @AA@LE JA 0F@ M@KB> JA PGJJA5 @R=?@BL@5

4B?@G EF@ IKQ JB PI@K?=BT>O JBID HIE=MKE@ AKLE> KG@ EJ C@ G@[H=G@? EJ C@ >EKE@?5 0F@D LJB>=>E =B PGJPJ>=E=JB> >E=II EJ C@ @>EKCI=>F@?5 0F@G@AJG@O HIE=MKE@ AKLE> KG@ B@L@>>KG=ID K27GFK9FCE515

_a NFKE => BJQ EF@ EG@KEM@BEO HB?@G EF@ KM@B?@? GHI@>O JB (R=?@BE=KGD .KLE>Z ;@LKH>@ )019 >X *9EH 3 GI FK9 3bbc )019J GI &CBC1 @:GE9D0:9 7:9BCG0J12 7:GBCD9D FK5Fa   (R@GD PI@K?=BT >FKII LJBEK=B =B K M@EFJ?=LKI KB? IJT=LKI AJGMO K PIK=BO LJBL=>@ KB? ?=G@LE >EKE@M@BE JA EF@ HIE=MKE@ AKLE> JB QF=LF EF@ PKGED PI@K?=BT G@I=@> AJG F=> LIK=M JG ?@A@B>@O K> EF@ LK>@ MKD C@O JM=EE=BT EF@ >EKE@M@BE JA M@G@ @R=?@BE=KGD AKLE>5 !E QK> CD ?=G@LE PGJR=>=JB JA EF@ 'HI@> EFKE PI@K?=BT> >FJHI? JM=E @R=?@BE=KGD AKLE> JG AKLEHM PGJCKB?HM5  PGJCKB?HM5 

%GF9 08D9: FK9 -698D698Fa TGZ9B9:X 08D9: -H.H %GH 3b[3\[=\[*&X QF=LF KM@B?@? EF@ 'HI@> JA 3=R=I 8GJL@?HG@ KB? QF=LF EJJV @AA@LE JB $KD -O +,+,O

*9EFCG8 3H !BCD98E9 D9IC89DH — (R=?@BL@ => EF@ M@KB>O >KBLE=JB@? CD EF@>@ GHI@>O JA K>L@GEK=B=BT =B K UH?=L=KI PGJL@@?=BT EF@ EGHEF G@>P@LE=BT K .-++!) A( (-&+H

“(R@GDLJBL=>@ PI@K?=BT >FKII LJBEK=B =B K M@EFJ?=LKI KB? IJT=LKI PIK=BO KB? ?=G@LE >EKE@M@BE JA EF@ HIE=MKE@ AKLE>O AJGMO K =BLIH?=BT EF@ @R=?@BL@ JB QF=LF EF@ PKGED PI@K?=BT G@I=@> AJG F=> or her claim or defense, as the case may be.” [Rule 8, Sec. 1, as as KM@B?@?e

0F@G@ KG@ EQJ V=B?> JA AKLE HB?@G EF@ IKQ JB PI@K?=BT>d .%304$ 8'/;%&:4$ %&: .%304$ 8'/;%&)5

(-&+;. @)AV-%$;. 4IE=MKE@ AKLE> KG@ EF@ PG=BL=PKIO ?@E@GM=BKE@ KB? LJB>E=EHE=R@ AKLE> HPJB EF@ @Y=>E@BL@ JA which the plaintiff’s cause of KLE=JB G@>E>5 0F@D ?J BJE G@A@G EJ EF@ ?@EK=I> JA PGJCKE=R@ MKEE@G> JG PKGE=LHIKG> JA @R=?@BL@ CD QF=LF EF@>@ MKE@G=KI @I@M@BE> KG@ EJ C@ @>EKCI=>F@?5 4B?@G EF@ IKQ JB PI@K?=BT>O JBID HIE=MKE@ AKLE> KG@ G@[H=G@? EJ C@ >EKE@?5 0F@D LJB>=>E =B PGJPJ>=E=JB> >E=II EJ C@ @>EKCI=>F@? KB? EF@G@AJG@O HIE=MKE@ AKLE> KG@ B@L@>>KG=ID FDPJEF@E=LKI5 0J PHE =E >=MPIDO DJHG HIE=MKE@ AKLE> =B K L=R=I LK>@ QJHI? C@ -5  EF@ G=TFE> R=JIKE@?O +5  EF@ JCI=TKE=JB JA EF@ ?@A@B?KBEO ]5  FJQ EF@ ?@A@B?KBE R=JIKE@? EF@ G=TFE> JA

(-&+;. @)AV-%* (R=?@BE=KGD JG =BE@GM@?= =BE@GM@?=KE@ KE@ AKLE>O JB EF@ JEF@G FKB?O KG AKLE> QF=LF KG@ B@L@>>KGD AJG EF@ ?@E@GM=BKE=JB JA EF@ HIE=MKE@ AKLE>5 0F@D KG@ PG@M=>@> HPJB QF=LF LJBLIH>=JB> JA HIE=MKE@ AKLE> KG@ CK>@?5 0F@D KG@ CGJHTFE AJGQKG? K> K G@KI=ED EJ LJBR=BL@ EF@ EG=CHBKI EFKE EF@ AKLEHM PGJCKB?HM => KI>J G@KI5

4B?@G EF@ IKQ JB PI@K?=BT> G=TFE BJQO DJH KI>J =BLIH?@ DJHG @R=?@BE=KGD AKLE>5 0F@ >EKE@M@BE EFKE DJH >FJHI? KI>J =BLIH?@ EF@ @R=?@BL@ =B QF=LF EF@ PKGED PI@K?=BT> G@I=@> AJG F=> JG F@G LIK=M JG ?@A@B>@O EFKE QJHI? KIG@K?D =BLIH?@ UH?=L=KI =BLIH?@ UH?=L=KI KAA=?KR=E>5 0FKE => JB@ EF=BT EFKE => MJBHM@BEKI HB?@G EF@ 'HI@> JB 3=R=I 8GJL@?HG@5 *JHG G=TFE UH?=L=KI KAA=?KR=E> >FJHI? C@ =BLIH?@? KIG@K?D =B DJHG PI@K?=BTO =B DJHG LJMPIK=BE5 !E => [H=E@ K ?=AA=LHIE MKEE@G QF@B =E LJM@> EJ IKQD@G=BT5 N@O IKQD@G>O QF@B Q@ A=I@ K LK>@O L K>@O Q@ FKR@ EJ MKV@ >HG@ EFKE JHG UH?=L=KI KAA=?KR=E> KG@ KIG@K?D PG@PKG@? PG@PKG@?55 )019J IG: D9I98D58F 08D9: FK9 5698D698F   0F@G@ => KI>J K >=M=IKG G@[H=G@M@BE EFKE =A DJH KG@ EF@ ?@A@B?K BEO BEO EF@G@ => KI>J EF=> LFKBT@ Q=EF EF@ G@TI@M@BEKG G@TI@M@BEKGDD P@G=J? Q=EF=B QF=LF DJH KG@ >HPPJ>@? EJ A=I@ KB KB>Q@G5   ;@AJG@ =E H>@? EJ C@ -f ?KD> KAE@G G@L@=PE JA EF@ >HMMJB>5   &JQO EF@ 'HI@> JB 3=R=I 8GJL@?HG@O K> KM@B?@?O G@[H=G@ KIG@K?D ],#?KD> KIG@K?D C@LKH>@ JA EF@ G@[H=G@M@B G@[H=G@M@BEE EFKE PGJCKCID DJH KG@ >HPPJ>@? EJ KEEKLF DJHG UH?=L=KI KAA=?KR=E> KIG@K?D5 )J =E => K I=EEI@ C=E MJG@ ?=AA=LHIE G=TFE BJQ EJ A=I@ PI@K?=BT>5 





EF@ PIK=BE=AA

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% JA 3JH 3JHGE GE G@A@GG=BT EJ %BBHIM@BE JA 6H?TM@BE JA EF@ '03 5 0FKE => >JM@EF=BT EFKE AKII> JB EF@ JG=T=BKI UHG=>?=LE=JB JA EF@ '035 0F@ MJ?@ JA G@R=@Q >FJHI? C@ KPP@KI5 ;HE DJH LKB JBID GK=>@ [H@>E=JB> JA IKQ LKB LK B C@ GK=>@? C@AJG@ EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE5 0F@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE => BJE K EG=@G JA AKLE>5 +K5F CJ ZK2 2G0: 6GD9 GI :9BC9Z CJa 3H  3H  P@E=E=JB AJG G@R=@Q HB?@G 'HI@ cf JG =H  =H  >=MPID KPP@KI CD L@GE=JGKG= K> ?=>E=BTH=>F AGJM K 'HI@ bf5 'HI@ bf P@E=E=JB LJB>=>E> JA >P@L=KI L=R=I KLE=JB JAd WKX  L@GE=JGKG=O WCX  PGJF=C=E=JB KB? WLX  MKB?H>5 '@LKII EFKE QF@B K P@E=E=JB AJG L@GE=JGKG= HB?@G 'HI@ bf G@LKII EFKE =E => JBID JB@ EFKE [H@>E=JB> JG GK=>@> K  UHG=>?=LE=JBKI @GGJG C@LKH>@ =E => EJ C@ IKLV JG @YL@>> JA  UHG=>?=LE=JB JG TGKR@ KCH>@ KCH>@ JA =E> ?=>LG@E=JB KMJHBE EJ IKLV JG @YL@>> JA UHG=>?=LE=JB EF@G@ C@=BT BJ PIK=BO >P@@?D >P@@?D JG K?@[HKE@ G@M@?D =B EF@ JG?=BKGD LJHG>@ JA IKQ5 0FKE => QFKE 'HI@ bfO )@L5 - PGJR=?@> AJG H> =B G@IKE=JB EJ EF@ )P@L=KI 3=R=I %LE=JB JA 3@GE=JGKG=5 /BID R09JFCG8J GI 15Z MKD C@ GK=>@? HB?@G K P@E=E=JB AJG G@R=@Q HB?@G 'HI@ cf C@LKH>@ EF@ 3JHGE => BJE K EG=@G JA AKLE> KB? EF@ AKLEHKI A=B?=BT> JA IJQ@G LJHGE> KG@ A=BKIO C=B?=BT JG LJBLIH>=R@ JB EF@ PKGE=@> KB? EJ EF@ 3JHGE g ;KBV R5 )PJH>@> NKIE@G 4D %B? 2=ID 4De   4De   NF=I@ 6HG=>PGH?@BL@ => G@PI@E@ JA @YKMPI@> QF@G@ EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE @BE@GEK=B@? ?=G@LE G@LJHG>@ EJ =E =A EF@ LK>@O EFGJHTF GK=>=BT [H@>E=JB> JA AKLEO =BRJV@> LJMP@II=BT G@K>JB>O >HLF K> EF@ EGKB>L@B?@BEKI JG PKGKMJHBE =MPJGEKBL@ =MPJGEKBL@ JA EF@ LK>@O EF=> @YL@PE=JB EJ EF@ GHI@ FK> G@L@BEID C@@B LIKG=A=@? =Bd

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% W'03>X KB? EF@ 3JHGE JA %PP@KI> W3%X5 1JQ@R@GO I=E=TKBE> ?J BJE FKR@ HBA@EE@G@? ?=>LG@E=JB EJ =BRJV@ EF@ 3JHGEh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  [H@>E=JB>5 

(#)*+ !,-. 

b 

 UHG=>?=LE=JB JB EF@ PKGE PKGE JA KBD =B>EGHM@ =B>EGHM@BEKI=ED BEKI=ED JA EF@ TJR@GBM@BE QF=LF =BLIH?@> L=ED TJR@GBM@BE> KB? IJLKI >KBTTHB=KB>5 (R@B =AO E@LFB=LKIID >P@KV=BTO EF@ PGJP@G G@LJHG>@ >FJHI? FKR@ C@@B K P@E=E=JB AJG ?@LIKGKEJGD G@I=@A HB?@G 'HI@ b]O EF@ )3O DJH LKB [H@>E=JB EF@ 3JB>E=EHE=JBKI=E 3JB>E=EHE=JBKI=EDD JA K IKQ C@AJG@ EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE C@LKH>@ =E => JA EGKB>L@B?@BEKI =MPJGEKBL@5

/012 = @5:F = 4 -6CJF5D NFKE @I>@Z '@L@BE LK>@>O )970L1CE BJH *9:98GX QF@G@ EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE @BE@GEK=B@? ?=G@LE G@LJHG>@ EJ =E =B K [HJ QKGGKBEJ P@E=E=JB KTK=B>E EF@ 3F=@A 6H>E=L@ JA EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE $KG=K 2JHG?@> )@G@BJ5 0F@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE F@G@ >K=? EFKE EF=> => KB CJJ09 GI F:58JE98D98F51 C67G:F58E9  KB?  KB? EF@G@AJG@ Q@ >FJHI? EKV@ LJTB=aKBL@ JA EF=> P@E=E=JB AJG [HJ QKGGKBEJ ?@>P=E@ EF@ AKLE EFKE EF@G@ => >HPPJ>@? EJ C@ K ?JLEG=B@ JA UH?=L=KI F=@GKGLFD5 4B?@G EF@ ?JLEG=B@ JA UH?=L=KI F=@GKGLFDO QF@B EF@G@ => LJBLHGG@BL@ JA  UHG=>?=LE=JB KMJBT EF@ >@R@GKI LJHGE>O I=V I=V@ @ =B K P@E=E=JB AAJG JG [HJ warranto, “diba na’ay concurrent jurisdiction ang RTC, CA and the SC” but the Solicitor General G eneral Jose Calida went directly and straight EJ EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE5 0F@ )3 @BE@GEK=B@? =E KB? =B AKLE =E I@? EJ EF@ JH>E@G JA 36 )@G@BJ5 &JQ CD QKD JA G@R=@QO C@LKH>@ ! C@I=@R@ EFKE EF=> => K LK>@ EFKE M=TFE LJM@ JHE KTK=B =B EF@ CKG @YKM=BKE=JB>O EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE =B )970L1CE BJH *9:98G MK?@ K ?=LFJEJMD5   0F@ )3 ?=>E=BTH=>F@? C@EQ@@B R051CICE5FCG8J IG: GIICE9 GI C6795EK5L19 GIICE9:J %&: FK9 EG8D0EF GI FK9 GIICE9:J ZKC19 FK92 5:9 C8 GIICE9 5   )JO =A DJH QKBE EJ G@MJR@ KB =MP@KLFKCI@ JAA=L@G C@LKH>@ JA F=>jF@G LJB?HLE =B JAA=L@ EFKEh> EF@ E=M@ EFKE =MP@KLFM@BE => EF@ PGJP@G PGJL@@?=BT5 ;HE =A DJHG [H@>E=JB=BT EF@ [HKI=A=LKE=JB> JA EF@ JA EF@ 6H>E=L@ JG EF@ =MP@KLFKCI@ JAA=L@ JAA=L@GG =B EF@ A=G>E PIKL@ EJ FJI? EFKE PJ>=E=JBO [HJ QKGGKBEJ => K R=KCI@ G@M@?D5 

'@LKII LK>@> QF@G@ EF@ LJHGE EJJV LJTB=aKBL@ JA K LK>@ C@LKH>@ JA =E> EGKB>L@B?@BEKI =MPJGEKBL@ JG C@LKH>@ EF@G@ KG@ LJB>E=EHE=JBKI =>>H@> EFKE EF@ LJHGE Q=II FKR@ EJ ?@L=?@ JB A=G>E =MPG@>>=JB5 (YKMPI@> KG@ EF@ LK>@> JA )PKGV R5 iH@aJB 3=ED KB? '@PHCI=L R5 )@G@BJ

*@-)e "H _;!fA% &#+U 0F@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE QK> LJBAGJBE@? Q=EF EF@ [H@>E=JB JA QF@EF@G JG BJE =E LKB @BE@GEK=B K P@E=E=JB EJ ?@LIKG@ HBLJB>E=EHE=JBKI LHGA@Q JG?=BKBL@> =B $@EGJ $KB=IK5 ;@LKH>@ JA EF@ %BE=#:GHT NKG JA 8G@>=?@BE 'J?G=TJ :HE@GE@ EF@ 3=E=@> =B $@EGJ $KB=IK =MPJ>@? R@GD >EG=LE LHGA@Q L HGA@Q JG?=BKBL@>5 0F@D C@TKB EJ >EG=LEID =MPI@M@BE=BT EF@M5

(5EFJa )PKGV I=V@ K )KMKFKB BT $TK \KCKEKKB A=I@? K P@E=E=JB ?=G@LEID EJ EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE K>>K=I=BT EF@ JG?=BKBL@> KB? [H@>E=JB@? EF@=G LJB>E=EHE=JBKI=ED C@AJG@ EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE5



)J EFKE =B >FJGE @B?@? EF@ E@BHG@ JA 36 )@G@BJ =B EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE5 !Eh> K LK>@ JA A=G>E =MPG@>>=JB C@AJG@ EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGEO CHE =GJB=LKIIDO =B EF=> LK>@ JA ?CGJ[*565: #8EH BJH $A+& ]?H)H %GH =3c3W>X .5:EK 3= =\3b^O EF@ )3 >K=? EFKE EF@ -^S_ 3JB>E=EHE=JB KB? EF@ 'HI@> JA 3JHGE PGJMHITKE@?O PHG>HKBE EJ =E> PGJR=>=JB>O TGKBE@? H> JG=T=BKI UHG=>?=LE=JB JR@G L@GEK=B LK>@> KB? =B >JM@ =B>EKBL@>O EF@G@ QJHI? C@ LJBLHGG@BL@ JA UHG=>?=LE=JB5

)01C8Oa %LLJG?=BT EJ EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE EFKE =E LKB KLEHKIID @BE@GEK=B EF=> @R@B =A =E => JB@ EFKE [H@>E=JB> EF@ LJB>E=EHE=JBKI=ED JA EF@ JG?=BKBL@ JB EF@ TGJHB? EFKE HB?@G EF@ @YPKB?@?

0F@ ?JLEG=B@ JA F=@GKGLFD JA LJHGE> ?=LEKE@> EFKEO ?=G@LE G@LJHG>@ EJ EF=> 3JHGE => KIIJQ@? JBID EJ G@>JIR@ [H@>E=JB> JA IKQO BJEQ=EF>EKB?=BT BJEQ=EF>EKB?= BT EF@ =BRJLKE=JB JA PKGKMJHBE JG EGKB>L@B?@BEKI =MPJGEKBL@ JA EF@ KLE=JB5 0F=> ?JLEG=B@ => 8GF 69:9 7G1CE2X :5FK9:X

?@A=B=E=JB JA UH?=L=KI PJQ@G HB?@G %GE=LI@ S JA EF@ -^S_ 3JB>E=EHE=JBO =E KLEHKIID =BLIH?@> EF@ [H@>E=JB JB QF@EF@G EF@G@ => TGKR@ KCH>@ JA ?=>LG@E=JB KMJHBE=BT IKLV JG @YL@>> JA

CF CJ 5 EG8JFCF0FCG851 IC1F9:C8O 69EK58CJ6  ?@>=TB@? EJ @BKCI@ EF@ 3JHGE EJ AJLH> JB EF@ MJG@ AHB?KM@BEKI KB? @>>@BE=KI EK>V> K>>=TB@? EJ =E CD EF@ F=TF@>E IKQ JA EF@ IKB?5

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% JA 3JHGE5 0FH>O =A EF@G@ => K PGJR=>=JB JA IKQ JG EF@ 3JB>E=EHE=JBO  UHG=>PGH?@BL@ JG EF@ 'HI@> JA 3JHGE QF=LF ?  UHG=>PGH?@BL@ ?@LIKG@> @LIKG@> L@GEK=B @R=?@BL@ @R=?@BL@ K> =BK?M=>>=CI@O EF@BO BJ MKEE@G FJQ MKE@G=KI JG G@I@RKBE =E MKD C@O =E QJHI? >E=II C@ @YLIH?@? AJG BJE C@=BT LJMP@E@BE5

-)+#&@LHG@ =B EF@=G P@G>JB>O FJH>@>O PKP@G>O KB? @AA@LE> KTK=B>E HBG@K>JBKCI@ >@KGLF@> KB? >@=aHG@> JA QFKE@R@G BKEHG@ KB? AJG KBD PHGPJ>@ >FKII C@ =BR=JIKCI@O KB? BJ >@KGLF QKGGKBE JG QKGGKBE JA KGG@>E >FKII =>>H@ @YL@PE HPJB PGJCKCI@ LKH>@ YYY *9EFCG8 MH ]3^  0F@ PG=RKLD JA LJMMHB=LKE=JB KB? LJGG@>PJB?@BL@ >FKII C@ =BR=JIKCI@ YYY

(#)*+ !,-. 

S 

_a )JO =A =E => @R=?@BL@ EFKE FK> C@@B >@LHG@? AGJM EF@ KLLH>@?O AJG @YKMPI@O =B F=> R=JIKE=JB JA F=> G=TFE KTK=B>E HBG@K>JBKCI@ >@KGLF@> KB? >@=aHG@>5 NFKE QJHI? C@ EF@ @AA@LEZ -a *JH LKBBJE H>@ EFKE @R=?@BL@ KTK=B>E EF@ KLLH>@? C@LKH>@ EFKE H>@ JA EFKE @R=?@BL@ => LJB>=?@G@? AGH=E JA EF@ PJ=>JBJH> EG@@5 '@K? EF@ LK>@ =B EF@ CJJVO !N9:ECFG BJ *V ]=\\Y^H ;@LKH>@ BJE K IJE JA PGJA@>>JG> QJHI? KLEHKIID VBJQ QFKE => EF@ PGJP@G =BE@GPG@EKE=JB on this “Fruit of the Poisonous tree.” 8KT MH=BTJB MKB TH? >=IK “ah. Basta illegally seized, pag nay illegal element, then it is fruit of the poisonous tree.”  ;HE  ;HE =B !N9:ECFG BJH *V O EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE FK? EF@ JLLK>=JB EJ G@KIID E@II H> EF@ BHKBL@> JA EF@ ?JLEG=B@ C@LKH>@ =E >K=? EFKE @R=?@BL@ QJHI? C@ @YLIH? @YLIH?@? @? =A =E QK> TK=B@? EFGJHTF EF@ @R=?@BL@ HBLJR@G@? =B R=JIKE=JB JA K PKGE=LHIKG @YLIH>=JBKGD IKQ JG GHI@5 !E => KB JAA>FJJE JA KB @YLIH>=JBKGD GHI@ QF=LF KPPI=@> EJ PG=MKGD @R=?@BL@5 $@KB=BTO C@AJG@ DJH KPPID EF@ ?JLEG=B@ ?KPKE BKKD T=R=JIKE@ BTK @YLIH>=JBKGD GHI@5 !A EF@G@ => BJ @YLIH>=JBKGD GHI@ EFKE => C@=BT R=JIKE@?O DJH LKBBJE =BRJV@ EF@ ?JLEG=B@5 %B? EF@ doctrine applies only to secondary or derivative eviden evidence. ce. That’s why I told you earlier, it’s the use of the illegally seia@? seia@? =E@M> EFKE QJHI? LKII AJG EF@ KPPI=LKE=JB JA EF@ .GH=E JA EF@ 8J=>JBJH> 0G@@ :JLEG=B@5 )JO EF@G@ MH>E C@ PG=MKGD @R=?@BL@ QF=LF => ?@E@GM=B@? EJ FKR@ C@@B =II@TKIID JCEK=B@? EF@B >@LJB?KGD @R=?@BL@ => JCEK=B@? C@LKH>@ JA EF@ PG=MKGD @R=?@BL@5

_a .JG @YKMPI@O =B KB =II@TKI >@KGLF# shabu. Okay? that’s EF@ PG=MKGD @R=?@BL@ =II@TKIID JCEK=B@?5 %B? EF@BO QFKE PJ>>=CI@ >@LJB?KGD @R=?@BL@ LKB C@ JCEK=B@? C@LKH>@ JA EF@ PG=MKGD @R=?@BL@Z

)JO =B EF@>@ EQJ PGJR=>=JB> JA IKQO DJH FKR@ )COKF 5O5C8JF C119O51 *95:EK9J 58D *9Cg0:9J KB? EF@B DJH FKR@ EF@ )COKF FG @:CB5E25 &JQO QFKE =A =B EF@ LJHG>@ JA LG=M=BKI =BR@>E=TKE=JB JG =B EF@ LJHG>@

-a 0@>E=MJB=KI @R=?@BL@O AJG @YKMPI@O JA EF@ PJI=L@ JAA=L@G> EFKE QJHI? =?@BE=AD EF@ >FKCH JG EF@ E@>E=MJBD JA EF@ AJG@B>=L LF@M=>E >KD=BT EFKE =E => G@KIID >FKCH EFKE QK> confiscated from the accused. Okay? That’s the fruit of

JA PJI=L@ QJGVO @=EF@G JA EF@>@ EQJ G=TFE> FKR@ C@@B R=JIKE@?5 NFKE QJHI? C@ EF@ @AA@LEZ 0F@ @AA@LE JA R=JIKE=JB => R@GD >=MPI@d

the poisonous tree Doctrine. That’s the proper by which Q@ >FJHI? KPPID =E5 )JO ?J BJE C@ M=>I@?5

*9EFCG8 MH YYY  W+X %BD @R=?@BL@ JCEK=B@? =B R=JIKE=JB JA EF=> JG EF@ PG@L@?=BT >@LE=JB >FKII C@ =BK?M=>>=CI@ AJG KBD PHGPJ>@ =B KBD PGJL@@?=BT5  PGJL@@?=BT5  )JO EFKE => EF@ @AA@LE JA R=JIKE=JB5 )JO =E => KB @R=?@BE=KGD GHI@ G@IKE=BT EJ EF@ LJMP@E@BLD JA @R=?@BL@5

();#+ A( +T! @A#*A%A;* +)!! $A&+)#%!

)970L1CE -EF P=\\ “-% -&+ +A @)AT#V#+ -%$ @!%-E=EHE=JBKI G=TFE EFKE => C@=BT R=JIKE@? KLE EJ PGJF=C=E KB? P@BKI=a@ Q=G@EKPP=BTZ -a It’s the constitutional c onstitutional )COKF FG @:CB5E25

0F@ ?JLEG=B@ PGJR=?@> EFKE =II@TKIID >@=a@? ?JLHM@BE>O PKP@G>O KB? @AA@LE> KG@ =BK?M=>>=CI@ =B @R=?@BL@5 0F@ @YLIH>=JB JA EF@>@ @R=?@BL@ => EF@ JBID PGKLE=LKI M@KB> JA @BAJGL=BT EF@ LJB>E=EHE=JBKI

*9EFCG8 3H !E 3H !E >FKII C@ HBIKQAHI AJG KBD P@G>JBO BJE C@=BT KHEFJG=a@? CD KII EF@ PKGE=@> EJ KBD PG=RKE@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB JG >PJV@B QJG?O EJ EKP KBD Q=G@ JG LKCI@O JG CD H>=BT KBD JEF@G

=BUHBLE=JB KTK=B>E HBG@K>JBKCI@ >@KGLF@> KB? K B? >@=aHG@>5

?@R=L@ JG KGGKBT@M@BEO EJ >@LG@EID JR@GF@KGO =BE@GL@PEO JG G@LJG? >HLF LJMMHB=LKE=JB JG >PJV@B QJG? CD H>=BT K ?@R=L@ LJMMJBID VBJQB K> K ?=LEKPFJB@ JG ?=LEKTGKPF JG ?=LEKPFJB@

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% @R=?@BL@ E@B?=BT EJ PGJR@ JG ?=>PGJR@ K MKE@G=KI AKLE5   (R=?@BL@ FKR=BT K E@B?@BLD EJ MKV@ EF@ @Y=>E@BL@ JA KBD AKLE EFKE => JA LJB>@[H@BL@ EJ EF@ ?@E@GM=BKE=JB JA EF@ KLE=JB MJG@ JG I@>> PGJCKCI@ EFKB =E QJHI? C@ Q=EFJHE EF@ @R=?@BL@5 



)970L1CE -EF %GH cPM> W%& %30 :(.!&!&< 3('0%!& '! BJE EF@ >KM@ K> MKE@G=KI=ED 5

.-+!)#-< !"#$!%&!   (R=?@BL@ QF=LF E@B?> EJ ?=G@LEID PGJR@ EF@ AKLE =B =>>H@ =B EF@ LK>@5 

*9EFCG8 =5 '=TFE JA 8@G>JB> %GG@>E@?O :@EK=B@? JG HB?@G 3H>EJ?=KI !BR@>E=TKE=JB` :HE=@> JA 8HCI=L /AA=L@G>5  /AA=L@G>5  –  WKX %BD P@G>JB KGG@>E@? ?@EK=B@? JG HB?@G LH>EJ?=KI =BR@>E=TKE=JB >FKII KE KII E =M@> C@ K>>=>E@? CD LJHB>@I5 Y Y Y W?X %BD @YEGKUH?=L=KI LJBA@>>=JB MK?@ CD K P@G>JB KGG@>E@?O ?@EK=B@? JG HB?@G LH>EJ?=KI =BR@>E=TKE=JB >FKII C@ =B QG=E=BT KB? >=TB@? CD >HLF P@G>JB =B EF@ PG@>@BL@ JA F=> LJHB>@I JG =B EF@ IKEE@Gh> KC>@BL@O HPJB K RKI=? QK=R@GO KB? =B EF@ PG@>@BL@ JA KBD JA EF@ PKG@BE>O @I?@G CGJEF@G> KB? >=>E@G>O F=> >PJH>@O EF@ MHB=L=PKI MKDJGO EF@ MHB=L=PKI UH?T@O ?=>EG=LE >LFJJI >HP@GR=>JGO JG PG=@>E JG M=B=>E@G JA EF@ TJ>P@I K> LFJ>@B CD F=M` GFK9:ZCJ9X J0EK 9dF:5N0DCEC51 EG8I9JJCG8 JK511 L9 C85D6CJJCL19 5J 9BCD98E9 C8 582 7:GE99DC8OH W(MPFK>=> >HPPI=@? =B 880X   N@ KG@ ?JB@ KIG@K?D ?=>LH>>=BT LJMP@E@BLDO BTK?EJ BKPH? EK >K G@I@RKBLD` LJIIKE@GKI MKEE@G>d

/G EF@ >J#called >J#called “smoking gun”. Like, you see the accused FKR=BT >FJE EF@ R=LE=M KIG@K?DO HBDK BKK PK >K =DKBT VKMJE KB? BKTK#aso BKTK#aso pa nga pusil. That’s direct evidence, that’s MKE@G=KI @R=?@BL@ QF=LF E@B?> EJ ?=G@LEID PGJR@ EF@ AKLE =B =>>H@ =B EF@ LK>@5 )J in that example, what’s the fact in issue in EFKE LK>@Z K KVH>K?J KBT C=VE=MKZ 4BDK BKV=EK MKB B=MJ5 *JH KG@ KB @D@#Q=EB@>> KB? EF@B DJH >@@ F=M holding the gun. You saw him shoot the victim. That’s material @R=?@BL@O ?=CKO Q=EFJHE KBD B@@? JA =BA@G@BL@ JG KBKID>=>O DJH LJM@ HP Q=EF EF@ LJBLIH>=JB EFKE F@ >FJE EF@ R=LE=M5 !d56719Ja   0J PGJR@ EF@ @Y=>E@BL@ JA K IJKBO EF@ PGJM=>>JGD BJE@ => MKE@G=KI5 0F@ LJBEGKLE JA IJKB JG MHEHHM O ?=CK5   0J PGJR@ EF@ LKH>@ JA ?@KEFO EF@ ?@KEF L@GE=A=LKE@ => MKE@G=KI5 0F@G@ => BJ B@@? EJ CG=BT EF@ LK?KR@G =B>=?@ EF@ LJHGE GJJM >J EFKE =E LKB C@ >HCU@LE@? EJ KHEJPE=L PG@A@G@BL@ CD EF@ LJHGE5 



*9EFCG8 PH )919B58E2h EG115F9:51 65FF9:J H – (R=?@BL@ MH>E FKR@ >HLF K G@IKE=JB EJ EF@ AKLE =B =>>H@ K> EJ =B?HL@ C@I=@A =B =E> @Y=>E@BL@ JG BJB#@Y=>E@BL@5 (R=?@BL@ JB LJIIKE@GKI MKEE@G> >FKII BJE C@ KIIJQ@?O @YL@PE QF@B =E E@B?> =B KBD G@K>JBKCI@ ?@TG@@ EJ @>EKCI=>F EF@ PGJCKC=I=ED JG =MPGJCKC=I=ED JA EF@ AKLE =B =>>H@5 !B AKLEO EF=> => JB@ JA MD AKRJG=E@ PGJR=>=JB> JA EF@ 'HI@> JB (R=?@BL@5 ;@LKH>@ =A DJH IJJV KE =EO MKJ TDH? BK >=DK KBT G@I@RKBLD5

&15JJCE 9d56719 GI $958 #8COGa   % QK> >FJE AGJM K IJBT ?=>EKBL@ G=TFE =B C@EQ@@B EF@ @D@>5 W$@KB=BTO EFKE => KB KLLHGKE@ EKGT@E@? >FJEO ?=G@LEX5 ; QK> EF@ MK=B >H>P@LE KB? QK> PGJ>@LHE@? AJG EF@ LG=M@5 :HG=BT EF@ PG@>@BEKE=JB JA EF@ @R=?@BL@O EF@ A=>LKI PG@>@BE@? E@>E=MJB E@>E=MJBDD 

EGD=BT EJ PGJR@ EFKE ; QK> K AJGM@G /IDMP=L E =B IJBT ?=>EKBL@ >FJJE=BT5

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%EKBE=KIID G@I@RKBE5

$KE@G=KI @R=?@BL@ => KIQKD> G@I@RKBE5

'@I@RKBE @R=?@BL@ => BJE KIQKD> MKE@G=KI5 ;GJK?@G BK E@GM KBT G@I@RKBLD KLEHKIIDO LJMPKG@? EJ MKE@G=KI=ED5

'@I@RKBE @R=?@BL@ MKD G@[H=G@ G@K>JB=BT JG =BA@G@BL@5

e#%$* A( -$.#**#V# PIK=BID G@I@RKBE KB? LJMP@E@BE AJG EQJ JG MJG@ PHGPJ>@> Q=II C@ G@L@=R@? =A =E >KE=>A=@> KII EF@ G@[H=G@M@BE> PG@>LG=C@? CD IKQ =B JG?@G EFKE =E MKD C@ K?M=>>=CI@ AJG EF@ PHGPJ>@ AJG QF=LF =E => PG@>@BE@?5 (R@B =A =E ?J@> BJE >KE=>AD EF@ JEF@G G@[H=>=E@> JA K?M=>>=C=I=ED AJG JEF@G PHGPJ>@>5 !d56719a You have a piece of paper. Ang nakabutang didto, “Pay to B or to his order, the amount of P50,000. Signed by A.” what is that evidence of? It’s evidence of a negotiable instrument, dibaZ diba Z 0F@ JCI=TKE=JB HPJB EF@ FJI?@G JA EFKE B@TJE=KCI@ =B>EGHM@BE EJ PKD ; JG F=> JG?@GO EF@ KMJHBE JA 8f,O,,,5 0FKE => LI@KGID documentary evidence. It’s a document that proves the @Y=>E@BL@ JA K LJBEGKLEO JA EF@ @Y=>E@BL@ JA KB JCI=TKE=JB5 ;HE EF@G@ KG@ >@R@GKI G@[H=>=E@> =B JG?@G AJG EF@ LJHGE EJ K?M=E K ?M=E ?JLHM@BEKGD @R=?@BL@5 !

 

!E FK> EJ C@ EF@ JG=T=BKI # A:COC851 $GE0698F )019 WKAE@G EF@ KM@B?M@BEX JG V9JF !BCD98E9 )019 WC@AJG@ EF@ KM@B?M@BEX )J ?KPKEO JG=T=BKI TDH? BK5 8@GJ PFJEJLJP PFJEJLJPDD GK MKB KBT T=?KIK B=MJ5 N=II DJH C@ KCI@ EJ PGJR@Z

-J 5 O989:51 :019X EFKE JCI=TKE=JB JB EF@ PKGE JA EF@ holder of the negotiable instrument exists, you won’t be able to prove it. Why? Because it’s a mere PFJEJLJPD5 !E => BJE KB JG=T=BKI JA EF@ ?JLHM@BE5 ;HEO QF@B DJH PG@>@BE =E AJG KBJEF@G PHGPJ>@O let’s >KDO DJH KG@ BJE TJ=BT EJ PGJR@ QFKE => QG=EE@B =B EF@ document. All that you’re trying to prove is that that ?JLHM@BE @Y=>E>` EFKE =E => QG=EE@B JB PKP@G Q=EFJHE G@A@G@BL@ EJ QFKE =E LJBEK=B>5 N=II EFKE C@ K?M=>>=CI@ =B EFKE >=EHKE=JBZ 0F@ KB>Q@G => U!*H Why? Because you’re not presenting it as a documentary evidence; evidence; you’re presenting it as an JCU@LE @R=?@BL@5 $@KB=BTO DJH KG@ PG@>@BE=BT EF@ PKP@G K> KB JCU@LE K??G@>>@? EJ EF@ >@B>@> JA EF@

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% BJE (R=?@BL@ EFKE => JEF@GQ=>@ =MPGJP@G => K?M=EE@? W?@>P=E@ JCU@LE=JB AGJM EF@ JEF@G PKGEDX EJ LJBEGK?=LE =MPGJP@G @R=?@BL@ PG@>@BE@? JG =BEGJ?HL@? CD EF@ JEF@G PKGEDO EJ LHG@O LJBEGK?=LEO JG B@HEGKI=a@ >HLF =MPGJP@G @R=?@BL@5 0F=> => QFKE DJH LKII A=TFE=BT A=G@ Q=EF A=G@5 0F@ LJHGE MK?@ K M=>EKV@ PGJL@?HGKIID CD K?M=EE=BT =BK?M=>>=CI@ @R=?@BL@5 ;D ?J=BT >JO =E FK> PG@UH?=L@? EF@ G=TFE> JA EF@ K?R@G>@ PKGED5 &JQO QFKE EF@ LJHGE >FJHI? ?J => EJ KIIJQ EF@ JEF@G PKGED EJ PG@>@BE =MPGJP@G JG >HPPJ>@? EJ C@ =BK?M=>>=CI@ @R=?@BL@5

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% !MMKE@G=KI   3JMP@E@BE R> !BK?M=>>= !BK?M=>>=CI@ CI@

0FKE => QF@B =E C@LJM@> B@TKE=R@ @R=?@BL@O C@LKH>@ F@ ?=? BJE VBJQ5 1@ ?=? BJE >@@5 1@ ?=? BJE VBJQ EFKE K AKLE =B AKLE JLLHGG@?5 8@GA@LE @YKMPI@ QJHI? C@ KI=C=5

'@I@RKBE R> !GG@I@RKBE 8J>=E=R@ R> &@TKE=R@ :=G@LE R> 3=GLHM>EKBE=KI 3=GL HM>EKBE=KI

-1CLC => K ?@A@B>@ QF=LF E@II> DJH BTK QKIK MKB VJ BTK?EJ5 \=BEKFKD BKKD T=PKEKD >JM@QF@G@O =VKQ KBT MK=B >H>P@LE5 \KGJBO

     

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%EKCI=>F@> EF@ @Y=>E@BL@ JA K AKLE =B =>>H@ Q=EFJHE EF@ K=? JA KBD =BA@G@BL@ JG PG@>HMPE=JB

0F@ Q=EB@>> E@>E=A=@> ?=G@LEID JA F=> JQB VBJQI@?T@ K> EJ EF@ MK=B AKLE> EJ C@ PGJR@?5

&#)&;.*+-%+#-< !"#$!%&! :J@> BJE PGJR@ EF@ @Y=>E@BL@ JA K AKLE =B =>>H@ ?=G@LEIDO CHE M@G@ID PGJR=?@> AJG IJT=LKI =BA@G@BL@ EFKE >HLF AKLE G@KIID @Y=>E> (KLF PGJJA => T=R@B JA AKLE> KB? K B? L=GLHM>EKBL@> AGJM QF=LF EF@ LJHGE MKD =BA@G JEF@G LJBB@LE@? AKLE> QF=LF G@K>JBKCID AJIIJQO KLLJG?=BT EJ EF@ LJMMJB @YP@G=@BL@ JA MKBV=B?5

;8D9: G0: )019J GI &G0:FX EG8BCEFCG8 L5J9D G8 EC:E06JF58FC51 9BCD98E9 CJ J0IICEC98F CIa K5  0F@G@ => MJG@ EFKB JB@ L=GLHM>EKBL@` C5  0F@ AKLE> AGJM QF=LF EF@ =BA@G@BL@> KG@ ?@G=R@? KG@ PGJR@B` L5  0F@ LJMC=BKE=JB JA KII EF@ L=GLHM>EKBL@> => >HLF K> EJ PGJ?HL@ K LJBR=LE=JB C@DJB? G@K>JBKCI@ ?JHCE5 +KCJ ZC11 L9 D9F5C19D C8 )019 3MMH &5J9 *F0D2 ! G@M@MC@G FKB?=BT EF=> LK>@ =B +,,f5 * => MD LI=@BE5 k QK> MHG?@G@? KB? EF@ PG=MKGD >H>P@LE QK> *5 0F@D 0 F@D Q@G@ B@=TFCJG> KB? FK? K IJBT#>EKB?=BT TGH?T@5 0F@D Q@G@ >@@B =B PHCI=L FKR=BT KIE@GLKE=JB>5 * QK> G@PHE@? EJ C@ K THB#AJG#F=G@ =B EF@ LJMMHB=ED5 0F@G@ Q@G@O FJQ@R@GO BJ @D@Q=EB@>>@> @D@Q=EB@>>@> EJ EF@ AKEKI >FJJE=BT5 * QK> KLLH>@? JA EF@ Lrime. Lrime. The prosecutor’ prosecutor’ss evidence consisted in E@>E=MJBD JAA@G@? EJ PGJR@ EFKE EF@ KLLH>@? QK> KE EF@ R=L=B=ED QF@B EF@ LG=M@ QK> LJMM=EE@?O EFKE K P@G>JB Q@KG=BT K F@IM@E with the accused’s same height and built was seeing fleeing in a MJEJGLDLI@ KQKD AGJM EF@ >L@B@ JA EF@ LG=M@5 0F@G@ QK> KI>J K E@>E=MJBD JAA@G@? EJ PGJR@ EF@ F=>EJGD JA KB=MJ>=ED C@EQ@@B EF@ PKGE=@>5

A0: D9I98J9   -@X5 0F@ KLLH>@? >K=? EFKE F@ QK> =B K ?=AA@G@BE MHB=L=PKI=ED KE EF@ E=M@ JA EF@ >FJJE=BT5 N@ N@ PG@>@BE@? Q=EB@>>@> PIKL=BT F=M @I>@QF@G@ KEE@B?=BT K 

-J FG FK9 899D FG C8I9: G: 7:9J069   $#)!&+ !"#$!%&! – PGJJA JA EF@ AKLE JG PJ=BE =B =>>H@O K> 

?=>E=BTH=>F@? AGJM L=GLHM>EKBE=KI PGJJA` EFKE =A C@I=@R@?O ?=>E=BTH=>F@? @>EKCI=>F@> EF@ EGHEF JG AKI>=ED JA K AKLE =B =>>H@ KB? ?J@> BJE KG=>@ AGJM PG@>HMP PG@>HMPE=JB5 E=JB5 

-c 

&#)&;.*+-%+#-< !"#$!%&! – @R=?@BL@ BJE C@=BT ?=G@LEID JB EF@ AKLE =B ?=>PHE@ CHE JB RKG=JH> KEE@B?KBE L=GLHM>EKBL@> AGJM QF=LF EF@ UH?T@ M=TFE =BA@G EF@ JLLHGG@BL@ JA EF@ AKLE =B

!d56719 C8 LGG` ]!BCD98E9 !d715C89D^a iH@>E=JBd 1KR@ DJH @R@G >MJV@? $KG=UHKBKZ

 

(#)*+ !,-. 

CKGG=J A=@>EK EFKB KE EF@ PIKL@ JA EF@ =BL=?@BE5 

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% 5 — NF@B EF@ >HCU@LE JA =B[H=GD => EF@ LJBE@BE> JA K ?JLHM@BEO QG=E=BTO G@LJG?=BTO PFJEJTGKPF JG JEF@G G@LJG?O BJ @R=?@BL@ => K?M=>>=CI@ JEF@G EFKB EF@ JG=T=BKI ?JLHM@BE =E>@IAO @YL@PE =B EF@ AJIIJQ=BT LK>@>d WKX NF@B EF@ JG=T=BKI => IJ>E JG ?@>EGJD@?O JG LKBBJE C@ PGJ?HL@? =B LJHGEO Q=EFJHE CK? AK=EF JB EF@ PKGE JA EF@ JAA@GJG` WCX NF@B EF@ JG=T=BKI => =B EF@ LH>EJ?D JG HB?@G EF@ LJBEGJI JA EF@ PKGED KTK=B>E QFJM EF@ @R=?@BL@ => JAA@G@?O KB? EF@ IKEE@G AK=I> EJ PGJ?HL@ =E KAE@G G@K>JBKCI@ BJE=L@O JG EF@ JG=T=BKI LKBBJE C@ JCEK=B@? CD IJLKI UH?=L=KI PGJL@>>@> JG PGJL@?HG@>` WLX NF@B EF@ JG=T=BKI LJB>=>E> JA BHM@GJH> KLLJHBE> JG JEF@G ?JLHM@BE> QF=LF LKBBJE C@ @YKM=B@? =B LJHGE L JHGE Q=EFJHE TG@KE IJ>> JA E=M@ KB? EF@ AKLE >JHTFE EJ C@ @>EKCI=>F@? AGJM EF@M => JBID EF@ T@B@GKI G@>HIE JA EF@ QFJI@` W?X NF@B EF@ JG=T=BKI => K PHCI=L G@LJG? =B EF@ LH>EJ?D JA K PHCI=L JAA=L@G JG => G@LJG?@? =B K PHCI=L JAA=L@` KB? W@X NF@B EF@ JG=T=BKI => BJE LIJ>@ID#G@IKE@? L IJ>@ID#G@IKE@? EJ K LJBEGJII=BT =>>H@5 %> EF@ IKQ BJQ >EKB?>O KBT DGE0698F  ?=I=  ?=I= BK IKBT I=M=E@? EJ PKP@G5 '42( -],O )(30!/& +5 $GE0698F5:2 !BCD98E9 5 — :JLHM@BE> K> @R=?@BL@ LJB>=>E JA QG=E=BT>O :9EG:DC8OJ O 7KGFGO:57KJ  JG KBD MKE@G=KI LJBEK=B=BT I@EE@G>O ZG:DJO JG08DJO BHMC@G>O A=THG@>O >DMCJI>O JG EF@=G @[H=RKI@BEO JG JEF@G MJ?@> JA QG=EE@B @YPG@>>=JB JAA@G@? K> PGJJA JA EF@=G LJBE@BE>5 @KGFGO:57KJ  =BLIH?@ >E=II 7CEF0:9J O D:5ZC8OJO JFG:9D C65O9JX d[:52 IC16JX 6GFCG8 7CEF0:9J   JG BCD9GJ5

(#)*+ !,-. 

-b 

For example we’ll apply this characteristic to )EKEHE@ JA .GKH?> O ?= CK AJG KB KTG@@M@BE EJ C@ @BAJGL@KCI@ =B LJHGEO ?KPKE BKKD BJE@ JG M@MJGKB?HM EFKE QJHI? KE EF@ R@GD I@K>E =BAJGM EF@ LJHGE JA EF@ =BE@BE=JB JA EF@ PKGE=@>O JG EF@ @I@M@BE> JA EF@ LJBEGKLEO ?= CK MKJ MKB BK KBT >K >EKEHE@ JA AGKH?Z

%B? EF@B Q@ BJGMKIID G@A@G EJ KB KTG@@M@BE EJ C@ JB@ EFKE => G@?HL@? =BEJ QG=E=BTO VKD BJE@ JG M@MJGKB?HM TH?5 id !> =E BJQ PJ>>=CI PJ>>=CI@ @ EJ MK=BEK=B KB KLE=JB =B LJHGE AJG K LJBEGKLE EFKE => BJE QG=EE@B CHE => G@LJG?@? CD M@KB> JA L@IIPFJB@ Z 0F@ ?@A=B=E=JB => KLEHKIID @YPKB?@? Q=EF G@>P@LE EJ ?JLHM@BEKGD @R=?@BL@ VKD MKT#=BLIH?@ BKMKB >DKT BJB#PKPDG=L BK EDP@ JA @R=?@BL@5

&;.;KM@ V=B? l LFKGKLE@G K> EFKE KIG@K?D K IG@K?D T=R@B l E@B?> EJ PGJR@ EF@ >KM@ PGJPJ>=E=JB5 (YKMPI@ BKKD BKT#KQKD BK ?HFK VK EKJ ?=FK >K ;JIEJBO EF@B =B EF=> =B>EKBL@O =E => PJ>>=CI@ BTK BKKD >@R@GKI @D@ Q=EB@>>@>5 !A KII EF@ @D@ Q=EB@>>@> Q=II C@ E@>E=AD=BT JB EF@ >KM@ =BL=?@BEO EF@=G E@>E=MJB=@> Q=II C@ LHMHIKE=R@ @R=?@BL@O >J LHMHIKE=R@ JA JB@ KBJEF@G5

&A))AVA)-+#"! !"#$!%&!  %??=E=JBKI @R=?@BL@ JA K ?=AA@G@BE V=B? l LFKGKLE@GO E@B?=BT EJ PGJR@ EF@ >KM@ PJ=BE5 !E => ?@@M@? B@L@>>KGD JBID QF@B EF@G@ KG@ G@K>JB> EJ >H>P@LE EFKE EF@ Q=EB@>> ?=? BJE E@II EF@ EGHEFO JG EFKE F=> JC>@GRKE=JB FK? C@@B =BKLLHGKE@5 g8(/82( R5 $%&7%&/e .JG @YKMPI@O BKK VKD @D@ Q=EB@>> KLLJHBE BK >= % JT >= ; BKT>HMCKTKBKDO P@GJ BKK PJ? VKD IK=BT @R=?@BL@ BTK 3309 AJJEKT@O BTK BKT#KQKD UH? >= % JT >= ;5 )J IKF=#IKF= KBT EDP@ JA @R=?@BL@O BKKD E@>E=MJB=KI @R=?@BL@ KB? BKK PJD JCU@LE @R=?@BL@ QF=LF EF@ R=?@J BTK BKT#KQKD KBT ?HFK5 &/0(d !E => ?@@M@? B@L@>>KGD JBID QF@B EF@G@ KG@ G@K>JB> EJ &/0(d !E >H>P@LE EFKE EF@ Q=EB@>> ?=? BJE E@II EF@ EGHEFO JG EFKE F=> JC>@GRKE=JB FK? C@@B =BKLLHGKE@5 !E => [H=E@ PJ>>=CI@ EFKE EF@ Q=EB@>> E@>E=A=@> JB KB =BL=?@BE CHE F=> E@>E=MJBD QK> BJE LG@?=CI@5 id NFKE Q=II EF@ PKGED JG EF@ IKQD@G ?J EJ LJGGJCJGKE@ EF@ E@>E=MJBDZ %d 0F@ LJGGJCJGKE=JB F@G@ Q=II BJE C@ HPJB EF@ MKE@G=KI PJ=BE> JA F=> E@>E=MJBD CHEO EF@ LJGGJCJGKE=R@ E@>E=MJBD E@>E=MJBD

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%EKB?=BT KIJB@O =E KIG@K?D PGJR@> EF@ AKLE5 N=EFJHE G@CHEEKIO =E => >HAA=L=@BE EJ PGJR@ EFKE AKLE5

\KD VHBT =BLJB>=>E@BE =DKBT E@>E=MJBDO DJH B@@? JB@ MJG@ Q=EB@>> EJ >KD JG @YPIK=B QFKE EFKE Q=EB@>> => KLEHKIID EKIV=BT KCJHE5 0F=> QJHI? C@ LJB>=?@G@? K> K

)!V;++-< !"#$!%&! 0F=> => DJHG LJHBE@G JG QFKE DJH LKII DJHG LJHBE@GRK=I=BT @R=?@BL@ @R=?@BL@

LJGGJCJGKE=R@ @R=?@BL@5

EJ @YPIK=B JG G@P@I EF@ @R=?@BL@ T=R@B CD EF@ K?R@G>@ PKGED5

!B @!A@E=MJBD JA K IJB@ Q=EB@>> – =A AJHB? CD EF@ EG=KI LJHGE EJ C@ PJ>=E=R@O LKE@TJG=LKI l LG@?=CI@ – => >HAA=L=@BE EJ >HPPJGE K LJBR=LE=JB5 0F=> => >JO @>P@L=KIID =A EF@ E@>E=MJBD CJG@ EF@ @KGMKGV> JA EGHEF l >=BL@G=ED l QK> ?@I=R@G@? >PJBEKB@JH>IDO BKEHGKIID l =B K >EGK=TFEAJGQKG? MKBB@G5 !BCD98E9 CJ 5JJ9JJ9D C8 F9:6J GI R051CF2X 8GF R058FCF2H #F CJ FG L9 Z9COK9DX 8GF EG08F9DH !B @!A@E=MJBD JA K >=BTI@ PGJ>@LHE=JB Q=EB@>>O K> IJBT K> =E => PJ>=E=R@O LI@KG KB? LG@?=CI@ => >HAA=L=@BE JB QF=LF EJ KBLFJG K UH?TM@BE JA LJBR=LE=JB5

&G::GLG:5FCB9 G: E06015FCB9 9BCD98E9 CJ 8GF 5 7:9:9R0CJCF9 FG FK9 EG8BCEFCG8 GI FK9 5EE0J9D 5 0GHEF => @>EKCI=>F@? BJE CD EF@ BHMC@G JA Q=EB@>>@> CHE CD EF@ [HKI=ED JA EF@=G E@>E=MJB=@>5 !B @!A@@? KLL H>@? => KIQKD> K LJMP@E@BE Q=EB@>> AJG JG KTK=B>E F=> LJ#KLLH>@?O KB? EF@ AKLE EFKE F@ FK? C@@B ?=>LFKGT@? AGJM EF@ =BAJGMKE=JB ?J@> BJE KAA@LE EF@ [HKI=ED JA F=> E@>E=MJBD5 0F@ HBLJGGJCJGKE@? E@>E=M E@>E=MJBD JBD JA KB KLLH>@?O QF@B >KE=>AKLEJGD l LJBR=BL=BT MKD C@ EF@ CK>=> AJG K  UH?TM@BE JA LJBR=LE=JB LJBR=LE=JB JA F=> LJ#KLLH>@?5

&A%& BJE >H>L@PE=CI@ EJ LJHBE@GRK=I=BT @R=?@BL@5 !E => BJE JB@ EFKE LKB C@ G@P@II@? JG LJHBE@G@? JG ?=>PGJR@?O C@LKH>@ =E => BJE >H>L@PE=CI@ [H@>E=JB> KBDMJG@5 %> =E => >K=?O EFKE EF@ EF=BT => LJBLIH>=R@ID PGJR@?O =E M@KB> EFKE =E >FJQ> EFKE >HLF AKLE => EF@ JBID JB@ PJ>>=CI@5 *JH LKBBJE ?J KBDEF=BT5 *JH LKBBJE PGJ?HL PGJ?HL@ @ @R=?@BL@ KTK=B>E =E KBDMJG@ C@LKH>@ =E => KIG@K?D LJBLIH>=R@5 #%+)#%*#& !"#$!%&! !,+)#%*#& !"#$!%&!

!BAJGMKE=JB B@L@>>KGD AJG EF@ ?@E@GM=BKE=JB JA KB =>>H@ EFKE => TI@KB@? AGJM EF@ PGJR=>=JB JA K ?JLHM@BE =E>@IA5 %I>J LKII@? 8%'/2 (9!:(&3( JG (9!:(&3( %2!4&:(5 '@A@G> EJ @R=?@BL@ AGJM K >JHGL@ JHE>=?@ EF@ >HCU@LE ?JLHM@BE WKI=HB?@ WKI=HB?@ means “from another source”   source”

#%+)#%*#& !"#$!%&! $@KB=BTO QFKE FK> C@@B QG=EE@B JG PIKL@? =B EF@ ?JLHM@BE =E>@IA QF=LF =E => =BEG=B>=L =B EF@ ?JLHM@BE JG EF@ KTG@@M@BEO EFKE => =BEG=B>=L @R=?@BL@5 NFKE => =B EF@ ?JLHM@BEO =B EF@ AJHG LJGB@G> JA EF@ =B>EGHM@BE5

/012 = @5:F > 4 ;OD58O )JO Q@ FKR@ PG=MK AKL=@ @R=?@BL@O G@CHEE=BT @R=?@BL@ KB? LJBLIH>=R@ @R=?@BL@

@)#.- (-&#!

)!V;++#%?

&A%&LH>> EF@ PKGJI @R=?@BL@ GHI@ HB?@G 'HI@ -], >@L5 -,5 ;@AJG@ EFKE H>@? EJ C@ >@L5 ^O BJQ =E => >@L5 -,5 *JH KI>J @BLJHBE@G EFKE =B Q=II> KB? >HLL@>>=JB KB? IKE@G JB QF@B Q@ EKV@ EK V@ HP PKGJI @R=?@BL@ GHI@5

+U@!* A( !"#$!%&! -5  /CU@LE JG G@KI @R=?@BL@ +5  :JLHM@BEKGD @R=?@BL@ ]5  0@>E=MJB=KI @R=?@BL@ c5  :@MJB>EGKE=R@ @R=?@BL@ AV/!&+ !"#$!%&!

$A&;.!%+-)U !"#$!%&!

0FJ>@ K??G@>>@? EJ EF@ >@B>@> JA EF@ LJHGE KB? KG@ @YF=C=E@? EJO @YKM=B@? JG R=@Q@? CD EF@ LJHGE W'HI@ -],O )@L5-X 8GJR@> EF@ @Y=>E@BL@O KPP@KGKBL@ KB? LJB?=E=JB JA JCU@LE>5 NG=E=BT>O G@LJG?=BT>O PFJEJTGKPF> JG KBD MKE@G=KI LJBEK=B=BT I@EE@G>O QJG?>O >JHB?>O BHMC@G>O A=THG@>O >DMCJI>O JG EF@=G @[H=RKI@BEO JG JEF@G MJ?@> JA

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%>@GE=JB> JAA@G@? K> PGJJA JA EF@ EGHEF JA QFKE => C@=BT >EKE@? =A EF@ Q=EB@>> LKB P@GL@=R@ KB? =B P@GL@=R=BT LKB MKV@ VBJQB F=> P@GL@PE=JB EJ JEF@G> W'HI@ -],O )@L5 gBKEKCHBKB >K PJP#HPe

AV/!&+ !"#$!%&! 0F@>@ KG@ @R=?@BL@ EFKE PGJR@ EF@ @Y=>E@BL@O KPP@KGKBL@O KB? LJB?=E=JB JA EF@ JCU@LE>5 !B EF@ KPPG@L=KE=JB JA JCU@LE @R=?@BL@O EF@ LJHGE H>@> =E> >@B>@>5 !E> >@B>@ JA >=TFEO >M@IIO F@KG=BTO EK>E@O KB? EJHLFO EFKE => JCU@LE @R=?@BL@5 $A&;.!%+-)U !"#$!%&! We’ll go to that when we reach rule -],5 rule  -],5 +58 BH TGJ585 ]=\3Y^ 0F@ PHGPJ>@ JA =BEGJ?HL=BT ?JLHM@BEKGD @R=?@BL@ => EJ K>L@GEK=B EF@ EGHEFAHIB@>> JA K MKEE@G KE =>>H@O QF=LF LKB C@ EF@ @BE=G@ LJBE@BE JG K >P@L=A=L PGJR=>=JBjE@GM =B EF@ ?JLHM@BE5

(#)*+ !,-. 

-S 

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bbM^ 0@>E=MJB=KI @R=?@BL@ => @K>D JA AKCG=LKE=JB KB? EF@G@ => R@GD I=EEI@ GJJM AJG LFJ=L@ C@EQ@@B E@>E=MJB E@>E=MJB=KI =KI @R=?@BL@ KB? ?JLHM@BEKGD @R=?@BL@5 JR@G E@>E=MJB= E@>E=MJB=KI KI @R=?@BL@5

$!.A%*+)-+#"! !"#$!%&! !> =BAJGMKIIDO EF@ AJHGEF EDP@5 !E => BJE M@BE=JB@? CHEO =E => BJE KLEHKIID PGJF=C=E@? CD EF@ GHI@> JA LJHGE5 0F=> QJHI? C@ @R=?@BL@ =B EF@ AJGM JA JCU@LE> WI=V@ MKP>O ?=KTGKM> JG MJ?@I>X EFKE FK> =B =E>@IA BJ PGJCKE=R@ RKIH@ CHEO => H>@? EJ =IIH>EGKE@ KB? LIKG=AD EF@ AKLEHKI MKEE@G KE =>>H@ CGJK?ID5 :@MJB>EGKE=R@ @R=?@BL@ => @R=?@BL@ => BJE PGJF=C=E@? PGJF=C=E@?OO KIEFJHTF BJE >P@L=A=LKIID M@BE=JB@? =B EF@ 'HI@> JA 3JHGE5 Let’s take the case of a map, for example, you use the map, an KLEHKI MKP JG DJH ?G@Q =E DJHG>@IA KB? DJH K>V EF@ Q=EB@>> EJ PJ=BEO QF@G@ ?=? F@ >@@ EF@ LKG EFKE QK> LKGBKPP@?O KB? F@ Q=II PJ=BE5 !> EF@ @R=?@BL@ EFKE DJH KG@ EGD=BT EJ PG@>@BE => EF@ MKPZ /G => =E EF@ E@>E=MJBD JA EF@ Q=EB@>> K> K=?@? CD EF@ MKP5 )JO EFKE => ?@MJB>EGKE=R@ @R=?@BL@5

#F CJ FK9 F9JFC6G82 5J 5CD9D L2 FK9 D96G8JF:5FCB9 GLN9EF FK5F CJ EG8JCD9:9D 5J FK9 GLN9EF FK5F 2G0 5:9 OGC8O FG 7:9J98F 5 !B KPPG@L=KE=BT ?@MJB>EGKE=R@ ?@MJB>EGKE=R@ @R=?@BL@O EF@ LJHGE L JHGE H>@> EF@ >KM@ A=R@ >@B>@> CHEO MJG@ =MPJGEKBEIDO KPPI=@> =BE@II=T@BL@ EJ ?GKQ LJBLIH>=JB> JG =BA@G@BL@> AGJM EF@ JCU@LE> PG@>@BE@?5 0FH>O AJG ?@MJB>EGKE=R@ @R=?@BL@O QFKE => =MPJGEKBE => BJE EF@ JCU@LEO CHE EF@ !&./'$%0!/& EFKE EF@ JCU@LE> LG@KE@5 @9G719 BH =LKI @R=?@BL@ GHB> LJHBE@G EJ EF@ E@>E=MJB=KI @R=?@BL@O LJBLIH>=JB> K> EJ PFD>=LKI @R=?@BL@ >FJHI? PG@RK=I5

-5  +5  ]5 

T#!)-)&TU A( !"#$!%&! /CU@LE @R=?@BL@ :JLHM@BEKGD @R=?@BL@ 0@>E=MJB=KI @R=?@BL@

;HEO G@M@MC@GO EF@G@ KG@ ?=AA@G@BE EDP@> JA E@>E=MJB=KI @R=?@BL@O EF@G@ => K PJ>>=C=I PJ>>=C=I=ED =ED EFKE QG=EE@B E@>E=MJB=KI @R=?@BL@ I=V@ KB JG?=BKGD KAA=?KR=E KB? EF@G@ => KI>J JGKI E@>E=MJBD5

+279J GI F9JFC6G8C51 9BCD98E9 -5  NG=EE@B E@>E=MJB=KI @R=?@BL@ +5 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

8FD>=LKI @R=?@BL@ => EFKE MHE@O CHE @IJ[H@BE MKB=A@>EKE=JB JA EGHEF QF=LF GKE@ F=TF =B JHG F=@GKGLFD JA EGH>EQJGEFD @R=?@BL@5 !B I=TFE JA EF@ PFD>=LKI @R=?@BL@ JCEK=B=BT =B EF@ LK>@O LJBEGKGD

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 QFJ Q=II ?@I=R@G E@>E=MJB=KI @R=?@BL@5

+U@!* A( +!*+#.A%#-< !"#$!%&! -5  /GKI +5  NG=EE@B E@>E=MJBD

&T-)-&+!) A) )!@;+-+#A% !"#$!%&! Evidence attesting to one’s character and moral standing in the LJMMHB=ED5 G@TKG?@? K> I@TKIID =GG@I@RKBE =B EF@ ?@E@GM=B=BT gJAe K LJBEGJR@G>D5 NF@B KIIJQ@?O EF@ LFKGKLE@G @R=?@BL@ MH>E C@ I=M=E@? EJ EF@ EGK=E> KB? LFKGKLE@G=>E=L> =BRJIR@? =B EF@ EDP@ JA JAA@B>@ LFKGT@? W3)3 R5 ;@IKTKBO +,,cX A@#%#A% !"#$!%&! (R=?@BL@ JA QFKE EF@ Q=EB@>> EF=BV>O C@I=@R@> JG =BA@G> =B G@TKG? EJ AKLE> =B ?=>PHE@O K> ?=>E=BTH=>F@? AGJM P@G>JBKI VBJQI@?T@ JA EF@ AKLE> EF@M>@IR@>5 0F@ GHI@> JA @R=?@BL@ JG?=BKG=ID ?J BJE P@GM=E Q=EB@>>@> EJ E@>E=AD K> EJ JP=B=JB> JG LJBLIH>=JB>5 !,@!)+ !"#$!%&! 3JB>=>E =B EF@ JP=B=JB JA K Q=EB@>> JB K MKEE@G G@[H=G=BT >P@L=KI VBJQI@?T@O >V=IIO @YP@G=@BL@ JG EGK=B=BT QF=LF F@ gFK>e >FJQB EJ VBJQI@?T@O PJ>>@>> W'HI@ -],O >@L5 f+X

-^ 

A)$#%-)U !"#$!%&! 3JB>=>E =B EF@ E@>E=MJBD JA K Q=EB@>> QFJ E@>E=A=@> EJ EFJ>@ AKLE> QF=LF F@ VBJQ> JA F=> P@G>JBKI VBJQI@?T@` EFKE =>O QF=LF KG@ ?@G=R@? AGJM F=> JQB P@GL@PE=JB W'HI@ -],O >@L5 ++X @? ' @R=>@? 8@BKI 3J?@O EF@ 8KBT=I=BKB 2KQO DJH B@@? EJ PGJR@ EFKE EF@ LF=I? KLE@? Q=EFJHE ?=>L@GBM@BE5 

!II9EFJ GI FK9 7:9J98E9 GI 5 69:9 DCJ70F5L19 7:9J067FCG8 g&JE@d NF@B DJH >KD ?=>PHEKCI@O =E => >H>L@PE=CI@ EJ EF@ PGJJA EJ EF@ LJBEGKGD5 *JH LKB PG@>@BE LJHBE@GRK=I=BT @R=?@BL@ EJ ?@A@KE EF@ PG@>HMPE=JBe  ]3^  ]3^  #F 69:912 D9I9:J FK9 7:9J98F5FCG8 GI 7:GGIX C8 FK9 6958FC69H !da The presumption under Article 131 that “an unlawful act was done with an unlawful intent.” This means that EF@ PGJ>@LHE=JB B@@? BJE PGJR@O =B EF@ M@KBE=M@O EFKE EF@ KLLH>@? LJMM=EE@? KB KLE Q=EF LG=M=BKI =BE@BE C@LKH>@ LG=M=BKI =BE@BE JG M@B> G@K  =>  => KLEHKIID K LEHKIID PG@>HM@?5 1JQ@R@GO =A EF@ KLLH>@? PGJR@> EFKE EF@ KLE QK> ?JB@ Q=EFJHE =BE@BEO EF@ PGJ>@LHE=JB >FJHI? BJQ PG@>@BE PGJJA EJ G@CHE QFKE EF@ KLLH>@? QK> KCI@ EJ PGJR@ =B EF@ M@KBE=M@5  ]=^  ]=^  - DCJ70F5L19 7:9J067FCG8 JKCIFJ FK9 L0:D98 GI 9BCD98E9 07G8 FK9 75:F2 5O5C8JF ZKG6 FK9 DCJ70F5L19 7:9J067FCG8 CJ 5771CE5L19H  !d56719a 4B?@G EJGE> KB? ?KMKT@>d -:FCE19 =3>WH 4BI@>> EF@G@ => PGJJA EJ EF@ LJBEGKGDO =E => PG@>HM@? EFKE K P@G>JB ?G=R=BT K MJEJG R@F=LI@ FK> C@@B B@TI=T@BE =A KE EF@ E=M@ JA EF@ M=>FKPO F@ QK> R=JIKE=BT KBD EGKAA=L G@THIKE=JB5 WBX

(#)*+ !,-. 

+, 

=H =H   QK98 5 I5EF CJ 5D6CFF9D L2 5 75:F2 C8 EG0:F ]/0DCEC51 -D6CJJCG8^ )019a 3JBA@>>=J AKLEK =B UH?=L=J JMB= PGJCKE=JB@ MKUJG @>E   g%?M=>>=JB MK?@ ?HG=BT EG=KI => >EGJBT@G EFKB KII PGJJAe5 0F@G@AJG@O DJHPI@K?=BT FKR@ KIG@K?D K?M=EE@? MKEE@G AKLE QF@EF@G =B =ADJHG JG ?HG=BT EG=KIO KEFKE AKLE JA LKB BJ IJBT@G C@ ?=>PHE@? KBDMJG@5 !B JEF@G QJG?>5 8GJJA => KIG@K?D ?=>P@B>@? ?=>P@B>@ ? Q=EF C@LKH>@ JA EF@ AKLE EFKE DJH MK?@ K UH?=L=KI K?M=>>=JBe5

!d56719a :HG=BT PG@EG=KIgHB?@G 'HI@ -eO EF@ PKGE=@> KG@ KIIJQ@? EJ PGJPJ>@ KB? MKV@ >E=PHIKE=JB> JA AKLE5 !A EF@ @Y=>E@BL@ JA K ?@CEO =B K LJII@LE=JB LK>@O => K?M=EE@? KB? >E=PHIKE@? HPJBO EF@ AKLE => Q=EF?GKQ AGJM LJBE@BE=JB KB? =E B@@? BJE C@ PGJR@? KBDMJG@5   MH MH   QK98 5 65FF9: I511J ZCFKC8 FK9 :9516 GI N0DCEC51 8GFCE9 5H  5H 

QK5F CJ /0DCEC51 %GFCE9 -X  6H?=L=KI BJE=L@ => EF@ LJTB=aKBL@ gJG PKTEKTK? =B ;=>KDKe JA L@GEK=B AKLE> EFKE UH?T@> MKD PGJP@GID EKV@ KB? KLE JB Q=EFJHE PGJJA C@LKH>@ EF@>@ AKLE> KG@ KIG@K?D VBJQB EJ EF@M5 +X  8HE ?=AA@G@BEIDO =E => EF@ K>>HMPE=JB CD K LJHGE JA K AKLE Q=EFJHE B@@? JA AHGEF@G EGK?=E=JBKI @R=?@BE=KG @R=?@BE=KGDD >HPPJGE5 0F@ PG=BL=PI@ => CK>@? JB LJBR@B=@BL@ KB? @YP@?=@BLD =B >@LHG=BT KB? =BEGJ?HL=BT @R=?@BL@ JB MKEE@G> QF=LF KG@ BJE JG?=BKG=ID LKPKCI@ JA ?=>PHE@ KB? KG@ BJE CJBK A=?@  ?=>PHE@?   ?=>PHE@? g'@PHCI=L R5 )KB?=TKBCKDKB FJHI? Q@KG K F@IM@E @R@GD E=M@ DJH G=?@ K motor vehicle. If you don’t, that is a violation of any traffic G@THIKE=JB5 !A DJH CHMP >JM@JB@O CHE DJH Q@G@ BJE B@TI=T@BEO CHE DJH Q@G@ BJE Q@KG=BT K MJEJGLDLI@ F@IM@EO DJH KG@ TJ=BT EJ C@ PG@>HM@? B@TI=T@BE  HBI@>>  HBI@>> DJH Q@G@ KCI@ EJ PGJR@ EFKE DJH Q@G@ BJE B@TI=T@BE =B EF@ A=G>E PIKL@5

!E QJHI? C@ >HP@GAIHJH>O =BLJBR@B=@BEO KB? @YP@B>=R@ CJEF EJ PKGE=@> KB? EF@ LJHGE EJ G@[H=G@ PGJJAO =B EF@ JG?=BKGD QKDO JA AKLE> QF=LF KG@ KIG@K?D VBJQB EJ EF@M g8@JPI@ R5 'HII@PKO JA %M@G=LK => KLEHKIID K LJHBEGDO EFKE =E => K >EKE@ EFKE @Y=>E> JHE>=?@ JA EF@ 8F=I=PP=B@> JG >FJHI? EF@  UH?T@ G@[H=G@ PGJJA PGJJA EFKE EF@G@ => G@KIID 4)%Z 0FKE => QFKE QFKE => M@KBE CD KC>HG? G@>HIE> G@>HIE=BT =A AJG @YKMPI@ DJH =B>=>E JB BJE EKV=BT UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ JB EF@ >=MPI@ MKEE@G >HLF K> EF@ @Y=>E@BL@ KB? E@GG=EJG=KI @YE@BE JA >EKE@>5

.-%$-+A)U /;$#&#-< %A+#&! @)#A) +A -.!%$.!%+ i;8D9: FK9 3bbc )019J GI &G0:Fj *9EFCG8 3H /0DCEC51 8GFCE9X ZK98 658D5FG:2H —  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  ;8D9: FK9 -698D9D )019J GI &G0:F i-H.H %GH 3b[\>[3W[*&j *9EFCG8 3H /0DCEC51 8GFCE9X ZK98 658D5FG:2H — 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  %LEHKIID =E => ^^m >=M=IKGO @YL@PE EFKE EF@G@ => K LFKBT@ JB EF@ [HKI=A=LKE=JB JB QFKE I@T=>IKE=R@O @Y@LHE=R@ KB? UH?=L=KI ?@PKGEM@BE does this refer to. The Supreme Court. Notice “National Government of”.  of”. 

#67G:F58E9 GI &15:CI2C8O FK5F CF CJ FK9 19OCJ15FCB9X 9d9E0FCB9 58D  N0DCEC51 D975:F698 D975:F698FJ FJ “National Government of” the Philippines  !E => EF@ JAA=L=KI TJR@GBM@BE JA EF@ &KE=JBKI TJR@GBM@BE LJBEGK>E@? Q=EF EFJ>@ JA 2JLKI JBID QF=LF KG@ JA MKB?KEJGD  UH?=L=KI BJE=L@5 !d56719a NF=I@ IKQ> @BKLE@? CD 3JBTG@>> AKII Q=EF=B EF@ PHGR=@Q JA MKB?KEJGD UH?=L=KI BJE=L@O EF@ >KM@ LKBBJE C@ >K=?O K> K T@B@GKI GHI@O AJG JG?=BKBL@ @BKLE@? CD EF@ )KBTTHB=KBT 8KBIH 8KBIHBT>J? BT>J? JA K L=ED5 /012 > @5:F = 4 -6CJF5D %BT T=#LIKG=AD IKBT ?=G@ CD EF@ KM@B?M@BE => EFKE ?KPKE n&KE=JBKI n5 +KCJ :019 JKG01D L9 EG66CFF9D FG 696G:2H 

(#)*+ !,-. 

+- 

.JG EF@ >KV@ JA HB=ED KB? >=MPI=L=ED JA ?=>LH>>=JB I@E> AJLH> JB 6H?=L=KI BJE=L@ JA nIKQ>n

QK5F 15ZJ 5:9 J0LN9EF GI 658D5FG:2 N0DCEC51 8GFCE9S -5  0F@ 2KQ JA BKE=JB> +5  2KQ> K> JAA=L=KI KLE> JA EF@ I@T=>IKE=R@O @Y@LHE=R@ KB?  UH?=L=KI ?@PKGEM@BE ?@PKGEM@BE JA EF@ &KE=JBKI ]5  /G?=BKBL@> c5  2KQ> JA BKEHG@ WK> EJ EF@ JEF@G =E@M> HB?@G )@L5 - UH>E G@K? EF@ ?=>LH>>=JB ?=>LH>>=JB>> =B MD CJJV5X

E=EHE=J JB>E=EHE=JB B JA EF@ 8F=I=PP=B@ 8F=I=PP=B@>> PGJR=?@> EFKE n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 L2 ZKCEK C8F9:85FCG851 15Z E58 L9EG69 75:F GI FK9 15Z GI FK9 158DO A=G>E QJHI? C@ CD QKD JA C8EG:7G:5FCG8 KB? EF@ >@LJB? MJ?@ QJHI? C@ CD QKD JA F:58JIG:65FCG8 O M@KB=BT DJH FKR@ KB =BE@GBKE=JBKI IKQ QF=LF DJH FKR@ K?JPE@? =BEJ K IJLKI >EKEHE@ JG =A KB =BE@GBKE=JBKI IKQjKTG@@M@BE EFKE G@[H=G@> LJBLHGG@BL@ CD LJBTG@>> EF@B EFKE QJHI? KIG@K?D C@ UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ JA KB JAA=L=KI KLE JA EF@ I@T=>IKE=R@ ?@PKGEM@BE JA EF@ 8F=I=PP=B@>5 N=EF G@>P@LE EJ =BE@GBKE=JBKI IKQ EJ C@LJM@ T@B@GKIID KLL@PE@? PG=BL=PI@> =E G@[H=G@> = 919698FJd -5  N=?@>PG@K? >EKE@ PGKLE=L@ KMJBT BKE=JB>` KB? +5 

8FD>=JIJT=LKI (I@M@BEd /P=B=J UHG=> WC@I=@A EFKE EF@ =BE@GBKE=JBKI IKQ => TJJ?X

+K9 k15Z GI 85FCG8Jk DG9J 8GF 6958 FK9 k15Z GI 5 75:FCE015: 85FCG8k 0F@ @Y=>E@BL@ JA AJG@=TB IKQ P@G >@ => BJE Q=EF=B EF@ G@KIM JA MKB?KEJGD UH?=L=KI BJE=L@5 \KD BTKBJZ QKIK EKD IKCJE5 %BT 8F=I=PP=B@ 3JHGE> QKIKD >=IKD PKV=KIKM KBKBT IKQ JA K >P@L=A=L LJHBEGD5 .JG@=TB IKQ> PG@>@BE K i4()0!/& /. .%305 0FH>O K> K T@B@GKI GHI@O EF@D MKD BJE C@ EKV@B UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ JA KB? FKR@ EJ C@ PGJR@?5 0F@D FKR@ EJ C@ PI@K?@? KB? PGJR@B K> KBD JEF@G AKLE5 !A DJHG ?@A@B>@ => CK>@? JB K AJG@=TB IKQ EF@B DJH FKR@ EJ PGJP@GID >EKE@ EFKE =B DJHG PI@K?=BT KB? PGJR@? =E K> =B KBD JEF@G AKLE5

TAQ +A @)A"! (A)!#?% KG@ PG@>HM@? EJ VBJQ %22 >EKEHE@> KB? EF@=G >EKEH> # QF@EF@G EF@ >KM@ KG@ >E=II @AA@LE=R@ JG FKR@ KIG@K?D C@@B G@P@KI@? JG KM@B?@? KB? PG@>=?@BE=KI ?@LG@@> FKR@ EF@ AHII AJGL@ JA IKQ QF@B EF@D EKV@ KHEFJG=ED AGJM K I@T=>IKE=R@ PJQ@G ?=G@LEID TGKBE@? EJ EF@ (Y@LHE=R@ CD EF@ 3JB>E=EHE=JBO JG KG@ MK?@ PHG>HKBE EJ K RKI=? ?@I@TKE=JB JA PJQ@G EJ EF@ 8G@>=?@BE5 !d56719XFK9 (56C12 &GD9 GI FK9 @KC1C77C89JH 0F@ -^_] 3JB>E=EHE=JB KB? EF@ -^Sb 8GJR=>=JBKI  3JB>E=EHE=JB TKR@ EF@ 8G@>=?@BE I@T=>IKE=R@ PJQ@G>5 (/ ,^ QK> =>>H@? CD 8G@>=?@BE %[H=BJ =B -^S_ KAE@G EF@ PG@>@BE LJB>E=EHE=JB QK> GKE=A=@?5 4B?@G %GE=LI@ k9!!!O )@LE=JB bO EF@ =BLHMC@BE 8G@>=?@BE 8G@>=?@BE >FKII LJBE=BH@ EJ @Y@GL=>@ I@T=>IKE=R@ PJQ@G> HBE=I EF@ A=G>E 3 JBTG@>> => LJBR@B@?5 8G@>@BEIDO EF@ 8G@>=?@BE ?J@> BJE FKR@ KBDMJG@ >HLF ?@I@TKE@? I@T=>IKE=R@ PJQ@G CD ?@AKHIEO =E QK> JBID HB?@G EF@ -^Sb 8GJR=>=JBKI 3JB>E=EHE=JB KB? EF@ EGKB>=EJGD PGJR=>=JB JA EF@ -^S_ 3JB>E=EHE=JB5

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a certain extent, Judiciary. That’s absolute power. And G@M@MC@GO KC>JIHE@ PJQ@G LJGGHPE> L JGGHPE> KC>JIHE@ID5

A((#&#-< -&+* A( +T! !,!&;+#"! $!@-)+.!%+ @5J9C BJH +G::9J  E@II> DJH KCJHE ?=LFJEJMD5 \HBT ?=I= C=EKQ >=DK G@>HIE JA K ?@I@TKE@? PJQ@GO ?= BK >=DK T=BK#EKV@ UH?=L=KI BJE=L@5 )JO EJ AJGM PKGE JA EF@ IKQ JA EF@ IKB?O EF@ ?@LG@@O JG?@G JG 2/! MH>E C@ =>>H@? CD EF@ 8G@>=?@BE =B EF@ @Y@GL=>@ JA F=> @YEGKJG?= @YEGKJG?=BKGD BKGD PJQ@G JA I@T=>IKE=JB K> LJBE@MPIKE@? =B )@LE=JB b JA EF@ -^_b %M@B?M@BE> EJ EF@ -^_] 3JB>E=EHE=JB5 )JO ?=I= EKBKB5 /VKDZ \K?EJ IKBT G@>HIE JA K RKI=? ?@I@TKE=JB JA PJQ@G5 !B EF@ LK>@ JA *5l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aKE=JB JA EF@ (Y@LHE=R@ :@PKGEM@BEO =E> PG=BL=PKI JAA=L@G>O @I@LE@? JG KPPJ=BE@?O >HLF K> EF@ 8G@>=?@BEO F=> PJQ@G> KB? ?HE=@>5 Convenience.”  Now, let’s go to that phrase “Certificate of public Convenience.” 

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%@R@GKI AJGM> I=V@ 8KG?JBO %MB@>EDO 3JMMHEKE=JB JA )@BE@BL@O KB? >J JB KB? >J AJGEF5 _a %G@ KII EF@ @Y@GL=>@> CD EF@ 8G@>=?@B 8G@>=?@BEE JA F=> PJQ@G JA @Y@LHE=R@ LI@M@BLD >HCU@LE EJ MKB?KEJGD UH?=L=KI BJE=L@Z -a &J5 0J KB>Q@G EF=>O Q@ FKR@ EF@ LK>@ JA @9G719 BJH &5JCDG ].5:EK cX 3bbc^H 8KG?JB => TGKBE@? CD EF@ 3F=@A (Y@LHE=R@ KB? K> >HLF =E => K PG=RKE@ KLE QF=LF MH>E C@ PI@K?@? KB? PGJR@? CD EF@ P@G>JB pardoned because courts take no judicial notice thereof. That’s Q=EF G@>P@LE EJ 8KG?JB JBID5 ;HE QF@B DJH EKIV KCJHE KMB@>ED CD EF@ PGJLIKMKE=JB JA EF@ 3 F=@A (Y@LHE=R@ Q=EF EF@ LJBLHGG@BL@ JA 3JBTG@>>O EFKE => K PHCI=L KLE JA QF=LF EF@ LJHGE >FJHI? EKV@ UH?=L=KI BJE=L@5 '@M@MC@G EF@ @R@BE G@TKG?=BT 0G=IIKB@>Z )D@MPG@ O F@ QK> K R@GD RJLKI JPPJB@BE JA 8G@>=?@BE :HE@GE@ VHBJ 5 %E JB@ E=M@O EF@ Department of Justice is saying that “we have no proof that he FK> actually been amnestied.” But later on in one case, we will learn EFKE EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE KLEHKIID EJJV UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ JA EF@ AKLE EFKE 0G=IIKB@> KB? LJMPKBD FKR@ KIG@K?D C@@B T=R@B %MB@>ED5 -5  +5 

8KG?JB# BJ UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ %MB@>ED# >FJHI? C@ EKV@B UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ JA5 WC@=BT K PHCI=L KLEX

A((#&#-< -&+* A( +T! /;$#&#-< $!@-)+.!%+ &JQO JAA=L=KI KLE> JA 6H?=L=KI :@PKGEM@BE5 0F@ C@>E @YKMPI@ AJG EFKE KG@ FK9 )019J GI &G0:FX GFK9: *07:969 &G0:F CJJ058E9J O CJJ058E9J O K> Q@II

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%KG=J A=I@? KB KLE=JB AJG G@LJB>E=EHE=JB JA F@G KII@T@? E=EI@ EJ L@GEK=B PGJP@GE=@> =B :=I=MKB5 48 JPPJ>@? JB EF@ TGJHB? EFKE EF@ PGJP@GE=@> KLEHKIID C@IJBT EJ 48 KB? EFKE JQB@G>F=P JR@G EF@ >K=? IJE> FKR@ C@@B >@EEI@? CD IKQ KB? UHG=>PGH?@BL@5 .JG =B>EKBL@O 48 KII@T@? EFKE '% &J5 ^f,, QF=LF PGJR=?@> EFKE EF@ KC>JIHE@ JQB@G>F=P JA EF@ BKE=JBKI HB=R@G>=ED JR@G EFJ>@ IKB?FJI?=BT>O IKB?FJI?=BT >O =BLIH?=BT EFJ>@ LJR@G@? CD JG=T=BKI KB? EGKB>A@G L@GE=A=LKE@> JA E=EI@ =B EF@ BKM@ JA EF@ 4B=R@G>=ED JA EF@ 8F=I=PP=B@> KB? EF@=G AHEHG@ ?@G=RKE=R@>O => F@G@CD LJBA=GM@?5

/012 b @5:F 3 4 $0 *9EFCG8 =H /0DCEC51 %GFCE9X QK98 $CJE:9FCG85:2 H — % LJHGE MKD EKV@ UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ JA MKEE@G> QF=LF KG@ JA PHCI=L VBJQI@?T@O JG KG@ LKPKCI@ JA HB[H@>E=JBKCI@ ?@MJB>EGKE=JBO JG JHTFE EJ C@ VBJQB EJ UH?T@> C@LKH>@ JA EF@=G UH?=L=KI AHBLE=JB>5 W+X  Let’s first try to distinguish betw between een Section 1 a and nd Sectio SectioB B +d

!E QK> @>EKCI=>F@? EFKE EF@ LG=M@ EJJV PIKL@ =B EF@ Q@@ FJHG> JA the morning, before the crack of dawn, at around three o’clock. The court can take judicial notice of the “laws of nature,” such as =B EF@ =B>EKBE LK>@O LK >@O EFKE KE KGJHB? EFG@@ =B EF@ MJGB=BT ?HG=BT EF@ 3FG=>EMK> >@K>JBO =E => >E=II [H=E@ ?KGV KB? EFKE ?KDI=TFE LJM@> GKEF@G IKE@ =B EF=> E=M@ JA D@KG5 &JQF@G@ =B EF@ ?@>LG=PE=JB JA EF@ LG=M@ >L@B@ CD Q=EB@>> )8/] $@B?JaK =B F=> E@>E=MJBD QK> =E @>EKCI=>F@? EFKE EF@G@ QK> I=TFE JG =IIHM=BKE=JB JA KBD >JGE CD QF=LF 3FG=>EJPF@G LJHI? >@@ EF@ KEEKLV@G5 6H?=L=KI BJE=L@ Q=II JR@GGHI@ E@>E=MJBD5 /B@ JA MD MJ>E AKRJG=E@ LK>@>5 :=G= =BTJB >K Q=EB@>>O BKKD BKTCKBTTK BK MTK >KVDKBKB5 &K?HBTTKB B=DK BTK BKKD

*JH LKB @R@B MKV@ K LK>@ EFKE =A EF@ LJHGE ?J@> BJE EKV@ UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ JA K MKEE@G EFKE => LJR@G@? L JR@G@? CD *9EFCG8 3O =E QJHI? >=MPID M@KB EFKE EFKE LJHGE => 5EF05112 89O19EFC8O FG 79:IG:6 5 6C8CJF9:C51 D0F2H 0J D0F2H 0J MD M=B?O QF@B =E LJM@> EJ )@LE=JB -O EF@G@ Q=II KIQKD> C@ EF@ PJ>>=C=I=ED EFKE EF@ UH?T@ JG EF@ LJHGE M=TFE C@ I=KCI@ =B MKB?KMH>5 8Q@?@ =#LJMP@I C@LKH>@ EFKE => K M=B=>E@G=KI ?HED5 ;HE Q=EF G@>P@LE EJ  *9EFCG8 =O C@LKH>@ JA LJHG>@ EF@G@ => 9d9:ECJ9 GI DCJE:9FCG8 58D CF CJ 8GF 658D5FG:2  K>  K> => M@KBE CD EF@ QJG? “may”. It is purely within the judgment or the discretion of the LJHGE QF@EF@G JG BJE EJ EKV@ UH?=L=KI BJE=L@5

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% K> EJ QF@EF@G JG BJE EF@G@ KG@ G@KIID PKP@G> K> EJ QF@EF@GG G=IIKB@> ?=? JG ?=? BJE KPPID AJG KMB@>ED5 !B AKLE =B EF@ LK>@ JA $KTK?KIJO =E KIG@K?D EJJV UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ JA EF@ KMB@>ED5 0G=IIKB@> A=THG@> PGJM=B@BEID PGJM=B@BEID =B EF=> LK>@5 NFKE => EF@ @AA@LE JA EKV=BT UH?=L=KI BJE=L@Z &J PGJJA => KIG@K?D G@[H=G@?5 ;HE QFKE ?=? EF@ )3 ?JZ 0F@ ?@L=>=JB JA EF@ )3 QK> G@KIID Q@=G?5

*F5F9%GH @:GJ9E0FG:J BJH /0DO9 .58091 -H.H )+/[b=[>cYX *97F96L9: 3bX.0:G 3bbP (-&+*a 6H?T@ ?=>M=>>@? -- LK>@> KTK=B>E $G>5 $KGLJ> AJG R=JIKE=JB JA 3; 3=GLHIKG ^b, JG EF@ 3; .JG@=TB (YLFKBT@ '@>EG=LE=JB>5 0F@ ?=>M=>>KI QK> CK>@? >JI@ID JB B@Q>PKP@G G@PJGE> LJBL@GB LJBL@GB=BT =BT EF@ KBBJHBL@M@BE JA EF@ PG@>=?@BE JA EF@ 8F=I=PP=B@> JA EF@ I=AE=BT JA KII AJG@=TB @YLFKBT@ G@>EG=LE=JB> K> @MCJ?=@? =B EF@ L=GLHIKG5 6H?T@ >K=? EFKE EF@ KBBJHBL@M@BE FK? EF@ @AA@LE JA G@P@KI=BT 3; ^b,5 In other words, naghoard ug dollars si Imelda Marcos. The judge’s ?=>M=>>KI QK> C@LKH>@ JA B@Q>PKP@G G@PJGE> >KD=BT BK =BTJB ?KQ KBT PG@>=?@BE I=AE@? BK KBT G@>EG=LE=JB>O BJE K IKQ C@=BT @BKLE@?5 $@KB=BTO !M@I?K LJHI? BJ IJBT@G C@ LFKGT@?5 &KTG@VIKMJ KBT )8 KTK=B>E 6H?T@ $HGJ5 0KMK CK KBT PKTEKV@ B=DK HT BJE=L@ KB=BT B@Q>PKP@G G@PJGE>Z

);JBKI VBJQI@?T@ JA EF@ UH?T@ => BJE EF@  UH?=L=KI VBJQI@?T@ VBJQI@?T@ JA EF@ LJHGEO KB? F@ => BJE KHEFJG=a@? KHEFJG=a@? EJ MKV@ F=> =B?=R=?HKI VBJQI@?T@ JA K AKLEO BJE T@B@GKIID JG PGJA@>>=JBKIID VBJQBO EF@ CK>=> JA F=> KLE=JB5 6H?=L=KI LJTB=aKBL@ => EKV@B JBID JA EFJ>@ MKEE@G> QF=LF KG@ KG @ nLJMMJBIDn VBJQB5 6HG=>PGH?@BL@ ?=LEKE@> EFKE UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ LKBBJE C@ EKV@B JA K >EKEHE@ C@AJG@ =E C@LJM@> @AA@LE=R@5 0F@ G@K>JB => >=MPI@5 % IKQ QF=LF => BJE D@E =B AJGL@ KB? F@BL@O >E=II =B@Y=>E@BEO LKBBJE C@ JA LLJMMJB JMMJB VBJQI@? VBJQI@?T@ T@ LKPKCI@ JA G@K?D KB? HB[H@>E=JBKCI@ ?@MJB> ?@MJB>EGKE=JBO EGKE=JBO QF=LF => JB@ JA EF@ G@[H=G@M@BE> C@AJG@ K LJHGE LKB EKV@ UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ JA K AKLE5

-5 

From “:HG=BT “:HG=BT EG=KI ” to “$0:C8O “$0:C8O FK9 7:9[F:C51 58D FK9 F:C51 ””: : 

 

0F@ KM@B?M@BE MKV@> EF@ PGJPG=@ED JA EKV=BT UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ K ?=>LG@E=JBKGDO BJE K MKB?KEJGDO JCU@ JCU@LE LE JA PG@#EG=KI5 !  'HI@ -S ?J@> BJE M@BE=JB EF@ PGJPG=@ED JA EKV=BT  UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ K> K MKB?KEJGD MKB?KEJGD JCU@LE JA PG@# PG@#EG=KI5 EG=KI5

 

!A DJH @YKM=B@ EF@ B@Q 'HI@ JB 8G@#EG=KI W>E=II HB?@G 'HI@ -SO )@LE=JB -XO EF@ EKV=BT JA UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ KAE@G F@KG=BT => BJE =BLIH?@? K> JB@ JA EF@ PHGPJ>@> JA PG@#EG=KI5 !  &KKD JCU@LE> JA PG@#EG=KIO BKK PH? VKBKBT T=BKEKQKT BKEJ BK PHGPJ>@> JA PG@#EG=KI5

 

1JQ@R@GO EKV@ BJE@ EFKE QF@B UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ => EKV@B JA K MKEE@GO =E ?=>P@B>@> Q=EF PGJJA5 0F=> LJ=BL=?@> Q=EF EF@







PHGPJ>@> JA PG@#EG=KI >HLF K>d =>>H@>` -5  0F@ >=MPI=A=LKE=JB JA EF@ +5  0F@ PJ>>=C=I=ED JA JCEK=B=BT >E=PHIKE=JB> JG K?M=>>=JB> JA AKLE> KB? JA ?JLHM@BE> FG 5BGCD 0889E9JJ5:2 7:GGI ` KB? ]5  )HLF JEF@G MKEE@G> K> MKD K=? =B EF@ PGJMPE ?=>PJ>=E=JB JA EF@ KLE=JB5 ;@LKH>@ =A K MKEE@G => KIG@K?D K IG@K?D EKV@B UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ JAO T=R=BT EF@ PKGE=@> JPPJGEHB=ED EJ C@ F@KG?O =B EF@ EKV=BT JA UH?=L=KI BJE=L@O =E KRJ=?> HBB@L@>>KGD PGJJA KB? >HLF JEF@G MKEE@G> K> MKD K=? =B EF@ PGJMPE ?=>PJ>=E=JB JA EF@ KLE=JB5

/012 b @5:F = 4 !JE:CFG: !A UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ => EKV@B JA K MKEE@G D0:C8O 7:9[F:C51O =>>H@> KG@ >=MPI=A=@?O KB? AKLE> KG@ Q=EF?GKQB AGJM EF@ B@L@>>=ED JA PGJJA QF=LF =B EHGBO I@K?> EJ K PGJMPE ?=>PJ>=E=JB JA EF@ KLE=JBO QF=LF JA LJHG>@O => EF@ JCU@LE JA K PG@#EG=KI5 +5 

From “announce its intention to take judicial notice”, to “he5: the parties on the propriety of taking judicial notice”.  notice”.  

*9EFCG8 MH /0DCEC51 %GFCE9X QK98 T95:C8O %9E9JJ5:2 H :HG=BT EF@ PG@#EG=KI KB? EF@ EG=KIO EF@ LJHGEO MJEH PGJPG=J  JG  JG HPJB MJE=JBO >FKII F@KG EF@ PKGE=@> JB EF@ PGJPG=@ED JA EKV=BT UH?=L=KI

So, what is meant by this change? From “announce” to “hear”? 0KV@ BJE@O UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ LKB C@ MJEH PGJPG=J JG HPJB EF@ court’s own initiative, or upon motion. If motu proprio, it M@KB> EFKE EF@ LJHGE => MHII=BTO EKV=BT UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ JA K MKEE@G QF=LF =E C@I=@R@> M=TFE C@ C@B@A=L=KI AJG PHGPJ>@> JA @YP@?=E=BT EG=KI5 8KGK ?= BK V=BKFKBTIKB =#PGJR@ TH?5 1JQ@R@GO taking notice might prejudice a party. The party’s possession JR@G EF@ PGJPG=@ED JA EKV=BT BJE=L@ MH>E C@ F@KG? KB?

BJE=L@ JA KBD MKEE@G5

EF@G@AJG@O PHE JB G@LJG?5

*GX CI 07G8 6GFCG8 GI FK9 75:F2X CF 6958J FK9 F5`C8O GI

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%@LE=JB -5

(#)*+ !,-. 

+^ 

KIIJQ@? =B 'HI@ b_5 !B AKLEO QF@B EF@G@ => ?=>PHE@ K> EJ EF@ RKIHKE=JB JA EF@ PGJP@GEDO =E => MKB?KEJGD HPJB EF@ 3JHGE EJ KPPJ=BE BJE MJG@ EFKB EFG@@ LJMM=>>=JB@G> EJ ?@E@GM=B@ UH>E LLJMP@ JMP@B>KE=JB5 B>KE=JB5 $@KB=BTO EF@G@ => K B@@? EJ K>L@GEK=B AKLE>O CHE =B EF=> LK>@ JA 2;8 R5 NDLJLJO QFKE ?=? EF@D ?JZ

KE=JB JA KTG=LHIEHGKI IKB?>O EF@ 3JHGE> LKBBJE >=MPID EKV@ UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ PG@RK=I=BT MKGV@E RKIH@ JA KTG=LHIEHGKI IKB?>5 !B>E@K?O =E >FJHI? K>V EF@ PKGE=@> EJ PG@>@BE @R=?@BL@ HB?@G 'HI@ -+^O )@LE=JB ]5 0F@ M@G@ P@G>JBKI VBJQI@?T@ VBJQI@?T @ JA EF@ UH?T@ => BJE EF@ UH?=L=KI VBJQI@?T@ JA EF@ LJHGEO KB? F@ => BJE KHEFJG=a@? EJ MKV@ F=> =B?=R=?HKI VBJQI@?T@ VBJQI@?T @ JA K AKLEO BJE T@B@GKIID JG PGJA@>>=JBKIID VBJQBO EF@ CK>=> JA F=> KLE=JB5

!B G@IKE=JB EJ EFKEO LKB EF@ LJHGE EKV@ UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ JA KT@ K T@ K> evidence by looking at a person’s appearance? Naa bay instances HB?@G EF@ IKQ QF@G@ =MPJGEKBE@ KBT KT@Z :KTFKB VKKDJ5 %T@

!E EJJV UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ JA EF@ PG@RK=I=BT MKGV@E RKIH@ JA EF@ PGJP@GED5 %LLJG?=BT EJ EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGEO EFKE => BJE KIIJQ@?5 K IIJQ@?5 !B>E@K?O QFKE EF@ LJHGE >FJHI? FKR@ ?JB@ QK> EJ K>V EF@ PKGED EJ

>JM@E=M@> LKB C@ LJB>=?@G@? K> K [HKI=AD=BT L=GLHM>EKBL@5 %T@ LKB C@ K M=E=TKE=BT JG @Y@MPE=BT L=GLHM>EKBL@5 )P@ )P@L=A=LKIID L=A=LKIID =B GKP@ LK>@> QF@G@ KT@ LKB >JM@E=M@> [HKI=AD K >=MPI@ GKP@ =BEJ K ?=AA@G@BE AJGM JA GKP@5

PG@>@BE @R=?@BL@ HB?@G 'HI@ -+^O )@LE=JB ]5

!d56719a  0F@ KLLH>@? FK? >@YHKI =BE@GLJHG>@ Q=EF K QJMKB C@IJQ -+ D@KG> JA KT@ Q=EF F@G LJB>@BE5 'KP@ T=FKPJB >DKO ?=CKZ 0FKE QJHI? C@ >EKEHEJGD GKP@5 3JB>@BE => =MMKE@G=KI =B >EKEHEJGD GKP@5 )JO PKT A=I@ >K LK>@ >K KLLH>@?O BKV=EK VKGJB >K VJGE@ KBT GKP@ R=LE=M KD LI@KGID L I@KGID C@IJQ -+ D@KG> of age na sya. Statutor Statutoryy rape gyud ni. You don’t have to prove her age. Why? Because I’m taking judicial notice EFKE LI@KGID EFKE V=? => C@IJQ -+ D@KG> JA KT@5 !> EFKE KIIJQ@?Z 0F@ KB>Q@G => BJ5 C@LKH>@ QF@B EF@ LJHGE JC>@GR@> EF@ KPP@KGKBL@ JA K P@G>JB EJ K>L@GEK=B F=> JG F@G KT@O EF@ LJHGE Q=II BJE C@ EKV=BT UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ JA KBDEF=BT5 0F@ LJHGE => KLEHKIID EKV=BT KHEJPE=L preference. Meaning, it’s examining the evidence which is EF@ KPP@KGKBL@ JA EF@ P@G>JB5 %B? >HLF K PGJL@>> EKV@> HPJB EF@ R@GD JCU@LE JA UH?=L=KI BJE=L@O QF=LF => EJ ?J KQKD Q=EF EF@ PG@>@BEKE= PG@>@BEKE=JB JB JA @R=?@BL@5

/012 b @5:F M 4 !JF:GJ5J !B 'HI@ b_ W@YPGJPG=KE=J W@YPGJPG=KE=JBXO BXO EF@ PG=BL=PI@ EJ G@M@MC@G EF@G@ => EFKE EF@ A=Y=BT JA UH>E LJMP@B>KE=JB => KLEHKIID K UH?=L=KI AHBLE=JB5 (CdC8O GI N0JF EG6798J5FCG8 C8 9d7:G7:C5FCG8 E5J9J CJ 5 N0DCEC51 I08EFCG8H !E LKBBJE C@ ?=LEKE@?5 0F@G@ => BJ IKQ EFKE B@@?> EJ C@ PK>>@? EFKE QJHI? A=Y EF@ UH>E LJMP@B>KE=JB JA >JM@EF=BTO EJ K L@GEK=B PG=L@ JG KB @[H=RKI@BE =B KBJEF@G PGJP@GED . That’s not

E@II=BT DJH K QF=I@ KTJO ZK2 5:9 2G0 OGC8O FG 7:9J98F 9BCD98E9 CI 2G0: 70:7GJ9 CJ FG F5`9 N0DCEC51 8GFCE9 GI JG69FKC8OS *JH >FJHI? FKR@ UH>E I@E EF@M PG@>@BE @R=?@BL@ Q=EFJHE B@L@>>KG=ID G@>JGE=BT EJ EKV@ UH?=L=KI BJE=L@O G=TFEZ 8G=JG EJ EF@ KM@B?M@BE JA EF@ GHI@>O )@LE=JB ] QK> G@KIID Q@=G? C@LKH>@ =E G@[H=G@? PG@>@BEKE=JB JA @R=?@BL@5 &JQO =E => MK?@ LI@KGO M@G@ID CD G:51 5:O0698FJH

*#%?*A% BJH *#%?*A% ?H)H %GH =3\cYYX /5805:2 >X =\3> Courts cannot take judicial notice that “personality disorder> disorder> KG@ generally incurable” as this is not a matter that courts are MKB?KE@? EJ EKV@ UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ HB?@G )@LE=JB -O 'HI@ -+^ JA EF@ 'HI@> JA 3JHGE5 !A ! G@M@MC@G =E LJGG@LEIDO EF=> LK>@ EKLVI@> %GE=LI@ ]b W:@LIKGKE=JB JA BHII=ED JA MKGG=KT@ JB EF@ TGJHB? JA P>DLFJIJT=LKI LKPKL=EDX –  P>DLFJIJT=LKI =BLKPKL=ED EJ LJMPID Q=EF EF@ @>>@BE=KI MKG=EKI JCI=TKE=JB> JA MKGG=KT@5 %GE=LI@ ]b => G@KIID Q@=G?5 &KK CK ?=KD ?=I= MKG=EKI JCI=TKE=JB> KBT MKGG=KT@Z $KJ TKB= MKG=EKI JCI=TKE=JB> ?=CK VKD MKGG=KT@ >=DK5 NK la la ma’y essential marital obligations sa boyfrien boyfriend d and girlfriend. Wala ma’y ing #KBKO #KBKO ?=CKZ )JO Q@=G? KBT PFGK>@JIJTD >K %GE=LI@ ]b5 0F@G@ KG@ EFG@@ @I@M@BE> AJG DJH EJ MKV@ K A=B?=BT EFKE K PKGED => P>DLFJIJT=LKIID =BLKPKL=EKE@? =BLKPKL=EKE@?dd KX  MKGG=@? EJ $KUK5 !B +,,cO 'GGKMJB A=I@? K P@E=E=JB AJG UH?=L=KI >@PKGKE=JB JA PGJP@GED KTK=B>E F=> @>EGKBT@? Q=A@5 $KUK KB>Q@G@? EFKE JB@ JA EF@ PGJP@GE=@> => F@G @YLIH>=R@ PGJP@GED KB? EF@G@AJG >FJHI? BJE C@ MK?@ PKGE JA KBD UH?=L=KI >@PKGKE=JB5

>HC>=>E=BT MKGG=KT@ QF=LF MKD EFH> C@ EF@ >HCU@LE JA F=> P@E=E=JB AJG UH?=L=KI >@PKGKE=JB JA PGJP@GED5

'GGKMJB A=I@? K '@[H@>E AJG %?M=>>=JB K>V=BT $KUK EJ K?M=E EFKEO =B KBJEF@G LK>@ ?@L=?@? CD EF@ >KM@ LJHGEO $KUK KII@T@? =B F@G KB>Q@G EFKE EF@ >KM@ PGJP@GED => LJBUHTKI5- $KUK ?=? BJE G@>PJB? EJ EF@ '@[H@>E5 0F=> JEF@G LK>@ L K>@ QK> P@B?=BT KPP@KI C@AJG@ EF@ 3JHGE JA %PP@KI>5

PGKD@G AJG UH?TM@BE JB EF@ PI@K?=BT> K> JB@ AJG >HMMKGD  UH?TM@BE KB? G@B?@G@? >HMM >HMMKGD KGD UH?TM@B UH?TM@BEE =B AKRJG JA 'GGKMJB5

-

If there’s an admission that such is a conjugal property, then it will C@ =BLIH?@? =B EF@ UH?=L=KI >@PKGKE=JB5 !A =E => K PKGKPF@GBKI PGJP@GEDO EF@B =E => G@KIID KB @YLIH>=R@ PGJP@GED JA $KUK5 1@BL@O BJE =BLIH?@? =B EF@ UH?=L=KI >@PKGKE=JB5

QK5F CJ FK9 9II9EF CI 2G0 DG 8GF :9J7G8D FG FK9 )9R09JF IG: -D6CJJCG8S ]+5`9 8GF9a +KCJ CJ G89 GI FK9 6GD9J GI DCJEGB9:2^ 4B?@G )@LE=JB +O 'HI@ +bO @KLF JA EF@ MKEE@G JA QF=LF KB K?M=>>=JB => G@[H@>E@? >FKII C@ ?@@M@? K?M=EE@? HBI@>> DJH ?@BD =E5

*9EFCG8 =H !MPI=@? K?M=>>=JB 5 — !5EK GI FK9 65FF9:J GI ZKCEK 58 5D6CJJCG8 CJ :9R09JF9D JK511 L9 D9969D 5D6CFF9D  HBI@>>O  HBI@>>O Q=EF=B K P@G=J? ?@>=TBKE@? =B EF@ G@[H@>EO QF=LF >FKII BJE C@ I@>> EFKB A=AE@@B W-fX ?KD> KAE@G >@GR=L@ EF@G@JAO JG Q=EF=B >HLF AHGEF@G E=M@ K> EF@ LJHGE MKD KIIJQ JB MJE=JBO EF@ PKGED EJ QFJM EF@ G@[H@>E => ?=G@LE@? A=I@> KB? >@GR@> HPJB EF@ PKGED G@[H@>E=BT EF@ K?M=>>=JB K >QJGB >EKE@M@BE @=EF@G ?@BD=BT >P@L=A=LKIID EF@ MKEE@G> JA QF=LF KB K?M=>>=JB => G@[H@>E@? JG >@EE=BT AJGEF =B ?@EK=I EF@ G@K>JB> QFD F@ LKBBJE EGHEFAHIID @=EF@G K?M=E JG ?@BD EFJ>@ MKEE@G>5 It’s KCJHE  KCJHE QK5F Z5J FK9 )9R09JF IG: -D6CJJCG8 5LG0FS  It’s QF@EF@G DJH >EKE@ =B DJHG PI@K?=BT> =B EFKE JEF@G LK>@ EFKE EF@ PGJP@GED >HCU@LE JA EF=> LK>@ => LJBUHTKI KB? BJE PKGKPF@ PKGKPF@GBKI5 GBKI5 $KUK ?=? BJE KB>Q@G >J EF@G@ => BJQ KB =MPI=@? K?M=>>=JB CK>@? JB 'HI@ +b5

QK5F DCD )::56G8 DG 8GZS

]- 

0F@ LJHGE K [HJ treated Maja’s failure EJ G@>PJB? K> KB K?M=>>=JB K> EJ EF@ BKEHG@ JA EF@ PGJP@GEDO EJJV UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ JA =E> JQB UH?TM@B UH?TM@BEE KB? G@LJG?> =B EF@ JEF@G LK>@O EG@KE@? EF@

0F@G@ QK> K M=>EKV@ JB EF@ PKGE JA EF@ IKQD@G C@LKH>@ QFKE F@ K>V@? QK> 6H?TM@BE JB EF@ 8I@K?=BT>O CHE =B R=@Q JA EF@ 3JHGEO =E >FJHI? C@ AJG )HMMKGD 6H?TM@BE5

QK98 CJ CF 79:6CJJCL19 IG: FK9 EG0:F FG F5`9 N0DCEC51 8GFCE9 GI CFJ GZ8 N0DO698F G: :9EG:DJ C8 5 E5J9 FK5F CJ 798DC8O L9IG:9 CFS 3JHGE> MKD EKV@ UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ JA K ?@L=>=JB JG EF@ AKLE> PG@RK=I=BT =B KBJEF@G LK>@ >=EE=BT =B EF@ >KM@ LJHGE =Ad -X  0F@ PKGE=@> PG@>@BE EF@M =B @R=?@BL@O KC>@BE KBD JPPJ>=E=JB AGJM EF@ JEF@G PKGED` JG   +X 0F@ LJHGEO =B =E> ?=>LG@E=JBO G@>JIR@> EJ ?J >J5

#**;!a NK> EF@ LJHGE K [HJ  LJGG@LE   LJGG@LE =B G@B?@G=BT UH?TM@BE =B AKRJG JA 'GGKMJB JB EF@ CK>=> JA UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ KB? EF@ UH?=L=KI admission attributable to Maja’s failure to respond to the G@[H@>E AJG K?M=>>=JBZ );K=? C8 FK9 65FF9: GI /0DCEC51 %GFCE9 EFKE QF=I@ EF@G@ => BJEF=BT =GG@THIKG Q=EF EF@ EKV=BT JA UH?=L=KI BJE=L@O EF@ EG=KI LJHGE ?=>G@TKG?@? EF@ AKLE EFKE =E> ?@L=>=JB QK> EF@B EF@ >HCU@LE JA K P@B?=BT KPP@KI C@AJG@ EF@ 3JHGE JA %PP@KI>5 #F JKG01D K5B9 `8GZ8 FK5F 08FC1 FK9 577951 CJ :9JG1B9D L2 FK9 5779115F9 EG0:FX CF ZG01D L9 7:965F0:9 FG :98D9: N0DO698F on petitioner’s motion for judgment on the pleadings; that CF ZG01D L9 7:9J067F0G0J FG 5JJ069 FK5F CFJ GZ8 D9ECJCG8 ZG01D L9 5IIC:69D G8 577951H /B@ 577951H /B@ JA EF@ =>>H@> GK=>@? =B EF@ KPP@KI => PG@L=>@ID QF@EF@G EF@ >HCU@LE PGJP@GED => LJBUHTKIO JG K PKGKPF@GBKI K>>@E JA EF@ G@>PJB?@BE5 +K0JX C8JF95D GI resolving petitioner’s motion for judgment on the  7195DC8OJX FK9 F:C51 EG EG0:F 0:F JKG01D K5B K5B9 9 D98C D98C9D 9D CF G: K91D CF C8 5L9258E9H N=EF EFKEO BK?HBTKTKB KEJBT  VBJQI@?T@5   VBJQI@?T@5 .=G>EO QFKE => EF@ T@B@GKI GHI@Z

…continuation…   'GGKMJB A=I@? K $JE=JB AJG 6H?TM@BE JB EF@ 8I@K?=BT>O >EKE=BT EFKE >=BL@ $KUK AK=I@? EJ KB>Q@G F=> G@[H@>E AJG K?M=>> K?M=>>=JBO =JBO EF@ MKEE@G> LJBEK=B@? =B EF@ G@[H@>E KG@ ?@@M@? K?M=EE@? PHG>HKBE EJ 'HI@ +bO )@LE=JB + KB? EFKEO K> K LJB>@[H@BL@ JA EF@ KPPI=LKE=JB JA EF@ GHI@O $KUK => =B @AA@LE LJB>=?@G@? EJ FKR@ K?M=EE@? EFKE EF@ >HCU@LE PGJP@GED => K LJBUHTKI L JBUHTKI K>>@E JA EF@=G

?989:51 )019a % LJHGE LKBBJE EKV@ UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ JA EF@ G@LJG?> JA K ?=AA@G@BE LK>@ @R@B =A =E => P@B?=BT C@AJG@ =EO JG @R@B =A EF@ LJHGE FK> VBJQI@?T@ EFKE =E => JB@ FKB?I=BT EF@ LK>@ PG@R=JH>ID5 !dE97FCG8a !B EF@ KC>@BL@ JA JCU@LE=JBO EF@ LJHGE MKD EG@KE =E K> G@K? =BEJ EF@ G@LJG? JA EF@ PG@>@BE LK>@

/012 b @5:F P 4 (9:858D9g

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% EF@G@ KB =>>H@Z -a !B K L=R=I L =R=I LJMPIK=BEO EF@G@ => KB =>>H@ QF@B EF@ PIK=BE=AA KB? EF@ ?@A@B?KBE ?J BJE KTG@@5

_a NF@B LKB DJH >KD EFKE EF@G@ =>>H@> KG@ KIG@K?D UJ=B@?Z -a 0F@G@ => EF@ LJMPIK=BEO ?@A@B?KBE A=I@> KB>Q@G KB? ?@A@B?KBE EKV@> =>>H@5 $@KB=BTO ?J@> BJE KTG@@ EJ QFKE EF@ LJMPIK=BE >EKE@>5 1@G@O EF@ LJHGE => =BAJGM@? JA EF@ M=>HB?@G>EKB?=BT JG IKLV JA KTG@@M@BE C@EQ@@B EF@ PIK=BE=AA KB? ?@A@B?KBE5

*0665:2 /0DO698F NF@B PIK=BE=AA K>V> AJG )HMMKGD 6H?TM@BEO =E M@KB> F@ A@@I> EF@ ?@A@B?KBE => EGD=BT EJ GK=>@ KB =>>H@ QF@B =B AKLE EF@G@ => >HPPJ>@? EJ C@ BJ =>>H@5 %B? =E LKB C@ PGJR@B CD KAA=?KR=E> KB? ?@PJ>=E=JB>5 -J FG FK9 *9EG8D $CJFC8EFCG8 /0DO698F G8 FK9 @195DC8OJ _a What’s the effect of a general denial in civil procedure? procedure?   -a Effect is it’s an admission, because for you to make a denial, you FKR@ EJ MKV@ =E >P@L=A=L5 *JH FKR@ EJ E@II EF@ LJHGE QFKE DJHG R@G>=JB JA EF@ AKLE> =>5 *0665:2 /0DO698F :@A@B?KBE E@B?@G@? =>>H@> CHE Q@G@ >FKM WKE=V+ IKBTX5

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%XZ 0F@G@ KG@ c5 0F@ ?@A@B?KBEO KAE@G >@GR=L@ JA >HMMJB>O FK> EF@ AJIIJQ=BT JPE=JB>d -5  .=I@ KB KB>Q@G` +5  ]5  c5 

0F@ IC1C8O GI 5 69:9 6GFCG8O @=EF@G EJ ?=>M=>> JG AJG C=II JA PKGE=LHIKG>O =B>E@K? JA A=I=BT KB KB>Q@GO KIIJQ> EF@ PIK=BE=AA EJd WKX  KM@B? F=> LJMPIK=BE K> K MKEE@G JA G=TFE HB?@G 'HI@ -,O )@LE=JB +` KB? WCX  ?=>M=>> F=> LJMPIK=BE HPJB M@G@ BJE=L@ HB?@G 'HI@ -_O )@LE=JB -5 NF@B K MJE=JB AJG >HMMKGD UH?TM@BE => A=I@?O FK9 715C8FCII E58 8G 1G8O9: DCJ6CJJ KCJ EG6715C8F 07G8 69:9 8GFCE9H 0F@G@ 8GFCE9H 0F@G@ MH>E C@ K MJE=JB KPPGJR@? CD EF@ LJHGEO T=R=BT EF@ ?@A@B?KBE KB JPPJGEHB=ED EJ C@ F@KG?5 _ d 3KB EF@ PIK=BE=AA KM@B? F=> LJMPIK=BE K> K MKEE@G JA G=TFE =A EF@ ?@A@B?KBE A=I@> K MJE=JB AJG >HMMKGD  UH?TM@BE =B I=@H JA KB KB>Q@GZ -d 0@LFB=LKIIDO D@>5 '@M@MC@G EFKE K MJE=JB AJG >HMMKGD  UH?TM@BE => BJE K PI@K?=BT5 0F@ A= A=I=BT I=BT JA K G@>PJB>=R@ PI@K?=BT => QFKE LJBR@GE> KM@B?M@BE AGJM JB@ QF=LF => K MKEE@G JA G=TFE EJ JB@ QF=LF => K MKEE@G JA UH?=L=KI ?=>LG@E=JB5 )JO VHBT ?=I= KB>Q@G KBT =MJ =#A=I@ >K LJMPIK=BEO VHBT MJE=JB IKBT —QF@EF@G K MJE=JB EJ ?=>M=>> JG K MJE=JB AJG >HMMKGD UH?TM@BE— UH?TM@BE— PQ@?@ T=FKPJB MKT KM@B? KBT PIK=BE=AA >K =DKBT PI@K?=BT K> K MKEE@G JA G=TFE5 BUT… NFD QJHI? K ?@A@B?KBE MJR@ AJG >HMMKGD BUT… NFD  UH?TM@BE =B>E@K? =B>E@K? JA A=I=BT KB KB>Q@ KB>Q@GZ GZ 0F@ ?@A@B? ?@A@B?KBE KBE Q=II only do so because he believes that the plaintiff’s cause JA KLE=JB KTK=B>E F=M => K >FKM5 !E => BJB#@Y=>E@BE5 \KBK C=EKQO KD C=BHKBT TDH? B=O BK ?=I= PQ@?@ BK VQKBJB VJ IKBT B=O VKBK C=EKQ MH A=I@ VJ HT   KB>Q@G C@LKH>@ JEF@GQ=>@ ! KM G@LJTB=a=BT EFKE

]c 

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 UH?TM@BE => BJE K G@>PJB>=R@ PI@K? PI@K?=BT =BT =B EF@ LJBE@ LJBE@YE YE JA 'HI@ -,O )@L5 +5 $JE=JB GK >DKO  >DKO and because it’s K it’s K MJE=JBO =E does not affect the plaintiff’s right to amend his LJMPIK=BE K> K MKEE@G JA G=TFE5

.=I@ K MJE=JB AJG C=II JA PKGE=LHIKG>` .=I@ K MJE=JB EJ ?=>M=>>` JG .=I@ K MJE=JB AJG >HMMKGD 6H?TM@BE $JE=JB EJ ?=>M=>> W'HI@ -bX FK> KIG@K?D C@@B G@MJR@? @BE=G@ID AGJM EF@ 'HI@> JA 3JHGE5 0F@ JBID E=M@ DJH LKB A=I@ K MJE=JB EJ ?=>M=>> QJHI? C@O QFKEZ NF@B EF@ TGJHB? => IKLV JA UHG=>?=LE=JB JA EF@ >HCU@LE MKEE@GO G@> K?UH?=LKEKO I=E=> P@B?@BL=K O KB? PG@>LG=PE=JB5 $KJ BKIKBT EJO VKEJ C=EKQ c TGJHB?> EFKE Q=II BJE C@ CKGG@? @R@B =A DJH GK=>@ EF@M AJG EF@ A=G>E E=M@ JB KPP@KI5 K PP@KI5 := UH? BK >DK MK CKGO VKBK BK MTK  grounds for motion to dismiss. It’s BJE CKGG@? CD EF@ JMB=CH> MJE=JB GHI@O HB?@G 'HI@ ^O )@LE=JB - JA EF@ JMB=CH> MJE=JB GHI@5 )JO MKJ B= >DK KBT =MJBT c VK#JPE=JB> 5

(#)*+ !,-. 

*9EFCG8 MH .GFCG8 58D 7:GE99DC8OJ FK9:9G8H  FK9:9G8H — 0F@ MJE=JB >FKII L=E@ EF@ >HPPJGE=B >HPPJGE=BT T KAA=?KR=E>O ?@PJ>=E=JB> JG K?M=>>=JB>O KB? EF@ >P@L=A=L IKQ G@I=@? HPJB5 0F@ K?R@G>@ PKGED MKD A=I@ K LJMM@BE KB? >@GR@ JPPJ>=BT KAA=?KR=E>O ?@PJ>=E=JB>O ?@PJ>=E=JB>O JG K?M=>>=JB> Q=EF=B K BJB# @YE@B?=CI@ P@G=J? JA A=R@ WfX LKI@B?KG ?KD> AGJM G@L@=PE JA EF@ MJE=JB5 4BI@>> EF@ LJHGE JG?@G> EF@ LJB?HLE JA K F@KG=BTO  UH?TM@BE >JHTFE >JHTFE >FKII C@ G@B?@ G@B?@G@? G@? AJGEFQ=EF =A EF@ PI@K?=BT PI@K?=BT>O >O >HPPJGE=BT KAA=?KR=E>O ?@PJ>=E=JB> KB? K?M=>>=JB> JB A=I@O >FJQ EFKEO @YL@PE K> EJ EF@ KMJHBE JA ?KMKT@>O EF@G@ => BJ T@BH=B@ =>>H@ K> EJ KBD MKE@G=KI AKLE KB? EFKE EF@ MJR=BT PKGED => @BE=EI@? EJ UH?TM@BE K> K MKEE@G JA IKQ5 %BD KLE=JB JA EF@ LJHGE JB K MJE=JB AJG >HMMKGD UH?TM UH?TM@BE @BE >FKII BJE C@ >HCU@LE JA KB KPP@KI JG P@E=E=JB AJG L@GE=JGKG=O PGJF=C=E=JB JG MKB?KMH>5 W]KX ->E PKGd $KJ GK EJO BJ EJO BJ T@BH=B@ =>>H@O )FKM =>>H@ GK >DK 5 B?

+  par: That’s K That’s K B@Q =B>@GE=JB HB?@G 'HI@ ]f5 )JO HB>K B=BT KLE=JB BK B=  EFKE  EFKE >FKII BJE C@ >HCU@LE EJ KB KPP@KIZ K PP@KIZ := B=MJ PQ@?@ =#  KPP@KI O JG P@E=E=JB AJG L@GE=JGKG=O PGJF=C=E=JB JG MKB?KMH>5

_ d NFKE KLE=JB => EF@ GHI@ EKIV=BT KCJHE EFKE => BJE KPP@KIKCI@Z -a 0F@ KLE=JB JA EF@ LJHGE QF@EF@G TGKBE=BT JG ?@BD=BT EF@ MJE=JB AJG >HMMKGD UH?TM@BEO BJE EF@ >HMMKGD  UH?TM@BE =E>@IA5 =E>@IA5 ;@LKH>@ =A =E => EF@ >H >HMMKGD MMKGD UH?T UH?TM@BE M@BE =E>@IAO M@KB=BT T=#?=>M=>> KBT LJMPIK=BE >K PIK=BE=AA O JG EF@ LJHGE TGKBE@? >HMMKGD UH?TM@BE =A AKRJG JA EF@ PIK=BE=AA KB? ?@L=?@> =B AKRJG JA EF@ PIK=BE=AAO MKJ BK KBT PQ@?@ B=MJ =#KPP@KIO VKEJBT UH?TM@BE M=>MJ  KB?  KB? BJE EF@ KLE=JB5 :=I= TKB= PQ@?@ KBT L@GE=JGKG=O PGJF=C=E=JB JG MKB?KMH>5 ;@LKH>@ JEF@GQ=>@O EFKE QJHI? C@ T=R=BT KB =MPG=MKEHG EJ I=E=TKBE> BJE EJ ?@IKD EF@ ?@E@GM=BKE=JB JA EF@ MK=B LK>@5

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a )HMMKGD 6H?TM@BE KB? 6H?TM@BE JA EF@ 8I@K?=BT>O BJB@ JA EF@M KG@ R=KCI@ =A EF@G@ => >E=II K G@[H=G@M@BE EJ PG@>@BE @R=?@BL@5  @R=?@BL@5 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the defendant is lying. That’s the simplest I can explain, 'HI@ ]f AJG DJH5

]b 

0KV@ BJE@O EF@ ?@A@B?KBE FK> EF@ JPE=JB EJ JPPJ>@ EF@ MJE=JB EJT@EF@G Q=EF F=> KAA=?KR=E>O ?@PJ>=E=JB> JG K?M=>>=JB>5 ;HE =A F@ B@R@G G@KIID PK=? EF@ PIK=BE=AAO F@ QJHI? BJE FKR@ KBD PGJJA5 0KV@ BJE KI>J BK =A QKIK TDH? B=DK T=CKDGKB KBT PIK=BE=AAO HB>K MKD PGJJA B=DKZ

!B EF@ >KM@ >=EHKE=JBO EF@ PIK=BE=AA LKBBJE MJR@ AJG >HMMKGD UH?TM@BE C@LKH>@ EF@ @Y=>E@BL@ JA K G@L@=PE G @L@=PE AJG PKDM@BE E@B?@G> K T@BH=B@ =>>H@5 0F@ JBID E=M@ EFKE EFKE G@L@=PE Q=II BJE E@B?@G K T@BH=B@ =>>H@ => QF@BO =A EFKE G@L@=PE => AJGT@?5 .JGT@GD >=DKO T=P@V@ IKBT5 !B JG?@G AJG EF@ PIK=BE=AA EJ PGJP@GID KGTH@ BK P@V@ IKBT >=DKO KB? therefore it’s a sham issue, he needs to move affidavits, ?@PJ>=E=JB> JG K?M=>>=JB>5 )JO =A EF@G@ G@KIID => K T@BH=B@ G@L@=PEO EF@G@ => K B@@? EJ TJ EJ EG=KI EJ G@L@=R@ @R=?@BL@ K> EJ EF@=G G@>P@LE=R@ LIK=M> KB? ?@A@B>@ JA EF@ PKGE=@>5

(#)*+ !,-. 

!d56719 %GH P 8IK=BE=AA A=I@? KB KLE=JB EJ LJII@LE K IJKB CK>@? JB K PGJM=>>JGD BJE@O LIK=M=BT EFKE EF@ ?@A@B?KBE FK> BJE PK=? F=M D@E5 !B F=> answer, defendant admitted that the plaintiff plaintiff’s ’s pleading states no LKH>@ JA KLE=JB K> EF@ PGJM=>>JGD BJE@ => BJE DDet et due. That’s an affirmative defense, that’s allowed. Can the plaintiff move for >HMMKGD UH?TM@BEZ 3KB EF@ ?@A@B?KBEO AJG EFKE MKEE@GO MJR@ AJG >HMMKGD UH?TM@BE KI>JZ -8512JCJ

_a 1JQ Q=II EF@ LJHGE ?@E@GM=B@ EF@ MKEHG=ED ?KE@ JA EF@ PGJM=>>JGD BJE@Z -a ;D IJJV=BT KE EF@ LJMPIK=BE5 0F@ PGJM=>>JGD BJE@ KB? =E> MKEHG=ED ?KE@ KG@ EF@G@5 0F@ KEEKLFM@BE>O EF@ PGJM=>>JGD BJE@ C@=BT KB KLE=JBKCI@ ?JLHM@BE >FJHI? C@ EF@G@5

_a NJHI? EF@ LJHGE G@[H=G@ G@L@PE=JB JA @R=?@BL@ EJ ?@E@GM=B@ =A EF@ BJE@ => ?H@ JG BJEZ -a &J5 (R@GDEF=BT => >EKE@? =B EF@ PI@K?=BT>5 _a !A EF@ PIK=BE=AA MJR@> AJG >HMMKGD UH?TM@BEO QFKE Q=II FKPP@BZ -a !A EF@ LJHGE ?@E@GM=B@> EFKE EF@ PGJM=>>JGD BJE@ => KIG@K?D ?H@ CD @YKM=B=BT EF@ PI@K?=BT> JBIDO EF@G@ => BJ MJG@ B@@? AJG EG=KI5 0F@ 3JHGE Q=II >=MPID JG?@G EF@ ?@A@B?KBE EJ PKD5 %BDQKDO EF@ ?@A@B?KBE KIG@K?D K?M=EE@? EF@ @Y=>E@BL@ JA EF@ IJKB5 !B @AA@LEO EF@ ?@A@B?KBE ?=? BJE GK=>@ K T@BH=B@ =>>H@5 0FKE => QF@B >JM@E=M@> EF@ 6H?TM@BE JB EF@ 8I@K?=BT> LKB C@LJM@ LJBAH>=BT Q=EF )HMMKGD 6H?TM@BE5 4B>K MKD CK>=> ?=G= >K korte? Tha pleadings, but it’s not summary judgment. Why? ;@LKH>@ EF@ ?@A@B?KBE EG=@? EJ MKV@ =>>H@O BKT#?@BD >=DK5 (YL@PE EFKEO F=B?= >=DK T@BH=B@ =>>H@5 \KD PKT MKT =BTJB >=DKT ?=I= PK MKB MKEHG=ED >K BJE@ P@GJ VIKGJO MKV=EK B=MJ >K PI@K?=BT> CD PI@K?=BT an actionable document that it’s already matured.  matured. 

_a 3KB EF@ ?@A@B?KBE MJR@ AJG >HMMKGD UH?TM@BEZ -a *@>5 !B @AA@LEO F@ => E@II=BT EF@ LJHGE EJ >=MPID IJJV KE EF@ KEEKLF@? PGJM=>>JGD BJE KB? >@@ EFKE EF@ ?@CE => BJE D@E ?H@5 !A EF@ ?@CE => BJE D@E ?H@O EF@ LJHGE Q=II ?=>M=>> EF@ LK>@ JB EF@ TGJHB? JA PG@MKEHG=ED5 8G@MKEHG@ PK MKBO QKIK PK MKB BKT#G=P@B =MJBT LKH>@ JA KLE=JB5 0F@ LJMPIK=BE ?=? BJE GK=>@ K T@BH=B@ =>>H@5 !B AKLEO EF@G@ => >E=II BJ LKH>@ JA KLE=JB D@E C@LKH>@ EF@G@ => BJ R=JIKE=JB5

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%>LIK=M 0F=G?#WAJHGEFX PKGED LJMPIK=BE 3JMPIK=BE#=B#=BE@GR@BE=JB '@UJ=B?@G

0F@ G@UJ=B?@G => A=I@? =A KB KLE=JBKCI@ ?JLHM@BE => KEEKLF@? EJ EF@ G@PID5 'HI@ SO >@LE=JB S >P@L=A=LKIID KPPI=@> EJ KLE=JB> JG ?@A@B>@> AJHB?@? HPJB K QG=EE@B =B>EGHM@BE KB? PGJR=?@> EF@ MKBB@G JA ?@BD=BT =E5 !E => MJG@ LJBEGJII=BT EFKE 'HI@ bO )@LE=JB -, QF=LF M@G@ID PGJR=?@> EF@ @AA@LE JA AK=IHG@ EJ A=I@ K '@PID5 0FH>O QF@G@ EF@ ?@A@B>@ =B EF@ %B>Q@G => CK>@? JB KB KLE=JBKCI@ ?JLHM@BEO K '@PID >P@L=A=LKIID ?@BD=BT =E HB?@G JKEF MH>E C@ MK?@` JEF@GQ=>@O EF@ T@BH=B@B@>> KB? ?H@ @Y@LHE=JB Q=II C@ ?@@M@? K?M=EE@?5

!((!&+* A( -.!%$.!%+ *9EH bH !II9EF GI 5698D9D 7195DC8OJH  7195DC8OJH – %B KM@B?@? PI@K?=BT >HP@G>@?@> EF@ PI@K?=BT EFKE =E KM@B?>5 1JQ@R@GO K?M=>>=JB> =B >HP@G>@?@? PI@K?=BT> MKD C@ JAA@G@? =B @R=?@BL@ KTK=B>E EF@ PI@K?@GO KB? LIK=M> JG ?@A@B>@> KII@T@? EF@G@=B BJE =BLJGPJGKE@? =B EF@ KM@B?@? PI@K?=BT >FKII C@ ?@@M@? QK=R@?5

!((!&+ A( -$.#**#A%* .-$! #% +T! A)#?#%-< @>=JB> MK?@ =B EF@ JG=T=BKI PI@K?=BT> L@K>@ EJ C@ UH?=L=KI K?M=>>=JB> W3F=BT R5 3%O ]]- )3'% -bX5   0F@D KG@ EJ C@ LJB>=?@G@? K> @YEGKUH?=L=KI K?M=>>=JB> W0JGG@> R5 3%O -]- )3'% ++cX5   1JQ@R@GO K?M=>>=JB> =B >HP@G>@?@? PI@K?=BT> MKD C@ G@L@=R@? =B @R=?@BL@ KTK=B>E EF@ PI@K?@G W)@L5 SO 'HI@ -,O 'HI@> JA 3JHGEX KB? =B JG?@G EJ C@ HE=I=a@? K> @YEGKUH?=L=KI K?M=>>=JB>O EF@D MH>E C@ AJGMKIID JAA@G@? =B @R=?@BL@ W3F=BT R5 3%O ]]- )3'% -bX5

(#)*+ !,-. 

]S 

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`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





*+-+!.!%+ A( +T! );@EEI@? => EF@ GHI@ EFKE EF@ UH?=L=KI K?M=>>=JB> KG@ LJBLIH>=R@ JB EF@ PKGED MKV=BT EF@M W\JBTFHB R5 438;O =E=JB>O G@[H@>E JA K?M=>>=JB @EL5X  &A%*+-%+#%A BH T!#)* A( &A%*+-%+#%A

&G8E10JCB9  – DJH LKBBJE PG@>@BE LJHBE@GRK=I=BT PGJJA5 *-%+#-?A "* $!>=JB LKBBJE C@ LJBEGJR@GE@? CD EF@ PKGED MKV=BT >HLF K?M=>>=JB KB? KG@ LJBLIH>=R@ K> EJ F=M KB? EFKE KII PGJJA> >HCM=EE@? CD F=M LJBEGKGD EF@G@EJ JG =BLJB>=>E@BE EF@G@Q=EF >FKII C@ =TBJG@? QF@EF@G JCU@LE=JB => =BE@GPJ>@? CD EF@ PKGED JG BJE5

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

*9EFCG8 =H 8G@#EG=KI KTG@@M@BE 5 — %II KTG@@M@BE> JG K?M=>>=JB> MK?@ JG @BE@G@? ?HG=BT EF@ PG@#EG=KI LJBA@G@BL@ L JBA@G@BL@ >FKII C@ G@?HL@? =B QG=E=BT KB? >=TB@? CD EF@ KLLH>@? KB? LJHB>@IO JEF@GQ=>@O EF@D LKBBJE C@ H>@? KTK=B>E EF@ KLLH>@?5 0F@ KTG@@M@BE> LJR@G=BT EF@ MKEE@G> G@A@GG@? EJ =B >@LE=JB - JA EF=> 'HI@ >FKII C@ KPPGJR@? CD EF@ LJHGE5 3JMPKG@ EF@ GHI=BT JA .HI@ 5 3% KB? \=BT R5 8@JPI@

/012 == @5:F 3 4 )GNG

*9EFCG8 3H ALN9EF 5J 9BCD98E9H –  /CU@LE> K> @R=?@BL@ KG@ EFJ>@ K??G@>>@? EJ EF@ >@B>@> JA EF@ LJHGE5 NF@B KB JCU@LE => G@I@RKBE EJ EF@ AKLE =B =>>H@O =E MKD C@ @YF=C=E@? EJO @YKM=B@? JG R=@Q@? CD EF@ LJHGE5

AV/!&+ G: )!-< !"#$!%&!  

   

0F@>@ KG@ EKBT=CI@ @R=?@BL@ WK> K Q@KPJB JG R=>=CI@ =BUHGDX ?=G@LEID =BRJIR@? =B EF@ HB?@GID=BT @R@BE> JA EF@ LK>@5 $KEE@G> JA AKLE QF=LF JCU@LE @R=?@BL@ E@B? EJ PGJR@ G@IKE@ EJ KPP@KGKBL@O @Y=>E@BL@O LJB?=E=JB KB? JEF@G MKEE@G> G@IKE@? EJ EF@ PFD>=LKI LFKGKLE@G=>E=L> JA KB JCU@LE5 0FH>O =B EF@ KPPG@L=KE=JB JA JCU@LE @R=?@BL@O EF@ LJHGE H>@> EF@ >@B>@> JA >=TFEO EJHLFO EK>E@ KB? K B? >M@II5 !E => LKII@? '@KI (R=?@BL@ C@LKH>@ =E FK> G@A@G@BL@ EJ EF@ '() JG EF=BT KB? =E => EF@ EF=BT JG JCU@LE EFKE => K??G@>>@? EJ EF@ >@B>@> JA EF@ LJHGE5

NF@B DJH EKIV KCJHE JCU@LE @R=?@BL@O EF@ LJHGE => >HPPJ>@ >HPPJ>@? ? EJ H>@ =E> >@B>@>5 ;D =E> ?@A=B=E=JBO JCU@LE> K> @R=?@BL@ K??G@>>@? EJ EF@ >@B>@> JA EF@ LJHGE5 NF@B EF@D KG@ G@I@RKBE EJ EF@ AKLE =B =>>H@O EF@D MKD C@ @YF=C=E@? EJ C@ @YKM=B@? JG R=@Q@? CD EF@ LJHGE5 '@M@MC@G EFKE =E => KI>J LKII@? K> G@KI @R=?@BL@ C@LKH>@ =E FK> G@A@G@BL@ EJ EF@ G@> JG EF@ EF=BTO KB? =E => EF@ EF=BT JG JCU@LE K??G@>>@? EJ EF@ >@B>@> JA EF@ LJHGE5 NF@B Q@ KG@ EKIV=BT KCJHE AJGM> JA @R=?@BL@O EF@G@ => >HLF EF=BT K> F=@GKGLFD JA @R=?@BL@5 )HLF EFKE =B EF@ LK>@ JA @9G719 BH LIK>>=A=@? =BEJd 3H  3H  Actual, physical or “autoptic” evidence: 0FJ>@ QF=LF FKR@ K ?=G@LE G@IKE=JB JG PKGE =B EF@ AKLE JG =BL=?@BE >JHTFE EJ C@ PGJR@B KB? EFJ>@ CGJHTFE EJ EF@ LJHGE AJG P@G>JBKI @YKM=BKE=JB CD EF@ PG@>=?=BT MKT=>EGKE@ MKT=>EGKE@`` KB?  

=H  =H  $96G8JF:5FCB9 9BCD98E9a EFJ>@ QF=LF G@PG@>@BE EF@ KLEHKI JG PFD>=LKI JCU@LE WJG @R@BE =B EF@ LK>@ JA P=LEHG@> JG R=?@J>X C@=BT JAA@G@? EJ >HPPJGE JG ?GKQ KB =BA@G@BL@ JG EJ K=? =B LJMPG@F@B?=BT EF@ R@GCKI E@>E=MJBD JA K Q=EB@>>5  $96G8JF:5FCB9 !BCD98E9   /G @R=?@BL@ =B EF@ AJGM JA JCU@LE> WK> MKP>O ?=KTGKM>O JG MJ?@I>X EFKE FKR@ =B EF@M>@IR@> BJ PGJCKE=R@ RKIH@ CHE => H>@? EJ =IIH>EGKE@ KB? LIKG=AD EF@ AKLEHKI MKEE@G KE =>>H@5 :@MJB>EGKE=R@ @R=?@BL@ K> @R=?@BL@ => BJE PGJF=C=E@?O KIEFJHTF BJE >P@L=A=LKIID M@BE=JB@? =B EF@ 'HI@> JA 3JHGE5  !B KPPG@L=KE=BT ?@MJB>EGKE=R@ @R=?@BL@O EF@ LJHGE ?J@> BJE JBID H>@ =E> f >@B>@>O CHE =E KI>J KPPI=@> =BE@II=T@BL@5 $@KB=BTO =A EF@ LJHGE => =BE@II=T@BE @BJHTFO =E Q=II C@ KCI@ EJ ?GKQ LJBLIH>=JB> JG =BA@G@BL@> AGJM EF@ JCU@LE PG@>@BE@? PG@>@BE@?55 '@M@MC@G KI>JO EFKE EF@ @R=?@BL@ JAA@G@? EF@G@ => BJE EF@ ?@MJB>EGKE=R@ JCU@LEO CHE GKEF@G EF@ E@>E=MJBD EFKE => K=?@? CD EF@ ?@MJB>EGKE=R@ JCU@LE5 :=>E=BLE=JB>d )!-< !"#$!%&! 0KBT=CI@ JCU@LE EFKE PIKD@? >JM@ 5EF051 :G19 =B EF@ MKEE@G EFKE TKR@ G=>@ EJ EF@ I=E=TKE=JB5 W@YKMPI@d THBO VB=A@O ?GHT>O MKGV@? MJB@DX !BE@B?> EJ PGJR@ EFKE EF@ JCU@LE => H>@? =B EF@ HB?@GID=BT @R@BE5

$!.A%*+)-+#"! !"#$!%&! 0KBT=CI@ @R=?@BL@ EFKE 69:912 C110JF:5F9J K MKEE@G JA =MPJGEKBL@ =B EF@ I=E=TKE=JB5

!BE@B?> EJ >FJQ EFKE EF@ ?@MJB>EGKE=R@ JCU@LE AK=GID

W@YKMPI@d !B K MHG?@G LK>@O EF@ MHG?@G Q@KPJBX

(#)*+ !,-. 

c, 

G@PG@>@BE> JG =IIH>EGKE@> QFKE =E => KII@T@? EJ C@ =IIH>EGKE@?5 0J MKV@ EF@ E@>E=MJBD JA EF@ Q=EB@>> MJG@ LJF@G@BE

-0FG7FCE @:GI9:98E9 % R@GD =MPJGEKBE E@GM EFKE DJH B@@? EJ G@M@MC@GO =B K >@B>@ EFKE QF@B Q@ KG@ EKIV=BT KCJHE JCU@LE @R=?@BL@O MHTKQK> MHTKQK> UH? B= >=DK BK E@GM5 This means, in a legal parlance, as a tribunal’s self #P@GL@PE=JBO #P@GL@PE=JBO JG KHEJP>D JA EF@ EF=BT =E>@IA W;KI=BT=E W ;KI=BT=E R5 3/$(2(3X5  3/$(2(3X5  0F=> LJM@> AGJM EF@ 2KE=B QJG?>d KHEJ  p  p >@IA JPE=L  p  p P@GEK=B=BT EJ EF@ @D@>5 That’s why this autoptic preference is related to the term autopsy C@=BT LJB?HLE@?5 0KV@ BJE@ JA EF=> LK>@O

&-@ KE C@BLFO EF@ KHEJPE=L PG@A@G@BL@ LJBEGK?=LE> EF@ E@>E=MJB=KI @R=?@BL@ PGJ?HL@? CD P@E=E=JB@G5 0F@ Q=II KB? =E> LJ?=L=IO HPJB =B>P@LE=JB CD EF@ G@>PJB?@BE LJHGEO >FJQ =B CIKLV KB? QF=E@— QF=E@—JG MJG@ KLLHGKE@IDO =B CIKLV KB? CIH@ – EFKE MJG@ EFKB JB@ P@B QK> H>@? CD EF@ >=TBKEJG=@> EF@G@EJ5 0FH>O =E QK> BJE @GGJB@JH> BJE CK>@I@>> AJG G@>PJB?@BE LJHGE EJ ?=>C@I=@R@

+5 

N@ BJQ Q@BE EJ KB JLHIKG =B>P@LE=JB` EF@ UH?T@ Q@BE EF@G@5 0F@G@ QK> KI>J KB =BE@GPG@E@GO DJH @BE@G DJHG KPP@KGKBL@ UH>E I=V@ =B KBD JEF@G LK>@ =B EF@ IKB? QF=LF QK> >HCU@LE JA EF@ ?=>PHE@5

QK5F DCD FK9 *07:969 &G0:F J52 K9:9S %LLJG?=BT EJ EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGEO MHGKT ?=I= E=BHJ? EFKE EF@ Q=EB@>>@> >=TB@? =B EF@ PG@>@BL@ JA EF@ E@>EKEJG KB? JA JB@ KBJEF@G5 %I>JO =E MKD I@K? =BEJ KB =BA@G@BL@ EFKE EF@ Q=EB@>>@> ?=? BJE >=TB

0F@BO Q@ AJHB? JHE CD M@KB> JA JLHIKG =B>P@LE=JBO EFKE EF@ EG@@> Q@G@ KLEHKIID PIKBE@? JB EF@ IKB? JA MD LI=@BEO P@GJ BKKD =>K VK >KBTK BK B= =BEGH?@ =BEJ EF@ PGJP@GED JA EF@

EF@ Q=II =B JB@ >=BTI@ JLLK>=JB5 0F@G@ Q@G@ >=TBKEHG@> =B CIH@O KB? KI>J =B CIKLV – QF=LF M@KB> Ehat E hat it is not true katong g’ingon sa witnesses na isa lang daw ka pen ilang g’gamit in signing the will KB? LJ?=L=I JA EF@ E@>EKEJG5

PG=RKE@ LJMPIK=BKBE5 )JO =E QK> BJE EGH@ EFKE EF@ MKBTJ@> FKGR@>E@? Q@G@ AGJM EF@ PG=RKE@ LJMPIK=nant’s LJMPIK= nant’s land.  land.  N=EF EFKEO Q@ Q@G@ KCI@ EJ E@II EF@ LJHGEO BK VHBT BKK MKD BK C@IJBT VKD PG=RKE@ LJMPIK=BKBEO QK> VKEJBT =>K IKBT VK >KBTK BK BKK >K CJHB?KGD I=B@ JA MD LI=@BE KB? EF@ PG=RKE@ LJMPIK=BKBE5

0F@ 3JHGE Q@BE AHGEF@G >K=?O EFKE K P@G>JB => JA >MKII F@=TFE JG => JA ?KGV LJMPI@Y=JB` K> EJ >HLF MKEE@G>O EF@ P@GL@PE=JB CD EF@ EG=CHBKI EFKE EF@ P@G>JB => >MKII JG IKGT@O JG EFKE F@ FK> K ?KGV JG I=TFE LJMPI@Y=JBO => K MJ?@ JA KL[H=G=BT C@I=@A QF=LF => =B?@P@B?@BE JA =BA@G@BL@ AGJM @=EF@G E@>E=MJB=KI JG L=GLHM>EKBE=KI @R=?@BL@5 !E => EF@ tribunal’s self ##P@GL@PE=JBO P@GL@PE=JBO JG KHEJP>DO JA EF@ EF=BT =E>@IA5 .GJM EF@ PJ=BE JA R=@Q JA EF@ I=E=TKBE PKGED AHGB=>F=BT EF=> >JHGL@ JA C@I=@AO =E MKD C@ E@GM@? %HEJPE=L 8GJA@G@BL@5

0KV@ BJE@ EFKE KB JLHIKG =B>P@LE=JB LJB?HLE@? CD EF@  UH?T@ JG LJHGE Q=EFJHE EF@ PG@>@BL@ JA EF@ PKGE=@> JG Q=EFJHE ?H@ BJE=L@ => BJE RKI=?O K> KB JLHIKG =B>P@LE=JB => PKGE JA EF@ EG=KI5 %E EFKE E=M@O Q@ G@KIID @BE@G@? JHG KPP@KGKBL@ =B EF@ ?=>PHE@? PGJP@GED5 !E QK> K> =A EF@ LJHGE QK> MJR@? JHE>=?@

0F@ LK>@ KE C@BLFO KLLJG?=BT EJ EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE LI@KGID >FJQB

-5 

0FKE QF=LF LJB>=>E> =B EF@ !,T#V#+#A% G: @)A$;&+#A% JA EF@ JCU@LE =B>=?@ EF@ LJHGEGJJM – (YKMPI@d JCU@LE> JA EF@ LG=M@O M@KB> EJ P@GP@EGKE@ EF@ LG=M@O MHG?@G Q@KPJB` 0F=> M@KB> EFKE DJH KG@ PFD>=LKIID CG=BT=BT JCU@LE evidence inside the courtroom for the court’s observation KB? P@GH>KI5 2=V@O JCU@LE JA EF@ LG=M@O MTK BKVKQKE BK BK G@LJR@G5 )JO EF@>@ KG@ CGJHTFE EJ EF@ LJHGE KB? =?@BE=A=@? CD K Q=EB@>>5

0FKE QF=LF LJB>=>E> =B EF@ #%*@!&+#A% JA EF@ JCU@LE JHE>=?@ EF@ LJHGEGJJM –  (YKMPI@>d JLHIKG =B>P@LE=JB =B K CJHB?KGD ?=>PHE@ JG JLHIKG =B>P@LE=JB JA K LG=M@ >L@B@`

EF@AE5 $D LI=@BE => EF@ KLLH>@?5 $D LI=@BE => KLEHKIID FKGR@>E=BT MKBTJ@> AGJM K AKGMIKB?5 0F@ LJBE@BE=JB JA EF@ PG=RKE@ LJMPIK=BKBE QK> EFKE EF@ MKBTJ@> FKGR@>E@? CD MD LI=@BE VKD VKQKE AGJM EF@ IKB? JA EF@ LJMPIK=BKBE5 My client’s defense was thatO that O F@ FKGR@>E@? EF@ MKBTJ@> AGJM EF@=G JQB IKB?5

$CJE0JJCG8a !B MKV=BT K BJEKG=KI Q=IIO Q@ KII K II VBJQ EFKE EF@ Q=EB@>>@> >FJHI? >=TB =B EF@ PG@>@BL@ JA EF@ E@>EKEJG KB? JA JB@ KBJEF@G5 !B EF=> LK>@ JA 3KI?@O EF@ Q=EB@>>@> E@>E=A=@? EFKE EF@G@ => JBID - P@B H>@? =B >=TB=BT JA EF@ Q=II5 1JQ@R@GO EF@ LJHGE BJE@? F@G@ EFKE EF@G@ Q@G@ KLEHKIID + P@B> H>@? =B EF@ >=TB=BT JA EF@ Q=IIO CIKLV KB? CIH@5

&L@B@ JA EF@ LG=M@ QK> K PK=G JA K CIJJ?D TIJR@>O QF=LF EF@ PGJ>@LHE=JB LJBE@B?@? C@IJBT@? EJ /6 )=MP>JB5 !B JG?@G EJ =MPG@>> =B EF@ M=B? JA EF@ UHGDO EFKE /6 )=MP>JB => EF@ P@GP@EGKEJGO EF@ %>>=>EKBE :=>EG=LE %EEJGB@D 3FG=>EJPF@G :KG?@B EG=@? EJ PHII JAA K TKMC=E5 0F@ PGJ>@LHE=JB QKBE@? EJ I@KR@ KB =MKT@ >K  UHGD EFKE =E QK> KLEHKIID )=MP>JB LJMM=EE@? EF@ LG=M@O =A MKV=EK >K UHGD BK BKT >HJE >=DK HT PK=G JA EF@ TIJR@>5 Unfortunately for the prosecution, the gloves didn’t fit. In JEF@G QJG?>O ?=I= >=THGJ >=DK KBT JQB@G JA EF@ CIJJ?D TIJR@>O KB? EFKE QK> @BJHTF G@K>JBKCI@ ?JHCE EJ KL[H=E5 K L[H=E5

/012 == @5:F = 4 -E9B9DG If the gloves don’t fit, you must acquiF ;@LKH>@ EF@ TIJR@> ?=? BJE A=E F@G@O EF@ UHGD KLEHKIID KL[H=EE@? /565 )=MP>JB5 1@ KLEHKIID TJE KQKD Q=EF MHG?@G =A F@ G@KIID LJMM=EE@? EF@ MHG?@G JA &=LJI@ ;GJQB )=MP>JB KB? 'JB L@B@ G@@BKLEM@BE5 +X  !B K LG=M@ JA MHG?@GO QF@G@ EF@ KLLH>@? LJBE@B?> EFKE EF@ KII@T@? MHG?@G Q@KPJB G@EG=@R@? AGJM F=> P@G>JB => ?@A@LE=R@ gM@KB=BTO =E => THB P@GJ ?= >=DK BKTKCHEJO =E LJHI? BJE C@ EF@ MHG?@G H>@? EJ V=II EF@ R=LE=M =B EF@ MHG?@G

!d56719H 0F@G@ => KB @YLIH>=JBKGD GHI@ EFKE QJHI? BJE FKR@ =E K?M=EE@?O EF@ LJHGE Q=II KI>J BJE K?M=E =E5 0FH>O =A KB JCU@LE => @YLIH?@? CD EF@ IKQ JG EF@ GHI@>O EF@ JCU@LE => =BK?M=>>=CI@5 %HEJPE=L PG@A@G@BL@ MH>E KI>J C@ G@I@RKBE KB? =E => G@I@RKBE JBID =A =E MKV@> K AKLE JA LJB>@[H@BL@ MJG@ JG I@>> PGJCKCI@ EFKB =B EF@ KC>@BL@ K C>@BL@ JA >HLF KHEJPE=L PG@A@G@BL@5

%GF9a /CU@LE @R=?@BL@ =B =E>@IA ?J@> BJE @>EKCI=>F EF@ AKLEHM PGJCKB?HM5 0F@G@ => BJ AKLEHM PGJCKB?HM PGJRKCI@ >JI@ID CD JCU@LE @R=?@BL@5 0F=> M@KB> EFKEO EF@G@ => K B@@? AJG E@>E=MJB=KI >PJB>JG>F= >PJB>JG>F=P5 P5 !B EF@ LK>@ JA 8@JPI@ R5 /IKGE@O EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE >K=? EFKE Q=EF G@>P@LE EJ JCU@LE @R=?@BL@O =E FK> EJ C@ KHEF@BE=LKE@? =B EF@ >@B>@ EFKE EF@G@ FK> EJ FKR@ E@>E=MJB=KI >PJB>JG>F=P5 )JM@JB@ >FJHI? =?@BE=ADO KHEF@BE=LKE@ EF@ JCU@LE =B EF@ LJHGEGJJM5

=^ =^   V! -;+T!%+#&-+!$h .958C8O GI -0FK98FCE5FCG8 %HEF@BE=LKE=JB >=MPID M@KB> EFKE EF@ T@BH=B@B@>> JA EF@ JCU@LE MH>E C@ PGJR@B5

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% >HC?=R >HC?=R=?@? =?@? =BEJ EFG@@ LKE@TJG=@>d -5  4B=[H@ JCU@LE> JG EFJ>@ EFKE FKR@ G@K?=ID =?@BE=A=KCI@ MKGV>` +5  /CU@LE MK?@ HB=[H@ JG EFJ>@ EFKE KG@ MK?@ G@K?=ID =?@BE=A=KCI@`` KB? =?@BE=A=KCI@ ]5 

(#)*+ !,-. 

cf 

@0:7GJ9J GI 9JF5L1CJKC8O 5 EK5C8 GI E0JFGD2 -5  0J THKGKBED EF@ =BE@TG=ED JA EF@ PFD>=LKI @R=?@BL@` KB? +5  0J PG@R@BE EF@ =BEGJ?HLE=JB JA @R=?@BL@ QF=LF => BJE KHEF@BE=L5

&JB#HB=[H@ &JB#HB=[ H@ JCU@LE> JG EFJ>@ Q=EF BJ =?@BE=AD=BT MKGV>5

&JB#HB=[H@ JCU@LE> >HLF K> BKGLJE=L >HC>EKBL@>O =B?H>EG=KI LF@M=LKI>O KB? CJ?D AIH=?> LKBBJE C@ ?=>E=BTH=>F@? KB? KG@ BJE G@K?=ID =?@BE=A=KCI@`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

&-+!?A)#!* A( AV/!&+ !"#$!%&! ](G: 70:7GJ9J GI 50FK98FCE5FCG8^ ;8CR09 GLN9EFJ –  K5  %IG@K?D 9dKCLCF CD98FCIC5L19 BCJ051 G: 7K2JCE51 79E01C5:CFC9J   >HLF K> PKGE=LHIKG PK=BE UJC JG KB KLL=?@BEKI >LGKELFO ?@BEO LHEO LF=PO ?=>A=THG@M@BE ?=>A=THG@M@BE JG >EK=B WJCU@LE> MK?@ HB=[H@X5 C5  1KR@ 5 :95DC12 DCJFC8O0CJK5L19 65:`  >HLF   >HLF K> K HB=E#>P@L=A=L >@G=KI BHMC@G =B LK>@ JA KB =B?H>EG=KIID MKBHAKLEHG@? =E@M WHB=[H@ JCU@LE> P@G >@X5

NF@B DJH LJMPKG@ GLN9EFJ 65D9 08CR09 Q=EF 08CR09 GLN9EFJ 79: J9O EF@ AJGM@G C@LKM@ HB=[H@ C@LKH>@ JA L@GEK=B P@LHI=KG=E=@>5

%G8[08CR09 GLN9EFJ –  0FJ>@ QF=LF FKR@ BJ =?@BE=AD=BT MKGV> KB? LKBBJE C@ MKGV@? W@5T5 AJJEPG=BE> I@AE KE K LG=M@ >L@B@X

M^ M^   %A+ V! T!-)*-Uh 0F@ JB@ QFJ >FJHI? E@>E=AD KCJHE EF@ JCU@LE @R=?@BL@ => >JM@CJ?D QFJ FK> K P@G>JBKI VBJQI@?T@ JA EF@ JCU@LE =E>@IA 5  

P^ P^   %A+ V! @)#"# BJE @YLIH?@? CD EF@ IKQ JG EF@ GHI@>O =E LKB C@ K?M=EE@? =BEJ @R=?@BL@5 !d56719Ja   N=G@EKPP@? G@LJG?=BT PGJPJ>@? EJ C@ PIKD@? =B LJHGEO exhibition of a private video which might offend a person’s G=TFE EJ PG=RKLDO AGH=E JA EF@ PJ=>JBJH> EG@@5

)#?T+ -?-#%*+ *!KMPI@> EKV@B AGJM EF@ %LLH>@? R=JIKE@ F=> G=TFE EJ G@MK=B >=I@BE KB? F=> G=TFE K KTK=B>E TK=B>E >@IA#=BLG=M=BKE=JBZ

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

&K5C8 GI &0JFGD2 !E => B@L@>>KGD EJ @>EKCI=>F LFK=B JA LH>EJ?D QF@B EF@ JCU@LE @R=?@BL@ => BJB#HB=[H@ K> =E => BJE G@K?=ID =?@BE=A=KCI@O QK> BJE MK?@ =?@BE=A=KCI@ JG LKBBJE C@ MK?@ =?@BE=A=KCI@O @5T5 ?GJP> JA CIJJ? JG J=IO ?GHT> =B PJQ?@G AJGMO A=C@GO TGK=B> JA >KB? KB? >=M=IKG JCU@LE>5 0F@ JBH> => HPJB EF@ JAA=L@G QFJ G@EG=@R@? JG LJBA=>LKE@? EF=> BJB#HB=[H@ JCU@LE5

0F=> LK>@ => R@GD =MPJGEKBE >=BL@ EF=> => EF@ LK>@ QF@G@ EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE F@I? EFKE LJMPHI>JGD :&% E@>E=BT => KIIJQ@? KB? =B 1@G@GK R>5 %ICKO EF@ )3 KI>J PKR@? EF@ QKD AJG LJMPHI>JGD :&% E@>E=BT =B L=R=I LK>@>5 T58DZ:CFC8OS _a &58 5 79:JG8 L9 EG679119D FG 7:GD0E9 5 J56719 GI KCJ K58DZ:CFC8O 5J L5JCJ IG: D9F9:6C8C8O KCJ E:C6C851 1C5LC1CF2 5J FK9 50FKG: GI 5 E9:F5C8 DGE0698FS

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% G@[H=G@M@BE CJ IG: D:0OJ E5J9J G8125 .JG THB>O AJG @YKMPI@O EF@G@ => BJ G@[H=G@M@BE EFKE EF@G@ >FJHI? C@ K G@PG@>@BEKE=R@ AGJM M@?=KO KB? EF@ :@PKGEM@BE JA 6H>E=L@O KB? @I@LE@? PHCI=L JAA=L=KI5

LFK=B >EKGE=BT AGJM EF@ EHGBJR@G CD EF@ KLLH>@? EJ EF@ =BR@>E=TKEJG KB? AGJM EF@ IKEE@G EJ EF@ AJG@B>=L LF@M=>E5 %L[H=EE@? KBT KLLH>@?   C@LKH>@ EF@G@ QK> BJ @YPIKBKE=JB QFD EF@D ?@R=KE@? AGJM EF@ H>HKI LFK=B JA LH>EJ?D G@[H=G@M@BE>5

%B? )@LE=JB +- QK> >HPPJ>@? EJ KB>Q@G EF@ LKII AJG MJG@

)- b3YW QK> KM@B?@? CD )- 3\YP\H !E >=MPID I@T=>IKE@> EF@ >KR=BT

KLLJHBEKC=I=ED JB EF@ PKGE JA EF@ 8:(% JG PJI=L@ JAA=L@G> LJB?HLE=BT CHD#CH>E JP@GKE=JB> VKD VHBJO =BTJB B=IKO PIKBE@? ?KQ5 :KTFKB VKKDJ MTK ?@A@B>@ BK PIKBE@? IKBT KBT ?GHT>5 (R@GDCJ?D Q=II >KD EFKE =E => PIKBE@?5 8KG@FKT ?@A@B>@ EKBKB FKIJ>5

LIKH>@ >EKE@? CD EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE5

_a QK5F ZG01D L9 FK9 9II9EF 8GZ CI FKCJ &K5C8 GI &0JFGD2 C8 *9EFCG8 =3 CJ 8GF IG11GZ9D JF:CEF12S What’s the effect of lapses of &K5C8 GI &0JFGD2S !B @9G719 BJH !0O98CGO =E> BJB#LJMPI=KBL@ Q=II BJE G@B?@G EF@ KGG@>E =II@TKI JG EF@ =E@M >@=a@? JG LJBA=>LKE@? AGJM F=M =BK?M=>>=CI@5 )JO =E ?J@> BJE KAA@LE K?M=>>=C=I=ED JA EF@ >@=a@? ?GHT>5 NFKE => JA HEMJ>E =MPJGEKBL@ => EF@ PG@>@GRKE=JB JA EF@ =BE@TG=ED KB? EF@ @R=?@BE=KGD RKIH@ JA EF@ >@=a@? =E@M> K> EF@ >KM@ QJHI? C@ HE=I=a@? =B EF@ ?@E@GM=BKE=JB JA TH=IE JG =BBJL@BL@ JA EF@ KLLH>@?5 !B @9G719 BJH .5E5FC8O5OO EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE >K=? F@G@ EFKE =A EF@G@ => BJB#LJMPI=KBL@ JA )@LE=JB +-O EF@ PGJCI@M => BJE K?M=>>=C=I=ED CHE M@G@ID Q@=TFE# EF@ @R=?@BE=KGD M@G=E JG PGJCKE=R@ RKIH@# EJ C@ T=R@B EF@ @R=?@BL@5 0F@ Q@=TFE EJ C@ T=R@B CD EF@ LJHGE> JB >K=? @R=?@BL@ ?@P@B?> JB EF@ L=GLHM>EKBL@> JCEK=B=BT =B @KLF LK>@5 )JO EF@ LJHGE FK> KIQKD> C@@B LJB>=>E@BE F@G@5 $=BJG IKP>@> CK>EK MK#@YPIK=B IKBT >DK  BTKBJ BKD =BTKBK BTK IKP>@O =E ?J@> BJE KAA@LE EF@ K?M=>>=C=I=ED JA EF@ @R=?@BL@5 )JO =B @9G719 BJH -16G:I9O K ?=AA@G@BE GHI=BT QK> G@KLF@? CD EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE5 )J F@G@O KAE@G K CHD#CH> CHD#CH>EE JP@GKE=JBO EF@ ?GHT> =B EF@ PJ>>@>>=JB JA EF@ KLLH>@? Q@G@ >@=a@?5 1JQ@R@GO EF@ ?GHT> Q@G@ BJE PFD>=LKIID =BR@BEJG=@? KB? PFJEJTGKPF@? =B EF@ PG@>@BL@ JA EF@ KLLH>@?5 0F@ KLLH>@? Q@G@ IKE@G JB LJBR=LE@?5 0F@ =>>H@ => QF@EF@G EF@ ?GHT> KG@ K?M=>>=CI@5 0F@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE >K=?O KB@BE EF@ BJB# LJMPI=KBL@ Q=EF EF@ =BR@BEJGD KB? PFJEJTGKPF=L G@[H=G@M@BEO EF@ >KM@ ?J@> BJE B@L@>>KG=ID G@B?@G RJ=? KB? =BRKI=? EF@ >@=aHG@ JA EF@ ?KBT@GJH> ?GHT>5 0F@G@ MH>EO FJQ@R@GO C@ UH>E=A=KCI@ TGJHB?> EJ QKGGKBE @YL@PE=JB EF@G@AGJMO KB? PGJR=?@? EFKE EF@ =BE@TG=ED KB? @R=?@BE=KGD RKIH@ JA EF@ >@=a@? =E@M> KG@ PGJP@GID PG@>@GR@?5 )JO KLLJG?=BT EJ EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGEO AJG EF@ >KR=BT LIKH>@ EJ KPPIDO =E => =MPJGEKBE EFKE EF@ PGJ>@LHE=JB >FJHI? @YPIK=B EF@ G@K>JB> C@F=B? EF@ PGJL@?HGKI IKP>@> KB? EFKE EF@ =BE@TG=ED KB? RKIH@ JA EF@ >@=a@? @R=?@BL@ FK? C@@B PG@>@GR@?5 )JO EF@G@ MH>E C@ @YPIKBKE=JB =A there’s a deviation from the usual chain of custody procedu procedure, re, ?KPKE =@YPIK=B VKB=BT MTK IKP>@> 5 %B? EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE EJJV UH?=L=KI BJE=L@ JA EF@ AKLE EFKE QF=I@ K PG@A@LE LFK=B JA LH>EJ?D => =MPJ>>=CI@ EJ KLF=@R@O KB HBCGJV HBCGJV@B @B LFK=B C@LJM@> =B?=>P@B>KC =B?=>P@B>KCI@ I@ KB? @>>@BE=KI =B EF@ PGJ>@LHE=JB JA ?GHT LK>@> JQ=BT EJ =E> >H>L@PE=C=I=ED EJ KIE@GKE=JBO EKMP@G=BTO LJBEKM=BKE=JBO KB? @R@B >HC>E=EHE=JB KB? @YLFKBT@5 1@BL@O @R@GD I=BV JA EF@ LFK=B MH>E C@ KLLJHBE@? AJG5 1@G@O >=BL@ EF@ PGJ>@LHE=JB AK=I@? EJ KLLJHBE AJG @R@GD I=BV JB EF@

“(1) The apprehending team having initial custody and EG8F:G1 GI FK9 D58O9:G0J D:0OJX EG8F:G119D 7:9E0:JG:J 58D 9JJ98FC51 EK96CE51JX C8JF:0698FJn75:57K9:851C5 58DnG: 15LG:5FG:2 9R0C7698F JK511X C669DC5F912 5IF9: J9Cg0:9 58D EG8ICJE5FCG8X EG8D0EF 5 7K2JCE51 C8B98FG:2 GI FK9 J9Cg9D CF96J 58D 7KGFGO:57K FK9 J569 C8 FK9 7:9J98E9 GI FK9 5EE0J9D G: FK9 79:JG8nJ I:G6 ZKG6 J0EK CF96J Z9:9 EG8ICJE5F9D 58DnG: J9Cg9DX G: KCJnK9: :97:9J98F5FCB9 G: EG08J91X ZCFK 58 919EF9D 70L1CE GIICEC51 58D 5 :97:9J98F5FCB9 GI FK9 %5FCG851 @:GJ9E0FCG8 *9:BCE9 G: FK9 69DC5 ZKG JK511 L9 :9R0C:9D FG JCO8 FK9 EG7C9J GI FK9 C8B98FG:2 58D L9 OCB98 5 EG72 FK9:9GIa @:GBCD9DX +K5F FK9 7K2JCE51 C8B98FG:2 58D  7KGFGO:57K  7KGFGO:57 K JK511 L9 EG8D0EF9 EG8D0EF9D D 5F FK9 715E9 ZK9:9 FK9 J95:EK Z5::58F CJ J9:B9Dh G: 5F FK9 895:9JF 7G1CE9 JF5FCG8 G: 5F FK9 895:9JF GIICE9 GI FK9 577:9K98DC8O GIICE9:nF956X ZKCEK9B9: CJ 7:5EFCE5L19X C8 E5J9 GI Z5::58F19JJ J9Cg0:9Ja @:GBCD9DX IC85112X +K5F 8G8EG671C58E9 GI FK9J9 :9R0C:9698FJ 08D9: N0JFCIC5L19 O:G08DJX 5J 1G8O 5J FK9 C8F9O:CF2 58D FK9 9BCD98FC5:2 B5109 GI FK9 J9Cg9D CF96J 5:9  7:G79:12 7:9J9:B9 7:9J9:B9D D L2 FK9 577:9K9 577:9K98DC8O 8DC8O GIICE9:nF95 GIICE9:nF956X 6X JK511 8GF :98D9: BGCD 58D C8B51CD J0EK J9Cg0:9J 58D E0JFGD2 GB9: J5CD CF96JH Now, here’s an interesting case also# also # EF@ LK>@ JA @9G719 BJH "C115:F5H  )JO QFKE FKPP@B@? F@G@Z %AE@G K CHD#CH>E JP@GKE=JBO EF@ KGG@>E=BT JAA=L@G >@=a@? EF@ =II@TKI ?GHT> AGJM EF@ KLLH>@? KE EF@ IJLH> LGM=B=>   JG EF@ >L@B@ JA EF@ LG=M@ KB? ?=? BJE MKGV EF@M =MM@?=KE@ID CHE MKGV@? EF@ >KM@ JBID KAE@G F@ TJE EJ EF@ PJI=L@ >EKE=JB5 1@ 1 @ E@>E=A=@? EFKE F@ AJGTJE EJ CG=BT K MKGV=BT P@B KE EF@ PIKL@ JA KGG@>E KB? >@=aHG@5 )FJHI? F@ C@ KL[H=EE@?Z %LLJG?=BT EJ EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGEO EF@ KLLH>@? >FJHI? C@ KL[H=EE@?5 := IKBT B= >=DK CK>EK TKP =B EF@ LFK=B JA LH>EJ?D 5 LH>EJ?D 5 !E => K TKP =B EF@ R@GD A=G>E I=BV JA EF@ LFK=B5 $KGV=BT KAE@G >@=aHG@ => EF@ >EKGE=BT PJ=BE =B EF@ LH>EJ?=KI L H>EJ?=KI I=BV5 $KGV=BT => =MPJGEKBE C@LKH>@d -5  )HLL@@?=BT FKB?I@G> JA EF@ >P@L=M@B Q=II H>@ EF@ MKGV=BT> K> G@A@G@BL@5 +5  $KGV=BT >@GR@> EJ >@PKGKE@ EF@ MKGV@? @R=?@BL@ AGJM EF@ LJGPH> JA KII JEF@G >=M=IKG JG G@IKE@? @R=?@BL@ AGJM EF@ E=M@ EF@D KG@ >@=a@? AGJM EF@ KLLH>@? HBE=I EF@D KG@ ?=>PJ>@? JA KE EF@ @B? JA EF@ LG=M=BKI PGJL@@?=BT>O JCR=KE=BT >Q=ELF=BTO ‘planting,’ or contamination of evidence. evidence.  

_a #J CF 5 7:GE9D0:51 65FF9: G: 5 J0LJF58FCB9 65FF9:  WLJB>=?@G=BT EFKE EF@ LFK=B JA LH>EJ?D G@[H=G@M@BE> KG@ PGJR=?@? CD >EKEHE@ JG >HC>EKBE=R@ IKQO '% ^-bf K> KM@B?@? CD '% -,bc,XZ

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% K> @R=?@BL@ LJB>=>E JA QG=E=BT JG KBD MKE@G=KI LJBEK=B=BT I@EE@G>O QJG?>O BHMC@G>O A=THG@>O >DMCJI> JG JEF@G MJ?@> JA QG=EE@B @YPG@>>=JB JAA@G@? K> PGJJA JA EF@=G LJBE@BE>5

_a (G: 9d56719X 2G0 K5B9 5 EK9E`X CJ FK9:9 582 JCF05FCG8 ZK98 5 L158` EK9E` E58 L9 7:9J98F9D C8FG 9BCD98E9S %d !E LKB C@ >HCU@LE JA EF@AE5 _a V0F C8 FK5F JCF05FCG8X ZC11 2G0 EG8JCD9: CF 5J 58 GLN9EF G: 5 DGE0698FS %d %> KB JCU@LE C@LKH>@ DJH KG@ BJE LJBL@GB@? KCJHE EF@ QG=E=BT> JB EF@ LF@LVO CHE EF@ LF@LV =E>@IA5 !B EF=> =B>EKBL@O Q@ KG@ EKIV=BT KCJHE EF@ LF@LV K> KB JCU@LE KB? BJE K> K MJ?@ JA QG=EE@B @YPG@>>=JB JAA@G@? K> PGJJA JA =E> LJBE@BE>5

)=Gd 8Q@?@ KBT FHMKB CJ?D C@LKH>@ =E LKB C@ >HCU@LE JA KHEJPE=L PGJA@GG@BL@5

_a QK5F 5LG0F 5 EK9E` FK5F CJ IC119D 07S

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%E =B EF@ >=MPI=>E=L QKD EFKE =E QK> ?@A=B@? PG=JG EJ EF@ KM@B?M@BE> =B EF@ 'HI@>O KBT MTK =MPJGEKBE@ BTK LJBL@PE> ?=G= VKDd

*9EFCG8 =H $GE0698F5:2 9BCD98E9H –   :JLHM@BE> K> @R=?@BL@ LJB>=>E JA QG=E=BT>O G@LJG?=BT>O PFJEJTGKPF> JG KBD MKE@G=KI LJBEK=B=BT I@EE@G>O QJG?>O >JHB?>O BHMC@G>O A=THG@>O >DMCJI>O JG

3H  3H  #F CJ 5 6GD9 GI Z:CFF98 9d7:9JJCG8 $@KB=BTO =E =BRJIR@> K ?@I=C@GKE@ =BE@BE EJ LJBR@D =BAJGMKE=JB5

EF@=G @[H=RKI@BEO JG JEF@G MJ?@> JA QG=EE@B @YPG@>>=JB JAA@G@? K> PGJJA JA EF@=G LJBE@BE>5 8FJEJTGKPF> =BLIH?@ >E=II P=LEHG@>O ?GKQ=BT>O >EJG@? =MKT@>O Y#GKD A=IM>O MJE=JB P=LEHG@> JG R=?@J>5

+5 

#F JKG01D L9 GII9:9D 5J 7:GGI GI FK9C: EG8F98FJ ;@LKH>@ =A EF@ PKP@GO AJG @YKMPI@ EF@ LF@LVO => JAA@G@? BJE K> PGJJA JA =E> LJBE@BE> CHE GKEF@G K> PGJJA EFKE =E >=MPID @Y=>E>O EF@B ?=I= >DK ?JLHM@BEKGD @R=?@BL@O CHE >FJHI? C@ PGJP@GID KPPG@L=KE@? K> JCU@LE @R=?@BL@5

ALN9EF !BCD98E9 %??G@>>@? EJ EF@ >@B>@> JA EF@ LJHGE5 /AA@G@? K> PGJJA JA =E> PFD>=LKI

$GE0698F5:2 !BCD98E9 %??G@>>@? EJ EF@ =BE@II=T@BL@ JA EF@ LJHGE5 /AA@G@? K> PGJJA JA =E>

LFKGKLE@G=>E=L>5 8HE= CK KBT PKP@IO T=>=#T=>= BK CK >DK (YF=C=E@? EJO @YKM=B@? JG R=@Q@? CDO EF@ LJHGE5 %B JCU@LE => BJE B@L@>>KG=ID BJB#papyric. BJB# papyric. A “document” can C@ EG@KE@? K> KB JCU@LE5

LJBE@BE>5

'@K? KB? LJB>EGH@? CD EF@ LJHGE5 % ?JLHM@BE => BJE B@L@>>KG=ID paper. An “object” can be EG@KE@? K> K ?JLHM@BE5

!d56719H  % L@GKM=L E=I@ => KB JCU@LE5 1JQ@R@GO =A DJH IJJV LIJ>@IDO there are writings in this tile, “hey x, you sh*thead, for the LGKPPD >@GR=L@> DJH G@B?@G@?O ! promise to pay 500 pesos” KB? >=TB@? CD EF@ P@G>JB QFJ QGJE@ =E5 &JQO =E C@LJM@> K >JHGL@ JA G=TFE> KB? JCI= JCI=TKE=JB>5 TKE=JB>5 It doesn’t necessarily mean that if something is in paper, it => B@L@>>KG=ID ?JLHM@BEKGD @R=?@BL@ JG =A >JM@EF=BT => BJB#PKPDG=LO =E => B@L@>>KG=ID JCU@LE @R=?@BL@5

_a QK2 CJ CF C67G:F58F FG DCJFC8O0CJK DGE0698FJ I:G6 GLN9EFJS %d !E => =MPJGEKBE C@LKH>@ ?=AA@G@BE GHI@> KPPID5 (YKMPI@> JA >HLF GHI@> KG@d   V!*+ !"#$!%&! ); EJ ?JLHM@BE> JBID   &T-#% A( &;*+A$U )!_;#)!.!%+O QF=LF KPPID EJ JCU@LE>   .-%%!) A( -;+T!%+#&-+#A%O QF=LF KG@ ?=AA@G@BE AJG JCU@LE> KB? ?JLHM@BE>5 .JG ?JLHM@BE>O Q@ KPPID 'HI@ -]+5 .JG JCU@LE>O Q@ KPPID UHG=>PGH?@BL@5 





Now let’s go to this very weird rule. Weird because somehow, it @YPKB?> EF@ ?@A=B=E=JB JA QFKE LJB>=>E> ?JLHM@BEKGD @R=?@BL@5

0F@ LHGG@BE ?@A=B=E=JB JA ?JLHM@BEKGD @R=?@BL@O CD =BLIH?=BT PFJEJTGKPF> WQF=LF @BLJMPK>> >E=II P=LEHG@>O ?GKQ=BT>O >EJG@? =MKT@>O Y#GKD A=IM>O MJE=JB P=LEHG@> JG R=?@J>X G@LJG?=BT> KB? @R@B >JHB?>O FK> CIHGG@? EF@ ?=>E=BLE=JB> C@EQ@@B JCU@LE> KB? ?JLHM@BE> K> @R=?@BL@5

Q)#+#%?*X )!&A)$#%?*X @TA+A?)-@T* &JE@ EFKE HB?@G EF@ LHGG@BE ?@A=B=E=JBO =B K??=E=JB EJ QG=E=BT>O G@LJG?=BT> KB? PFJEJTGKPF> LKB BJQ C@ LJB>=?@G@? K> ?JLHM@BE>5 )9EG:DC8O !A K ?@CEJGO AJG @YKMPI@O K?M=E> =B K G@LJG?=BT EFKE F@ => =B?@CE@? EJ EF@ LG@?=EJGO EF@ LG@?=EJG MKD EF@B H>@ EF@ MKE@G=KI LJBEK=B=BT >HLF K?M=>>=JB K> @R=?@BL@ EJ PGJR@ F=> LKH>@ JA KLE=JB KTK=B>E EF@ ?@CEJG5 )JO EF@ G@LJG?=BT >@GR@> KB @R=?@BE=KGD PHGPJ>@5 But, in the context of Section 2, is this a “mode of written expression”?  ;@LKH>@ KE EF@ >=MPI@>E AJGMO ?JLHM@BEKGD @R=?@BL@ => >=MPID K MJ?@ JA QG=EE@B @YPG@>>=JBO JAA@G@? K> PGJJA JA =E> LJBE@BE>5 )J QF@B DJH G@LJG? >JM@EF=BTO !> =E QG=EE@BZ That’s the question that I pose to all of you. Just think KCJHE =E AJG BJQ5

_a #8 FK9 E5J9 GI +G::51L5 BJH @9G719X DG 2G0 :9E511 CI FK9 F579 :9EG:DC8O Z5J GII9:9D 5J DGE0698F5:2 9BCD98E9S %d !E QK> JAA@G@? K> KB JCU@LE @R=?@BL@5 _a +G ZK5F J98J9 GI EG0:F Z5J CF 7:9J98F9DS %d )@B>@ JA F@KG=BT5 @ JA 0JGGKICK R>5 8@JPI@O R@GD LI@KGID =E QK> JAA@G@? K> KB JCU@LE @R=?@BL@ KIEFJHTF EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE ?=? BJE MKV@ K LKE@TJG=LKI KBBJHBL@M@BE K> EJ EF@ EDP@ JA @R=?@BL@ EFKE QK> PG@>@BE@?5

_a QG01D 2G0 5O:99 ZCFK 69 FK5F FK9 F579 :9EG:DC8O Z5J 8GF 5 Z:CFF98 9d7:9JJCG8S %d &JE CD =E> BKEHG@5 0F=> QK> KB JGKI @YPG@>>=JB QF=LF QK> G@LJG?@? CD M@KB> JA K G@LJG?=BT ?@R=L@5 @KGFGO:57KJ   Now, let’s go to photographs. Originally, when we talked KCJHE JCU@LE @R=?@BL@O EFKE EF@G@ => K MKBB@G JA

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% K > JCU@LE @R=?@BL@ K??G@>>@? EJ EF@ >@B>@> JA EF@ LJHGE5   1JQ LKB MJE=JB P=LEHG@ JG R=?@J C@ LJB>=?@G@? K> K ?JLHM@ ?JLHM@BEZ BEZ !> =E K MJ?@ JA QG=EE@B @YPG@>>=JB @YPG@>>=JBZZ 

3JMM@BE> JB EF@ KM@B?M@BEd ! QKBE DJH EJ PKD PKGE=LHIKG KEE@BE=JB EJ EF=>5 0KV@ BJE@ EFKE EF@ >JHGL@ JA QG=E=BT>O G@LJG?=BT> KB? PFJEJTG PFJEJTGKPF> KPF> C@=BT LJB>=?@G@? K> ?JLHM@BEKGD @R=?@BL@ =B EF@ 8F=I=PP=B@ LJBE@YE => 'HI@ -,,- JA %GE=LI@ k JA EF@ .@?@GKI 'HI@> JA (R=?@BL@O QF@G@ =E ?@A=B@> QFKE QG=E=BT>O G@LJG?=BT> KB? PFJEJTGKP PFJEJTGKPF> F> KG@d





!d56719H 2et’s go to a footage of a CCTV camera. You can see that in the video, there’s a time and date. So, the time stamp and the date HB?@G EF@ E=M@ >EKMPO QFKE => EFKEZ 0FKE LKB C@ LJB>=?@G@? K> K ?JLHM@BE C@LKH>@ =E => K MJ?@ JA QG=EE@B @YPG@>>=JB E@B?=BT EJ PGJR@ EFKE KB @R@BE FKPP@B@? KE K PKGE=LHIKG E=M@ KB? ?KE@5 q)=G PIKD> EF@ 8=BJD %VJ KB? 3FKB?@I=@G> >JBT NFKE =A EF@ CKB? QFJ LJMPJ>@? EF@ 3FKB?@I=@G> >JBT BJE=L@? EFKE /GKBT@ KB? 2@MJB> QK> EGD=BT EJ LJPD EF@=G >JBT KB? EGD EJ @BAJGL@ EF@=G =BE@II@LEHKI PGJP@GED G=TFE> JR@G EF@ >JBTZ

)019 3\\3H :@A=B=E=JB> 0FKE %PPID EJ 0F=> %GE=LI@   ]5^ A “writing” consists of letters, words, numbers, or their equivalent >@E ?JQB =B KBD AJGM5  AJGM5  ]L^ A “recording” consists of letters, QJG?>O BHMC@G>O JG EF@=G @[H=RKI@BE G@LJG?@? =B KBD MKBB@G5  MKBB@G5  ]E^ A “photograph” means a photographic image or its equivalent >EJG@? =B KBD AJGM5  AJGM5  ddd   ddd ddd ddd &JQO I@E M@ UH>E LJMM@BEd 0F@ .@?@GKI 'HI@>O AGJM QF@G@ Q@ PKEE@GB@? JHG KM@B?M@BE>O ?J@> BJE KLEHKIID FKR@ PGJR=>=JB> QF=LF ?@A=B@ @=EF@G ?JLHM@BEKGD @R=?@BL@ JG JCU@LE @R=?@BL@5 !A DJH IJJV KE EF@ @BE=G@ED JA EF@ .@?@GKI 'HI@> JA (R=?@BL@O QKIK VKD MKV=EK BTK?EJ BK JCU@LE @R=?@BL@ JG ?JLHM@BEKGD @R=?@BL@ KB? EF@=G ?@A=B=E=JB>5

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%E cWLX5 )JO =E => JBID KAE@G EF@G@ => KB JCU@LE=JB JG =A =E AKII> HB?@G cWCX @YL@PE=JB> EJ AJG@>@@ EFKE DJH KPPID EF@ /G=T=BKI :JLHM@BE Rule. That’s the way you should understand the relationship between the Original Document Rule and Section 4 (c). It’s an added “trigger” or “filtering mechanism” before you apply Section 3 which

0KV@ BJE@ EFKE EF@ /G=T=BKI :JLHM@BE 'HI@ QJHI? C@ KPPI=LKCI@ JBID QF@G@ EF@ >HCU@LE JA EF@ =B[H=GD QJHI? C@ EF@ LJBE@BE> JA EF@ ?JLHM@BE5 !A EF@ >HCU@LE JA EF@ =B[H=GD => BJE EF@ LJBE@BE> JA EF@ ?JLHM@BEO DJH FKR@ BJ CH>=B@>> =B KPPID=BT )@LE=JB ]5 +K9 :019 5771C9J G812 ZK98 FK9 70:7GJ9 CJ FG 9JF5L1CJK FK9 F9:6J GI FK9 Z:CFC8OH   NF@B @R=?@BL@ =BEGJ?HL@? LJBL@GB> >JM@ @YE@GBKI AKLE

=> EF@ /G=T=BKI :JLHM@BE 'HI@5

KCJHE K QG=E=BTO I=V@ =E> @Y=>E@BL@O @Y@LHE=JBO JG ?@I=R@GDO Q=EFJHE G@A@G@BL@ EJ =E> E@GM>O EF@ GHI@ EF@G@AJG@ LKBBJE C@ =BRJV@? C@LKH>@ in that situation, you’re actually not presenting documentary @R=?@BL@5 NFKE DJH KG@ PG@>@BE=BTO DJH KG@ PG@>@BE=BT JCU@LE @R=?@BL@5

V9JF 9BCD98E9 :019 FG A:COC851 $GE0698F )019 '@M@MC@G EFKE PG=JG EJ EF@ KM@B?M@BE>O KBT EKQKT BKEJ KBK VKD Best Evidence Rule but now there’s a change in the  the title. From “Best Evidence Rule” to “Original Document Rule”. If you read my book, PG=JG EJ G@K?=BT EF@ HP?KE@? LFKPE@GO ! LJMM@BE@? EFKE EF@ ;@>E (R=?@BL@ 'HI@ => K >JHGL@ JA M=>LJBL@PE=JBZ !E => T=R@B K M@KB=BT EFKE =E ?J@> BJE ?@>@GR@ C@LKH>@ ?@>P=E@ E he term “best”, the rule ?J@> BJE PGJLIK=M =E>@IA K> E F@ C@>E JA EF@ F=TF@>E EDP@ JA @R=?@BL@ =B EF@ F=@GKGLFD JA @R=?@BL@5 The term “best” has nothing to do with the degree of probativeness JA EF@ ?JLHM@BE =B G@IKE=JB EJ EF@ JEF@G AJGM> JA @R=?@BL@5 %B? MJG@ KLLHGKE@IDO =E => EF@ /G=T=BKI :JLHM@BE 'HI@ JG EF@ 8G=MKGD (R=?@BL@ 'HI@5 %LLJG?=BT EJ '=KBJO >JHGL@ TDH? >DK >K M=>LJBL@PE=JB KB? F@ LKII> =E EF@ /G=T=BKI :JLHM@BE 'HI@5 .JG KII =BE@BE> KB? PHGPJ>@>O EF@ ;@>E (R=?@BL@ 'HI@ KB? EF@ /G=T=BKI :JLHM@BE 'HI@ KG@ JB@ KB? EF@ >KM@5 /BID EF@ JAA=L=KI BJM@BLIKEHG@ JA EF@ GHI@ FK> C@@B LFKBT@?5

*!&+#A% MH A:COC851 DGE0698F 60JF L9 7:GD0E9Dh 9dE97FCG8JH   –   NF@B EF@ >HCU@LE JA =B[H=GD => EF@ LJBE@BE> JA K 9dE97FCG8JH ?JLHM@BEO QG=E=BTO G@LJG?=BTO PFJEJTGKPF JG JEF@G G@LJG?O BJ @R=?@BL@ => K?M=>>=CI@ JEF@G EFKB EF@ JG=T=BKI ?JLHM@BE =E>@IAO @YL@PE =B EF@ AJIIJQ=BT LK>@>d WKX  NF@B EF@ JG=T=BKI => IJ>E JG ?@>EGJD@?O JG LKBBJE C@ PGJ?HL@? =B LJHGEO Q=EFJHE CK? AK=EF JB EF@ PKGE JA EF@ JAA@GJG`   WCX NF@B EF@ KTK=B>E JG=T=BKI QFJM => =B EF@EF@ LH>EJ?D JG HB?@G EF@ LJBEGJI JA EF@ PKGED @R=?@BL@ => JAA@G@?O KB? EF@ IKEE@G AK=I> EJ PGJ?HL@ =E KAE@G G@K>JBKCI@ BJE=L@O JG EF@ JG=T=BKI LKBBJE C@ JCEK=B@? CD IJLKI UH?=L=KI PGJL@>>@> JG PGJL@?HG@>` WLX  NF@B EF@ JG=T=BKI LJB>=>E> JA BHM@GJH> KLLJHBE> JG JEF@G ?JLHM@BE> QF=LF LKBBJE C@ @YKM=B@? =B LJHGE Q=EFJHE TG@KE IJ>> JA E=M@ KB? EF@ AKLE >JHTFE EJ C@ @>EKCI=>F@? AGJM EF@M => JBID EF@ T@B@GKI G@>HIE JA EF@ QFJI@` W?X  NF@B EF@ JG=T=BKI => K PHCI=L G@LJG? =B EF@ LH>EJ?D JA K PHCI=L JAA=L@G JG => G@LJG?@? =B K PHCI=L JAA=L@` KB? W@X  NF@B EF@ JG=T=BKI => BJE LIJ>@ID#G@IKE@? EJ K LJBEGJII=BT =>>H@5 NF@B DJH EKIV KCJHE EF@ /G=T=BKI :JLHM@BE 'HI@ =E>@IAO DJH >EJP there, “No evidence is admissible other than the original docum@BE docum @BE itself”.

!B EF@ LK>@ JA .5:R09g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hat’s the effect?  0F@ >@LJB?KGD @R=?@BL@ C@LJM@> K PG=MKGD @R=?@BL@ =A EF@ >@LJB?KGD @R=?@BL@ => BJE JCU@LE@? EJ5 :KPKE MKT#JCU@LE VK TDH?5 ;HE @R@B =A K?M=EE@? K> PG=MKGD @R=?@BL@O =E> PGJCKE=R@ RKIH@ MH>E >E=II M@@E EF@ RKG=JH> E@>E> CD QF=LF =E> G@I=KC=I=ED MH>E C@ ?@E@GM=B@?5 !E> K?M=>>=C=I=ED MH>E BJE C@ LJBAH>@? Q=EF =E> PGJCKE=R@ RKIH@5

QK98 9d5EF12 60JF 5 75:F2 65`9 58 GLN9EFCG8S N@ FKR@ EJ UHMP EJ 'HI@ -]+O )@LE=JB ]f5

GII9:H  –  %II @R=?@BL@ MH>E C@ *!&+#A% MWH QK98 FG 65`9 GII9:H  JAA@G@? JGKIID5 0F@ JAA@G JA EF@ E@>E=MJBD JA K Q=EB@>> =B @R=?@BL@ MH>E C@ MK?@ KE EF@ E=M@ EF@ Q=EB@>> => LKII@? EJ E@>E=AD5 0F@ JAA@G JA ?JLHM@BEKGD KB? JCU@LE @R=?@BL@ >FKII C@ MK?@ after the presentation of a party’s testimonial eviden evidence. ce. NF@B DJH >FJHI? JCU@LE ?@P@B?> JB QF@B EF@ @R=?@BL@ => JAA@G@?5 %II @R=?@BL@ MH>E C@ JAA@G@? JGKIID5 %B? EF@B QF@B DJH EKIV KCJHE ?JLHM@BEKGD @R=?@BL@O EF@ JAA@G >FKII C@ MK?@ KAE@G EF@ presentation of a party’s testimoni testimonial al evidence. !MKT=B@ I=E=TKE=JB G=TFE BJQ QF@G@ E@>E=MJBD => =B EF@ AJGM JA 6H?=L=KI %AA=?KR=E> W6%X5 %AE@G PG@>@BE=BT KII JA DJHG Q=EB@>>@> EFGJHTF EF@ M@?=HM JA 6%O >HCU@LE@? EJ LGJ>>#@YKM=BKE=JB KB? KIIO EKV@ BJE@ EFKE QF=I@ PG@>@BE=BT EF@ E@>E=MJBD JA K Q=EB@>>O DJH KI>J =?@BE=AD KB? KHEF@BE=LKE@ ?JLHM@BE> KB? JCU@LE>5

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% JA EFKE P@G>JB LJHI? BJE C@ AJHB? C@LKH>@EF@ JA EF@ NJGI? NKG !!O KB? DJH VBJQ P@G>JB => CHG=@? >JM@QF@G@5 NFKE Q=II DJH ?JZ +5`9 5 7KGFG GI FK9 O:5B9JFG89H :J BJE CG=BT

 

  

2J>> WEF@B DJH PGJR@ QFD KB? FJQ =E QK> IJ>EX   3JBE@BE> WDJH PGJR@ =E> LJBE@BE>X

0F=> JG?@G MKD C@ LFKBT@? =A B@L@>>KGDO =B EF@ ?=>LG@E=JB JA EF@ LJHGE5 W:@ 9@GK R5 %TH=IKGO +-S )3'% b,+ g-^^]eX kkk

%GF9a 0F@ PGJL@?HG@ IK=? ?JQB =B /BT 3F=BT 8J => VBJQB K> EF@ 7:GE9JJ GI  152C8O FK9 L5JCJ JG 152C8O FK9 IG08D5FCG85 Remember the term “laying the basis” or “laying the foundation” C@LKH>@ QF@B Q@ TJ EJ 'HI@ -]+O QF@B Q@ EKIV JA @R=?@BL@ JA PG=JG KB? LJB>=>E@BE >EKE@M@BE>O naa pud ta’y ginatawag nga 152C8O FK9 7:9DCE5F9H 6H>E EJEKIID ?=AA@G@BE AGJM IKD=BT EF@ CK>=> JG IKD=BT EF@ AJHB?KE=JB5

&JQO QFKE *9EFCG8 WH Q=II DJH ?J =A DJH FKR@ IK=? EF@ CK>=> KIG@K?DZ –  -7712 *9EFCG8 WH QK98 G:COC851 DGE0698F CJ 085B5C15L19H – NF@B EF@ JG=T=BKI ?JLHM@BE FK> C@@B IJ>E JG ?@>EGJD@?O JG LKBBJE C@ PGJ?HL@? =B LJHGEO EF@ JAA@GJGO HPJB PGJJA JA =E> @Y@LHE=JB JG @Y=>E@BL@ KB? EF@ LKH>@ JA =E> HBKRK=IKC=I=ED Q=EFJHE CK? AK=EF JB F=> JG F@G PKGEO MKD PGJR@ =E> LJBE@BE> CD K LJPDO JG CD K G@L=EKI JA =E> LJBE@BE> =B >JM@ KHEF@BE=L ?JLHM@B ?JLHM@BEO EO JG CD EF@ E@>E=MJBD JA Q=EB@>>@> =B EF@ JG?@G >EKE@?5 8HG>HKBE EJ )@LE=JB fO EF@ JAA@GJG MKD BJQ C@ KIIJQ@? EJ PGJR@ EF@ LJBE@BE> JA EF@ ?JLHM@BE CD >@LJB?KGD @R=?@BL@O =B EF@ AJIIJQ=BT JG?@Gd -5  ;D K LJPD JA EF@ JG=T=BKI` JG +5  ;D K G@L=EKI JA =E> LJBE@BE> =B >JM@ KHEF@BE=L ?JLHM@ ?JLHM@BE` BE` JG ]5  ;D EF@ E@>E=MJBD JA Q=EB@>>@>5

&#+#V-%e BH +!A$A)A

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% =B EF@ LH>EJ? L H>EJ?DD JG HB?@G EF@ LJBEGJI JA EF@ K?R@G>@ PKGEDO F@ JG >F@ MH>E FKR@ G@K>JBKCI@ BJE=L@ EJ PGJ?HL@ =E5 !A KAE@G >HLF BJE=L@ KB? KAE@G >KE=>AKLEJGD PGJJA JA =E> @Y=>E@BL@O F@ JG >F@ AK=I> EJ PGJ?HL@ EF@ ?JLHM@BEO >@LJB?KGD @R=?@BL@ MKD C@ PG@>@BE@? K> =B EF@ LK>@ JA =E> IJ>>5 “Secondary evidence may be presented as in the case of its loss” – QFKE ?J@> =E M@KBZ !E M@KB> DJH KPPID )@LE=JB f QF=LF PGJR=?@> EFKE EF@ ?JLHM@BE MKD C@ PGJR@? CDd -X  % LJPD JA EF@ JG=T=BKI` JG +X  % G@L=EKI JA =E> LJBE@BE> =B >JM@ KHEF@BE=L ?JLHM@BE` JG ]X  0F@ E@>E=MJBD JA EF@ Q=EB@>>@>5 01!': (k3(80!/&d QT!% +T! A)#?#%-< &A%*#*+* A( %;.!)A;* -&&A;%+* 4B?@G )@LE=JB ]WLXO >@LJB?KGD @R=?@BL@ MKD C@ PG@>@BE@ PG@>@BE@? ? =Ad

!E M@KB> DJH ?J BJE FKR@ EF@ JG=T=BKIO DJH JBID FKR@ K LJPD5

$KJ IKBT BK >=DKO G@[H=>=E@> BK >=DK5 It doesn’t mean that FK9 G:COC851 E588GF L9 GLF5C89D L2 1GE51 N0DCEC51 7:GE9JJ9J G: 7:GE9D0:9J  => a separate exception. That’s just a requisite of this @YL@PE=JB5 NFDZ *JH T=R@ BJE=L@ EJ EF@ K?R@G>@ PKGED A=G>E EJ produce the original document. If he cannot produce it, what’s your B@YE G@M@?DZ %>V EF@ LJHGE EJ >HCPJ@BK =EO K>V EF@ LJHGE AJG LJMPHI>JGD PGJL@>> >J EFKE EF@ JG=T=BKI ?JLHM@BE Q=II C@ PGJ?HL@? =B LJHGE5 \HBT ?=I= PK UH?O that’s the time that you will be allowed to

fb 

PG@>@BE >@LJB?KGD @R=?@BL@5 )JO FK9 G:COC851 E588GF L9 GLF5C89D L2 1GE51 N0DCEC51 7:GE9JJ9J G: 7:GE9D0:9J   => BJE K >@PKGKE@ @YL@PE=JB C@LKH>@ EFKE @YL@PE=JB => KIG@K?D LJR@G@? =B EF@ A=G>E PKGKTGKPF WHBKRK=IKC=I=EDX5

-5 

0F@ M@G@ AKLE EFKE EF@ JG=T=BKI => =B EF@ LH>EJ?D JG HB?@G EF@ LJBEGJI JA EF@ K?R@G>@ PKGED ?J@> BJE =P>J AKLEJ KHEFJG=a@ EF@ =BEGJ?HLE=JB JA >@LJB?KGD @R=?@BL@5 0F@ PKGED QFJ >@@V> EJ PG@>@BE >@LJB?KGD @R=?@BL@ MH>E IKD EF@ CK>=> JG AJHB?KE=JB AJG =E> =BEGJ?HLE=JBO >HCU@LE EJ EF@ AJIIJQ=BT G@[H=>=E@>d -X  0FKE EF@ JG=T=BKI @Y=>E>` +X  0FKE >K=? ?JLHM@BE => HB?@G EF@ LH>EJ?D JG LJBEGJI JA EF@ K?R@G>@ PKGED` ]X  0FKE EF@ PGJPJB@BE JA EF@ >@LJB?KGD @R=?@BL@ FK> T=R@B EF@ K?R@G>@ PKGED G@K>JBKCI@ BJE=L@ EJ PGJ?HL@ EF@ JG=T=BKI ?JLHM@BE` KB? cX  0FKE EF@ K?R@G>@ PKGED AK=I@? EJ PGJ?HL@ EF@ JG=T=BKI ?JLHM@BE ?@>P=E@ EF@ G@K>JBKCI@ BJE=L@O JG FK9 G:COC851 E588GF L9 GLF5C89D L2 1GE51 N0DCEC51 7:GE9JJ9J G: 7:GE9D0:9JH  

(#)*+ !,-. 

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–  QF@B EF@ JG=T=BKI LJB>=>E> JA BHM@GJH> KLLJHBE>5

+5 

0F@>@ ?JLHM@BE> LKBBJE C@ @YKM=B@? =B LJHGE Q=EFJHE TG@KE IJ>> JA E=M@5 Imagine, I’ll go to Makati for the hearing, and ?HFK VK VKFJB KVJBT MTK  G@L@=PE>  G@L@=PE> KB? =BRJ=L@5 !>K#=>KFJB BKVJ BKZ  !E  !E Q=II G@>HIE EJ TG@KE IJ>> JA E=M@5

]5 

0F@ AKLE >JHTFE EJ C@ @>EKCI=>F@? AGJM EF@M => JBID EF@ T@B@GKI G@>HIE JA EF@ QFJI@5 !B JEF@G QJG?>O EF@ PHGPJ>@ AJG EF@ =BEGJ?HLE=JB JA >HLF @R=?@BL@ => BJE EJ @YKM=B@ KII EF@ ?JLHM@BE> JG PKT@> JA

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%X =\\c 0F@ PKGED QFJ ?@>=G@> EJ =BEGJ?HL@ K> @R=?@BL@ >HLF RJIHM=BJH> ?JLHM@BE> MH>EO KAE@G MJE=JB KB? KPPGJRKI CD EF@ 3JHGEO PG@>@BEd KX  % *;..-)U LJBEK=B=BTO KMJBT JEF@G>O K LFGJBJIJT=LKI I=>E=BT JA EF@ BHMC@G>O ?KE@> KB? KMJHBE> LJR@G@? CD EF@ =BRJ=L@> JG G@L@=PE> KB? EF@ KMJHBEj> JA EKY PK=?` KB? CX  % &!)+#(#&-+#A% JA KB =B?@P@B?@BE 3@GE=A=@? 8HCI=L %LLJHBEKBE KEE@>E=BT EJ EF@ LJGG@LEB@>> JA EF@ LJBE@BE> JA EF@ >HMMKGD KAE@G MKV=BT KB @YKM=BKE=JBO @RKIHKE=JB KB? KH?=E JA EF@ RJIHM=BJH> G@L@=PE> KB? =BRJ=L@>5 0F@ BKM@ JA EF@ KLLJHBEKBE JG PKGEB@G JA EF@ A=GM =B LFKGT@ MH>E C@ >EKE@? =B EF@ MJE=JB >J EFKE F@j>F@ LKB C@ LJMM=>>=JB@? CD EF@ 3JHGE EJ LJB?HLE EF@ KH?=E KB?O EF@G@KAE@GO E@>E=AD =B 3JHGE G@IKE=R@ EJ >HLF >HMMKGD KB? L@GE=A=LKE=JB PHG>HKB PHG>HKBEE EJ 'HI@ ]+ JA EF@ 'HI@> ' HI@> JA 3JHGE5

&G6698Fa 0KV@ BJE@ EFKE EF@ PGJL@?HG@ IK=? ?JQB =B %EIK> 3JB>JI=?KE@? >@@M> EJ C@ =BLJGPJGKE@? HB?@G EF@ B@Q )@LE=JB _ JA 'HI@ -], W)HMMKG=@> W)HMMKG=@>XX C@LKH>@ %EIK> =E>@IA QK> EKV@B AGJM %M@G=LKB  UHG=>PGH?@BL@5  UHG=>PGH?@B L@5 0F@B EF=> B@Q )@LE=JB _ QK> EKV@B AGJM .@ .@?@GKI ?@GKI 'HI@> JA (R=?@BL@5 *9EFCG8 cH *0665:C9JH – 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

(#)*+ !,-. 

f_ 

/012 M\ @5:F W 4 (9:858D9g *JH LKBBJE =B>=>E =E EJ C@ @YKM=B@? KE HBG@K>JBKCI@ FJHG> JG ?HG=BT M=?B=TFE5 *JH KI>J LKBBJE ?@MKB? EFKE EF@ @YKM=BKE=JB JG LJPD=BT C@ KE K f#)EKG 1JE@I5 %I>JO EF@ LJHGE MKD JG?@G EFKE =E C@ PGJ?HL@? =B LJHGE5 !A DJH ?JHCE EF@ LJMPJB@BE> JA EF@ >HMMKGDO K>V EF@ LJHGE EJ have it produced in court. Although I don’t think the court will =B?=R=?HKIID @YKM=B@ KII EF@>@ RJIHM=BJH> G@LJG?>5

QT!% +T! A)#?#%-< #* - @;V M@G@ID LJGGJCJGKE=R@ =E => BJE DJHG MK=B @R=?@BL@ V5J9D I:G6 FK9 LGG` GI *C: /f!a 0F@ BJB#PG@>@BEKE=JB JA EF@ JG=T=BKI LJPD JA EF@ FKB?QG=EE@B agreement is not fatal to the prosecution’s case. Miguel P@G>JBKIID E@>E=A=@? C@AJG@ EF@ '03 K> EJ EF@ L=GLHM>EKBL@> JA F@G G@LGH=EM@BE CD %C@IIK5 %C@IIK MK?@ R@GCKIO KB? BJE QG=EE@BO PGJM=>@> EJ $=TH@I JA @MPIJDM@BE KCGJK?5 0F@ FKB?QG=EE@B KTG@@M@BE M@G@ID substantiates Miguel’s testimony at best. .  . 

!*+)-$- BH $!*#!)+A =?@GKE=JBO (>EGK?K PJ=BE> JHE EFKE EF@ K?M=>>=JB =BEJ @R=?@BL@ JA M@G@ B@Q>PKP@G KLLJHBE> JA EF@

(#)*+ !,-. 

fS 

%BTKGK ?=KGD R=JIKE@? EF@ ;@>E (R=?@BL@ 'HI@ JG EF@ /G=T=BKI :JLHM@BE 'HI@ K> EF@ JG=T=BKI JG EF@ ?=KGD =E>@IA QK> BJE PG@>@BE@?5 !E QK> M@G@ID B@Q>PKP@G KLLJHBE> JA EF@ ?=KGD# K >@LJB?KGD @R=?@BL@ BJE EF@ JG=T=BKI5

T! EGH@ EFKE EF@ 3JHGE G@I=@? BJE HPJB EF@ JG=T=BKI CHE JBID EF@ LJPD JA EF@ %BTKGK :=KGD K> PHCI=>F@? =B EF@ 8F=I=PP=B@ :K=ID !B[H=G@G5 !B ?J=BT >JO EF@ 3JHGE ?=? BJEO FJQ@R@GO R=JIKE@ EF@ ;@>E (R=?@BL@ 'HI@ JG EF@ /G=T=BKI :JLHM@BE 'HI@5 0F@ ?@L=>=JB QK> CK>@? JB N=TMJG@O =B F=> CJJV JB @R=?@BL@O QF=LF >EKE@> EFKEd 8GJ?HLE=JB JA EF@ JG=T=BKI MKD C@ ?=>P@B>@? Q=EFO =B EF@ trial court’s discretion, whenever in the case in hand the JPPJB@BE ?J@> BJE CJBK A=?@ ?=>PHE@ EF@ LJBE@BE> JA EF@ ?JLHM@BE KB? BJ JEF@G H>@AHI PHGPJ>@ Q=II C@ >@GR@? CD G@[H=G=BT PGJ?HLE=JB5 0F@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE >K=? =E QK> P@GA@LEID K?M=>>=CI@ ?@>P=E@ EF@ AKLE EFKE =E QK> BJE KB JG=T=BKI

$#*&;**#A% Isn’t it a fact that by raising Best Evidence Rule or making an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

*9EFCG8 bH @5:F2 ZKG E511J IG: DGE0698F 8GF LG08D FG GII9: CFH   – % PKGED QFJ LKII> AJG EF@ PGJ?HLE=JB JA K ?JLHM@BE KB? =B>P@LE> EF@ >KM@ => BJE JCI=T@? EJ JAA@G =E K> @R=?@BL@5 -0O0JF W @5:F 3 4 /569:G

);K KEJ PKO VHBT KBT MTK 8KGE=?J T=>HIKE BK KBT =IKFKBT LJBEGKEKO ?=I= BK PQ@?@ PKTKCKTHFJB PK5 :=I= BK PQ@?@ CD M@KB> JA E@>E=MJBD JG JEF@G @R=?@BL@ HEGHFJB KBT LJBEGKLEK C@LKH>@ EFKE QJHI? C@ R=JIKE=R@ JA EF@ 8('5

AFK9: %569J IG: @!)a  



 



(k0'!&)!3 (9!:(&3(#@R=?@BL@ EFKE LKB C@ >@@B JHE>=?@ JA EF@ LJBEKLE JA EF@ PKGE=@>5 (9!:(&3( %2!4&:( W2KE=B E@GMX

 



(#)*+ !,-. 

f^ 

ORAL EVIDENCE (Layman’s term; or testimonial evidence EFKE E@B?> EJ RKGD JG MJ?=AD EF@ E@GM> KB? LJB?=E=JB> JA K QG=EE@B KTG@@M@BEX

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

!((!&+ A( @!) -* - ); EJ E@GM> KB? LJB?=E=JB>XO =E => !&%:$!))!;2(5 0F@ >E=PHIKE=JB> MKD C@ RKI=? CHE DJH LKBBJE PGJR@ =E =B LJHGE5 )-+#A%-@> coming down from Mt. Sinai, and he’s bringing down >HPPJ>@?ID EF@ -, LJMMKB?M@BE> K> QG=EE@B CD EF@ A=BT@G> JA @IA =B EFJ>@ EKCI@E> JA >EJB@>5 WEKIV> KCJHE ?=AA@G@BE LJMMKB?>X )JO AJG @YKMPI@O ?=CK -, LJMMKB?M@BE>O BKKD PGJJA >= $J>@> BK -, LJMMKB?M@BE> IKBT UH? >DK5 3KB $J>@> say later, “By the way, naa diay nakalimtan gibutang si God sa Commandments?” So nag dungag#?HBTKT dungag#?HBTKT >= $J>@>O ?=I= BK >DK PQ@?@5 NFKE@R@G => QG=EE@BO MKJ IKBT BK KBT MKT TJR@GB >K G@IKE=JB>F=P >K PKGE=@>5

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%F@5 8KGK ?=I= >=DK >@Y=>EO =B K QKD5 "9:CIC9D @195DC8O 0F@ G@[H=G@M@BE EFKE KBT =MJBT JCU@LE=JBO =B JEF@G QJG?>O =BRJLKE=JB EJ EF@ @YL@PE=JB JA EF@ 8KGJI (R=?@BL@ 'HI@ >FJHI? C@ =B K R@G=A=@? PI@K?=BT5  !d56719H  8IK=BE=AA A=I@? KTK=B>E ?@A@B?KBE AJG CG@KLF JA LJBEGKLE5 0F@ ?@A@B>@ => EFKEO EF@ LJBEGKLE => BJE CG@KLF@? C@LKH>@ =E ?=? not express the true intent of the parties. That’s one of the @YL@PE=JB>5 %BT =MJBT KB>Q@GO BJE R@G=A=@?5 &JQO EFKE => KB K??@? G@[H=G@M@BE5 !E FK> EJ C@ CD QKD JA K R@G=A=@? PI@K?=BT5 W&JE@d FJQ K PI@K?=BT => R@G=A=@?X5 

&G6698F FG !dE97FCG8Ja !B WKXO EF@G@ KG@ EFG@@ @YL@PE=JB>5 !B WLXO DJH KG@ [H@>E=JB=BT EF@ RKI=?=ED JA EF@ LJBEGKLE5 *JH KG@ >KD=BT EFKE EF@ LJBEGKLE => RJ=? AGJM =BL@PE=JB JG EFKE BKKD =MP@?=M@ =MP@?=M@BE BE K> EJ T=R=BT =E P@GA@LE RKI=? RKI=?=ED5 =ED5 !B (d), mao na ang ginatwag nato na “subsequent agreement”.  agreement”. 

#%+)#%*#& -.V#?;#+UX .#*+-e! A) #.@!)(!&+#A%

-5 (YEG=B>=L W8KE@BEXd JG +5 !BEG=B>=L W2KE@BEX ]5 !BE@GM@?=KE@ %MC=TH=ED WUHG=>PGH?@BL@X

e#%$* A( -.V#?;#+U

EF@ ?@>LG=PE=JB EF@G@JA => >J RKTH@ K> EJ KMJHBE EJ BJ ?@>LG=PE=JB KE KII5 !B JEF@G QJG?>O PKGJI @R=?@BL@ => BJE P@GM=EE@? EJ >HPPID K ?@>LG=PE=JBO CHE JBID EJ KPPID =E5 “Imperfect Description” 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k MKV@> K >P@L=A=L T=AE JA >FKG@> JA >EJLV =B %;7 3JGPJGKE=JBO KB? k KE EF@ ?KE@ JA F=> Q=II PJ>>@>>@? BJ >HLF >EJLV CHE PJ>>@>>@? JEF@G >EJLV J=B %;3 3JGPJGKE=JB QF=LF EF@ LJHGE ?@L=?@> QK> M@KBEO EF@ IKEE@G >EJLV PK>>@> HB?@G EF@ T=AE ?@>P=E@ EF@ AKI>@ ?@>LG=PE=JB5

=H =H  #8F:C8JCE -6LCO0CF2 !BEG=B>=L %MC=TH=EDO JB EF@ JEF@G FKB?O LKB C@ PGJR@? CD PKGJI @R=?@BL@5

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%=BL@ F@ A=I@? EF@ LK>@ EJ BHII=AD EF@ ?@@? JA >KI@ – =B @AA@LEO F@ => GK=>=BT GK =>=BT EF@ =>>H@ JB EF@ RKI=?=ED JA EF@ >K=? ?JLHM@BE5 )J =B EF=> LK>@O PKGJI @R=?@BL@ => KIIJQ@? EJ PGJR@ IKLV JA LJB>=?@GKE=JBO Q=EF EF@ @YL@PE=JB EFKE EF@ PI@K?=BT JG LJMPIK=BE >FJHI? C@ R@G=A=@?5 1@BL@ PKGJI @R=?@BL@ => KIIJQ@? EJ PGJR@ IKLV JA LJB>=?@GKE=JB5

+K9 B51CDCF2 GI 5 Z:CFF98 5O:99698F 1@G@O K PKGED >@@V> EJ PG@>@BE @YEG=B>=L @R=?@BL@ EJ PGJR@ EFKE EF@ LJBEGKLE => BJE RKI=?5 %> =B KII EF@ JEF@G @YL@PE=JB>O F@ MH>E GK=>@ EF@ =BRKI=?=ED JA EF@ LJBEGKLE =B F=> R@G=A=@? PI@K?=BT KE EF@ =BL@PE=JB QF@EF@G =B EF@ LJMPIK=BE JG KB>Q@G5

-:FCE19 3P\bH 0F@ AJIIJQ=BT LJBEGKLE> KG@ =B@Y=>E@BE KB? RJ=? AGJM EF@ C@T=BB=BTd W-X 0FJ>@ QFJ>@ LKH>@O JCU@LE JG PHGPJ>@ => LJBEGKGD EJ IKQO MJGKI>O TJJ? LH>EJM>O PHCI=L JG?@G JG PHCI=L PJI=LD` W+X 0FJ>@ QF=LF KG@ KC>JIHE@ID >=MHIKE@? JG A=LE=E=JH>` W]X 0FJ>@ QFJ>@ LKH>@ JG JCU@LE ?=? BJE @Y=>E KE EF@ E=M@ JA EF@ EGKB>KLE=JB` WcX 0FJ>@ QFJ>@ JCU@LE => JHE>=?@ EF@ LJMM@GL@ JA M@B` WfX 0FJ>@ QF=LF LJBE@MPIKE@ KB =MPJ>>=CI@ >@GR=L@` WbX 0FJ>@ QF@G@ EF@ =BE@BE=JB JA EF@ PKGE=@> G@IKE=R@ EJ EF@ PG=BL=PKI JCU@LE JA EF@ LJBEGKLE L JBEGKLE LKBBJE C@ K>L@GEK=B@?` W_X 0FJ>@ @YPG@>>ID PGJF=C=E@? JG ?@LIKG@? RJ=? CD IKQ5 ! KM H>=BT EF=> %GE5 -c,^ C@LKH>@ ! QKBE EJ H>@ EFKE K> KB @YKMPI@ JA :@KB !B=TJ F=M>@IA5

!d56719a % >@II> EJ ; F=> IKB? AJG -$5 0F@D >=TB K ?@@? JA >KI@5 )Jd “In consideration of ONE MILLION PESOS receipt of which F@G@CD KLVBJQI@?T@? =B AHIIO ! F@G@CD >@II EF=> PGJP@GED EJ B xxx”. But B says that he has to go to the bank to secure

b] 

manager’s cheques as 1 Million is too large aB aB KMJHBE EJ C@ PK=? =B LK>F5 % KTG@@> EJ QK=E AJG ;O QF=I@ ; G=BT> Q=EF F=M EF@ ?@@? JA >KI@ KB? EF@ E=EI@ JA EF@ IKB?5 ;HE ; B@R@G LKM@ CKLVO K> F@ Q@BE >EGK=TFE EJ EF@ '@T=>EGD JA :@@?> EJ FKR@ EF@ E=EI@ JA EF@ PGJP@GED EGKB>A@GG@? JR@G EJ F=M5

0F@ @YL@PE=JB JCEK=B> QF@G@ EF@ QG=EE@B LJBEGKLE => >J KMC=THJH> JG JC>LHG@ =B E@GM> EFKE EF@ LJBEGKLEHKI =BE@BE=JB JA EF@ PKGE=@> LKBBJE C@ HB?@G>EJJ? AGJM K M@G@ G@K?=BT JA EF@ =B>EGHM@BE5 !B >HLF K LK>@O @YEG=B>=L @R=?@BL@ JA EF@ >HCU@LE MKEE@G MKD C@ G@L@=R@? EJ @BKCI@ EF@ LJHGE EJ MKV@ K PGJP@G =BE@GPG@EKE=JB JA EF@

'@LKII EF@ LJBEGKLE> EFKE KG@ RJ=? KC =B=E=J =BLIH?=BT EFJ>@ QFJ>@ LKH>@ JG JCU@LE ?=? BJE @Y=>E KE EF@ E =M@ JA EF@ EGKB>KLE=JB5 0F@G@ => BJ LJBEGKLE5

(#)*+ !,-. 

What else may be raised under “validity of a written agreement”?  -5  +5  ]5 

.JGT@GD W%IJG=K R5 3@I@M@BE@X .GKH? l =II@TKI=ED W;JHTFE R5 3%BE=R@GJ>X .KI>@ G@PG@>@BEKE=JB WNJJ?FJH>@ R5 1KI=I=X

QGGDKG0J9 BH T51C1C EF=> KB K B @YL@PE=JBZ NF@B EF@ PKGE=@> @Y@LHE@? EF@ QG=EE@B KTG@@M@BEO EF@D FKR@ D@E EJ @BE@G =BEJ EF@ >HC>@[H@BE KTG@@M@BEO M@KB=BT =E LKM@ KAE@GO EFKE => QFD DJH LKB PGJR@ =E5 0F@ PKGE=@> LKBBJE =BLJGPJGKE@ =B EF@ LJBEGKLE JG =B>EGHM@BE >JM@EF=BT EFKE EF@D EF@D Q=II >E=II KTG@@ JB =B EF@ AHEHG@5

T27GFK9FCE51 &5J9 $KUK CJGGJQ@? MJB@D AGJM 67(5 .JG EF=>O $KUK >=TB@? K PGJM=>>JGD BJE@ =B AKRJG JA 67( QF=LF A=Y@? EF@ MKEHG=ED ?KE@ JB %HTH>E -fO +,-^5 NF@B %HTH>E -fO +,-^ LKM@O $KUK ?=? BJE PKD5 0FH?O 67( >H@> Maja for payment of the due account. acc ount. Maja’s defense in her answer => EFKE EF@ KMJHBE => BJE D@E ?H@ C@LKH>@ KAE@G EF@ @Y@LHE=JB JA EF@ promissory note, for “unwritten considerations (i.e. she’s so cute), 67( KTG@@? EJ @YE@B? EF@ P@G=J? JA PKDM@BE HBE=I 6KBHKGD -cO +,+,5

What is Maja’s evidence?  1@G E@>E=MJBD EFKE EF@D @BE@G@? =BEJ K >HC>@[H@BE JGKI KTG@@M@BE QF=LF FKPP@B@? KAE@G EF@ @Y@LHE=JB JA EF@ PGJM=>>JGD BJE@5 0F@ >HCU@LE JA EF@ >HC>@[H@BE JGKI KTG@@M@BE => EF@ @YE@B>=JB JA EF@ MKEHG=ED ?KE@ JA EF@ PGJM=>>JGD BJE@

#J CF 5D6CJJCL19 FK5F FK92 98F9:9D C8FG 58 9dF98JCG8S *@>O C@LKH>@ EFKE => PG@L=>@ID QFKE EF@ @YL@PE=JB =>5 This is the exception: “the existence of other terms agreed to by the PKGE=@> JG EF@=G >HLL@>>JG> =B =BE@G@>E KAE@G EF@ @Y@LHE=JB JA EF@ written agreement.”  agreement.”  4IE=MKE@IDO $KUK LKB E@>E=AD =B LJHGE JB EF@ >HC>@[H@BE JGKI KTG@@M@BE >F@ FK? Q=EF 67(5 0F@ @YE@B>=JB JB EF@ AKLE G@>HIE@? =B EF@ BJRKE=JB JA EF@=G PG@R=JH>ID KTG@@?#HPJB MKEHG=ED ?KE@5 8KD KEE@BE=JB EJ EF@ AKLE EFKE QF=I@ =E QJHI? C@ K?M=>>=CI@O $KUK PGJP@GID =BRJV@? EF@ @YL@PE=JB> EJ EF@ 8KGJI (R=?@BL@ 'HI@O EF@G@ => >E=II ?=AA@G@BL@ =B K?M=>>=C=I=ED KB? C@I=@RKC=I=ED5 !E QJHI? >E=II ?@P@B? HPJB EF@ LJHGE EJ C@I=@R@ EF@ E@>E=MJBD JB PKGJI MKEE@G>5

@:C8EC719 FG :9696L9: 0F@ PKGE=@> LKBBJE =BLJGPJGKE@ =B EF@ LJBEGKLE JG KTG@@M@BE >JM@EF=BT EFKE EF@D Q=II >E=II KTG@@ JB =B EF@ AHEHG@5 *;..-)U 3/9('(: &/0 3/9('(: /BID @)#A) -%$ *;V*!_;!%+ -?)!!.!%+*X &A%+!.@A)-%!A;* ?@>P=E@ EF@ AKLE EFKE >HLF -?)!!.!%+* QF=LF KG@ KTG@@M@BE> MKD FKR@ @AA@LE JA ?@@M@? EJ FKR@ C@@B M@GT@? =B QG=E=BT LJBAJGMKCID EJ EF@ “integration of the agreement rule.” (Woodhouse v. Halili)  Halili) 

K??=BT EJO MJ?=AD=BTO JG @R@B KIEJT@EF@G KCGJTKE=BT EF@ LJBEGKLE JA EF@ PKGE=@> K>

8G=JG – QFKE QK> KTG@@? C@AJG@ EF@ LJBEGKLE QK> QG=EE@B 3JBE@MPJGKB@JH> – QFKE QK> KTG@@? QF=I@ EF@ LJBEGKLE QK> QG=EE@B 0F@ MJM@BE DJH PHE DJHG KTG@@M@BE =B QG=E=BTO @R@GDEF=BT EFKE => BJE >EKE@? EF@G@ KG@ ?@@M@? QK=R@?5

(#)*+ !,-. 

bc 

@R=?@BL@? CD EF@ QG=E=BT W'HI@ -],O >@L5 -, W?XX W ?XX &A@PKGKE@ KB? ?=>E=BLE KTG@@M@BE>5 0F@>@ KG@ KI>J VBJQB K> d &A%+!.@A)-%!A;* A)-< -?)!!.!%+*, or in layman’s E@GM>O *#$! -?)!!.!%+*H 

-0O0JF W @5:F P 4 ;OD58O

*#$! -?)!!.!%+* .&#-- B &=JBO >P@L=AD=BT EFKE =A EF@D BJ IJBT@G H>@? EF@ PGJP@GED K> KB K=GPJGEO EF@D QJHI? >@II CKLV EF@ PGJP@GED EJ EF@ IKB?JQB@G5 )JO QFKE ?J@> EFKE E@II DJHZ !B EF@ LK>@ JA /HKBJO EF@G@ QK> BJ G=?@GO EF@G@ QK> BJ PGJR=>=JB5 ;HE EF@ AKLE EFKE AJG KBJEF@G IKB?JQB@GO =E FK> EFKE G=?@G JG L@GE=A=LKE=JBO =E PGJR@> EJ DJH EFKEO G@KIIDO EF@G@ LJHI? FKR@ EF@B C@ EF=> =B?HLement. =B?HLement. “its ok if we would no longer use the property, we would sell it back to you”  you” 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

(#)*+ !,-. 

bf 

JA EF@ QG=EE@B KTG@@M@BE EJ @YPG@>> EF@ EGH@ =BE@BE JA EF@ PKGE=@> EF@G@EJ5 0F@ AKLE =B QF=LF PG=RKE@ G@>PJB?@BE> >@@V EJ @>EKCI=>F CD PKGJI @R=?@BL@ LJB>=>E JA EF@ KTG@@M@BE JG G@PG@>@BEKE=JB MK?@ CD &%3 EFKE =B?HL@? /HKBJ EJ @Y@LHE@ EF@ ?@@? JA >KI@`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

!MKT=B@O DJH KG@ EF@ IKB?JQB@GO DJH >JI? EF@ PGJP@GED EFKE => K?UKL@BE JG B@KG EF@ K=GPJGE5 3I@KGIDO EF@ PGJP@GED FK? BJQ C@@B AIKEE@B@? KB? LI@KG@?5 0F@ K=GPJGE C@AJG@ QK> =B 2KFHTO =B EF@ M=??I@ JA 3@CHO C@AJG@ 3@CH C@LKM@ EF=> R@GD R@GD ?@R@IJP@? L=ED5 '=TFE BJQO EF@ 2KFHT KG@K JA EF@ PG@R=JH> K=GPJGEO =E> KLEHKIID C@=BT JQB@? CD %DKIK =E => PG=M@ G@KI @>EKE@O EFKE @YPIK=B@? QFD EF@D QJHI? QKBE EF@ PGJP@GED5 0F@ TGKB?LF=I?G@B A=I@? K LK>@ AJG G@LJBR@DKBL@ Q=EF EF@ '035 NFKE => EF@=G KII@TKE=JBZ 0F@ PGJM=>@ EJ G@>@II EF@ PGJP@GED5 ;HEO QFKE $3!%% ?=? QK> EJ G@AH>@ EF@ G@PHGLFK>@5 NFKE => EF@ LJBE@BE=JB JA $3!%%Z 0F@D FKR@ BJ @R=?@BL@5 !E> BJE =B EF@ LJBEGKLE KB? BJE =B EF@ ?@@? JA >KI@5 )=BL@ =E => BJE =B EF@ ?@@? JA >KI@O >HLF G=TFE EJ G@PHGLFK>@ ?J@> BJE @Y=>E5 /EF@GQ=>@O =A DJH KLL@PE @R=?@BL@ EJ EFKE @AA@LEO =E Q=II R=JIKE@ the parol evidence rule. Isn’t that correct? correct?  

T! JA KB KTG@@M@BE FKR@ C@@B G@?HL@? =BEJ QG=E=BTO =E => LJB>=?@G@? K> LJBEK=B=BT KII EF@ E@GM> KTG@@? HPJBO KB? EF@G@ LKB C@O C@EQ@@B EF@ PKGE=@> KB? EF@=G >HLL@>>JG>#=B#=BE@G@>EO BJ @R=?@BL@ JA >HLF E@GM> JEF@G EFKB EF@ LJBE@BE> JA EF@ QG=EE@B KTG@@M@BE5 1JQ@R@GO K PKGED MKD PG@>@BE @R=?@BL@ EJ MJ?=ADO @YPIK=B JG K?? EJ EF@ E@GM> JA EF@ QG=EE@B KTG@@M@BE =A F@ PHE> =B =>>H@ =B F=> PI@K?=BTO EF@ AK=IHG@ JA EF@ QG=EE@B KTG@@M@BE EJ @YPG@>> EF@ EGH@ =BE@BE JA EF@ PKGE=@> EF@G@EJ5 TGZ DCD FK9 *& :019S !E >EKE@? QFKE EF@ PKGJI @R=?@BL@ GHI@ =>O KB? EF@B EF@ @YL@PE=JB – K PKGED MKD PG@>@BE @R=?@BL@ EJ MJ?=ADO @YPIK=B JG K?? EJ EF@ E@GM> JA EF@ QG=EE@B KTG@@M@BE =A F@ PHE> =B =>>H@ =B F=> PI@K?=BTO EF@ AK=IHG@

*GX FK9 *& 511GZ9D 75:G1 9BCD98E9 FG L9 7:9J98F9D C8 FKCJ E5J9 GI .&#--H

!E => G@LJTB=a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

&G675:9 .&#-- ZCFK FK9 IG11GZC8O E5J9Ja -5  '@PHCI=L R5 'J[H@ W+,]b-, /LE5 -,O +,-bX +5  '@PHCI=L R5 :=Ka 1@=G> %>>JL=KE=JB !BL5 W+-S_]+ &JR5 -+O +,-SX 0F@G@ KG@ EQJ LK>@> F@G@ QF@G@ EF@ AKLE> KG@ >JM@QFKE >=M=IKG EJ $3!%%5 'J[H@ – EF@ :8N1O EF@D KG@ EF@ JB@> QFJ QF J EJJV EF@ PGJP@GED AJG K LJB>EGHLE=JB 8G@>=?@BE $KGLJ>O CHE EF@ LK>@ QK> ?@L=?@? =B +,-b5 0F@ LK>@ JA 6J>@ H@IJ :=Ka 1@=G> %>>JL=KE=JB !BL5 –  it’s a Davao city case, why was the ruling of the SC different with Roque and Republic compared to MCIAA, that’s for you to read. 'J[H@ => KIG@K?D =B MD CJJVO EF@ :=Ka => =B MD HP?KE@>5

-0O0JF W @5:F W4 )GNG

-V!=> JA EF@ LJBLIH>=JB PGJPJ>@? CD EF@ PG@>@BE=BT PKGED5

*@A;*!* @-)-* BH e#.Q=BT KBD JA EFJ>@ =E@M> K> KB =>>H@ =B K PI@K?=BT >HLF EFKE =E AKII> HB?@G EF@ @YL@PE=JB => BJE I=M=E@? EJ EF@ PKGED =B=E=KE=BT KB KLE=JB5 !A EF@ ?@A@B?KBE >@E HP EF@ KAA=GMKE=R@ ?@A@B>@ EFKE EF@ LJBEGKLE M@BE=JB@? =B EF@ LJMPIK=BE ?J@> BJE @YPG@>> EF@ EGH@ KTG@@M@BE JA EF@ PKGE=@>5 $JG@JR@GO K> Q=EF KII PJ>>=CI@ JCU@LE=JB> EJ EF@ admission of evidence, a party’s failure to timely object i> i> ?@@M@? K QK=R@GO KB? PKGJI @R=?@BL@ MKD EF@B C@ @BE@GEK=B@?5

)919B58E2 !19698F &JQO EKV@ BJE@ EFKE Q@ >E=II FKR@ K G@I@RKBLD @I@M@BE5 %PKGE AGJM PI@K?=BTO EF@>@ @YL@PE=JB>O =E => @[HKIID =MP@GKE=R@ EFKE EF@ PKGJI @R=?@BL@ >JHTFE EJ C@ =BEGJ?HL@? PJ=BE> EJ EF@ LJBLIH>=JB PGJPJ>@? CD EF@ PKGED PG@>@BE=BT =E5 0FKE =>O =E MH>E C@ G@I@RKBEO E@B?=BT EJ =B?HL@ C@I=@A =B EF@ @Y=>E@BL@ JA EF@ AIKQO EGH@ =BE@BEO JG >HC>@[H@BE @YEGKB@JH> E@GM> KR@GG@? CD EF@ PKGED >@@V=BT EJ =BEGJ?HL@ PKGJI @R=?@BL@5 AFK9: 79:6CFF9D EG115F9:51 5O:99698FJ  

!B?HL@M@BE> KB? G@PG@>@BEKE=JB> QF=LF I@? EJ EF@ @Y@LHE=JB JA KB KTG@@M@BE MKD C@ PGJR@B CD PKGJI @R=?@BL@ C@LKH>@ EF@D ?J BJE RKGD EF@ E@GM> JA EF@ KTG@@M@BE5 WNJJ?FJH>@ R>5 1KI=I=O ^] 8F=I5 f+b` ;JHTF R>5 3KBE=R@GJ>O c, 8F=I +,^X5 

)JO =B?HL@M@BE> KB? G@PG@>@BEKE=JB> >=M=IKG EJ $3!%%   8KGJI @R=?@BL@ => K?M=>>=CI@ EJ PGJR@ KB =B?@P@B?@BE KB? LJIIKE@GKI KTG@@M@BE QF=LF LJB>E=EHE@> KB =B?HL@M@BE EJ EF@ MKV=BT JA EF@ >KI@ JG PKGE JA EF@ LJB>=?@GKE=JB EF@G@JA5 W'JCI@> R>5 2=aKGGKTKO f, 8F=I5 ]S_X5  0F=> => KI>J EJHLF@? HPJB CD $3!%%5

bb 

=BL=?@BEKI EJ EF@ @Y@LHE=JB KB? BJE EJ EF@ =BE@TGKE=JB5 WNJJ?FJH>@ R>5 1KI=I=O E bO -^SbX5

)58DG6 8GF9J G8 FK9 @5:G1 !BCD98E9 )019 3KB DJH AJG @YKMPI@ =BEGJ?HL@ JG JCU@LE EJ EF@ PG@>@BEKE=JB JA @R=?@BL@ JB EF@ TGJHB? EFKE =E => K R=JIKE=JB JA PKGJI @R=?@BL@ GHI@ C@AJG@ EF@ IKCJG KGC=E@G JG :/2(Z # JA PGJL@?HG@ KB? @R=?@BL@ KG@ BJE KPPI=@? =B K R@GD G=T=? KB? E@LFB=LKI >@B>@ =B IKCJG LK>@>5 1@BL@O EF@ 2KCJG %GC=E@G => BJE PG@LIH?@? AGJM KLL@PE=BT KB? @RKIHKE=BT @R=?@BL@ JEF@G EFKBO KB? @R@B LJBEGKGD EJO QFKE => >EKE@? =B EF@ 3;%5 0F@ KB>Q@G =B EF@ [H@>E=JB => &/5 *JH LKBBJE =BRJV@ EFKE5 0F@D KG@ BJE >EG=LEID CJHB? CD EF@ GHI@> JB @R=?@BL@5

TGZ FG EG8F:5DCEF Z:CFF98 5O:99698F _a QK5F CJ FK9 R058F06 GI 7:GGI :9R0C:9DS @T# PG@>@BE@? EJ PGJR@ =E> @Y=>E@BL@ JG LJB?=E=JB =E => JAA@G@? BJE K> ?JLHM@BEKGDO CHE K> G@KI @R=?@BL@5 8KGJI @R=?@BL@ JA EF@ AKLE JA @Y@LHE=JB JA EF@ ?JLHM@BE> => KIIJQ@?5 Kay dili man siya written agreement kung tan’awon nimo. Its’ JCU@LE JG G@KI @R=?@BL@5

%GF EGB9:9D L2 @5:G1 !BCD98E9 )019   -5 %22 /01(' %E @R=?@BL@ GHI@5 )JO QFKE GHI@ >FJHI? C@ KPPI=@?Z 0FKE => QFD DJH B@@? EJ VBJQ EF@ ?=>E=BLE= ?=>E=BLE=JB>5 JB>5

 

(#)*+ !,-. 

b_ 

/CU@LE=JB >FJHI? C@ =BE@GPJ>@? QF@B EF@ ?JLHM@BE => JAA@G@? (i.e. after the presentati presentation on of a party’s testimonial evidence). evidence).  

@-)A< !"#$!%&! );HPPJ>@> EFKE EF@ JG=T=BKI

V!*+ !"#$!%&! ); BJE

)JO QF@B EF@ ?JLHM@BE => JAA@G@?O UH>E C@AJG@ EF@ PKGED G@>E> AJGMKIID5

?JLHM@BE => KRK=IKCI@ =B LJHGE5

KRK=IKCI@ JG EF@G@ => QG=E=BT K ?=>PHE@ K> EJ QF@EF@G >K=? => JG=T=BKI 8GJF=C=E> EF@ =BEGJ?HLE=JB JA >@LJB?KGD @R=?@BL@ G@TKG?I@>> JA QF@EF@G JG BJE =E RKG=@> EF@ LJBE@BE JA EF@ JG=T=BKI %PPI=@> EJ KII V=B? JA QG=E=BTO LJBEGKLE JG BJE

_a QK98 CJ 5 75:F2 D9969D FG K5B9 :9JF9D CFJ E5J9S -a .GJM EF@ MJM@BE F@ >HCM=E> F=> AJGMKI JAA@G5 :=GK PK VK MH JCU@LE >K ?JLHM@BE PKT JAA@G BK >K =DKFKO =A DJHG JCU@LE=JB => CK>@? JB ;@>E (R=?@BL@ 'HI@5

3KB C@ =BRJV@? CD KBD PKGED EJ KB KLE=JB QF@EF@G F@ FK> PKGE=L=PKE@? JG BJE =B EF@ QG=E=BTO BJ I=M=EKE=JB

_a QK5F 5LG0F FK9 @5:G1 !BCD98E9 )019S QK5F F279 GI 9BCD98E9 CJ GLN9EFCG85L19 K9:9S -a 8KGJI (R=?@BL@ JG @R=?@BL@ EFKE => @YEG=B>=L JG JHE>=?@ EF@ E@GM> JA EF@ KTG@@M@BE5

8GJF=C=E> EF@ RKGD=BT JA EF@ E@GM> JA K QG=EE@B KTG@@M@BE

%PPI=@> JBID EJ ?JLHM@BE> QF=LF KG@ LJBEGKLEHKI =B BKEHG@ @YL@PE Q=II> 3KB C@ =BRJV@? JBID QF@B EF@ LJBEGKGD => C@EQ@@B EF@ PKGE=@> EJ EF@ QG=EE@B KTG@@M@BE KB? EF@=G PG=R=@>

QK98 9d5EF12 JKG01D 5 75:F2 GLN9EFS 3GJ>>#G@A@G@BL@ Q=EF 'HI@ -]+5 *9EFCG8 MWH QK98 FG 65`9 GII9: H —  %II @R=?@BL@ MH>E C@ JAA@G@? JGKIID5 0F@ JAA@G JA EF@ E@>E=MJBD JA K Q=EB@>> =B @R=?@BL@ MH>E C@ MK?@ KE EF@ Q=EB@>> => LKII@? EJ E@>E=AD5 0F@ JAA@G JA ?JLHM@BEKGD KB? JCU@LE @R=?@BL@ >FKII C@ MK?@ presentation of a party’s testimonial evidence. (35a)  (35a)  *9EFCG8 MYH ALN9EFCG8JH –  /CU@LE=JB EJ JAA@G JA @R=?@BL@ MH>E C@ MK?@ JGKIID =MM@?=KE@ID KAE@G EF@ JAA@G => MK?@5 /CU@LE=JB EJ EF@ E@>E=MJBD JA K Q=EB@>> AJG IKLV JA K AJGMKI JAA@G MH>E C@ MK?@ K> >JJB K> EF@ Q=EB@>> C@T=B> EJ E@>E=AD5 /CU@LE=JB EJ K [H@>E=JB PGJPJHB?@? =B EF@ LJHG>@ JA EF@ JGKI @YKM=BKE=JB JA K Q=EB@>> MH>E C@ MK?@ K> >JJB K> EF@ TGJHB?> EF@G@AJG C@LJM@ G@K>JBKCID KPPKG@BE5 0F@ TGJHB?> AJG EF@ JCU@LE=JB> MH>E C@ >P@L=A=@?5 W]bKX

_a QK98 DG 2G0 65`9 58 GII9:S -a !E ?@P@B?> JB QFKE DJH KG@ JCU@LE=BT EJ5 !A =E => EJ JAA@G EF@ @R=?@BL@O DJH FKR@ EJ JCU@LE =MM@?=KE@ID KAE@G EF@ JAA@G => MK?@5 /CU@LE=JB EJ EF@ E@>E=MJBD JA EF@ Q=EB@>>O JG JCU@LE=JB EJ EF@ [H@>E=JB PGJPJHB?@? =B EF@ LJHG>@ JA EF@ JGKI @YKM=BKE=JB JA K Q=EB@>> MH>E C@ MK?@ K> >JJB K> EF@ TGJHB?> EF@G@AJG C@LJM@ G@K>JBKCID KPPKG@BE5 ./' 01( ;()0 (9!:(&3( '42(d _a QK5F DCD Z9 DCJE0JJ C8 L9JF 9BCD98E9 :019S QK98 JKG01D Z9 GLN9EFS 8KTVKV=EK CK B=MJ BK PFJEJLJPD IKBT >=DKO ?J DJH JCU@LE =MM@?=KE@IDZ -a &/O KA ter ter pa na i’offer siya. Which is done after the presentation of a party’s testimonial evidence evidence.. 

.JG EF@ 8KGJI (R=?@BL@ 'HI@d _a #J FK9 :019 FK9 J569 IG: FK9 75:G1 9BCD98E9 :019S -a &/5 EF@ JCU@LE=JB HB?@G EF@ ;@>E (R=?@BL@ 'HI@ => KTK=B>E EF@ ?JLHM@BE5 *JH JCU@LE C@LKH>@ =E => BJE JG=T=BKI5

_a TGZ CJ CF 0J05112 658CI9JF9DS -a   NG=EE@B JG =B EF@ AJGM JA KBJEF@G ?JLHM@BE`     0@>E=MJB=KI  8Q@?@ >=DK QG=EE@B JG =B EF@ AJGM JA KBJEF@G ?JLHM@BE 5 8Q@?@ MKB VK MKT =BEGJ?HL@ HT KBJEF@G P=@L@ JA PKP@G EJ LJBEGK?=LE EF@ E@GM> JA EF@ KTG@@M@BE5 !B EF=> LK>@O JCU@LE=JB >FJHI? C@ =BE@GPJ>@? KAE@G AJGMKI JAA@G, JAA@G, which happens after the presentation of a party’s testimonial evidence. Then, that’s the time BK >=M=IKG >=DK >K ;@>E (R=?@BL@ 'HI@5 0F@ JCU@LE=JBKCI@ @R=?@BL@ F@G@O MJG@ JAE@B EFKB BJEO =B MD @YP@G=@BL@ => E@>E=MJB=KI 5 $@KB=BTO VKBK C=EKQ BKK BKD QG=EE@B KTG@@M@BE P@GJ BKT E@>E=AD KBT P=VK> 8KGE=?J BKB KK >=IKD >KCJE BK QKIK >K QG=EE@B KTG@@M@BE5

_a QK98 DG 2G0 GLN9EFS -a !E ?@P@B?> =B EF@ AJIIJQ=BT5   !A EF@ JCU@LE=JBKCI@ E@>E=MJBD => =B EF@ LJHG>@ JA @YKM=BKE=JBd 0F@ JCU@LE=JB >FJHI? C@ =BE@GPJ>@? K> >JJB K> EF@ TGJHB?> EF@G@AJG >FKII C@LJM@ G@K>JBKCID KPPKG@BE5 )JO PKTVK ?HBTJT B=MJO Q@IIO MKT JCU@LE BK VK5  

!A EF@ JCU@LE=JBKCI@ BKEHG@ JA EF@ E@>E=MJBD => KPPKG@BE AGJM EF@ JAA@G PG=JG EJ E@>E=MJBDd /CU@LE=JB EJ @R=?@BL@ JAA@G@? JGKIID MH>E C@ MK?@ =MM@?=KE@ID KAE@G EF@ JAA@G => MK?@5

!d56719 GI “in the course of examination of the witness”:  

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%E=MJBDO DJHG 1JBJG5 %> JAA@G@?O EF@ E@>E=MJBD >@@V> EJ MJ?=AD EF@ E@GM> JA EF@ QG=EE@B KTG@@M@BE CD M@KB> JA PKGJI @R=?@BL@5

%GF9a 8G=JG EJ KM@B?M@BEO EF=> H>@? EJ C@ )@LE=JB ++5 )@LE=JB +] H>@? EJ C@ EF@ >HGR=RJG>F=P ?=>[HKI=A=LKE=JB GHI@ QF=LF EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE =B =E> KM@B?M@BE EJ EF@ 'HI@> JA 3JHGEO EGKB>A@GG@? K> KB @YL@PE=JB EJ EF@ F@KG>KD GHI@ 5

That’s how you object. If you look at it, from the point of view of JCU@LE=JBO IKF= KBT ;@>E (R=?@BL@ 'HI@ KB? 8KGJI (R=?@BL@ 'HI@5 ;@LKH>@ =A EF@ PGJP@G E=M@ EJ JCU@LE => KIQKD> KAE@G EF@ PG@>@BEKE=JB of the party’s testimonial evidence, under the best evidence rule, the

QK2 CJ DCJR051CICE5FCG8 L2 :95JG8 GI 65::C5O9 08D9: FK9 )019JS Recall that we are already in the topic ‘testimonial evidence’. The first LJHPI@ JA PGJR=>=JB> KG@ EKIV=BT KCJHE EF@ [HKI=A=LKE=JB> JA Q=EB@>>@>5

E=M=BT JA EF@ JCU@LE=JB CK>@? JB EF@ 8KGJI (R=?@BL@ 'HI@ ?@P@B?> JB EF@ AJGM EKV@B CD @R=?@BL@ KI=HB?@5

]5^ ]5^   *9EFCG8 =3  QJHI? E@II H> EFKE K Q=EB@>> MH>E C@ KCI@ EJ P@GL@=R@ KB? =B P@GL@=R=BT LKB MKV@ VBJQB F=> P@GL@PE=JB EJ JEF@G>5 0FKE => EF@ CK>=L [HKI=A=LKE=JB5 0F@G@ KG@ AKLEJG> =B EF@ + B? PKG5 JA >HLF GHI@ QF=LF E@II> H> QFKE Q=II BJE KAA@LE EF@ [HKI=A=LKE=JB> JA EF@ Q=EB@>>@>5

)JO ?@P@B?@5 8Q@?@ >=DK E@>E=MJB=KIO PQ@?@ PH? ?JLHM@BEKGD5 !A testimonial man siya, depende kung kanus’a nimo na matikdan na JCU@LE=JBKCI@ ? KD KB? E@>E=MJBD5

@-)A< !"#$!%&! );@? JB EF@ 8KGJI (R=?@BL@ 'HI@ ?@P@B?> JB EF@ AJGM EKV@B CD @R=?@BL@ KI=HB?@5 KI=HB?@5  

V!*+ !"#$!%&! ); KIQKD> KAE@G EF@ PG@>@BEKE=JB of a party’s testimonial @R=?@BL@5

*JH >FJHI? KI>J VBJQ EF@ ?=>E=BLE=JB> C@EQ@@B EF@ 8KGJI (R=?@BL@ 'HI@ KB? )EKEHE@ JA .GKH?>5 &KK >=IKD LJMMJBKI=EDO CJEF KAA@LE DJHG KC=I=ED EJ PG@>@BE E@>E=MJBD5

@-)A< !"#$!%&! ); H> EFKE K Q=EB@>> MKD JBID E@>E=AD CK>@? JB F=> P@G>JBKI VBJQI@?T@O EFKE => QF=LF => ?@G=R@? AGJM F=> P@GL@PE=JB5 0F=> H>@? EJ C@ EF@ AJHB?KE=JBKI PGJR=>=JB JB EF@ GHI@ JB F@KG>KD C@LKH>@ KBDEF=BT EFKE EF@ Q=EB@>> E@>E=A=@> EJ EFKE => BJE CK>@? JB F=> P@G>JBKI VBJQI@?T@ JG BJE ?@G=R@? AGJM F=> JQB P@GL@PE=JB => >HPPJ>@? EJ C@ =BK?M=>>=CI@ =B LJHGE5 0FH>O EF@ Q=EB@>> LKBBJE E@>E=AD K> EJ MKEE@G> EFKE KG@ BJE CK>@? JB F=> P@G>JBKI VBJQI@?T@5 0FKE => KLEHKIID K ?=>[HKI=A=LKE=JB— ?=>[HKI=A=LKE=JB —EFKE =A DJH KG@ E@>E=AD=BT JB MKEE@G> BJE CK>@? JB DJHG P@G>JBKI VBJQI@?T@O K Q=EB@>> C@LJM@> =BLJMP@E@BE5 1@ LKBBJE C@ LJMP@E@BE L JMP@E@BE EJ E@>E=AD5

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%5 )F@ LKB BJQ E@>E=AD5 0F@ PGJF=C=E=JB BJ IJBT@G KPPI=@> KPPI=@> >=BL@ EF@ E@>E=MJBD => EJ C@ JAA@G@? KAE@G EF@ MKGG=KT@5 _a #I FK9 60:D9: GI $CBC89 L2 .5FF9G FGG` 715E9 D0:C8O FK9 65::C5O9X 652 .5FF9G J0EE9JJI0112 GLN9EF FG FK9 F9JFC6G82 G8 FK9 O:G08D FK5F FK9 I5EFJ J0LN9EF GI FK9 F9JFC6G82 GEE0::9D D0:C8O FK9 9dCJF98E9 GI FK9 65::C5O9S -a &J5 $KEE@J LKBBJE >HLL@>>AHIID JCU@LE =A EF@ E@>E=MJBD => JAA@G@? KAE@G EF@ ?=>>JIHE=JB JA EF@ MKGG=KT@5 @:C8EC719 FG )9696L9: 4B?@G EF@ $KG=EKI :=>[HKI=A=LKE=JB 'HI@O EF@ E=M@ JA JLLHGG@BL@ JA EF@ AKLE> >HCU@LE JA EF@ E@>E=MJBD ?J@> BJE MKEE@G5 0FH>O =E => BJE LJB>@[H@BE=KI EFKE EF@ E@>E=MJBD JA EF@ >PJH>@#Q=EB@>> => CK>@? JB AKLE> EFKE JLLHGG@? C@AJG@ JG ?HG=BT EF@ MKGG=KT@5 Why? Because the only “timing” that matters is EFKE is  EFKE EF@ E@>E=MJBD => JAA@G@? :4'!&< 01( $%''!% KIG@K?D ?=>>JIR@? WJG KAE@G EF@ MKGG=KT@XO DJH LKB KIG@K?D E@>E=AD5

]=^  ]=^  +K9 GFK9: J7G0J9 CJ 5 75:F2 FG FK9 5EFCG8X ZK9FK9: ECBC1 G: E:C6C851H N@ KG@ BJQ =BEGJ?HL@? =BEJ EQJ LFKGKLE@G> JA EF@ >EJGDd W-X  N@ FKR@ EF@ Q=EB@>> >PJH>@` KB? W+X  0F@ I=E=TKBE >PJH>@ gEF@ JB@ QFJ JQB> EF@ PG=R=I@T@ EJ JCU@LE EJ EF@ E@>E=MJBD JA EF@ Q=EB@>> >PJH>@e5 A89 J7G0J9 60JF L9 5 75:F2 FG FK9 5EFCG8   0F=> M@KB> EFKE JB@ >PJH>@ MH>E FKR@ =B=E=KE@? KB KLE=JB =B LJHGE K> PIK=BE=AAO LJMPIK=BKBE JG P@E=E=JB@G` JG FKR@ C@@B FK=I@? EJ LJHGE K> ?@A@B?KBEO G@>PJB?@BE JG KLLH>@?5   0FH>O =A JB@ >PJH>@ => K M@G@ Q=EB@>> AJG K PKGEDO KB? EF@ other spouse’s testimonD testimonD => JAA@G@? @=EF@G EJ LJGGJCJGKE@ JG G@CHE EF@ E@>E=MJBD JA JB@ >PJH>@O EF@ GHI@ ?J@> BJE KPPID5 NFDZ ;@LKH>@ @R@B =A F@ => K Q=EB@>>O F@ => BJE K PKGED5 )J ?KPKE F@j>F@ MH>E C@ K PKGEDO QF@EF@G K> PIK=BE=AAjLJMPI PIK=BE=AAjLJMPIK=BKBEO K=BKBEO JG ?@A@B?KB ?@A@B?KBEjKLLH>@?5 EjKLLH>@?5   0F@ I=E=TKBE#>PJH>@ FK> BJE T=R@B LJB>@BE EJ EF@ E@>E=MJBD5 





]M^  ]M^  +K9 1CFCO58F J7G0J9 K5J 8GF OCB98 KCJ G: K9: EG8J98F FG FK9 F9JFC6G82H &G8J98F E58 L9 9d7:9JJ G: C671C9D -5  !d7:9JJO =A EF@ I=E=TKBE#>PJH> I=E=TKBE#>PJH>@ @ MKB=A@>E> =B JP@B LJHGE EFKE F@ => BJE JCU@LE=BT EJ EF@ E@>E=MJBD JA EF@ Q=EB@>>#>PJH>@5 +5  #671C9D O =A EF@ I=E=TKBE#>PJH>@ ?J@> BJE JCU@LE QF@B EF@ E@>E=MJBD => JAA@G@? JG =A F@ LGJ>>#@YKM=B@> EF@ Q=EB@>># >PJH>@5

0KV@ BJE@O EF@ KLE JA LGJ>>#@YKM=BKE=JB => =MPI=@? LJB>@BE5 *JH FKR@ EJ G@M@MC@G QF@B DJH C@LJM@ IKQD@G> KIG@K?DO EFKE =A EF@

(#)*+ !,-. 

_- 

E@>E=MJBD => JCU@LE=JBKCI@ AGJM EF@ R@GD C@T=BB=BT C@T=BB=B T KB? D@E EF@ LJHGE KIIJQ@? EF@ Q=EB@>> EJ E@>E=AD –EF@ GHI@ JA EFHMC >@@M> EJ C@O DJH >FJHI? BJE LGJ>>#@YKM=B@5 NFDZ ;@LKH>@ EF@ KLE JA LGJ>>#@YKM=B=BT KMJHBE> EJ K QK=R@G JA DJHG JCU@LE=JB5 Q5CB9: 0F@ E@>E=MJBD => PGJF=C=E@? JBID JR@G EF@ JCU@LE=JB JA EF@ KAA@LE@? >PJH>@5 !E => EF@ IKEE@G >PJH>@ QFJ FK> EF@ G=TFE EJ JCU@LE EJ EF@ LJMP@E@BLD JA EF@ Q=EB@>>#>PJH>@5 !E TJ@> Q=EFJHE >KD=BT EFKE EF@ E@>E=MJBD => K?M=>>=CI@ QF@G@ BJ JCU@LE=JB => =BE@GPJ>@? CD EF@ >PJH>@ QFJ FK> EF@ G=TFE EJ =BRJV@ EF@ PGJF=C=E=JB5 !B JEF@G QJG?>O EF@ C@B@A=E JA EF@ GHI@ MKD C@ QK=R@?5 !E MKD C@ QK=R@? =MPI=@?ID JG @YPG@>>ID5 /CU@LE=JB> EJ EF@ LJMP@E@BLD JA K FH>CKB? KB? Q=A@ EJ E@>E=AD =B K LG=M=BKI PGJ>@LHE=JB KTK=B>E EF@ JEF@G MKD C@ QK=R@? K> =B EF@ LK>@ JA JEF@G Q=EB@>>@> T@B@GKIID5 0F@ JCU@LE=JB EJ EF@ LJMP@E@ LJMP@E@BLD BLD JA EF@ >PJH>@ MH>E C@ MK?@ QF@B F@ JG >F@ => A=G>E JAA@G@? K> K Q=EB@>>5 ]@9G719 BJH @58J98JG2X ?H)H %GH 3P\YMPX *97F96L9: 3=X =\\=^ )JO EF@ MJM@BE BK =#PKEKQKT >K Q=EB@>> >EKB?O EFKE => KIG@K?D EF@ E=M@ DJH >FJHI? JCU@LE5 8KT JAA@G PK IKBTO “Your Honor, we call to the witness stand Mrs. A, the E@>E=MJBD JA EF@ Q=EB@>> *JHG 1JBJG => JAA@G@? EJ PGJR@ EF@ AJIIJQ=BT MKEE@G>d r-O +O ]5 /CU@LE BK ?KDHB VKO C@LKH>@ EF@ E@>E=MJBD JA EF@ >PJH>@#Q=EB@>> => KIG@K?D offered into evidence, that’s the time when you need to JCU@LE KB? &/0 QF@B BKVK>HTJ? BK >=DK JT >EHGDK5 *JH JCU@LE =MM@?=KE@ID KE EF@ A=G>E JPPJGEHB=ED EJ ?J >J5

@9G719 BJH (:58ECJEG _S 8F=I b^c W-^c_X NF@G@ EF@ KLLH>@? FH>CKB? =B F=> E@>E=MJBD =MPHE@? EF@ LJMM=>>=JB JA EF@ LG=M@ EJ F=> Q=A@O F@ => ?@@M@? EJ FKR@ QK=R@? his objection to the latter’s testimony in rebuttal.

&G6698Fa 0F=> => KB =BE@G@>E=BT LK>@O QF@G@ EF@ FH>CKB? QK> KLLH>@? JA V=II=BT F=> JQB LF=I?5 0F@ FH>CKB? =MPHE@? EF@ LJMM=>>=JB JA EF@ LG=M@ EJ his wife, during his direct examination ang tubag niya kay “dili ako KBT B=BT PKEKD >KVJBT KBKVO KBT B=BT PKEKD >KVJBT KBKV VKD KVJBT asawa”, and then they rested. The prosecution wanted to rebut the E@>E=MJBD JA EF@ KLLH>@?O C@LKH>@ JEF@GQ=>@ =E QJHI? G@MK=B HBG@CHEE@?5 NF@B EF@ PGJ>@LHE=JB LKII@? EF@ Q=A@ EJ G@CHE EF@ E@>E=MJBD JA EF@ FH>CKB?O EF@ IKEE@G JCU@LE@? JB EF@ TGJHB? EFKE =E => LJR@G@? HB?@G EF@ $KG=EKI :=>[HKI=A=LKE=JB 'HI@5

0F@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGEO FJQ@R@GO EFKE EF@ FH>CKB?=EFK> KIG@K?D ?@@M@? EJ FKR@ QK=R@? EF@ >K=? JCU@LE=JBO JEF@GQ=>@ QJHI? C@ LJMPI@E@ID HBAK=G EJ EF@ PGJ>@LHE=JB KB? EJ EF@ Q=A@ EJ QFJM F@ =MPHE@? EF@ LJMM=>>=JB JA EF@ LG=M@5

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%PJH>@ EJ C@ KIIJQ@? EJ E@>E=AD KTK=B>E EF@ JEF@G in a civil case, the case must be a “civil ca case se by one against the other”.  other”. 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

(#)*+ !,-. 

_+ 

@:C8EC719 FG )9696L9: 4B?@G EF@ L=R=I LK>@ @YL@PE=JBO EF@ LK>@ >FJHI? C@ C@EQ@@B EF@ >PJH>@> EF@M>@IR@>5 :=G@LE K>L@B?KBE> JG ?@>L@B?KBE> ?J@> BJE MKEE@G5 &A$-< !,&!@+#A%a =H #% - &)#.#%-< &-*! (A) - &)#.! &A..#++!$ VU A%! AGAINST THE OTHER OR THE LATTER’S DIRECT $!*&!%$-%+* A) -*&!%$-%+* 0F@ GHI@ => ?=AA@G@BE =B K LG=M=BKI LK>@5 !B K LG=M=BKI LK>@O EF@ PG=R=I@T@ JA JB@ EJ E@>E=AD KTK=B>E EF@ JEF@G => BJE LJBA=B@? EJ LG=M@> LJMM=EE@? CD JB@ KTK=B>E EF@ JEF@GO CHE LJR@G> LG=M@> LJMM=EE@? CD JB@ KTK=B>E EF@ ?=G@LE ?@>L@B?KBE> JG K>L@B?KBE> JA the latter like the latter’s children or parents. However, crimes committed against a spouse’s collateral relatives like uncles, KHBE=@>O LJH>=B> JG B@PF@Q> KB? B=@L@> KG@ BJE LJR@G@? CD EF@ @YL@PE=JB !A EF@ Q=A@ >H@> EF@ FH>CKB? AJG AGKH?HI@BEID @MC@aaI=BT EF@ PKGKPF@GBKI AHB?> JA EF@ AJGM@GO EF@ G@K>JB AJG EF@ GHI@ L@K>@>5 0F@ Q=A@ LKB BJQ E@>E=AD KTK=B>E EF@ FH>CKB?5 %I>JO =A EF@ Q=A@ => >H@? AJG K?HIE@GDO EF@ FH>CKB? LKBBJE C@ CKGG@? AGJM E@>E=AD=BT KTK=B>E EF@ Q=A@5

)95JG8 IG: FK9 IC:JF FZG 9dE97FCG8J !B EF@>@ LK>@>O EF@ =?@BE=ED JA =BE@G@>E ?=>KPP@KG> KB? EF@ LJB>@[H@BE ?KBT@G JA P@GUHGD CK>@? JB EFKE =?@BE=ED => BJB#@Y=>E@BE5 !B >HLF K >=EHKE=JBO EF@ >@LHG=ED KB? LJBA=?@BL@ JA PG=RKE@ I=A@ QF=LF EF@ IKQ K=M> KE PGJE@LE=BT Q=II C@ BJEF=BT CHE =?@KI> QF=LFO EFGJHTF EF@=G KC>@BL@O M@G@ID I@KR@ K RJ=? =B EF@ HBFKPPD FJM@5 W%IRKG@a R>5 'KM=G@aX $C:9EF $9JE98D58FJ G: -JE98D58FJ The phrase “or the latter’s direct descendants or ascendants” did not KPP@KG =B EF@ JI?@G =BLKGBKE=JB JA EF@ GHI@ W-^bc 'HI@>X5 1@BL@O =B 8@JPI@ R>5 &KE=R=?K? W_, 8F=I ]-fX O =E QK> F@I? EFKE K Q=A@ LKBBJE E@>E=AD KTK=B>E F@G FH>CKB? Q=EFJHE F=> LJB>@BE =A EF@ FH>CKB? => KLLH>@? JA V=II=BT F@G LF=I?5 ;HE BJQO EF@ PG@>@BE GHI@ W-^S^O +,+, 'HI@>X FK> C@@B FKGMJB=a@? Q=EF EF@ GHI=BT =B /G?JsJ R>5 :K[H=TKBO KIIJQ=BT EF@ Q=A@ EJ E@>E=AD KTK=B>E F@G FH>CKB? AJG GKP=BT F@G ?KHTFE@G5 !B EF=> LK>@O EF@ KLE JA EF@ FH>CKB? GKP=BT EF@ ?KHTFE@G JA F=> Q=A@ => KLEHKIID KB JAA@B>@ LJMM=EE@? CD EF@ FH>CKB? KTK=B>E EF@ Q=A@ KB? >HLF JAA@B>@ ?=G@LEID KB? R=EKIID =MPK=G> EF@ LJBUHTKI G@IKE=JB>5

-0O0JF 3M @5:F M 4 V5K5115 QK5F F279J GI &:C69J 5:9 EGB9:9DS NF@B KB JAA@B>@ ?=G@LEID KEEKLV>O ?=G@LEID KB? R=EKIID =MPK=G> EF@ LJBUHTKI G@IKE=JBO =E LJM@> Q=EF=B EF@ @YL@PE=JB EJ EF@ >EKEHE@ EFKE JB@ >FKII BJE C@ K Q=EB@>> KTK=B>E EF@ JEF@G @YL@PE =B K LG=M=BKI

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% :JLEG=B@ => KPPI=LKCI@O EF@G@ => BJ IJBT@G KBD G@K>JB EJ KPPID EF@ $KG=EKI :=>[HKI=A=LKE=JB 'HI@5 /VKDZ 0FKE => K R@GD =MPJGEKBE @YL@PE=JB5

*+)-#%!$ )! EJ ?JLHM@BE> JG EF@ CG=BT=BT JA JCU@LE> KTK=B>E EF@ I=E=TKBE >PJH>@O =E => >E=II LJR@G@?5 !E => >E=II LJR@G@? ?@>P=E@ EF@ AKLE EFKE EF@G@ => BJ GHI@ ?=G@LEID PGJR=?=BT EFKE5

+5`9 8GF9a   'HI@ -],O )@LE=JB +] =B G@IKE=JB EJ )@LE=JB +cWKX=> K AKRJG=E@ >JHGL@ JA CKG [H@>E=JB> W-^S^O +,,,O +,,cO +,,bO @EL5X5   *JH B@@? EJ =MPG@>> HPJB EF@ M=B? JA EF@ CKG @YKM=B@G EFKE 



DJH FKR@ QFKE =E EKV@> EJ PGKLE=L@ K> K IKQD@G5 !A DJHG IKBTHKT@ => KPPGJY=MKE@ID EF@ >KM@ K> EF@ IKBTHKT@ JA EF@ )3O EF@B =B KII likelihood you will get better ratings. Ex. “unprofitable to require proof,” “hemorrhaging of the assets of the debtor” debtor”  

(#)*+ !,-. 

_f 

-H .-)#+-< @)#"#CKB? JG EF@ Q=A@O ?HG=BT JG KAE@G EF@ MKGG=KT@O LKBBJE C@ @YKM=B@? Q=EFJHE EF@ LJB>@BE JA EF@ JEF@G K> EJ KBD LJMMHB=LKE=JB G@L@=R@? =B LJBA=?@BL@ CD JB@ AGJM EF@ JEF@G ?HG=BT EF@ MKGG=KT@ @YL@PE =B K L=R=I LK>@ CD JB@ KTK=B>E EF@ JEF@GO JG =B K LG=M=BKI LK>@ for a crime committed by one against the other or the latter’s direct ?@>L@B?KBE> JG K>L@B?KBE>5 0F=> G@MK=B> R=GEHKIID HBLFKBT@? HB?@G EF@ B@Q 'HI@>5

“0F@ FH>CKB? JG EF@ Q=A@O ?HG=BT JG KAE@G EF@ MKGG=KT@ ” ?=FK PK IKBT BKVKV=EK BK EK HT ?=AA@G@BL@ C@EQ@@B EF@ $KG=EKI :=>[HKI=A=LKE=JB 'HI@ KB? EF@ $KG=EKI 8G=R=I@T@? 3JMMHB=LKE=JB 'HI@5 NF=I@ EF@ PKGE=@> KG@ EF@ >KM@– >KM@– EF@ FH>CKB? JG EF@ Q=A@O F@G@ =E => ?HG=BT JG KAE@G EF@ MKGG=KT@ QF=I@ =B $KG=EKI :=>[HKI=A=LKE=JB 'HI@ =E => JBID ?HG=BT EF@ MKGG=KT@5 )J QFKE ?J@> =E E@II DJHZ 0F=> $KG=EKI 8G=R=I@T@? 3JMMHB=LKE=JB 'HI@ FK> K IJBT@G ?HGKE=JB C@LKH>@ =E @Y=>E>  9B98 5IF9: FK9 65::C5O9H 

+5`9 8GF9 GI FK9 7K:5J9G1GO2O >KR@ AJG P@GFKP>O EF@ M=??I@O PKG@FJ >=DK >K $KG=EKI :=>[HKI=A=LKE=JB 'HI@5   Unsa lay nakalahi? “KBD “KBD LJMMHB=LKE=JB G@L@=R@? =B LJBA=?@BL@ ” – VKBK BK PKGE KBT BKVKIKF=5   “@YL@PE =B K L=R=I LK>@ CD JB@ KTK=B>E EF@ JEF@GO JG =B K LG=M=BKI LK>@ AJG K LG=M@ LJMM=EE@? CD JB@ KTK=B>E EF@ JEF@G JG EF@ latter’s direct descendants or ascendants ” – @R@B – @R@B EF@ @YL@PE=JB> KG@ EF@ >KM@ 

&5J9J 2G0 60JF :95Da   -1B5:9g BJH )56C:9g W=M=IKG EJ EF@ $KG=EKI :=>[HKI=A=LKE=JB 'HI@X`   :=I= KPPI=LKCI@ VHBT V=BEKFKD I=R@#=B G@IKE=JB>F=P IKBT >=DK JG LJFKC=EKE=JBO QF@EF@G I=L=E JG =II=L=E5 ;@LKH>@ Q@ FKR@ EJ K?M=EO BKK MKB PH? I=L=E BK LJFKC=EKE=JB – LJFKC=EKE=JB C@EQ@@B K MKB KB? K QJMKB QFJ KG@ BJE =BLKPKL=EKE@? EJ MKGGD @KLF JEF@G5 0F@D KG@ CJEF >=BTI@ P@GJ ?=I= IKBT TDH? >=IK TKBKFKB MKT#K>KQK5 2=L=E BK BK LJFKC=EKE=JBO ?=I= BK =II=L=E5 ;HE F@G@O KTK=BO =E JBID KPPI=@> =A EF@G@ => K RKI=? MKGG=KT@5

=H =H   +K9 7:CBC19O9 CJ C8BG`9D ZCFK :9J79EF FG 5 EG8ICD98FC51 EG6608CE5FCG8 L9FZ998 FK9 J7G0J9J $;)#%? FK9 J5CD 65::C5O9h 58D _a )9E511 08D9: FK9 .5:CF51 $CJR051CICE5FCG8 )019X 855 L5 word na “D0:C8O  “D0:C8O ””?? : “During their QF=I@ marriage, the MKGG=@?5 husband or the wife cannot… ” 0F@ GHI@ KPPI=@> EF@D KG@

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%@ CD JB@ KTK=B>E EF@ JEF@G` +5  !B K LG=M=BKI LK>@ AJG K LG=M@ LJMM=EE@? CD JB@ KTK=B>E EF@ other or the latter’s direct descendan descendants ts or ascendants. ascendants.   0KV@ BJE@ EFKE EF@>@ KG@ EF@ >KM@ LJ?KI @YL@PE=JB> HB?@G EF@ $KG=EKI :=>[HKI=A=LKE=JB 'HI@5

@:9J067FCG8a !B EF@ KC>@BL@ JA @R=?@BL@ EJ EF@ LJBEGKGDO KBD LJMMHB=LKE=JB T=R@B CD JB@ >PJH>@ EJ EF@ JEF@G => PG@>HM@? LJBA=?@ LJBA=?@BE=KI5 BE=KI5 0F@G@ => EFKE PG@>HMPE=JB JA LJBA=?@BE=KI=ED QF@B Q@ EKIV KCJHE EF@ $KG=EKI 8G=R=I@T@? 3JMMHB=LKE=JB 'HI@5

T27GFK9FCE51 7:GL196a )PJH>@> $KUK KB? 'GKMJB Q@G@ ?@@P =B LJBR@G>KE=JB QF@B 'GKMJB LJBA@>>@? EJ $KUK EFKE F@O C@AJG@ EF@D TJE married, killed Maja’s ex#CJDAG=@B?O ex#CJDAG=@B?O E=II MKGG=@?Z *@> EF@D KG@O QKIK MKB BKVKCHEKBT BK EF@ MKGG=KT@ FK> KIG@K?D C@@B ?=>>JIR@?5X -d &J5 0F@ 0 F@ $KG=EKI 8G=R=I@T@? 3JMMHB=LKE=JB 'HI@ KPPI=@>5 NFDZ 0F@ PG=R=I@T@? JG LJBA=?@BE=KI L JBA=?@BE=KI =BAJGMKE=JB QK> MK?@ JG LJMMHB=LKE@? QF=I@ EF@D KG@ >E=II MKGG=@?5

!B AKLEO EF@ :=>[HKI=A=LKE=JB 'HI@ KPPI=@> K> Q@II5 NFDZ ;@LKH>@ EF@D $KG=EKI KG@ >E=II MKGG=@?5

_a QK5F CI FK9C: 65::C5O9 Z5J 5880119DS &58 .5N5 F9JFCI2 FK98S

4B?@G EF@ $KG=EKI 8G=R=I@T@? 3JMMHB=LKE=JB 'HI@O ?=I= PQ@?@5 NFDZ ;@LKH>@ EF@ GHI@ KPPI=@> ?HG=BT JG KAE@G EF@ MKGG=KT@O HBI@>> 'GGGKMJB QK=R@> EF@ PG=R=I@T@5 0KV@ BJE@5 0FKE => K R@GD =MPJGEKBE ?=>E=BLE=JB5 NFDZ ;@LKH>@ @R@B =A EF@ MKGG=KT@ => KIG@K?D ?=>>JIR@?O CHE EF@ LJBA=?@BE=KI =BAJGMKE=JB QK> LJMMHB=LKE@? EJ JB@ >PJH>@ ?HG=BT EF@ MKGG=KT@O EF@ $KG=EKI 8G=R=I@T@? 3JMMHB=LKE=JB 'HI@ would still apply even if dili na sila minyo. That’s the biggest ?=AA@G@BL@ C@EQ@@B EF@ EQJ5

.-)#+-< .-)#+-< @)#"# KPPID JBID QF@B EF@ >PJH>@> KG@ I@TKIID MKGG=@?5 3JMMJB IKQ G@IKE=JB>F=P> KB? JEF@G LJFKC=EKE=JB>O BJE LJR@G@?5  LJR@G@?5  ;JEF GHI@> ?J BJE KPPID =B K L=R=I LK>@ CD JB@ KTK=B>E EF@ JEF@G JG =B K LG=M=BKI LK>@ LJMM=EE@? CD JB@ KTK=B>E EF@ JEF@G JG EF@ other’s direct descendant or ascendant. ascendant.   )JO =B CJEF GHI@>O EF@ LJ?KI @YL@PE=JB> KG@ EF@ >KM@5 ;JEF GHI@> KG@ =BKPPI=LKCI@ QF@G@ EF@ KAA@LE@? >PJH>@> LJB>@BE EJ EF@ E@>E=MJBD5 E=AD5 )JO JVKD IKBT BK MKTE@>E=ADO ?=CKZ   3KB C@ =BRJV@? JBID =A JB@ JA %B C@ LIK=M@? QF@EF@G JG BJE EF@ >PJH>@> => K PKGED EJ EF@ EF@ >PJH>@ => K PKGED EJ EF@ KLE=JB5 KLE=JB5 :=CK BKK EKD ?HF KVK P@G>JBKI=ED BTK?EJZ N=EB@>>#  >PJH>@ KB? I=E=TKBE >PJH>@5 %PPI=@> JBID =A EF@ MKGG=KT@ => 3KB C@ LIK=M@? @R@B KAE@G EF@ @Y=>E=BT KE EF@ E=M@ E@>E=MJBD => JAA@G@?5

EF@

3JB>E=EHE@> K EJEKI PGJF=C=E=JB KTK=B>E EF@ >PJH>@5 !B JEF@G QJG?>O EF@ >PJH>@ LKB KLEHKIID G@AH>@ EJ EKV@ EF@ Q=EB@>> >EKB? KIEJT@EF@G5 1@ LKBBJE C@ LJMP@II@? 5

MKGG=KT@ FK> C@@B ?=>>JIR@?5 NFDZ ;@LKH>@ EF@ IKQ >KD>O “during or after the marriage”. %PPI=@> JBID EJ LJBA=?@BE=KI LJMMHB=LKE=JB> C@EQ@@B EF@ >PJH>@>5

3@K>@> HPJB EF@ ?@KEF JA JB@ @=EF@G >PJH>@5

/BID QF@B KBT T=BKPKBTHEKBK >K Q=EB@>>#>PJH>@ => JB@ EFKE G@IKE@> EJ LJBA=?@BE=KI LJMMHB=LKE=JB JG PG=R=I@T@? LJMMHB=LKE=JB5 3JBE=BH@> @R@B KAE@G EF@ E@GM=BKE=JB JA EF@ MKGG=KT@ JA

0F@ PGJF=C=E=JB CKG> E@>E=MJBD AJG JG KTK=B>E EF@ JEF@G5

QFKE@R@G LKH>@O =BLIH?=BT EF@ ?@KEF JA EF@ >PJH>@5 ;KG> EF@ @YKM=BKE=JB JA K >PJH>@ K> EJ MKEE@G> G@IKE@? =B

-0O0JF 3M @5:F W 4 !JE:CFG: -d 0F@ GHI@> KG@ ?=AA@G@BE C@LKH>@ HB?@G EF@ $KG=EKI :=>[HKI=A=LKE=JB 'HI@O PQ@?@ BK >DK MKTE@>E=AD5 .JGT@E

_b 

about that “unless Rrrramon  Rrrramon consents.” Why? Because the MKGG=KT@ => KIG@K?D KBBHII@?5 :=CKO JBID ?HG=BT EF@ MKGG=KT@ MKT#KPPID KBT $KG=EKI :=>[HKI=A=LKE=JB 'HI@Z

)J CJEF GHI@> KPPID =B EFKE >=EHKE=JB5

_a V0F FK9 E:C69 Z5J EG66CFF9D L9IG:9 FK9C: 65::C5O9S 65:: C5O9S $G9J CF 65FF9:S -d !E ?J@> BJE G@KIID MKEE@G5 NFKE MKEE@G> => EFKE EF@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB QK> MK?@ ?HG=BT EF@=G MKGG=KT@5 )JO EF@ $KG=EKI 8G=R=I@T@? 3JMMHB=LKE=JB 'HI@ KPPI=@>5 3JBR@G>@IDO EF@ $KG=EKI :=>[HKI=A=LKE=JB 'HI@ KPPI=@> KI>J C@LKH>@ EF@D KG@ >E=II MKGG=@?5

(#)*+ !,-. 

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offered as witness. As I told you earlier, that’s @9G719 BH @58J98JG2 =B G@IKE=JB EJ 'HI@ -]+O )@LE=JB> ]f KB? ]b5 $KG=EKI PG=R=I@T@O EF@ PGJP@G E=M@ EJ JCU@LE JB EF@ CK>=> JA EF@ $KG=EKI 8G=R=I@T@? 3JMMHB=LKE=JB 'HI@ ?@P@B?> QF@EF@G EF@ PG=R=I@T@? BKEHG@ JA EF@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB >JHTFE EJ C@ @I=L=E@? C@LJM@> KPPKG@BE ?HG=BT EF@ JAA@G JG =B EF@ LJHG>@ JA EF@ @YKM=BKE=JB5

-0O0JF 3M @5:F Y 4 !JF:GJ5J TU@A+T!+#&-< @)AV>=JB EJ $KUK QK> JR@GF@K? CD EF@=G M=BJG ?KHTFE@GO $KU@>>O KB? EF@=G BJ>D FJH>@MKE@O ;KBT>5 _09JFCG8Ja   3KB $KU@>> C@ LKII@? EJ E@>E=ADZ  

 

(#)*+ !,-. 

_S 

4B?@G EF@ $KG=EKI 8G=R=I@T@? 3JMMHB=LKE=JB 'HI@O %AO C@LKH>@ $KU@>> => >E=II K M=BJG5 QK2S   % M=BJGO KLLJG?=BT EJ %M@G=LKB 6HG=>PGH?@BL@O => LJB>=?@G@? K M@G@ @YE@B>=JB JA EF@ P@G>JBKI=ED JA F=> PKG@BE>5

NFKE KCJHE ;KBT>O EF@ BJ>D B@=TFCJG WEF@ W EF@ @KR@>?GJPP@GX Z  !  ?!%!)-< );E=AD5 0F=G? P@G>JB> QFJO Q=EFJHE EF@ VBJQI@?T@ JA EF@ >PJH>@>O JR@GF@KG EF@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB KG@ BJE ?=>[HKI=A=@? EJ E@>E=AD5 $@KB=BT >F@ => BJE KB @YE@B>=JB JA EF@ P@G>JBKI=ED JA EF@ >PJH>@>5 !  !,&!@+#A%a NF@B EF@G@ => LJIIH>=JB KB? RJIHBEKGD ?=>LIJ>HG@ EJ K EF=G? PKGEDO EFKE EF=G? PKGED C@LJM@> KB KT@BE JA EF@ >PJH>@> KB? LKBBJE E@>E=AD5 $@KB=BT EF@ >PJH>@> RJIHBEKG=ID M@BE=JB@? EJ EF@ >HPPJ>@?ID @KR@>?GJPP@G EFKE EF@D EKIV@? JB EF=> JG EFKE MKEE@G WBTK W BTK MKJ B= KMJBT T=>EHGDKFKB X5 X5 !A DJH KG@ =MKT=BKE=R@ about, an example will be “HD “HD MKT KQKD M= HBDKO PKM=BKQ KF .” .” There’s collusion there. ;HE EF@G@ KG@ I=M=EKE=JB> JG [HKI=A=LKE=JB> Q=EF EFKE HB?@G EF@ B@Q GHI@>5

4B?@G EF@ @YKMPI@ PG@R=JH>IDO QF=I@ $KU@>>O EF@ M=BJG LF=I?O LKBBJE C@ LJMP@II@? EJ E@>E=AD5 )F@ LKB RJIHBEKG=ID E@>E=AD C@LKH>@ JA )@LE=JB +f5

 

$KU@>> LKB RJIHBEKG=ID E@>E=AD5 4B?@G )@LE=JB +fd %G 79:JG8 652 L9 EG679119D FG F9JFCI2 5O5C8JF KCJ  75:98FJX GFK9: DC:9EF 5JE98D58F 5JE98D58FJX JX EKC1D:98 G: GFK9: DC:9EF D9JE98D58F D9JE98D58FJH JH

 

NFKE => PGJF=C=E@? HB?@G )@LE=JB +f => E@>E=MJBD CD LJMPHI>=JB5 !E ?J@> BJE AJG@>EKII E@>E=MJBD CD RJI=E=JB5





$@KB=BT VKBKBT P@G>JBKI BTK MKT#RJIHBE@@G BTK MKTE@>E=AD VJ 5 0F=> => JBID EF@ T@B@GKI GHI@ C@LKH>@ EF@G@ => KB @YL@PE=JB =B )@LE=JB +f5

!dE97FCG8a QF@B EF@ E@>E=MJBD => =B?=>P@B>KCI@ =B K LG=M@ KTK=B>E EFKE P@G>JB JG F=> PKG@BE> KTK=B>E EF@ JEF@G5 $A&+)#%!* +A )!.!.V!) -5  (R@GD LJMMHB=LKE=JB C@EQ@@B >PJH>@> => PG@>HM@? EJ C@ LJBA=?@BE=KI5 +5  0F@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB >FKII G@MK=B PG=R=I@T@?O @R@B =B EF@ FKB?> JA K EF=G? P@G>JB QFJ MKD FKR@ JCEK=B@? EF@ =BAJGMKE=JBO PGJR=?@? EFKE EF@ JG=T=BKI PKGE=@> EJ EF@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB EJJV G@K>JBKCI@ PG@LKHE=JB EJ PGJE@LE =E> LJBA=?@BE=KI=ED WIK>E PKGKTGKPF JA )@LE=JB +cX5 !B JEF@G QJG?>O EF@ EF=G? P@G>JB QFJ JCEK=B@? EF@ =BAJGMKE=JB EJJV EF@ PK=B> EJ G@KIID I=>E@B ?@>P=E@ EF@

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% PKGE=LHIKG =B>EKBL@O EF@ Q=EB@>> => ?=>[HKI=A=@? AGJM E@>E=AD=BT =B G@IKE=JB EJ LJMMHB=LKE=JB JG K?R=L@ T=R@B EJ EF@ LI=@BE =B EF@ LJHG>@ JA %EEJGB@D#3I=@BE G@IKE=JB>F=P>5 It’s a Privileged Communication Rule and not a Disqualif Disqualification ication

-.!%$!$ );E=II EKIV=BT KCJHE MKG=EKI ?=>[HKI=A=LKE=JB GHI@ JG BJEZ :=I= BK5 N@ KG@ BJQ EKIV=BT KCJHE MKG=EKI PG=R=I@T@? LJMMHB=LKE=JB GHI@5

WCX %B KEEJGB@D JG P@G>JB G@K>JBKCID C@I=@R@? CD EF@ LI=@BE EJ C@ I=L@B>@? EJ @BTKT@ =B EF@ PGKLE=L@ JA IKQ LKBBJEO Q=EFJHE EF@ LJB>@BE JA EF@ LI=@BEO C@ @YKM=B@? K> EJ KBD LJMMHB=LKE=JB MK?@ CD EF@ LI=@BE EJ F=M JG F@GO JG F=> JG F@G K?R=L@ T=R@B EF@G@JB =B EF@ LJHG>@ JAO JG Q=EF K R=@Q EJO PGJA@>>=JBKI employment, nor can an attorney’s secretary, stenographer, or LI@GVO JG JEF@G P@G>JB> K>>=>E=BT EF@ KEEJGB@D C@ @YKM=B@? Q=EFJHE EF@ LJB>@BE JA EF@ LI=@BE KB? F=> JG F@G @MPIJD@G5 3JBL@GB=BT KBD AKLE EFKE EF@ VBJQI@?T@ JA QF=LF FK> C@@B KL[H=G@? =B >HLF LKPKL=EDO @YL@PE =B EF@ AJIIJQ=BT LK>@d

*;??!*+!$ -%*Q!) ];@^a U!*X ! LJHI? RKI=?ID JCU@LE EJ EF@ PG@>@BEKE=JB JA %IIKB K> K Q=EB@>> JB EF@ TGJHB? EFKE EF@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB JA &KG=EK QK> K PG=R=I@T@? LJMMHB=LKE=JB QF=LF LJHI? C@ =BRJV@? ?HG=BT JG KAE@G EF@ MKGG=KT@5 $JG@JR@GO EF@ E@>E=MJBD JA %IIKB QJHI? C@ F@KG>KD5

W=X 

&G6698FJa '@M@MC@G &KG=EK KIG@K?D ?=@?O >J EF@ MKGG=KT@ => KIG@K?D ?=>>JIR@?5 )JO EF@ PGJCI@M => LKII=BT AJG EF@ AKLE EFKE PG=R=I@T@? LJMMHB=LKE=JB GHI@ => KPPI=LKCI@ @R@B KAE@G EF@ MKGG=KT@5

W==X 

3IK=MKBE> EFGJHTF >JM@ ?@L@K>@? LI=@BE5 %> EJ K LJMMHB=LKE=JB G@I@RKBE EJ KB =>>H@ C@EQ@@B PKGE=@> QFJ LIK=M EFGJHTF EF@ >KM@ ?@L@K>@? LI=@BEO G@TKG?I@>> JA QF@EF@G EF@ LIK=M> KG@ CD E@>EKE@ JG =BE@>EKE@ JG CD =BE@G R=RJ>  EGKB>KLE=JB`  EGKB>KLE=JB`

W===X 

;G@KLF JA ?HED CD IKQD@G JG LI=@BE5 %> EJ K LJMMHB=LKE=JB G@I@RKBE EJ K =>>H@ JA CG@KLF JA ?HED CD EF@ IKQD@G EJ F=> JG F@G LI=@BEO JG CD EF@ LI=@BE EJ F=> JG F@G IKQD@G`

W=RX 

:JLHM@BE KEE@>E@? CD EF@ IKQD@G5 %> EJ K

QFKE EF@ LI=@BE VB@Q JG G@K>JBKCID >FJHI? FKR@ VBJQB EJ C@ K LG=M@ JG AGKH?`

0F@ KB>Q@G MKV@> >@B>@ CHE '=KBJ MKV@> K AHGEF@G KBKID>=>d

TGZ9B9:X )C58G 7GJCFJ FK5Fa The testimony could not be validly objected upon by Basilio’s LJHB>@I JB EF@ CK>=> JA EF@ MKG=EKI PG=R=I@T@? LJMMHB=LKE=JB GHI@5 ;K>=I=J ?J@> BJE JQB EF@ PG=R=I@T@5 0F@ PG@GJTKE=R@ EJ JCU@LE EJ K LJBA=?@BE=KI LJMMHB=LKE=JB C@EQ@@B >PJH>@> => R@>E@? HPJB EF@ >PJH>@> EF@M>@IR@>O PKGE=LHIKGID EF@ LJMMHB=LKE=BT >PJH>@O BJE K EF=G? P@G>JB5 This is clear from the provision: “…cannot be examined without the consent of the other…” (Section 24, Rule -],O 'HI@> JA 3JHGEX5 -0O0JF =c @5:F 3 4 (9:858D9g

.HGEF@GKBL@ JA LG=M@ JG AGKH?5 !A EF@ >@GR=L@> JG K?R=L@ JA EF@ IKQD@G Q@G@ >JHTFE JG JCEK=B@? EJ @BKCI@ JG K=? KBDJB@ EJ LJMM=E JG PIKB EJ LJMM=E

LJMMHB=LKE=JB G@I@RKBE KB =>>H@ KB KEE@>E@? ?JLHM@BE EJ EJ QF=LF EF@ LJBL@GB=BT IKQD@G => KB KEE@>E=BT Q=EB@>>` JG

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% PG=R=I@T@ => EFKE JA @BLJHGKT=BT JP@B KB? FJB@>E LJMMHB=LKE=JB C@EQ@@B LI=@BE> KB? KEEJGB@D>O QF=LF => EFJHTFE EJ PGJMJE@ JC@?=@BL@ EJ IKQ KB? G@?HL@ EF@ LFKBL@ JA =II@TKI C@FKR=JGO QF@EF@G =BE@BE=JBKI JG =BK?R@GE@BE5 %> >HLFO EF@ KEEJGB@D#LI=@BE PG=R=I@T@ => LJB>=?@G@? K> JB@ JA EF@ >EGJBT@>E PG=R=I@T@> KRK=IKCI@ HB?@G EF@ IKQ5 &G6698Fa *JH TJ EJ K IKQD@G DJH B@@? EJ C@ KCI@ EJ LJBA=?@BEID E@II DJHG IKQD@G KCJHE EF@ AKLE> JA EF@ LK>@5 ;@LKH>@ =A DJH KG@ F@>=EKBE =B E@II=BT DJHG IKQD@G @R@GDEF=BTO EF@ IKQD@G Q=II BJE C@ KCI@ PGJP@GID PG@PKG@ EF@ PGJ>@LHE=JB JA DJHG LKH>@ JA KLE=JB JG AJG DJHG ?@A@B>@5 !?@KIIDO EF@G@ >FJHI? C@ JP@B KB? FJB@>E LJMMHB=LKE=JB C@EQ@@B EF@ IKQD@G KB? F=> LI=@BE5

)!_;#*#+!* (A) +T! -++A)%!U[& Ehe E he attorney’:  attorney’:  K5  >@LG@EKGDO C5  >E@BJTGKPF@GO L5  LI@GV JG ?5  JEF@G P@G>JB K>>=>E=BT EF@ KEEJGB@D  @5  => >JHTFE EJ C@ @YKM=B@? JG C@ K Q=EB@>> =B LJHGE EF@B A5  VA+T FK9 E1C98F 58D FK9 15Z29: K5J FG OCB9 EG8J98F FG FK9 F9JFC6G82H T98E9X FK9:9 5:9 = eC8DJ GI -FFG:892[&1C98F @:CBC19O9D &G6608CE5FCG8 )019a 3H  3H  %EEJGB@D# 3I=@BE 8G=R=I@T@ 3JMMHB=LKE=JB 'HI@ P@G >@ KB?  =H  =H  :@G=RKE=R@ %EEJGB@D# 3I=@BE 8G=R=I@T@? 3JMMHB=LKE=JB  _a #J 58 5EF051 79:I9EF9D EG8F:5EF L9FZ998 5 15Z29: 58D 5 E1C98F :9R0C:9D IG: FK9 7:CBC19O9 FG 5FF5EKS %d &J5 0F@ PG@>@BE GHI@> ?J BJE G@[H=G@ K P@GA@LE@? KEEJGB@D#LI=@BE G@IKE=JB>F=P AJG EF@ PG=R=I@T@ EJ @Y=>E` QF@EF@G =E => AJG K A@@ JG AJG AG@@O EF@ %EEJGB@D# 3I=@BE 8G=R=I@T@? 3JMMHB=LKE=JB 'HI@ => KIG@K?D KPPI=LKCI@5

*CF05FCG8a

0F@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB> C@EQ@@B EF@ KEEJGB@D KB? EF@ LI=@BE BJ IJBT@G B@@? C@ =B EF@ LJHG>@ JA KB KLEHKI PGJA@>>=JBKI @MPIJDM@BE5 %B?

0F@ LI=@BE FK> G@R@KI@? >JM@EF=BT EJ EF@ IKQD@G5 /G EF@ IKQD@G FK> T=R@B KB K?R=L@ EJ EF@ LI=@BE5

QF@B Q@ >KDLJM@ KLEHKI PGJA@>>=JBKI JBKI @MPIJDM@BEO EF@PK=? IKQD@G LI=@BE FK> KIG@K?D EJPGJA@>>= KB KTG@@M@BE EF@ A@@> EJ C@ CD KB? EF@ LI=@BE5

+-e! %A+!a  The term “attorney” =BLIH?@> “attorney” =BLIH?@> K P@G>JB G@K>JBKCID C@I=@R@? CD EF@ LI=@BE EJ C@ I=L@B>@? EJ @BTKT@ =B EF@ PGKLE=L@ JA IKQ5

It is enough that the communication or advice be “with a view to” PGJA@>>=JBKI @MPIJDM@BE5

1@BL@O EF=> PG=R=I@T@ => BJE I=M=E@? EJ KB KEEJGB@D JG >JM@JB@ QFJ FK> >=TB@? EF@ 'JII JA %EEJGB@D> %EEJGB@D>## =E KIG@K?D =BLIH?@> EFKE [HKI=A=LKE=JB EFKE EF@ P@G>JB => KB KEEJGB@D P@G >@5 WCX  0F@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB JG K?R=L@ MH>E FKR@ C@@B T=R@B =B LJBA=?@BL@` KB? WLX  0F@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB JG K?R=L@ MH>E FKR@ C@@B T=R@B @=EF@G =B EF@ LJHG>@ JA PGJA@>>=JBKI @MPIJDM@BEO Q=EF R=@Q EJ PGJA@>>=JBKI @MPIJDM@BE ` KB?

*CF05FCG8 % IJE JA LI=@BE> QJHI? TJ EJ K IKQD@G KB? LJB>HIE AJG K I@TKI PGJCI@M5 0F@B E@II> EF@ IKQD@G EFKE EFKE F@ QKBE> EJ A=I@ K LK>@ KTK=B>E F=> B@=TFCJG5 0F@ IKQD@G E@II> EF@ LI=@BE EJ TJ AJG ;KGKBTKD 3JBL=I=KE=JB A=G>E K> EF@D KG@ JBID B@=TFCJG>5 0F@ IKQD@G EF@B >KD> F@ KLL@PE> EF@ LK>@ KB? IKD> ?JQB EF@ PGJA@>>=JBKI A@@> =B KLLJG?KBL@ Q=EF EF@ !;8 >EKB?KG? >EKB?KG?>5 >5 The client then tells the lawyer that he’ll just be CKLV >J F@ LKB A=G>E PG@PKG@ K> Q@II` CHE =B G@KI=ED Q@ VBJQ EFKE LI=@BE Q=II BJE TJ CKLV EJ EF@ IKQD@G KBDMJG@5 #8 FK9 5LGB9 JCF05FCG8a

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%O =E KI>J LJR@G> nAKL=I=EKEJG>n JG EFJ>@ QFJ AKL=I=EKE@ JG MKV@ PJ>>=CI@ EF@ G@B?=E=JB JA I@TKI >@GR=L@> CD EF@ KEEJGB@D5 



_a QK5F IG:6 DG9J I5EC1CF5FG: F5`9 C8 FK9 @T EG8F9dFS Naay kay amiga, “uy mare, naa koy problema gusto ko MKTPK#KBBHI HT VK>KI >KVJBT CKBK5 &KK VKD VK=IK BK abogado?” “Ay oo, naa koy kaila na abogado na hawud, kanang si Atty. LYCE.” “Ay sige adtuon nato pero ubani ko kay wala ko kaila niya.” So giubanan atong atong BKVK=IK  BKVK=IK VKD %EED5 2*3( VKEJBT PGJ>P@LE=R@ LI=@BE5 &KT>EHGDK BK VKGJB

(#)*+ !,-. 

S] 

CG=BT EF@M JHE AGJM LH>EJM> Q=EFJHE PKD=BT KBD EKY@> JG ?H@>5 Sir: There’s this guy, pariente sakong pariente, who called  called  M@ HP5 1@ Q@BE JB KB? JBO GKMCI=BT AJG KCJHE KB FJHG KB? K FKIAO KB? K>V@? KCJHE MD PGJA@>>=JBKI JP=B=JBO =B EF@ @B? g?KTFKB BK >=DK T==BTJBO ?KTFKB BK >DK pangutana], ang pangutana niya diay is “naa ba kay kaila sa customs para makakuha ko’g shipment na di na ko MHCKDK? HT LH>EJM> dues?” Meaning, “Naa ba kay kaila na fixer sa customs? What is that? You’re smuggling, you’re not paying any taxes or custom dues. dues.   _3a -JJ069 FK5F e- Z5J E50OKF J60OO1C8O OGGDJX &58 *5`99 L9 E5119D FG F9JFCI2 5J FG ZK5F e- 5J`9D KC6S -d *()5 )KV@@ LKB C@ LKII@? EJ E@>E=AD5 0F@ PG=R=I@T@ ?J@> BJE @YE@B? EJ LJMMHB=LKE=JB> QF@G@ EF@ LI=@BEh> PHGPJ>@ => EF@ AHGEF@GKBL@ JA K AHEHG@ =BE@B?@? LG=M@ JG AGKH?O JG AJG EF@ PHGPJ>@ JA LJMM=EE=BT K LG=M@ JG K EJGE5

_=a *077GJ9 FK5F e-X 5IF9: L9C8O 5::9JF9DX JG0OKF *5`99oJ J9:BCE9J 5J 15Z29: FG D9I98D KC6 C8 FK9 E:C6C851 E5J9H e- FK98

VKEJBT LI=@BE VKT %EED5 2*3( BK TQKPKO ?HG=BT EF@ ->E  =BE@GR=@Q H>HKIID BKTPKM=BKQ EHBT B=#G@A@G >K KCJTK?J >K cliyente; naminaw pud sya. So mao na sya ang “facilitator,” EHBT MTK BKTK HCKB CK5 0F@D MKV@ PJ>>=CI@ EF@ G@B?=E=JB JA I@TKI >@GR=L@> CD EF@ IKQD@G EJ EF@ LI=@BE5

DCJE0JJ9D I5EFJ FK5F E58 L9 0J9D C8 KCJ D9I98J9H &58 *5`99 L9 E5119D FG F9JFCI2S -d &/5 0F@ ?=>LH>>=JB JA EF@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB> =B LJBA=?@BL@ Q=EF EF@ IKQD@G KAE@G EF@ LG=M@ FK> C@@B LJMM=EE@? Q=II C@ PG=R=I@T@? @R@B EFJHTF EF@ @KGI=@G LJMMHB=LKE=JB> Q@G@ BJE5

)JO =B EFKE >=EHKE=JBO LKB EF@ KEEJGB@D#LI=@BE PG=R=I@T@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB C@ LIK=MKCI@Z *@>O ?@G=RKE=R@ KEEJGB@D#LI=@BE PG=R=I@T@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB5

*;..-)U   0F@ PG=R=I@T@ ?J@> BJE @YE@B? EJ LJMMHB=LKE=JB> QF@G@ EF@ LI=@BEh> PHGPJ>@ => EF@ AHGEF@GKBL@ JA K AHEHG@ =BE@B?@? LG=M@ JG AGKH? JG AJG EF@ PHGPJ>@ JA LJMM=EE=BT K LG=M@ JG EJGE5

!.@@? )EKEHE@X   )EKEHE@X %LLJG?=BT EJ EF@ .@?@GKI 'HI@>  

0F=> @YL@PE=JB EJ EF@ PG=R=I@T@? LJMMHB=LKE=JB GHI@ CK>=LKIID KPPI=@> EJ AKM=ID M@MC@G>O F@=G>O KB? C@B@A=L=KG=@>5 0F=> IKQ EFJHTF ?J@> BJE KPPID EJ LG@?=EJG>O H>HKIID JBID AKM=ID members and those involved in the decedent’s estate.  estate.  

!B EF@ 8F=I=PP=B@>O ?J we know how this is applied? We don’t know D@E5 NKIK PK MKD VK>JO QF@G@ EF@ )HPG@M@ 3JHGE FK? EF@ JLLK>>=JB EJ =BE@GPG@E EF=> @YL@PE=JB5 &JQO LJ?KI IKBT >KF EK5 ]CCC^ V:95EK GI D0F2 L2 15Z29: G: E1C98FH -J FG 5 EG6608CE5FCG8 :919B58F FG 58 CJJ09 GI L:95EK GI D0F2 L2 FK9 15Z29: FG KCJ G: K9: E1C98FX G: L2 FK9 E1C98F FG KCJ G: K9: 15Z29:h

*CF05FCG8a %CJTK?J KB? VI=D@BE@O BKK BKD >HMPKV@5 !B KII PGJCKC=I=EDO there’s going to be a case between the client and the IKQD@G5 NFJ CG@KLF@? EF@ ?HED F@G@Z 8Q@?@ KBT IKQD@GO PQ@?@ KBT LI=@BE5 (YKMPI@ QF@G@ IKQD@G CG@KLF@? F=> ?HEDO QKIK B=DK gitarong og dala ang kaso. As to client’s breach of duty, wala nagbayad sa attorney’s fees. The lawyer sues the client for attorney’s fees, the privileged communication GHI@ ?J@> BJE KPPID5

 

 

]CB^ $GE0698F 5FF9JF9D L2 FK9 15Z29:H -J FG 5 EG6608CE5FCG8 :919B58F FG 58 CJJ09 EG8E9:8C8O 58 5FF9JF9D DGE0698F FG ZKCEK FK9 15Z29: CJ 58 5FF9JFC8O ZCF89JJh 0F=> => EKV@B ?=G@LEID AGJM GHI@> JA @R=?@BL@ JA EF@ +,-,   &@RK?K 3J?@ JG &@RK?K '@R=>@? )EKEHE@5   0F=> @YL@PE=JB LJR@G> K >=EHKE=JB QF@G@ EF@ IKQD@G KEE@>E> EJ K ?JLHM@BE HB?@G EF@ 'HI@> JB &JEKG=KI 8GKLE=L@5

Sc 

&JEKG=KI %LE>   % BJEKGD PHCI=L => KHEFJG=a@? EJ P@GAJGM EF@>@ BJEKG=KI KLE>d K5  %LVBJQI@?T@M@BE>` C5  /KEF> KB? KAA=GMKE=JB>` L5  )=TBKEHG@ Q=EB@>>=BT>` ?5  3JPD L@GE=A=LKE=JB>` KB? @5  /EF@G KLE> KHEFJG=a@? HB?@G EF@ 'HI@>   % BJEKGD PHCI=L => KHEFJG=a@? EJ L@GE=AD EF@ KAA=Y=BT JA K >=TBKEHG@ CD K EFHMC MKGV JG JEF@G MKGV JB K ?JLHM@BE PG@>@BE@? AJG BJEKG=aKE=JB5   % BJEKGD PHCI=L => KHEFJG=a@? EJ >=TB JB C@FKIA JA K P@G>JB QFJ => PFD>=LKIID HBKCI@ EJ >=TB JG MKV@ K MKGV JB K ?JLHM@BE5

QK2 FKCJ CJ 58 9dE97FCG8S 0F@ LI=@BE Q@BE EJ EF@ IKQD@GO BKTPKCHFKE JT =B>EGHM@BE5 0F@ IKQD@G KEE@>E> EJ EF@ R@GKL=ED JA EF@ =B>EGHM@BE5 NFD => =E BJE LJB>=?@G@? PG=R=I@T@ LJMMHB=LKE=JBZ L JMMHB=LKE=JBZ +T)!! ]M^ )!-*A%*a -5 

0F@ KEEJGB@D => P@GAJGM=BT K AHBLE=JB K> K BJEKGD PHCI=L5 &JE G@KIID K> K IKQD@G T=R=BT K?R=L@ JG LJB>HIE@? CD EF@ LI=@BE5 1@ M@G@ID EKV@> AKLE> KB? G@?H G@?HL@> L@> AKLE> =BEJ QG=E=BT5 %B? EF@BO T=BJEKGDJFKB B=DK5

+5 

&JEKG=aKE=JB LJBR@GE> K PG=RKE@ ?JLHM@BE =BEJ K PHCI=L JB@5 %> >HLFO =E QJHI? EF@B C@IJBT EJ EF@ PHCI=L ?JMK=B KB? MKD EF@G@AJG@ C@ =B[H=G@? =BEJ5 (YKMPI@O >K =>K VK LK>@O QF@EF@G JG BJE KHEF@BE=LKE@ CK KBT ?@@? JA >ale >ale na ginotaryohan sa abogado. It’s already a public =B>EGHM@BE KB? EF@G@AJG@ MKD C@ =B[H=G@? =BEJ KIG@K?D5 !E C@IJBT> EJ EF@ EF@ PHCI= PHCI=LL ?JMK=B5 )J EF@ IKQD@G LKBB LKBBJE JE KEE@>E EJ EFKE KBDMJG@Z 

% IKQD@G LKBBJE C@ ?KMB@? CD EF@ PG=R=I@T@   % IKQD@G MKD L=GLHMR@BE EF@ PG=R=I@T@ =A G@R@KI=BT =BAJGMKE=JB QJHI? G@I=@R@ F=M JA KLLH>KE=JB> JA QGJBT?J=BT5 NF@B EF@ LI=@BE KB? KEEJGB@D C@LJM@ @MCGJ=I@? =B K LJBEGJR@G>D C@EQ@@B EF@M>@IR@>O K> KB KLE=JB A=I@? AJG payment of attorney’s fees or for damages against B@TI=T@BL@ JA EF@ KEEJGB@DO EF@ PG=R=I@T@ => G@MJR@? AGJM the attorney’s lips. (Attorney can now testify against the LI=@BEX '@M@MC@G EFKE EF=> GHI@ FJQ@R@GO >FJHI? C@ MK?@ EJ KPPID JBID QF@G@ EF@ >H=E => C@EQ@@B EF@ KEEJGB@D KB? F=> LI=@BE5 0F@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB QJHI? >E=II C@ PG=R=I@T@? QF@G@ EF@ >H=E => CD JG KTK=B>E K EF=G? PKGED5

(#)*+ !,-. 

]5 

NF@B EF@ IKQD@G E@>E=A=@> K> KB KEE@>E=BT Q=EB@>>O F@ => BJE LKII@? =B F=> LKPKL=ED K> K IKQD@G CHE K> KB JG?=BKGD Q=EB@>>5

]B^ /GC8F E1C98FJH -J FG 5 EG6608CE5FCG8 :919B58F FG 5 65FF9: GI EG66G8 C8F9:9JF L9FZ998 FZG G: 6G:9 E1C98FJ CI FK9 EG6608CE5FCG8 Z5J 65D9 L2 582 GI FK96 FG 5 15Z29: :9F5C89D G: EG8J01F9D C8 EG66G8X ZK98 GII9:9D GI I9:9D C8 58 5EFCG8 L9FZ998 582 GI FK9 E1C98FJX 0819JJ FK92 K5B9 9d7:9JJ12 5O:99D GFK9:ZCJ9H

)9R0CJCF9Ja -X  0F@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB MH>E C@ G@I@RKBE EJ K MKEE@G JA LJMMJB =BE@G@>E C@EQ@@B EQJ JG MJG@ LI=@BE>` +X  % LJMMHB=LKE=JB QK> MK?@ CD KBD JB@ JA EF@M EJ K IKQD@G QFJ QK> G@EK=B@? JG LJB>HIE@? CD KII JA >HLF LI=@BE> =B LJMMJB` ]X  The lawyer’s testimony is offered in an action between KBD JA >HLF LI=@BE>`

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%=?@G@? PG=R=I@T@?Z

T!EGJBT PGJCKC=I=ED @Y=>E> EFKE G@R@KI=BT EF@ BKM@ QJHI? =MPI=LKE@ EFKE P@G>JB =B EF@ R@GD >KM@ KLE=R=EDO AJG QF=LF F@ >JHTFE the lawyer’s advice;  advice;  W+X NF@B ?=>LIJ>HG@ QJHI? JP@B EF@ LI=@BE EJ I=KC=I=ED` W]X NF@B EF@ BKM@ QJHI? AHGB=>F EF@ JBID I=BV EFKE QJHI? AJGM EF@ LFK=B JA E@>E=MJBD B@L@>>KGD EJ LJBR=LE5 !B JEF@G QJG?> KPP@KGO EF@ TJR@GBM@BEO EF@ PGJ>@LHE=JB VBJQ> @R@GDEF=BT KB? FK> @R=?@BL@ KIG@K?D @YL@PE QFJ EF@ LI=@BE => EFKE EF@D Q=II PGJ>@LHE@5

O CHE QJG>@O EJ >HCM=E EJ 83 >HC>EKBE=KE=BT EF@ LI=@BE#IKQD@G G@IKE=JB>F=PO K> Q@II K> EF@ ?@@?> JA K>>=TBM@BE P@E=E=JB@G> @Y@LHE@? =B AKRJG JA =E> LI=@BE> LJR@G=BT EF@ G@>P@LE=R@ >FKG@FJI?=BT>O EF@ 83 K I=BV EFKE QJHI? =B@R=EKCID AJGM EF@ LFK=B JA E@>E=MJBD B@L@>>KGD EJ LJBR=LE EF@ LI=@BE JA K LG=M@5

)!?-@ JA EF@ LJLJBHE I@RD AHB?>O EF@ A=BKBL=KI KB?

0F=> => K R@GD =MPJGEKBE LK>@ EFKE DJH B@@? EJ G@K? C@LKH>@ =E LKB KLEHKIID LKB C@ K>V@? K >V@? =B LJGPJGKE=JB IKQO @R=?@BL@O G@M@?=KI IKQ KB? I@TKI @EF=L>5

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a@GJ =B JB EF@>@ P@JPI@O KB? PGJ>@LHE@ EF@M5

&JB#PG=R=I@T@? =BAJGMKE=JB >HLF K> EF@ =?@BE=ED JA EF@ LI=@BE => PGJE@LE@? =A EF@ G@R@IKE=JB JA >HLF =BAJGMKE=JB QJHI? B@L@>>KG=ID G@R@KI EF@ PG=R=I@T@? =BAJGMKE=JB5 Let’s say there's this unknown person. Assume that the government KIG@K?D VBJQ> EFKE %EED5 63O 67( QK> KIG@K?D LJB>HIE@? CD KB HBVBJQB LI=@BE C@LKH>@ >F@ LJMM=EE@? MHG?@G5 0F@ JBID EF=BT EFKE EF@ TJR@GBM@BE ?J@> BJE VBJQ => EF@ =?@BE=ED JA EF@ LI=@BE F@G>@IA5 &JE@ EFKEO =A EF@ =?@BE=ED JA EF@ LI=@BE LKB C@ LJMP@II@? AGJM EF@ IKQD@GO =E Q=II LJB>E=EHE@ EF@ IK>E I=BV AJG EF@ TJR@GBM@BE EJ LJMM@BL@ EF@ PGJ>@LHE=JB JA LFKGT@> KTK=B>E LI=@BE5

&H @TU*#&#-%[@-+#!%+ @)#"#DLFJEF@GKP=>E5 &JE=L@ EF@D G@MJR@? >HGT@GD KB? JC>E@EG=L> >=BL@ EF@D KG@ CJEF PFD>=L=KB> JG KHEFJG=a@? EJ PGKLE=L@ M@?=L=B@5 0F@D K??@? P>DLFJEF@GKP=>E5 P>DLFJEF@GKP =>E5 0F@D KI>J K??@? AJG EF@ PHGPJ>@> JA ?=KTBJ>=> KB? EG@KEM@BE5 N@ KI>J FKR@ ?@G=RKE=R@ PKE=@BE PG=R=I@T@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB HB?@G EF@ >@LJB? >@BE@BL@O >HLF K> M@MC@G> JA EF@ PKE=@BEh> AKM=ID5 A “psychotherapist” is:  K5  % P@G>JBh> K P@G>JB I=L@B>@? EJ PGKLE=L@ M@?=L=B@ @BTKT@? =B EF@ ?=KTBJ>=> JG EG@KEM@BE JA K M@BEKI JG @MJE=JBKI LJB?=E=JBO JG C5  % P@G>JB I=L@B>@? K> K P>DLFJIJT=>E CD EF@ TJR@GBM@BE QF=I@ >=M=IKGID @BTKT@?5

S_ 

 

@BKCI@ F=M EJ KLE =B LKPKL=EDO KB? QF=LF QJHI? CIKLV@B EF@ G@PHEKE=JB JA EF@ PKE=@BE`

WLX % PFD>=L=KBO P>DLFJEF@GKP=>E JG P@G>JB G@K>JBKCID C@I=@R@? CD EF@ PKE=@BE EJ C@ KHEFJG=a@? EJ PGKLE=L@ M@?=L=B@ JG P>DLFJEF@GKPD LKBBJE =B K L=R=I L=R=I LK>@O Q=EFJH Q=EFJHEE EF@ LJB> LJB>@BE @BE JA EF@ PKE=@BEO C@ @YKM=B@? K> EJ KBD LJBA=?@BE=KI LJMMHB=LKE=JB MK?@ AJG EF@ PHGPJ>@ JA ?=KTBJ>=> JG EG@KEM@BE JA EF@ PKE=@BE ’s physical, mental JG @MJE=JBKI LJB?=E=JBO =BLIH?=BT KILJFJI JG ?GHT K??=LE=JBO C@EQ@@B EF@ PKE=@BE KB? F=> JG F@G PFD>=L=KB JG P>DLFJEF@GKP=>E>5 0F=> PG=R=I@T@ KI>J KPPI=@> EJ P@G>JB>O =BLIH?=BT M@MC@G> JA EF@ PKE=@BEh> AKM=IDO QFJ FKR@ PKGE=L=PKE@? =B EF@ ?=KTBJ>=> JG EG@KEM@BE JA EF@ PKE=@BE HB?@G EF@ ?=G@LE=JB JA EF@ PFD>=L=KB JG

(#)*+ !,-. 

“made for the purpose of diagnosis, or treatment”  treatment”   '@M@MC@GO PG=JG EJ EF@ LFKBT@>O ! KIG@K?D LJMM@BE@? EFKE =E FK> EJ C@ EG@KEM@BE5

 

+:95F698F   !E => B@L@>>KGD AJG EF@ JP@GKE=JB JA EF@ PG=R=I@T@ EFKE EF@ physician is acting in his “professional capacity” and that the K?R=L@ JG EG@KEM@BE T=R@B JG KL[H=G@? =B >HLF LKPKL=ED5 0F@ PFD>=L=KB MKD C@ >K=? EJ C@ KLE=BT =B EF@ PGJA@>>=JBKI LKPKL=ED QF@B F@ KEE@B?> EJ EF@ PKE=@BE AJG @=EF@G E0:5FCB9 G: 7:9B98FCB9 F:95F698FH   '@>HIE> JA KHEJP>=@> MKD BJE C@ ?@@M@? LJR@G@? CD EF@ PG=R=I@T@ C@LKH>@ KHEJP>=@> KG@ BJE =BE@B?@? AJG EG@KEM@BE5 0F@ PKE=@BE EF@G@AJG@ MH>E C@ KI=R@5

%!Q )!_;#*#+!* -5  0F@ KLE=JB =B QF=LF EF@ K?R=L@ JG EG@KEM@BE => EJ C@ H>@? =B K 3!9!2 3%)(` +5  0F@ PGJPJ>@? Q=EB@>> => K PFD>=L=KBO P>DLFJEF@G P>DLFJEF@GKP=>E KP=>E JG P@G>JB G@K>JBKCID C@I=@R@? CD EF@ PKE=@BE EJ C@ KHEFJG=a@? EJ PGKLE=L@ M@?=L=B@ JG P>DLFJEF@GKP P>DLFJEF@GKPD` D` ]5  0F@ E@>E=MJBD G@IKE@> EJ KBD K?R=L@O ?=KTBJ>=>O JG EG@KEM@BE T=R@B CD EF@ PGJPJ>@? Q=EB@>> EJ EF@ PKE=@BE QF=I@ PGJA@>>=JBKIID KEE@B?=BT EJ >HLF PKE=@BE` KB? c5  0F@ K?R=L@O ?=KTBJ>=>O JG EG@KEM@BE QK> JCEK=B@? =B EF@ LJHG>@ of the performance of the witnesses’ professio professional nal duty. duty.  

*G ZK9FK9: 70L1CE G: 7:CB5F9X FK9 7J2EKGFK9:57CJF CJ EGB9:9DH

 

0F@ PFGK>@JIJTD JA EF@ GHI@ =MPI=@> EFKE EF@ PG=R=I@T@ LKBBJE C@ LIK=M@? =B K LG=M=BKI LK>@ PG@>HMKCID C@LKH>@ EF@ =BE@G@>E JA EF@ PHCI=L =B LG=M=BKI PGJ>@LHE=JB >FJHI? C@ ?@@M@? MJG@ =MPJGEKBE EFKB EF@ >@LG@LD JA EF@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB5

 

0F@ G@[H=G@M@BE EFKE EF@ =BAJGMKE=JB >JHTFE EJ C@ @I=L=E@? AGJM EF@ PFD>=L=KB >FJHI? E@B? EJ CIKLV@B EF@ G@PHEKE=JB JA EF@ PKE=@BE => BJ IJBT@G =BLIH?@?5

 

!E ?J@>BhE G@KIID MKEE@G KBDMJG@ =A =E Q=II CIKLV@B JG ?=M=B=>F EF@ G@PHEKE=JB JA EF@ PKE=@BE .JG >J IJBT K> =E => M@?=LKI =BAJGMKE=JB JCEK=B@? EFGJHTF ?=KTBJ>=> JG



&T-%?!* -%$ &A..!%+* From “person authorized to practice medicine surgeon or obstetrics” EJ K “physician, psychotherapist or person reasonably believed by EF@ PKE=@BE EJ C@ KHEFJG=a@? EJ PGKLE=L@ M@?=L=B@ JG P>DLFJEF@G P>DLFJEF@GKPD KPD””   

 

0F=> =BLIH?@> K P@G>JB QFJ DJH EF=BV => K ?JLEJG CHE F@ => BJE K ?JLEJG KB? JBID FKPP@B> EJ C@ K M@?=LKI EGKB>LG=PE=JB=>EO F@BL@ F@ => AKM=I=KG Q=EF EF@ M@?=LKI E@GM>5 !A DJH EF=BV F@ => K ?JLEJG KB? DJHG PGJL@@?@? HPJB EF@ C@I=@A EFKE F@ => EF@ ?JLEJGO EF@ @AA@LE QJHI?5 ;@ =E Q=II C@ LJR@G@? CD EF@ PG=R=I@T@5 %I>J BJE@O )HGT@GD KB? JC>E@EG=L> KG@ BJQ >HC>HM@? HB?@G PGKLE=L@ JA M@?=L=B@5





EG@KEM@BEO EFKE => LJMMHB=LKE=JB GHI@5

LJR@G@?

CD

EF@

PG=R=I@T@?

-0O0JF =c @5:F W 4 ;OD58O

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%@BE@BL@ JA EF=> PKGKTGKPF5 0KV@ BJE@O EF=> PG=R=I@T@O KTK=BO >=M=IKG EJ KEEJGB@D#LI=@BE PG=R=I@T@ communication where it’s the client who has the privilege, the same EF=BT Q=EF G@>P@LE EJ PFD>=L=KB#PKE=@BE5 !E => EF@ PFD>=L=KB QFJ JQB> EF@ PG=R=I@T@O >J F@ LKB QK=R@ =EO F@ LKB QK=R@ =E @YPG@>>ID JG =MPI=@?ID5 )JO >=BL@ EF@ JCU@LE JA EF@ PG=R=I@T@ => EJ PGJE@LE EF@ PKE=@BE5 !E MKD C@ QK=R@? =A BJ E=M@ID JCU@LE=JB => MK?@ EJ EF@ PFD>=L=KB>O >=M=IKG EJ EF@ KEEJGB@D#LI=@BE PG=R=I@T@? LJMMHB=LKE=JB5

)-+#A%-LIJ>@ MKEE@G> QF=LF MKD K=? =B EF@ ?=KTBJ>=> AJG EF@ EG@KEM@BE JA K ?=>@K>@ JG KB =BUHGD5 .JG EF=> PHGPJ>@O =E => B@L@>>KGD EJ >F=@I? EF@ PKE=@BE AGJM @MCKGGK>>=BT ?@EK=I> LJBL@GB=BT F=> LJB?=E=JB5 %LLJG?=BTIDO EF=> PG=R=I@T@ PGJE@LE> EF@ =BE@G@>E JA EF@ PKE=@BE5 !E => ?@>=TB@? EJ PGJMJE@ F@KIEF KB? BJE EGHEF5 !E @BLJHGKT@> AG@@ ?=>LIJ>HG@ =B EF@ >=LVGJJM CD PG@R@BE=BT ?=>LIJ>HG@ =B EF@ LJHGEGJJM5

!,-.@ Q=EF M@ EJ EF@ ?JLEJGO MD Q=A@ LKBBJE KI>J G@R@KI EF@ =BAJGMKE=JB EFKE Q@ TK=B@? AGJM EF@ ?JLEJG5 0FKE => EF@ ?@G=RKE=R@ PG=R=I@T@5 ;@LKH>@ >F@ Q@BE Q=EF M@ EJ EF@ ?JLEJGO >F@ Q@BE Q=EF M@ EJ EF@ LJB>HIEKE=JBO >K diagnosis. So, that’s the deriRKE=R@ deriRKE=R@ PG=R=I@T@5 )JO EKV@ BJE@O =B &K58 BH &K58X EF=> GHI@ QK> =BE@B?@? EJ @BLJHGKT@ EF@ PKE=@BE EJ JP@B HP EJ EF@ PFD>=L=KB KB? T=R@ F=M KLL@>> EJ F=> CJ?D5 (BKCI=BT EF@ PFD>=L=KB EJ MKV@ EF@ LJGG@LE ?=KTBJ>=> KB? PGJR=?@ EF@ KPPGJPG=KE@ LHG@5 %BD A@KG EFKE K PFD>=L=KB LJHI? C@ LJMP@II@? =B EF@ AHEHG@ EJ LJM@ EJ LJHGE KB? BKGGKE@ KII EFKE FK? EGKB>P=G@? C@EQ@@B F=M KB? EF@ PKE=@BE M=TFE PGJMPE EF@ IKEE@G EJ LIKM HPO EF=> PHEE=BT F=> JQB F@KIEF KE TG@KE G=>V5

+5`9 8GF9 5O5C8X CF J0:BCB9J FK9 D95FK GI FK9 75FC98FH  :@KEF ?J@> not permit the living to impair the deceased’s name by disclosing LJMMHB=LKE=JB F@I? LJBA=?@BE=KI CD IKQ5

(#)*+ !,-. 

SS 

%IEFJHTF ! PG@A@G EJ G@EK=B EF=> =B EF@ B@Q CJJVO CHE BJQ =E => &/0 %882!3%;2(5 0F@ ?=>LH>>=JB JA EF@ )3 F@G@ =B G@IKE=JB EJ CIKLV@B EF@ G@PHEKE=JB JA EF@ PKE=@BE @R@B =A F@ => ?@K?O ?J@> BJE KPPID KBDMJG@5 +K9 G812 FKC8O 5771CE5L19 K9:9 CJ FK5F #+ *;)"#"!* FK9 D95FK GI FK9 75FC98FH  ;HEO CIKLV@B=BT EF@ G@PHEKE=JBZ !E => BJE KPPI=LKE=JB HB?@G EF@ LHGG@BE G@=E@GKE=JB JA EF@ GHI@>5

@)A(!**#A%-< &-@-&#+U \=BKFKBTIKB CK BK K?HBKD LJBEGKEKZ &K B=BT A=II HP TDH? VKT PKE=@BE =BAJGMKE=JB LKG? C@LKH>@ EFKE => EF@ QKD FJQ EF@D C@LJM@ ?JLEJG KB? PKE=@BE =A BKT A=II HP BKVK KEJBT PKE=@BE =BAJGMKE=JB LKG?5 :=CKZ 0KV@ BJE@O EF@ 7:GI9JJCG851 E575ECF2 E58 L9 ZCFKG0F 5 EG8F:5EF 5 Maybe there’s a quasi#LJBEGKLEHKI quasi#LJBEGKLEHKI G@IKE=JB>F=P5 )HLF K> QF@B EF@ PKE=@BE ?J@> &/0 JB JG EFGJHTF KB KLL=?@BE JG JEF@G LKH>@ K P@G>JB => =BUHG@? JG C@LJM@> >@G=JH>ID =IIO KB? F@ => EG@KE@? JG F@IP@? QF=I@ F@ => BJE =B K LJB?=E=JB EJ T=R@ LJB>@BE EJ K LJBEGKLEO F@ >FKII C@ I=KCI@ EJ PKD JA EF@ >@GR=L@> JA EF@ PFD>=L=KB JG JEF@G P@G>JB K=?=BT F=MO HBI@>> EF@ >@GR=L@ FK> C@@B G@B?@G@? JHE JA PHG@ T@B@GJ>=ED5 $J CKDK? T=FKPJB >=DKO ?JLEJG#PKE=@BE G@IKE=JB>F=P T=FKPJB @R@B =A QKIK VK BKT T=R@ HT LJB>@BE5 /EF@GQ=>@ EF@G@ Q=II C@ QFKEZ 4BUH>E @BG=LFM@BE5

*GX F5`9 8GF9 GI FK9J9 6CJE911589G0J EG8E97FJ C8 :915FCG8 FG FKCJ 7:CBC19O9 -5  3JMMHB=LKE=JB => BJE T=R@B LJBA=?@BL@` +5  3JMMHB=LKE=JB => =GG@I@RKBE EJ EF@ PGJA@>>=JBKI @MPIJDM@BE` ]5  3JMMHB=LKE=JB QK> MK?@ AJG KB HBIKQAHI PHGPJ>@O K> QF@B =E => =BE@B?@? AJG EF@ LJMM=>>=JB JG LJBL@KIM@BE JA K LG=M@` c5  !BAJGMKE=JB QK> =BE@B?@? EJ C@ MK?@ PHCI=L` f5  0F@G@ QK> K QK=R@G JA EF@ PG=R=I@T@ @=EF@G CD PGJR=>=JB> JA LJBEGKLE JG IKQ5 :JLO HB>KD P=BKVK MKKH BTK F=IJZ &KK MKB TH? VJD F=IJKB5 \=B>K MKBZ )= VKP=EKB KVJ F=IJ#KBO => EFKE LJR@G@? CD PG=R=I@T@Z &/5 C@LKH>@ =E => AJG EF@ LJMM=>>=JB JA K LG=M@5 /G MKBTHEKBK VK ?JLO QFKE LF@M=LKI CK KBT PQ@?@ TKM=EJB BK VKBKBT ?= MKVIKGJ KBT PKEKD BTK IKQK>Z &/5 3JBL@KIM@BE JA K LG=M@ PH? BK >=DK /G =BAJGMKE=JB =BE@B?@? EJ C@ MK?@ PHCI=L KB? =A EF@G@ => QK=R@G EJ EF@ PG=R=I@T@O =E => @=EF@G CD PGJR=>=JB> JA K LJBEGKLE JG CD IKw. IKw. Like a life insurance contract, there’s that waiver.  waiver. 

?G8g519J BH &%CK? ?=@?O I@KR=BT K >=a@KCI@ @>EKE@5 1=> >=CI=BT>O =BLIH?=BT O A=I@? K P@E=E=JB AJG EF@ >@EEI@M@BE JA EF@ =BE@>EKE@ @>EKE@ JA %CK? KB? KII@T@?ID EFKE EF@D Q@G@ >JI@ F@=G>5 0F=> QK> JPPJ>@? CD 1JBJG=K (MPKDBK?JO LIK=M=BT EFKE EF@ >=CI=BT> ?@I=C@GKE@ID LJBL@KI@? EF@ @Y=>E@BL@ JA EF@=G LF=I?G@B Q=EF '=LKG?J K> Q@II K> KBJEF@G LF=I? Q=EF

NF@B EF@ PKE=@BE KB>Q@G> [H@>E=JB> JB LGJ>>#@YKM=BKE=JB EF@G@ => KI>J K QK=R@G5 VHBT B=BT EHCKT >=DK JB [H@>E=JB> G@IKE=BT EJ PG=R=I@T@? MKEE@G>O G@IKE=BT EJ LJBA=?@BE=KI

KBJEF@G QJMKB5

=BAJGMKE=JB EF@B QK=R@? KBT VKEJBT PG=R=I@T@5

6H>E G@K? EF=> LK>@5

;8D9: )019 =>X EF@ LJHGE MKD JG?@G K PFD>=LKI JG M@BEKI @YKM=BKE=JBO >J IJBT K> EF@ M@BEKI JG PFD>=LKI LJB?=E=JB => =B

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

0F=> => EF@ PJ=BE ! KM EGD=BT EJ MKV@O EFKE =E => JBID EF@ 3KEFJI=L LFHGLFO K G@I=T=JB FKR=BT K LJHG>@ JA ?=>L=PI=B@O M@KB=BT BKKD ?JVEG=BK JG >KVGKM@BEJ BK MKV=T >EHGDK VK >K =MJBT PKG= K> K G@PG@>@BEKE=R@ JA =DKD VKEHBTJ? PKGK PK>KDIHJB VK5 1@ FK> EF@ PJQ@G EJ KC>JIR@ DJH JA DJHG >=B> CD making you pray hail marry, our father and “amens.”  “amens.”  )JO EF=> => JBID KPPI=LKCI@ EJ 3KEFJI=L=>M5 0F=> => JB@ ?@>=TB@? AJG 3KEFJI=L>5 q)=G EKIV> KCJHE F=> G@I=T=JH> R=@Q>5 /BID EF@ 3KEFJI=L> C@B@A=E Q=EF EF=> 8G=@>E#8@B=E@BE 8G=R=I@T@5 ! FKR@ C@@B E@KLF=BT EF=> >HCU@LE AJG -+ D@KG> KB? BJB@ JA EFJ>@ D@KG> LKB MD >EH?@BE E@II M@ BK KBT =DKBT G@I=T=JB FK> K LJHG>@ JA ?=>L=PI=B@ >=M=IKG EJ PKT VHMP=>KI JG LJBA@>>=JB >K 3KEFJI=L LFHGLF5

+5`9 8GF9 GI FK9 89Z :9R0CJCF9Ja -5  0F@ PGJPJ>@? Q=EB@>> => K M=B=>E@GO PG=@>E JG K P@G>JB G@K>JBKCID C@I=@R@? EJ C@ >J CD EF@ LJBA@>>KBE` +5  0F@ PGJPJ>@? E@>E=MJBD G@IKE@> EJ KBD LJMMHB=LKE=JB JG LJBA@>>=JB MK?@ EJO JG KBD K?R=L@ K ?R=L@ T=R@B CDO EF@ Q=EB@>>O =B F=> JG F@G PGJA@>>=JBKI LFKGKLE@G` ]5  0F@ LJMMHB=LKE=JBO LJBA@>>=JB JG K?R=L@ MH>E FKR@ C@@B MK?@ =B EF@ LJHG>@ JA ?=>L=PI=B@ @BUJ=B@? CD EF@ LFHGLF EJ QF=LF EF@ M=B=>E@G JG PG=@>E C@IJBT>` KB? c5  0F@ LJBA@>>KBE B@=EF@G TKR@ F=> LJB>@BE EJ EF@ E@>E=MJBDO @YPG@>>ID JG =MPI=@?IDO BJG QK=R@? EF@ C@B@A=E JA EF@ PG=R=I@T@O @YPG@>>ID JG =MPI=@? =MPI=@?ID5 ID5 The important here is “in the course discipline enjoined bD bD EF@ church to which t he minister or priest belongs.” belongs.”  

-e- &19:O2 @:CBC19O9   3JMMHB=LKE=JB> MK?@ CD K P@G>JB EJ K PG=@>EO GKCC=O LI@G=LO JG M=B=>E@G =B EF@ LJHG>@ JA LJBA@>>=JBO JG >=M=IKG LJHG>@ JA ?=>L=PI=B@ CD JEF@G G@I=T=JH> CJ?=@>O KG@ PG=R=I@T@? AGJM ?=>LIJ>HG@5 0F@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB> EJ LI@GTD M@MC@G> MH>E C@ MK?@ QF=I@ LI@GTD M@MC@G> KG@ KLE=BT =B EF@ PGJA@>>=JBKI LKPKL=ED JA K >P=G=EHKI K?R=>@G KB? Q=EF EF@ PHGPJ>@ JA ?=>P@B>=BT G@I=T=JH> LJHB>@IO K?R=L@O >JIKL@O JG KC>JIHE=JB5 %LLJG?=BT EJ N=TMJG@O LJMMHB=LKE=JB> T=R@B EJ M@MC@G> JA EF@ LI@GTD MH>E C@ JB@ EFKE MK?@ AJG EF@ PHGPJ>@ JA ?=>P@B>=BT G@I=T=JH> LJHB>@IO K?R=L@O >JIKL@ JG KC>JIHE=JB5 “Professional Capacity” 

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% PJ>>=CI@ EFKE DJH MKD G@>=TB JG G@MJR@? AGJM JAA=L@5 ;HE EF@ @AA@LE => >E=II EF@ >KM@5 ;@LKH>@ ?HG=BT JG KAE@G MKB E@GM JG E@BHG@O =E ?J@> BJE G@KIID MKEE@G5 ;HE EF@ ?=AA@G@BL@ => K> F@I? =B EF@ LK>@ JA &H@BJ KB? G@P@KE@? =B EF@ LK>@ JA (RKBT=I=>EK R>5 %ICK5

)!_;#*#+!*a -5  0F@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB MH>E FKR@ C@@B MK?@ EJ K PHCI=L JAA=L@G` +5  0F@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB QK> T=R@B EJ EF@ PHCI=L JAA=L@G =B JAA=L=KI LJBA=?@BL@` KB? ]5  0F@ PHCI=L =BE@G@>E QJHI? >HAA@G CD EF@ ?=>LIJ>HG@ JA EF@ LJMMHB=LKE=JB5 W'@TKIK?JO 9JI5 !!O P5 _f+O +,,S @?5X _a QKG ZC11 D9F9:6C89 ZK9FK9: G: 8GF FK9 C8IG:65FCG8 CJ GI 70L1CE C8F9:9JFS

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%=E>O %LLJHBE> KB? '@LJG?>5 –  YYY 0F@  N0JFCE9J GI FK9 &G0:F GI -77951J  ?@>=TBKE@? K> K >P@L=KI LJHGE EJ FKB?I@ KBE=#E@GGJG=>M LK>@> YYY MKD KHEFJG=a@ =B QG=E=BT KBD PJI=L@ JG IKQ @BAJGL@M@BE

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%E=AD KTK=B>E F=> PKG@BE>O JEF@G ?=G@LE K>L@B?KBE>O LF=I?G@B JG JEF@G ?=G@LE ?@>L@B?KBE>5

&JQO =B EF@ MJ>E G@L@BE =E@GKE=JB JA EF@ KBE= E@GGJG=>M KLE

MH  MH 

)- %G 33Pcb G: FK9 -8FC +9::G:CJ6 -EF GI =\=\H *9EH MWH   %BE= $JB@D 2KHB?@G=BT 3JHBL=I %HEFJG=ED EJ !BR@>E=TKE@O !B[H=G@ =BEJ KB? (YKM=B@ ;KBV :@PJ>=E>5 YYY .JG EF@ PHGPJ>@ PHGPJ>@>> JA EF=> >@LE=JB KB? BJEQ=EF>EKB? BJEQ=EF>EKB?=BT =BT EF@ PGJR=>=JB> JA '% -c,fO otherwise known as the “Law on Secrecy of Bank Deposits,” YYYO EF@ %$23 => F@G@CD KHEFJG=a KHEFJG=a@? @? EJ =B[H=G@ =BEJ JG @YKM=B@ ?@PJ>=E> KB? =BR@>EM@BE> Q=EF KBD CKBV=BT =B>E=EHE=JB JG BJB# CKBV A=BKBL=KI =B>E=EHE=JB KB? EF@=G >HC>=?=KG=@> KB? KAA=I=KE@> ZCFKG0F 5 EG0:F G:D9:H 

Again, wala’y court order, so the AMLC is authorized to inquire into DJHG CKBV ?@PJ>=E>5 %GE=LI@ +]] JA EF@ 2KCJG 3J?@ %II =BAJGMKE=JB KB? >EKE@M@BE> MK?@ KE LJBL=I=KE=JB PGJL@@?=BT> >FKII C@ EG@KE@? K> PG=R=I@T@? LJMMHB=LKE=JB> KB? >FKII BJE C@ H>@? K> @R=?@BL@ =B EF@ &2'3O KB? EF@ LJBL=I=KEJG> KB? >=M=IKG JAA=L=KI> >FKII BJE E@>E=AD =B KBD LJHGE JG CJ?D G@TKG?=BT EF@ MKEE@G EKV@B HP KE EF@ LJBL=I=KE=JB PGJL@@?=B PGJL@@?=BT> T> LJB?HLE@? CD EF@M5 %IE@GBKE=R@ :=>PHE@ '@>JIHE=JB %LE W'% ^+SfXO )@L ^WKX !BAJGMKE=JB JCEK=B@? EFGJHTF M@?=KE=JB >FKII C@ PG=R=I@T@? KB? LJBA=?@BE=KI5 )@L5 +] KI>J PGJR=?@> AJG EF@ LJBA=?@BE=KI=ED JA KGC=EGKE=JB PGJL@@?=B PGJL@@?=BT>5 T>5 %GC=EGKE=JB G@LJG? =B EF@ 3!%3 KG@ KI>J LJBA=?@BE=KI5 FKII BJE E@>E=AD =B KBD PGJL@@?=BT LJBL@GB=BT KBD =BAJGMKE=JBO >EKE@M@BEO JG JP=B=JB G@L@=R@? AGJM EF@ LF=I? =B EF@ LJHG>@ JA >@GR=BT K> K THKG?=KB K? I=E@MO HBI@>> =B EF@ LJHG>@ JA >@GR=BT K> K THKG?=KB K? I=E@MO HBI@>> EF@ LJHGE A=B?> =E B@L@>>KGD EJ PGJMJE@ EF@ C@>E =BE@G@>E> JA EF@ LF=I?5 g)@L fW@XO 'HI@ JB (YKM=BKE=JB JA K 3 F=I? N=EB@>>e` Informer’s privilege  privilege  !BAJGM@G>O AJG EF@ PGJE@LE=JB JA EF@=G =?@BE=EDO LKBBJE C@ LJMP@II@? EJ E@>E=AD CD EF@ PGJ>@LHEJG QF@B EF@=G E@>E=MJBD QJHI? M@G@ID C@ LHMHIKE=R@ KB? LJGGJCJGKE=R@5 !E => EF@ PG=R=I@T@ JA EF@ LIJ>@ EF@ =?@BE=ED JA P@G>JB> QFJ AHGB=>F =BAJGMKE=JB JA R=JIKE=JB> JA IKQ EJ JAA=L@G> LFKGT@? Q=EF EF@ @BAJGL@M@BE JA EFKE IKQ5

-(+!) -.!%$.!%+ *9EFCG8 =WH @5:98F51 58D IC1C51 7:CBC19O9H  7:CBC19O9H  – &J P@G>JB JK511 C@ LJMP@II@? EJ E@>E=AD KTK=B>E F=> JG F@G PKG@BE>O JEF@G ?=G@LE K>L@B?KBE>O LF=I?G@B JG JEF@G ?=G@LE ?@>L@B?KBE>O @YL@PE QF@B >HLF E@>E=MJBD => =B?=>P@B>KCI@ =B K LG=M@ KTK=B>E EFKE P@G>JB JG CD JB@G PKG@BE KTK=B>E EF@ JEF@G5 0F=> PG=R=I@T@ ?J@> BJE ?=>[HKI=AD K P@G>JB AGJM E@>E=AD=BT KTK=B>E F=> PKG@BE> JG LF=I?G@B JG JEF@G ?=G@LE K>L@B?KBE> KB? ?@>L@B?KBE>5 % P@G>JB MKD E@>E=AD KTK=B>E F=> PKG@BE> JG LF=I?G@B RJIHBEKG=ID CHE =A F@ G@AH>@> EJ ?J >JO EF@ GHI@ PGJE@LE> F=M AGJM KBD LJMPHI>=JB5 1@ LKBBJE C@ LJMP@II@? EJ E@>E=AD KTK=B>E KBD JA EF@ G@IKE=R@> M@BE=JB@? =B EF@ GHI@>5

+5`9 8GF9 FK5F FK9:9 CJ 5 JC6C15: :019 08D9: FK9 (56C12 &GD9 -:F =3WH &J ?@>L@B?KBE >FKII C@ LJMP@II@?O =B K LG=M=BKI LK>@O EJ E@>E=AD KTK=B>E F=> PKG@BE> KB? TGKB?PKG@BE>O @YL@PE QF@B >HLF E@>E=MJBD => =B?=>P@B>KCI@ =B K LG=M@ KTK=B>E EF@ ?@>L@B?KBE JG CD JB@ PKG@BE KTK=B>E EF@ JEF@G5 Take note that under the old iteration sa rule and Art 215, mura sya’g T=LJMC=B@5 )HLF EFKE EF@ LHGG@BE =E@GKE=JB >K 'HI@O BKK BKD >=M=IKG BK MTK @YL@PE=JB>5

+5`9 8GF9 GI FKGJ9 ZKG 5:9 8GF EGB9:9Da -5  '@IKE=R@> CD KAA=B=E=D +5  ;GJEF@G> KB? >=>=E@G> ]5  %HBE>O HBLI@>O B@PF@Q>O B=@L@> c5  3JH>=B@> JA QFKE@R@G ?@TG@@ f5  /EF@G LJIIKE@GKI G@IKE=R@> _a QC11 FKCJ L9 5771CE5L19 FG 5DG7F9D EKC1D:98S %d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

!,&!@+#A%*a

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%@IA#>@GR=BT K?M=>>=JB ?J@> BJE include a party’s testimony as a witness in court. This => C@LKH>@ @R@B =A K PKGED MKV@> K >@IA#>@GR=BT K?M=>>=JB> =B LJHGEO EF@G@ => KB JPPJGEHB=ED AJG EF@ K?R@G>@ PKGED EJ LGJ>>#examine LGJ>>#examine him. A party’s E@>E=MJBD =B LJHGE => >QJGB KB? KAAJG?> EF@ JEF@G PKGED EF@ JPPJGEHB=ED AJG LGJ>>#@YKM=BKE=JB5 #" 

NFKE => LJR@G@? EF@G@AJG@ => QF@B K EF=G?#PKGED Q=EB@>> E@>E=A=@> =B LJHGE KCJHE EF@ >@IA#>@GR=BT K?M=>>=JB MK?@ CD EF@ PKGED5

)9R0CJCF9J GI *91I[*9:BC8O !BCD98E9 %GF9a $H>E C@ G@M@MC@G@? C@LKH>@ EF@>@ KG@ ?JLEG=BKI G@[H=>=E@> BJE HB?@G EF@ PGJR=>=JB>5  3H  3H  +K9 F9JFC6G82 CJ I5BG:5L19 FG FK9 D9I98D58Fh 0F=> M@KB> EFKE =B>E@K? JA >KD=BT EFKE F@ => =B?@CE@?O F@ >K=? F@ FK> BJ ?@CE5 0FKE AKRJG> F=MO =E PGJMJE@> F=> =BE@G@>E GKEF@G EFKB =E C@=BT K ?@LIKGKE=JB KTK=B>E F=> =BE@G@>E5 =H  =H  #F CJ 65D9 9dF:5N0DCEC5112h 58D 0F@>@ PGJR=>=JB> EFKE Q@ KG@ EKIV=BT KCJHE ?J BJE KPPID  =A  =A =E => MK?@ =B JP@B LJHGE5 MH  MH  #F CJ 65D9 C8 58FCEC75FCG8 GI 1CFCO5FCG8 0F=> => EF@ G@[H=>=E@> EFKE Q@ B@@? EJ HB?@G>EKB?5 This requisite covers evidence that is seemingly “planted” JG MKBHAKLEHG@?O AJG IKLV JA K C@EE@G E@GM5

(#)*+ !,-. 

^f 

W-X  !A F@ G@KIID FK> BJE PK=? F=> IJKB Q=EF ; CKBVO F=> JBID @R=?@BL@ ?HG=BT EG=KI QJHI? LJB>=>E =B F=> JQB E@>E=MJBD5 1@ Q=II ?@BD EFKE F@ FK> K ?@CE JG F@ Q=II E@>E=AD EFKE F@ KIG@K?D PK=?5

  W+X !B :O KB? (O EFKE F@ PK=? EF@@AA@LEO IJKBO CD F@ E@II=BT LKB H>@3OEF@=G E@>E=MJBD EJ KIG@K?D LJGGJCJGKE@ F=> ?@A@B>@ JA PKDM@BEO EFH> F@ => BJE EF@ JBID QFJ Q=II >KD EFKE F@ KIG@K?D PK=?5 3O :O KB? ( KG@ KI>J =BLIH?@? EJ QFJM F@ LJMMHB=LKE@? EFKE F@ KIG@K?D PK=? EJ EF@ ;KBV5 W]X  However, under the Rules, such “planted” evidence is BJE K?M=>>=CI@5 )JGGDO % EF=> => >@IA#>@GR=BT K?M=>>=JB> QF=LF KG@ BJE K?M=>>=CI@ =B LJHGE5

+5`9 8GF9 GI FK9 9II9EF CI FK9 5D6CJJCG8 Z5J 8GF J91I[  J9:BC8O   0F=> M@KB> EFKE Q@ TJ EJ K >=EHKE=JB LJR@G@? CD )@LE=JB +_5 *CF05FCG8a % QK> >H@? CD ; AJG LJII@LE=JB JA K ?@CE5 !B F=> KB>Q@GO % LKE@TJG=LKIID ?@B=@? FKR=BT LJBEGKLE@? KBD IJKB AGJM ;5 1JQ@R@GO PG=JG EJ EF@ AI=BT JA EF@ LK>@O % >PJV@ EJ 3O :O KB? ( KB? EJI? EF@M EFKE F@ KLEHKIID CJGGJQ@? MJB@D AGJM ; EJ PKD JG EJ CHD K LKG5 !B>E@K? JA >KD=BT EFKE F@ KIG@K?D PK=? EJ EF@ CKBVO F@ KLEHKIID K?M=EE@? EFKE F@ FK? K ?@CE EJ EF@ CKBV CHE F@ ?=? BJE D@E PKD5 3I@KGIDO EFKE => K?R@G>@ EJ F=> =BE@G@>EO KB? EFH> C@LKH>@ JA EFKEO 3O :O KB? ( LKB KII E@>E=AD5 !B EF=> LK>@O 3O :O KB? ( LKB KII E@>E=AD C@LKH>@ EF@ K?M=>>=JB CD % => JB@ EFKE => KTK=B>E F=> =BE@G@>E =B>E@K? JA C@=BT AKRJGKCI@ EJ F=> LKH>@5

#%-$.#**#V@ F=> G=TFE JA LGJ>>#@YKM=B LGJ>>#@YKM=BKE=JB5 KE=JB5

Why did A do this? What is A’s !BCD98E9 C8 E5J9 K9 CJ

NF@B Q@ KG@ EKIV=BT KCJHE >@IA#serving >@IA#serving admissions we’re

W+X  !E => @YLIH?@? JB EF@ >KM@ TGJHB? K> KBD F@KG>KD @R=?@BL@O EFKEO EF@ IKLV JA JPPJGEHB=ED AJG LGJ>> @YKM=BKE=JB CD EF@ K?R@G>@ PKGED W&KE=JBKI :@R@IJPM@BE :@R@IJPM@BE 3J5 R5 N33X5

*97F96L9: = @5:F = 4 -6CJF5D

J09D IG: EG119EFCG8 L2 FK9 L58`S

EKIV=BT KCJHE 9dF:5[N0DCEC51 5D6CJJCG8H 

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $% 8G@>LG=PE=JB EFKE => K TGJHB? AJG K $JE=JB EJ :=>M=>>5

MH>E C@ LKE@TJG=LKI KB? ?@A=B=E@ $@KB=BTO EF@G@ => BJ [H@>E=JB K> EJ QFKE EF@ ?@LIKGKBE => K?M=EE=BT EJ5 MH>E C@ VBJQ=BT VBJQ=BTID ID KB? RJIHBEKG=ID MK?@ QKIK >=DK T=#EG=LV5 NKIK >=DK T=#C=E=V >K P=VK> EJ MKV@ KB K?M=>>=JB MH>E C@ K?R@G>@ EJ EF@ K?M=EE@Gh> =BE@G@>E

)JO G@M@MC@G EFKE 2KLF@> ?J@> BJE EKV@ PIKL@ =A DJH KG@ >E=II Q=EF=B EF@ PG@>LG=PE=R@ P@G=J? EJ A=I@O AJG @YKMPI@ K LJMPIK=BE AJG DJHG LKH>@ JA KLE=JB5 :@P@B?=BT JB EF@ >JHGL@ JA obligation, if it’s a written contract, DJH FKR@ K PG@>LG=PE=R@ P@G=J? EF@G@5

%GZX ZK5F CJ 58 9d56719 GI G89 FK5F CJ 5DB9:J9 FG FK9 admitter’s interest? .I=TFE => LJB>=?@G@? K> ?=>>@GR=BT KLEO >=BL@ =E => PG@UH?=L=KI EJ EF@ =BE@G@>E JA EF@ KLLH>@?5 .I=TFE => LJB>=?@G@? K> L=GLHM>EKBE=KI @R=?@BL@ JA F=> TH=IE5

=^ =^   (1COKF 58D &G8E951698F .I=TFE >EGJBTID =B?=LKE@> K TH=IED M=B? KB? C@EGKD> EF@ @Y=>E@BL@ JA K TH=IED LJB>L=@BL@5 !E => KB =MPI=@? K?M=>>=JB JA TH=IE5 ]@9G719 BJH T9::9:5X ?H)H 3P\WWc[W>X =\\3^

]5 

c5 

(-+!+;) (-&#%;* #* _;# /;$#&;. (;?#+ “He who flees from prosecution confesses his guilt.” guilt.”  

M^ M^   -D6CJJCG8 L2 *C198E9 P^  AII9: GI &G67:G6CJ9  4B?@G )@L +SO KB JAA@G JA LJMPGJM=>@ CD EF@ KLLH>@? MKD C@ G@L@=R@? =B @R=?@BL@ K> KB =MPI=@? K?M=>>=JB JA TH=IE5

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%@ AJG @YKMPI@ AJG CG@KLF JA LJBEGKLEO =E EKV@> KBDQF@G@ HP EJ _ EJ -, D@KG>5 _ D@KG> PK>PK> BK BK5 6H>E =MKT=B@5 )JZ )=T@ MH>@EEI@ BKIKBT VJ5 $HJAA@G BKIKBT VJT >@EEI@M@BE5 0F@ IKQ G@LJTB=a@> EFKE5 &KK BKD MTK EKJ BK ?=I= BK TH>EJ MKFK>>I@ >K I=E=TKE=JB5 %B? EFKE LKBBJE C@ LJB>=?@G@? K> KB K?M=>>=JB AJG KBD I=KC=I=ED5

V0F F5`9 8GF9 FK5F FK9 :019 CJ DCII9:98F IG: E:C6C851 E5J9Ja *9EFCG8 => ]=^H !B LG=M=BKI LK>@>O @YL@PE EFJ>@ =BRJIR=BT [HK>=# JAA@B>@> WLG=M=BKI B@TI=T@BL@X JG EFJ>@ KIIJQ@? CD IKQ EJ C@ LJMPGJM=>@?O KB JAA@G JA LJMPGJM=>@ CD EF@ KLLH>@? MKD C@ G@L@=R@? =B @R=?@BL@ K> KB =MPI=@? K?M=>>=JB JA TH=IE5 ;KI=VEK? KBT PG@>HMPE=JB >K CKIKJ? VKGJB >K LG=M=BKI LK>@>5 @> => EFKE =A DJH JAA@G K LJMPGJM=>@ EJ EF@ LJMPIK=BKBEO MHGK VKT BKT K?M=E BK T=CHFKE TDH? B=MJ C@LKH>@ JEF@GQ=>@O QFD QJHI? DJH JAA@G LJMPGJM=>@Z

*9EFCG8 => ]M^H % PI@K JA TH=IED IKE@G Q=EF?GKQB JG KB HBKLL@PE@? JAA@G JA K PI@K JA TH=IED EJ K I@>>@G JAA@B>@ => BJE K?M=>>=CI@ =B @R=?@BL@ KTK=B>E EF@ KLLH>@? QFJ MK?@ EF@ PI@K JG JAA@G5 &@=EF@G => KBD >EKE@M@BE MK?@ =B EF@ LJHG>@ JA PI@K CKGTK=B=BT Q=EF EF@ PGJ>@LHE=JBO QF=LF ?J@> BJE G@>HIE =B K PI@K JA TH=IED JG QF=LF G@>HIE> =B K PI@K JA TH=IED IKE@G Q=EF?GKQBO K?M=>>=C K?M=>>=CI@5 I@5

-:FCE19 =\MPH 0F@G@ MKD C@ K LJMPGJM=>@ HPJB EF@ L=R=I I=KC=I=ED KG=>=BT AGJM KB JAA@B>@` CHE >HLF LJMPGJM=>@ >FKII BJE @YE=BTH=>F EF@ PHCI=L KLE=JB AJG EF@ =MPJ>=E=JB JA EF@ I@TKI P@BKIED5 W-S-]X _a  NFKE FKPP@B> ?=KD BK PKT =B K LG=M=BKI LK>@ KBT PG=RKE@ LJMPIK=BKBE BKV=T>@EEI@ KBT KLLH>@? >K =DKFK >J BKD LJMPGJM=>@ KTG@@M@BE5 NFD => =E EFKE EF@ LG=M=BKI LK>@ KI>J KB? BJE JBID EF@ L=R=I K>P@LE => @YE=BTH=>F@?Z &TKBJ MK?=>M=>> MKB KP=I KBT LG=M=BKI LK>@Z NF@B KGE=LI@ +,]c LI@KGID >EKE@> EFKE =E Q=II BJE @YE=BTH=>F EF@ PHCI=L KLE=JB AJG EF@ =MPJ>=E=JB JA EF@ I@TKI P@BKIEDZ -a 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

-:FCE19 =\MWH &J LJMPGJM=>@ HPJB EF@ AJIIJQ=BT [H@>E=JB> >FKII C@ RKI=?d W-X 0F@ L=R=I >EKEH> JA P@G>JB>` W+X %BD 0F@ RKI=?=ED MKGG=KT@ JG K I@TKI >@PKGKE=JB` W]X TGJHB? JA AJGK I@TKI >@PKGKE=JB` WcX .HEHG@ >HPPJGE` WfX 0F@ UHG=>?=LE=JB JA LJHGE>` WbX .HEHG@ I@T=E=M@5 W-S-cKX

#% QT-+ _;!*+#A%* *T-@ KTG@@M@BE Q=EF MD Q=A@ >KD=BT we are now both single. You can’t do that.  that.   ]=^  ]=^  +K9 B51CDCF2 GI 5 65::C5O9 G: 5 19O51 J975:5FCG8 $@KB=BTO CKQKI KBT LJIIH>=JB5

%B JAA@G EJ PKDO JG EF@ PKDM@BE JA M@?=LKIO FJ>P=EKI JG JEF@G @YP@B>@> JLLK>=JB@? CD KB =BUHGDO => BJE K?M=>>=CI@ =B @R=?@BL@ K> PGJJA JA L=R=I JG LG=M=BKI I=KC=I=ED AJG EF@ =BUHGD5 W+_KX

]M^  -82 O:G08D IG: 19O51 J975:5FCG8

Let’s go to these paragraphs one by one.  one.  

]P^  ]P^  (0F0:9 J077G:F

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%@>O KB JAA@G JA LJMPGJM=>@ =>d -5  &JE KB K?M=>>=JB JA KBD I=KC=I=ED` +5  &JE K?M=>>=CI@ =B @R=?@BL@ KTK=B>E EF@ JAA@GJG5 &JEF=BT MHLF EF@G@5 3J?KI BK >=DK5 ;HE F@G@ => QF@G@ =E T@E> V=B?K EG=LVDd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

=H =H   AII9:9D IG: 58GFK9: 70:7GJ9X J0EK 5Ja K5  8GJR=BT C=K> JG PG@UH?=L@ JA K Q=EB@>>` C5  &@TKE=R=BT K LJBE@BE=JB JA HB?H@ ?@IKD` JG L5  8GJR=BT KB @AAJGE EJ JC>EGHLE K LG=M=BKI =BR@>E=TKE=JB JG PGJ>@LHE=JB5 0=MKBKB IKBT BKEJ BK5 4B>K B=BT MTK PHGPJ>@> BK B=5

@A#%+* +A )!.!.V!) ]*!&+#A% => A% &)#.#%-< &-*!*^a ?!%!)-< );@ CD EF@ KLLH>@? MKD C@ G@L@=R@? =B @R=?@BL@ K> KB =MPI=@? K?M=>>=JB JA TH=IE 9dE97Fa   -5 

!B LK>@> =BRJIR=BT [HK>=#JAA@ [HK>=#JAA@B>@> B>@> WLG=M=BKI B@TI=T@BL@ B@TI=T@BL@XX 4B?@G %GE=LI@ ]bf JA EF@ '83 >HLF K> G@LVI@>> =MPGH?@BL@O LG=M=BKI B@TI=T@BL@O @EL5

+5  ]5 

0FJ>@ KIIJQ@? CD IKQ EJ C@ LJMPGJM=>@?` 5 EFKEZ &KK PK TDH? 6:' JG 6H?=L=KI :=>PHE@ '@>JIHE=JB5 NF@G@ EF@ JAA=L@G Q=II KEE@MPE EJ CG=BT EF@ PKGE=@> EJ K >@EEI@M@BE5 % UH?T@O BKKD MKT 6:'5 )J BKKD MTK MK=BTJB BTK?EJ BK >=T@ MKTJAA@G VJ KB= f,O,,, PKGK IKBT MKF=IJM VK5 $H=BTJB PH? >=DK ?=I= VJ MH?KQKE KBK VKD KBT TH>EJ BKVJ VKD f-O,,,5 4BDK ?= TDH? >=IK

0F@ >J#LKII@?O ?GDG2 $GEF:C89H NFKE KG@ @YKMPI@> JA LK>@> KIIJQ@? CD IKQ EJ C@ LJMPGJM=>@?Z -5 

+5d 1C5LC1CF25 8Q@?@ TDH? BK =#LJMPGJM=>@5

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%GPGM5 A person’s G>PCLLCF= CL NC=>C=O KEF= BCPL?DQ NKA BCL G>PCLLCF= SG==FA NC=> G=FAB?@5 /AB?@JCL?I CA JFKD> N? K=QGC@ G=> C=?WKCAGND?5

!\271;6 '?P?PN?@ AB? SGL? FQ $GDGNG=G=T !A’s !A ’s about the 10#M?G@ 10 #M?G@ G=> _,# M?G@ GSWKCLCACH? E@?LS@CEACF=5 != ABCL ?YGPED?I J? JCDD AGR? AB? _,# M?G@ GSWKCLCACH? E@?LS@CEACF= E@?LS@CEACF=55 % QCD?> G SGL? GOGC=LA ; G=> 3 QF@ ?V?SAP?=A5 ; G=> 3 G@? _,#M?G@ FSSKEG=AL FQ AB? DG=> JBCSB JGL E@?HCFKLDM K=@?OCLA?@?> K=>?@ AB? 0F@@?=L LMLA?P5 )K>>?=DMI C= +,-aI % SGP? AF AB? DG=> G=> LBFJ?> ; G=> 3 BCL 3?@ACQCSGA? FQ 0CAD? G=> >?PG=>?> ABGA AB?M HGSGA? AB? E@FE?@AM5

)!* #%+!) -I#U* -&+- )HI! EG@A FQ G DF=O?@ 2GAC= $GYCP  %3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%C@?SADMI CQ =FA SC@SKPLAG=ACGDDMI @?D?HG=A AF AB? CLLK? GA BG=>5

+2R6 0:86^ 4=>?@ AB? @?L C=A?@ GDCFL GSAG @KD?I AB? @COBAL FQ G EG@AM SG==FA N? E@?VK>CS?> NM AB? GSA F@ >?SDG@GACF= FQ G=FAB?@5 ;KA AB?@? G@? ?YS?EACF=LI AB? LF#SGDD?> ?@ AB? ?D?SACF= SF>?I AB?@? G@? DCPCAL AF LE?=>C=O GL AF AB? GPFK=A FQ GC@ACP? G=> AB? GPFK=A MFK EGM QF@ GC@ACP?5 *FK PKLA =FA FH?@LE?=> F@ ?YS??> AB? GDDFSGACF=5 XBGA CQ MFK ?YS??>?>T That’s an offense, and you might be disqualified because of it.

*61867S6N C 92N8 c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against Balaguer, IBC stated that “The acts complained of by the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  !A >F?L =FA GEEDMI 'KD? -_,I )?SACF= +e \=FJ L?SACF= _,] >F?L =FA GEEDM5 !;3#13’s !;3#13’s cross#SDGCP cross#SDGCP GOGC=LA ;GDGOK?@ ?QQ?SACH?DM S@?GA?> G= G>H?@L? C=A?@?LA N?AJ??= AB?P5 1?=S?I AB? G>PCLLCF= FQ F=? >?Q?=>G=A CL =FA G>PCLLCND? GOGC=LA BCL SF# >?Q?=>G=A5 ZG=C G=O >FSA@C=? =OG OKLAF =GRF ACPG=#G= =C=MF5 0B? QCDC=O FQ G S@FLL SDGCP N?AJ??= SF#>?Q?=>G=AL ?=>L G EG@A=?@LBCE F@ GO?=SM G=> CA JCDD =F DF=O?@ SGDD QF@ AB? GEEDCSGACF= FQ AB? G>PCLLCF= FQ SF# EG@A=?@ F@ GO?=A5 0GGL G=O QGSALI LCPED? @G RGMF G=O @KDC=O5 0BCL CL

-_I JGL WKFA?> AF BGH? LGC> ABGA B? K=SFH?@?> HG@CFKL

N?SGKL? ! JG=A?> MFK AF R=FJ K=LGM ?QQ?SA LG QCDC=O LG S@FLL SDGCP5

%3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%?SDG@GACF= F@ FPCLLCF= FQ G EG@AM GL AF G @?D?HG=A QGSA PGM N? OCH?= C= ?HC>?=S? GOGC=LA BCP5 E*6B83:0 CbG  

!!! # $%&'()% )* +,+, – +,+.'/$ 01( 2(304'() /. %00*5 6()) 7%31%(2 ()8(6/ 

0B? @COBAL FQ G EG@AM SG==FA N? E@?VK>CS?> NM G= GSAI >?SDG@GACF=I F@ FPCLLCF= FQ G=FAB?@5 E*6B83:0 C]G  



 

(#)*+ !,-. 

-,c 

It’s no longer an extrajudicial admission, it it N?SFP?L  N?SFP?L G LAGA?P?=A PG>? C= FE?= SFK@A JB?@? AB? EG@AC?L BGH? AB? GNCDCAM AF Q?@@?A FKA AB? A@KAB NM AB? P?SBG=CLPL FQ S@FLL#?YGPC=GACF=5

1FJ >F J? =FJ AK@= ABCL AME? FQ BMEFAB?ACSGD ?YGPED? C=AF F=? ABGA QCAL C=AF AB? ?YS?EACF= K=>?@ )?SACF= _-T

OA -N6 6\8N2a/43B32; 2473553:05 S? 2 B:0513N28:N 2L86N 8Q6 B:0513N2B? Q25 86N7302864 204 7246 6?SDG@GACF= FQ G SF=LEC@GAF@ PKLA N? C= QK@AB?@G=S? FQ AB? SF=LEC@GSM G=> PG>? >K@C=O CAL ?YCLA?=S?[ 0B? >?SDG@GACF= F@ GSA PKLA @?DGA? AF AB? SF=LEC@GSM[ G=> 0B? SF=LEC@GSM PKLA N? LBFJ= NM ?HC>?=S? FAB?@ ABG= AB? GSA F@ >?SDG@GACF= \NM ?HC>?=S? GDCK=>? ]5 ]5

-5 

+5 

+: 371;3B286 .2a2 204 *2N2QA E211;? 8Q6 N6f/353865G -5 

:C> AB? >?SDG@GACF= B?@? @?DGA? AF AB? SF=LEC@GSMT   *?L5 XGL AB? >?SDG@GACF= PG>? >K@C=O AB? ?YCLA?=S? FQ AB? SF=LEC@GSMT   &/5 0B? >?SDG@GACF= FQ ;G=OL JGL PG>? DF=O GQA?@ AB? SF=LEC@GSM JGL FH?@5 1KPG= =G KO RC>=GEI @?=>?@?> K=SF=LSCFKL G=> PFD?LA?> LC 67(5 3G= AB? E@FL?SKAF@L E@FH? AB? SF=LEC@GSM FAB?@ ABG= AB? >?SDG@GACF= FQ ;G=OLT   $%*;(I NKA BFJT ;M ?HC>?=S? GDCK=>?5





+5 

_5 



_5 

!Q PG>? C= AB? E@?L?=S? FQ AB? SF#SF=LEC@GAF@ JBF ?YE@?LLDM F@ CPEDC?>DM GO@??> AB?@?C=[ \1? G>FEA?> AB? G>PCLLCF= NM BCL QGCDK@? AF @?NKA CAI ABKLI N?SFP?L BCL FJ= G>PCLLCF=]5 XB?@? AB? QGSAL C= LGC> G>PCLLCF= G@? SF=QC@P?> C= AB? C=>CHC>KGD ?YA@GVK>CSCGD SF=Q?LLCF=L PG>? NM AB? SF# SF=LEC@GAF@ GQA?@ AB?C@ GEE@?B?=LCF=[   0B?M G@? SF=QC@PGAF@M FQ ?GSB FQ AB? FAB?@L FJ= SF=Q?LLCF=L5 != ABGA LCAKGACF=I AB? SF=Q?LLCF=L G@? >??P?> AF C=A?@DFSR JCAB F=? G=FAB?@ \C=A?@DFSRC=O SF=Q?LLCF=L] %L G SC@SKPLAG=S?I AF >?A?@PC=? AB? S@?>CNCDCAM FQ AB? JCA=?LL[ F@ %L SC@SKPLAG=ACGD ?HC>?=S? AF LBFJ AB? E@FNGNCDCAM FQ AB? SF# conspirators’ participation in the offense. (Regalado, Vol. II, p. cb-I +,,h ?>]

`5 

#%+!)IU&g#%> &U%(!**#U%*



VQ? 6 NM >C@?SA ?HC>?=S?5 &?S?LLG@CDMI CA BGL AF N? E@FH?= NM SC@SKPLAG=ACGD ?HC>?=S? C= AB? QF@P FQ A?LACPF=C?L5 3F=LEC@GAF@L >F =FA @?>KS? AB?C@ GO@??P?=A C=AF J@CAC=O5 )F CQ E@FL?SKAF@L SG= E@?L?=A A?LACPF=C?L ABGA A?=> AF ?LAGNDCLB AB? ?YCLA?=S? FQ SF=LEC@GSM S? B;62N 204 B:0PCLLCND?5

$U&+)#%!* +U )!.!.K!)A  

!

 

!

 

!

!=S@CPC=GAC=O >?SDG@GACF=L FQ G SF#SF=LEC@GAF@ PG>? C= AB? GNL?=S? F@ JCABFKA AB? R=FJD?>O? FQ AB? FAB?@L GQA?@ AB? SF=LEC@GSM BGL SFP? AF G= ?=> CL 302473553S;65 0B? G@@?LA FQ AB? >?SDG@G=A @?LKDAL C= AB? A?@PC=GACF= FQ AB? SF=LEC@GSM5 %=MABC=O LGC> NM AB? >?SDG@G=A FKA#FQ#SFK@A GQA?@ that would not anymore be made “during its existence.”   !Q AB? >?SDG@G=A 82R65 8Q6 P380655 58204  G=> @?E?GAL AB? ?YA@GVK>CSCGD G>PCLLCF= GNFKA BCL SF#SF=LEC@GAF@L C= SFK@AI AB? LGP? CL 2473553S;65   &FA?^ 'KD?L N?OC==C=O Q@FP )?SACF= +c G=> AB?= )?SACF= +e \AB? @?L C=A?@ GDCFL GSAG @KD?] G=> AB?= GA AB? @?LA FQ AB?L? E@FHCLCF=L JFKD> :0;? S6 211;3B2S;6 3L 38 35 7246 6\8N2a/43B32;;?5 0B? PFP?=A ABGA MFK A?LACQM C= SFK@A CA GD@?G>M CL AGR?= FKA FQ AB? EK@HC?J 

 

!

FQ AB? O?=?@GD @KD? G=> CAL GEEDCSGND? ?YS?EACF=L5 XB?@? AB? LAGA?P?=A FQ AB? SF#SF=LEC@GAF@ CL PG>? GL JCA=?LL C= SFK@AI AB?@? CL =F =??> QF@ AB? SF=LEC@GSM AF N? LBFJ= NM C=>?E?=>?=A C=>?E?=> ?=A ?HC>?=S?5 \8?FED? HL5 )?@@G=FI %E@CD +cI -eae]

+Q6? 2N6 6\8N2a/43B32; B:0L6553:05 346083B2; 30 8Q63N 7286N32; N6516B85= (YA@GVK>CSCGD SF=Q?LLCF=L C=>?E?=>?=ADM PG>? JCABFKA SFDDKLCF= G=> G@? C>?=ACSGD JCAB ?GSB FAB?@ C= AB?C@ PGA?@CGD @?LE?SAL G=> SF=QC@PGAF@M FQ AB? FAB?@L G@? G>PCLLCND? GL SC@SKPLAG=ACGD ?HC>?=S? GOGC=LA SF#GSSKL?> CPEDCSGA?> AB?@?C= AF LBFJ AB? E@FNGNCDCAM FQ AB? latter’s actual participation in the commission of the crime. \8?FED? HL5 (=SCEC>FI -`b )3'% `e+]

-$.#**#U% KJ 9)#"#!* *6B83:0 FC= -473553:0 S? 1N3?@CH?L ACAD? AF E@FE?@AM Q@FP G=FAB?@I the latter’s GSAI latter’s GSAI >?SDG@GACF=I F@ FPCLLCF=I C= @?DGACF= AF AB? E@FE?@AMI CL ?HC>?=S? GOGC=LA AB? QF@P?@ CQ >F=? JBCD? AB? DGAA?@ JGL BFD>C=O AB? ACAD?5 \_-G]  

)6f/353865A -5  +5  _5 

0B?@? PKLA N? E@CHCAM N?AJ??= AB? EG@AM G=> AB? >?SDG@G=A[ 0B? >?SDG@G=A GL E@?>?S?LLF@#C=#C=A?@?LA PG>? AB? >?SDG@GACF= JBCD? BFD>C=O AB? ACAD? AF AB? E@FE?@AM[ G=> 0B? G>PCLLCF= @?DGA?L AF AB? E@FE?@AM5

VQ: 2N6 9N3?HCL??LI D?OGA??LI GLLCO=LI HFDK=AG@M O@G=A??LI F@ VK>OP?=A

C=>?E?=>?=A C=>?E?=> ?=A ?HC>?=S?5 \8?FED? HL5 )?@@G=FI %E@CD +cI -eae] S@?>CAF@L F@ EK@SBGL?@L Q@FP AB?P JCAB =FACS? AF AB? QGSAL5 %3(9(:/ 5 %$!)0%: 5 ;%1%22% 5 3%$8%&(' 5 :4 5 ()3'!0/' 5 ()0'/)%) 5 .('&%&:(7 5 6%$('/ 5 $%3%34% 5 $%