EveryCircuit User Manual

 

Putirmjc ml BvbryHmrhumt J`je Ob﬎brljl, Giso Jcbxjl`br Jufust 4:, 4>:6

Jhkliwcb`feblts7 Tje Jhojr

 

Hiltblts : Mltri`uhtmil

4

4 Djsmh Hieejl`s ml BvbryHmrhumt

8

8 Cjd : ml BvbryHmrhumt

1

8. : 8. 4 8. 8 8. 0

Mlput jl` Iutput Mepb pb` `jlhb Prjlsabr Aulhtmil . . . . . . . Pobvblml Bqumvjcblt . . . . . JH Tbspi pil lsb jl` Di`b ^cit .

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0 Ip-Jep Cjd ml BvbryHmrhumt

0. : 0. 4 0. 8 0. 0 0. 2 0. 1

Mlvbrtmlf Jepcm﬊br . Xueemlf Jepcm﬊br . @m﬎brbltmjtir Hmrhumt Omfo-^jss Amctbr . . Mltbfrjtir . . . . . . Ciw-^jss Amctbr . . .

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2 @mi`b Cjd ml BvbryHmrhumt

2. 2.:: 2. 4 2. 8 2. 0

@m @mi` i`bb Ho Hojr jrjh jhtb tbrs rsmt mtmh mhss jl` jl` Xmep Xmepcm cm﬊b ﬊b` ` Ei Ei`b `bcc CB@ cmfot siurhb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drm`fb Tbhtm﬊br . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cmemtbr Hmrhumts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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:6 :? := 4> 4:

Amxb` Dmjssmlf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xbca Dmjssmlf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DGP Jepcm﬊br . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 EIXABP Cjd ml BvbryHmrhumt

6. : 6. 4

:4 :8 :0 :0 :2 :1 :6

1 DGP Cjd ml BvbryHmrhumt

1. : 1. 4 1. 8

1 = :> ::

4: 44 48 40

LEIX Hojrjhtbrmstmhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LEIX Jepcm﬊br . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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42 41

 

:

Ml Mltr tri`u i`uht htmi mil l

Bvbry BvbryHmr Hmrhum humtt ms j hmrhum hmrhumtt jlj jljcys cysms ms tiic tiic.. Mt ms jv jvjmcj jmcjdcb dcb il Jl`rim Jl`rim` ` jl` Jppcb `bvmhbs; `bvmh bs; tobrb ms jcsi j vbr vbrsmil smil jv jvjmcjdc jmcjdcbb il Fiifcb Horieb Horieb wbd driwsbr driwsbr air toisb wmtoiut wmtoiut jhhbss ti j tjdcb tjdcbtt jl` ilcy j hiep hieputbr. utbr. Pi stjrt fbttmlf bxpisb` ti tob prifrje cbt”s dbfml dy ciikmlf jt jl ivbrvmbw ia jcc tob abjturbs ml BvbryHmrhumt.

Amfurb :7 BvbryHmrhumt ejml smtb

4

 

4

Dj Djsm smh h H Hiee ieejl jl`s `s mml l Bv Bvbry bryHm Hmrh rhum umtt

Pi dbfml, cbt”s ciik jt sieb ia tob djsmh hieejl`s tojt jrb jvjmcjdcb ti BvbryHmrhumt. bryHmr humt. Pob eist mepirtjlt tiicdjr ml BvbryHmrh BvbryHmrhumt umt ms tob bxjepcbs bxjepcbs hieejl`(M ejl `(Mtt ciiks ciiks cmk cmkbb j diik) diik).. Obr Obrbb yiu yiu hjl sbjr sbjrho ho toriufo toriufo tob Bvbry BvbryHmr Hmrhum humtt cmdrjry ti ﬊l` `bsmfls tojt jrb smemcjr ti yiurs. ]iu hjl jcsi usb tob sbjrho djr ml toms wml`iw ti ciik up hbrtjml typbs ia hmrhumts.

Amfurb 47 Cmdrjry ia hmrhumts hrbjtb` dy tob `bvbcipbrs ia BvbryHmrhumt air obcp wmto ul`brstjl`mlf hilhbpts hivbrb` ml jcc Bcbhtrmhjc hiursbs yiu wmcc usb ml ul`brfrj`

Pomsmlprifrje ciiks j `mfmtjc vbrsmil ia j ―drbj`dijr`―. Mt ojs j dumct frm` tojtusbs wmccwojt ilcy cbt yiucmkb pcjhb bcbhtrmhjc hiepilblts ml hbrtjml li`bs. Cbt”s liw ciik jt tob bcbhtrmhjc hiepilblts wb wmcc ojvb jhhbss ti womcb usmlf BvbryHmrhumt. Xieb ia tobsb hiepilblts ejy ciik ajemcmjr jl` itobrs ejy lit. Oiwbvbr dy tob bl` ia BCBH 42>6 wb wmcc kliw oiw tob vjst ejgirmty ia tobsb hiepilblt hiepil bltss wirk ml j hmrhu hmrhumt. mt.

Pi pcjhb j hiepilblt ilti tob ―drbj`dijr`― wb smepcy cbat hcmhk tob hiepilblt, pilbl t, womho wb `bsmrb. `bsmrb. Mt wmcc tobl `rip `iwl mlti tob ―drb ―drbj`dijr j`dijr`―! `―! Liw tojt wb kliw oiw ti fbt jl bcbeblt ilti iur ―drbj`dijr`― wb hjl ciik jt ei`maymlf tojt bcbeblt dy ritjtmlf tojt bcbeblt, `bcbtmlf tob hiepilblt, ul`imlf iur cjst jhtmil, fflmppmlf tob hiepilblt ir j`gustmlf tob hiepilblts hojrjhtbr8

 

Amfurb 87 BvbryHmrhumt hiepilblts mstmhs (mb. Tbsmstjlhb, Tbsmstjlhb, Hjpjhmtjlh Hjpjhmtjlhb). b). Pi `i toms wb eust eust smepcy cbat hcmhk tob hiepilblt wobl mt ms il tob drbj`dijr`. Pob frjpomhs dbciw wmcc tobl jppbjr ml tob dittie cbat ojl` hirlbr ia tob shrbbl7

Amfurb 07 BvbryHmrhumt hiepilblt jhtmils

Arie cbat ti rmfot tob pmhturbs jdivb rbprbsblt7 rbprbsblt7 Titjtmlf j hiepilblt, @bcbtmlf j hiepilblt hiepilblt,, Rl`iml Rl`imlff tob prbvmius jhtmil, Acmppmlf Acmppmlf tob hiepilblt(ai hiepilblt(airr  δ    ir  κ DGP”s jl` EIXABP”s) jl` J`gustmlf j hiepilblts hojrjhtbrmstmhs (m.b  δ  ir κ  Q P  ml DGP, λ DGP,  λ ir  ir Q  P >  ml EIXABP). Cbt”s Zumhkcy fi ivbr oiw ti hojlfb hiepilblt vjcubs ml, BvbryHmrhumt si wb jrb rbj`y ti pbraire bxpbrmeblts wmtoml tob jppcmhjtmil! Js soiwl dbciw tob wrblho hjl db aiul` arie tob dittie cbat ojl` hirlbr ia tob shrbbl.

Amfurb 27  Vrblho Cihjtmil

0

 

Ilhb yiu prbss tob wrblho sojpb` duttil, j `mjc wmcc jppbjr il tob rmfot ojl` sm`b ia tob shrbbl. Titjtb Titjtb tob `mjc ml tob jppriprm jppriprmjtb jtb `mrbhtmil `mrbhtmil ti mlhrbjsb ir `bhrbjsb `bhrb jsb tob rbsmstjlhb rbsmstjlhb vjcub vjcub ia tob rbsmstir. rbsmstir. ]iu hjl ejkb ejkb ﬊lb j`gusteblt j`gustebltss wmto tob + jl` - smfls.

Amfurb 17   @mjc

Cjstcy cbt”s ciik jt tob ―^cj Cjstcy ―^cjy y Dut Duttil til―― ml Bvbry BvbryHmrh Hmrhumt umt.. Pob pcjy duttil duttil ms wojt jcciws us ti rul trjlsmblt ir JH jljcysms ia tob hmrhumts wb dumc` ml BvbryHmrhu Bvbr yHmrhumt. mt. ^rbssm ^rbssmlf lf toms duttil duttil jlmej jlmejtbs tbs ilbs hmrhumt hmrhumt jl` `mspcjys hurrblt hurrblt eivmlf eiv mlf js ml`mvm ml`mvm`ujc `ujc hojrf hojrfbs. bs. Vb hjl jcsi hcmhk il spbhm﬊h li`bs ml tob hmrhumt, tob wjvbaire air tojt spbhm﬊h li`b hiepjrb` ti friul` wmcc db soiwl il tob tip il yiur shrbbl. shrbbl. Dy vmbwm vmbwmlf lf tob li`jc wjv wjvbai baires res wb jrb jdcb ti ﬊l` j rbcjtmilsomp air Q  air  Q iut iut /Q ml ml , womho dbhiebs ia uteist mepirtjlhb js wb hiltmlub mlti tob stu`y ia Ip-Jeps jl` trjlsmstirs.

Amfurb 67   ^cjy duttil

Amljccy cbt”s fbt fimlf il j cjd ml BvbryHmrhumt.

2

 

8

Cj Cjd d : ml Bvbr BvbryH yHmr mrhu humt mt

Liw tojt yiu ojvb j fblbrjc ul`brstjl`mlf ia oiw ti usb BvbryHmrhumt, cbts fbt mlti tob jhtmil dy hiepcbtmlf cjd : wmto bvbry hmrhumt.

8. 8.: :

Mlpu Mlputt jl` jl` Iutp Iutput ut Mepb Mepb`jl `jlhb hb

Arie sbhtmil  0.: Mlput jl` Iutput Mepb`jlhbs  wb jrb tjskb` ti hilstruht Amf. 8d.

Amfurb ?7  Amf. 8d arie Cjd : ejl ejlujc ujc Pi `i toms wb wmcc smepcy `rjf jl` `rip tob hiepilblts sbbl ml Amf. 8d ml bvbry hmrhumt js wb wbrb tjufot ml sbhtmil 4. Liw ml  sbhtmil 0.:  wb jrb mlstruhtb` ti lit ybt j`` piwbr si jcc wb wmcc db pcjhmlf `iwl jrb rbsmstirs. Pob smepcbst wjy ti fi jdiut toms ms ti jhqumrb jcc tob rbsmstirs wb lbb` jl` tobl pcjhb tobe. Hcmhk il tob rbsmstir mhil 0 tmebs si tojt yiu ojvb 0 rbsmstirs smttmlff ml tob tip cbat hirlbr ia yiu smttml yiurr shrbbl. Vb `il”t lbb` ti hcmhk tob friul` hiepilblt dbhjusb j friul` ms jcrbj`y privm`b` dy `bajuct ml tob em``cb ia tob shrbbl.

Amfurb =7   0 Tbsmstirs

1

 

Amf mf.. 8d. Rsb tob ritjtb Liw gust jrrjlfb tob rbsmstirs js toby jrb ml   A ritjtb duttil duttil js ebltmilb` ml  sbhtmil 4  ia toms `ihueblt.

Amfurbb :>7  Tbsmstir Irmbltjtmil Amfur Pi hillbht tob   ―wmrbs―, smepcy hcmhk il tob li`bs ia tob rbsmstirs yiu wiuc` cmkb ti giml.

Amfurb ::7   Hillbhtb` Li`bs Liw, wb gust lbb` ti sbt tob vjcubs air bjho rbsmstir (litb toby jrb jcc hurrbltcy :K). Pi `i toms, hcmhk il tob rbsmstir jl` hcmhk il tob wrblho sojpb` duttil il tob dittie cbat ia tob shrbbl js iutcmlb` ml tob mltri`uhtmil sbhtmil.

6

 

Amfurbb :47  Vrblho Cihjtmil Amfur Bvbry Hmrhumt `ibs lit ojvb j euctmebtbr js j woicb dut mt ojs mt ml pjrts. ]iu hjl ﬊l` jcilf tob pjrts eblu j victebtbr, jepbrb ebtbr jl` jl ioeebtbr. Air  Xbhtmil 0.:  wb wjlt tob ioee ioeebtbr. btbr. Pi usb tob ioeebtbr, ioeebtbr, smepcy jttjho jttjho mt ti tob li`bs yiu wmso ti ebjsurb ivbr js yiu wiuc` wmto tob euctmebtbr.

Amfurb :87  Mlput Mepb`jlhb

Amfurb :07  Iutput Mepb`jlhb

Pjkb litb tojt tob ioeebtbr ioeebtbr jhts js j :Q siurh siurhb. b. Pomlk jdiut mt, euctmebtb euctmebtbrs rs usb ioes cjw air tobmr hjchucjtmils (Q  (Q    5   M T). Vmto Vmto Q 5 :, wb hjl hjl fbt tob tob `mrbht vjcub ia T kliwmlf tob hurrblt wb fbt toriufo iur siurhb! Mt”s tob smepcb tomlfs ml cmab tojt obcp tob eist. ?

 

Pojt ms jcc tojt ms rbqumrb` arie   sbhtmil 0.:  si cbts eivb ilti   sbhtmil 0.4.

8.4

Prjlsabr rjlsabr Aulhtmi ulhtmil l

Xbhtmil 0.4  tbc  tbccs cs us ti j`` j 2Q siu siurhb rhb js soiwl soiwl il Amf. 8j (tob cij` cij` ms lit

mlhcu`b`).

Amfurb :27   Amf. 8j Ar Arie ie Cjd Ejlujc Ejlujc :

Pi hiepcy ti jcc ia tobsb `bejl`s, wb hjl rbeivb tob rbsmstir dy smepcy (yiu fubssb fub ssb` ` mt) hcmhkml hcmhkmlff il mt jl` prbs prbssml smlff tob `bcb `bcbtb tb dutti duttil. l. Litb Litb tojt tojt tob cij` rbsmstir ml tob bvbry hmrhumt ﬊furbs wjs lit tjkbl iut dbhjusb yiu lbb` ti j`` mt cjtbr il, dut yiu soiuc` rbeivb rbeivb mt air prihb`urbs sjkb sjkb.. Pi j`` tob siurhb, siurhb, smepcy rbpbjt tob prihbss tojt yiu `m` air tob rbsmstirs.

Arie rie Cjd Ejlujc : Amfurb :17   Amf. 8d A

Liw wb hjl ﬊ljccy cmfot up toms dj` diy. ^rbss tob pcjy duttil il tob dittie cbat ia tob shrbbl shrbbl ti jhtmvjtb jhtmvjtb tob p piw iwbr br siurhb. Litmhb tojt mlairejtmil mlairejtmil jdiut tob hmrhumt wmcc db `mspcjhb` jt mepirtjlt cihjtmils (suho js tob rbsmstirs).

=

 

Amfurb :67   ^cjy duttil

Amfurb :?7   Hmrhumt Jcmfot

8.8

Pobvb Pobvblml lml Bqumv Bqumvjcb jcblt lt

Vmto tob sjeb prihbss wb tiik ti ejkb toms hmrhumt, wb hjl ejkb tob Pobvbml Amf. 0  air   Xbhtmil 0.8  jl`   Xbhtmil 0.0 bqumvmcjlt ei`bc jl`   Amf. ^cbjsb ejkb tob tobvblml dbairb ciikmlf jt tob rbsuct (yj”kliw, ti cbjrl jl` stu﬎). stu ﬎). Dbciw Dbciw yiu wmcc ﬊l` tob Pobvblm Pobvblml l ei` ei`bcs bcs wmto tob 44> Ioe cij` jl` tob :4> Ioe cij`.

Amfurb :=7   44> cij` Pobvblml ia Amf 8d

:>

 

Amfurb 4>7   :4> cij` Pobvblml ia Amf 8d

8. 8.0 0

JH Tbspi Tbspilsb lsb jl` jl` Di`b Di`b ^cit ^cit

Jcrmfot si liw cbts tjkb j ciik jt   A Amf mf.. 0  arie   Xbhtmil 0.0

Amfurbb 4:7   Amf. Amfur Amf. 0

Amrst wb jrb mlstruhtb` ti j`` j 2Q siurhb, si cbts `i gust tojt.

Amfurbb 447   2Q @H Amf. Amfur Amf. 0

Jl` tob soihkmlf rbsucts jrb tobrb ml tob ﬊furb ti sbb. Lbxt wb jrb mlstruhtb` ti j`` j 4Q TEX : kOz smfl smfljc. jc. ]iu wmcc litmh litmhbb tojt tojt yiu yiu hjl ilcy ilcy hojlf hojlfbb tob jepcmtu`b jepcmt u`b ia tob smfljc, lit tob TEX vjcub. vjcub. Vb jrb tic` (jl` soiuc` rbhjcc) res  si wb fbt Q pbjk  5 4 4 5 4.?8 Q   ..  Q res 5 res  5 Q  Q pbjk/ 4. Vb lbb` 4Q 4Q res si fbt  Q pbjk 5 ?8Q  tojt Q tojt

∗ 

∗  ∖

::

 

4Qres JH Amf. 0 Amfurbb 487   4Qres Amfur

]iu wmcc litmhb tojt tobrb jrb li vjcubs jssihmjtb` wmto toms hmrhumt. Poms ejy db dbhjusb tob vjcubs jrb tii sejcc air bvbry hmrhumt ti jhkliwcb`fb. Oiwbvbr yiu hjl sbb oiw tob hurrblt jhts dy tob frbbl `its ml`mhjtmlf hilvbltmiljc hurrblt ffliw jl` tobrb jrb sejcc smlusim`jc smlusim`jc wjvb wjvbaire airess tojt jppbjr il bjho li`b. Poms hjl fmvb yiu jt cbjst j riufo m`bj ia wojt ms fimlf il ml tob hmrhumt. ]iu hjl hiltmlub   Xbhtmil Xbhtmil 0.0  dy hojlfmlf tob arbqublhy ia tob siurhb ti :> kOz,usb :>>bvbry kOz hmrhumt jl` : EOz rbspbhtm rbspbhtmvbcy vbcy. . Jl` cj`mbs jl` fbltcbebl fbltcbebl ms oiw yiu air jssmstjlhb ml cjd : iatojt BCBH 42>6.

0

Ip Ip-J -Jep ep Cjd Cjd mml l Bv Bvbr bryH yHmr mrhu humt mt

Pi dbfml, +Q  +Q ssss   jl` Q ssss   jrb jcrbj`y hillbhtb` ml BvbryHmrhumt js soiwl ml ﬊furb ﬊fu rb 0.: 0.:.. Pob Poby y jrb +:2v +:2v   jl` :2v :2v  rbspbhtm  rbspbhtmvbcy vbcy.. Pry soirtmlf tob iutput iutput ia  tob jepcm﬊br ti friul` jl` wb wmcc sbb tob ipbrjtmiljc jepcm﬊br dbfml ti drbjk `iwl. Pi kbbp tob ipbrjtmiljc jepcm﬊br ml tob cmlbjr rbfmil wobrb J wobrb  J((Q + Q ∔ ) wobl tob iutput victjfb ia tob jepcm﬊br jprijhobs Q  jprijhobs  Q ssss  jl` Q ssss  rbspbhtmvbcy wb bl` up wmto jl jepcm﬊br ml tob sjturjtmil rbfmil. Vb wjlt ti jvim` `jejfmlf Ip-Jeps js euho js pissmdcb ml tob cjd, si mt ms mepirtjlt ti pcjy jriul` ml

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BvbryHmrhumt dbairb ojl` jl` ajemcmjrmzb yiursbca wmto wojt drbjks jl ipbrjtmiljcc jepcm﬊br. tmilj jepcm﬊br. M ojvb iutcmlb` j hiupcb ejgir pridcbes pridcbes stu`blts stu`blts ojvb womcb hiepcbtmlf tob cjdirjtiry.

0.:

Mlvb Mlvbrtm rtmlf lf Jepcm﬊ Jepcm﬊br br

Pob ﬊rst hmrhumt wb wmcc dumc` ml BvbryHmrhumt ms jl Mlvbrtmlf Jepcm﬊br, wb soiuc` soi uc` ojvb ojvb hivb hivbrb` rb` toms ml hcjss hcjss dy liw; ma lit pcbjsb pcbjsb sbb ^riabssi ^riabssirr Jhojr Jhojrss litbs il Ip-Jeps ti ajemcmjrmzb yiursbca wmto tob `brmvjtmil air tob fjml ia jl Mlvbrtml Mlv brtmlff Jepcm﬊br. Dbfml dy hrbj hrbjtmlf tmlf tob hmrhumt dbciw dbciw.. Vmto tob vjcubs vjcubs js fmvbl ml tob Cjd ejlujc air j fjml ia :>Q/Q. Pobrb ms li lbb` ti hillbht tob +:2Q jl` -:2Q cmkb ml tob cjdirjtiry, js BvbryHmrhumt jutiejtmhjccy hillbhts yiurr ip-jep ti bqujccy djcjlhb` yiu djcjlhb` +:2Q jl` -:2Q. Vobl pbrai pbrairemlf remlf toms cjd

:4

 

Amfurb 407 Mlvbrtmlf ip-jep wb soiuc` rbhbmvb tob bxjht fjml prb`mhtb` dy iur hjchucjtmils (Tbebedbr mlput smfljcss ml Bvb smfljc BvbryHmrh ryHmrhumt umt jrb pk vjcubs vjcubs lit pk-pk). Pob mlput ia tob ip-jep ip-jep wb Q pk  pk  pk air eQ pk  pk   pk  Q   5 2  air jl bxjht  5 2>> 2>>eQ   ti ti Q  ojvb hrbjtb` fibs arie Q  arie  Q mml iut iut l fjml ia :>Q/Q. Lbxt mlhrbjsb tob mlput smfljc strblfto wmto tob wrblho ultmc yiu sbb tob wjvbaire wjvbaire dbfml ti hcmp. Poms rbprbsblts rbprbsblts tob eieblt eieblt wobrb yiur jepcm﬊br jepcm﬊ br ms blt bltbrmlf brmlf tob sjturjt sjturjtmil mil rbfmil. Litb toms victjf victjfbb js tob vjcub vjcub ml tob cjd soiuc` db rbcjtmvbcy hcisb!

 ∔

0. 0.4 4

 ∔

Xuee Xueeml mlf f Jepc Jepcm﬊ m﬊br br

Pob sbhil` hmrhumt wb wmcc ciik jt ms tob sueemlf jepcm﬊br. Jfjml ma wb ojvb lit hivbrb` hiv brb` toms ml hcjss pcbjsb rbabr ti ^riabssir Jho Jhojrs jrs litbs. Dbfml dy hrbjtmlf hrbjtmlf tob hmrhumt dbciw dbciw wmto tob vjcubs vjcubs js iutcmlb` ml tob cjd ejlujc. ejlujc. Pjkb litb ia  tob pbjks rbcjtmvb rbcjtmvb ti friul friul`. `. (Voj (Vojtt wiuc` db tob `m﬎brblhb `m﬎brblhb dbtwbbl dbtwbbl @H jl` JH hiupcmlf hiupcmlf ml toms toms smtujt smtujtmil mil9) 9) Mlh Mlhrbj rbjsb sb tob @H suppcy suppcy ultm ultmcc tob wjvbai wjvbaire re dbfmls ti hcmp, tjkb litb ia tob wjvbaire, toms ms wojt yiu soiuc` sbb il yiur ishmccishipb ishmcci shipb ml tob cjdirjtiry! cjdirjtiry!

Amfurb 427 Xueemlf ip-jep

:8

 

0.8

@m﬎brbl @m﬎brbltmj tmjtir tir Hmrhum Hmrhumtt

Lbxt wb wmcc ciik jt j lil ei`m﬊b` `m﬎br `m﬎brblt bltmjtir mjtir hmrhu hmrhumt. mt. Poms `m﬎brbltmjti `m﬎brbltmjtirr jhts cmkb j piir omfoomfo-pjss pjss ﬊ctbr. Hillb Hillbht ht tob hmrhumt js soiwl dbciw usmlf tob hiepilblt hiepil blt vjcubs vjcubs `bshrmdb` `bshrmdb` ml tob cjd ejl ejlujc. ujc.

Amfurb 417 @m﬎brb @m﬎brbltm ltmjtir jtir Hmrhumt Ilhb tob hmrhumt ms sbt, mlput j smlb smfljc ia jepcmtu`b 42>eQ. Litb tob pbjk-pbjk cbvbcs pbjk-pbjk cbvbcs ia dito Q  dito Q mml iut . Pry ti bxpcjml toms `m﬎brblhb ml tbres ia  l  jl`  Q iut fjml. Lbxt, wb wmcc mlhrbjsb tob arbqublhy ia tob wjvb usmlf tob wrblho utmcmty ti 4kOz. Jfjml pcbjsb pcbjsb litb tob pbjk ti pbjk vjcub vjcubss ia dito Q  dito  Q mml iut . Vojt l  jl`  Q iut  ti j trmjlfucjr `i yiu prb`mht tob iutput wjvbaire wmcc db wobl wb swmtho  Q mml l wjvbaire wmto j :kOz arbqublhy9

0. 0.0 0

Omfo Omfo-^ -^js jsss Am Amct ctbr br

Dbfml dy hilstruhtmlf tob omfo-pjss ﬊ctbr wmto hiepilblt vjcubs spbhm﬊b` ml tob prb-cjd bxbrhmsbs air toms bxpbrmeblt. Xoiwl dbciw ms jl bxjepcb ia j omfo-pjss ﬊ctbr.. Ml toms hmrhumt ﬊ctbr hmrhumt j sbhil` pc pcjy jy dutt duttil il wmcc prbsb prbsblt lt mtsbca. mtsbca. Mt sjys sjys ”Tul JH”

Amfurb 467 Omfo-^jss Amctbr

:0

 

jl` ms soiwl dbciw.

Amfurb 4?7 ”Tul JH” Duttil

Poms duttil wmcc jcciw us ti swbbp JH arbqublhmbs ti sbb oiw iur Fjml jl` ^ojsb hojlfbs hojlfbs wmto arbqublhmbs arbqublhmbs js spbhm﬊b spbhm﬊b` ` ml tob cjd ejlujc. Hcmhk Hcmhk il yiur yiur iutput li`b jl` tobl hcmhk il tob byb ti vmbw tob iutput. Pobl hcmhk Tul JH. Poms wmcc jcciw us ti vmbw tob fjml jl` pojsb jt `m﬎brblt arbqublhmbs. Pob ^ojsb jlfcb vs. Arbqublhy rbqublhy ms fmvbl js tob frby wj wjvba vbaire, ire, tob Fjml vs. Arbqublhy rbqublhy ms fmvbl fmvb l js tob purpcb/ purpcb/frbbl frbbl wjvba wjvbaire. ire. Vb hjl usb tob `it jcilf tob pojsb jlfcb pcit ir tob fjml pcit ti eivb cbat jl` rmfot jl` ciik jt bxjht vjcubs ia fjml ir pojsb jlfcb air spbhm﬊h arbqublhmbs. Poms ms `beilstrjtb` dbciw. Pobsb jrb tob typbs ia wjvbaires yiur pcits soiuc` rbsbedcb wobl pbrairemlf tob cjdirjtiry. `D/`bhj`b tobirbtmhjc Cjstcy, try ti hojlfb tob hiepilblt vjcubs ti sbb ma tob 4> `D/`bhj`b  tobirbtmhjc scipb stmcc oic`s.

Amfurb 4=7 ^ojsb jl` Fjml vs. Arbqublhy air O^A

0. 0.2 2

Mltb Mltbfr frjt jtir ir

Pi dbfml cbt”s hilstruht hilstruht tob hmrhumt soi soiwl wl ml ﬊furb ? ia tob cjd ejlujc. ejlujc. Vmto hiepilblt hiepil blt vjcubs vjcubs js spbhm﬊b` dy tob prb-c prb-cjd jd prihb`urb prihb`urb.. Jl bxjepcb ia j mltbmltbfrjtirr hmrhu frjti hmrhumt mt ej`b ml Bvb BvbryHmrh ryHmrhumt umt ms soi soiwl wl dbciw.  a    5 :/t Mlput j squjrb wjvb wjvb smfljc wmto j arbqublh arbqublhy y ia 4kOz. Tbebedbr Tbebedbr a  : /t.. Litb tob mlput jl` iutput wjvbaires dy vmbwmlf tobe dito il tob shrbbl jatbr wb omt ”Tul trjlsmblt”. :2

 

Amfurb 8>7 Mltbfrjtir

0. 0.1 1

CiwCiw-^ ^jss jss Am Amct ctbr br

Pob cjst hmrhumt wb wmcc ciik jt ms j ciw-pjss ﬊ctbr ir j ei`m﬊b` mltbfrjtir hmrhumt. Pob hmrhumt ojs tob sjeb hirb hiepilblts ia tob cjst hmrhumt wb gust dumct. Ejkb surb yiu ojvb hrbjtb` j ﬊ctbr wmto pripbr rbsmstir vjcubs ti fmvb j 8`D hut-i﬎  arbqub arbqublhy lhy ia :kOz, jl` ulmty fjml fjml ml tob pjs pjsss djl`. djl`. Ma yiu `il”t `il”t kliw oiw ti `i toms pripbrcy pcbjsb hilsuct hilsuct ^riabssir ^riabssir Jho Jhojr”s jr”s litbs il Ip-Jeps. Ip-Jeps. Air j ml`mhjtmil ia wojt tob hmrhumt wmcc ciik cmkb wobl dumct ml BvbryHmrhumt pcbjsb sbb  Amfurb 8>. Js spbhm﬊b` ml tob omfo-pjss ﬊ctbr sbhtmil, wb wmcc usb tob ”Tul JH” duttil ml toms sbhtmil mlstbj` ia tob rbfucjr ”Tul Prjlsmblt” wb usujccy usb. Jfjml toms wmcc jcciw us ti vmbw tob fjml jl` pojsb jt `m﬎brblt arbqublh arbqublhmbs. mbs. Pob ^ojsb ^ojsb jlf jlfcb cb vs. Arbqubl rbqublhy hy ms fmvbl fmvbl js tob frby wj wjvb vbair aire, e, tob Fjml vs. Arbqublhy ms fmvbl js tob purpcb/frbbl wjvbaire. Vb hjl usb tob `it jcilf tob pojsb jlfcb pcit ir tob fjml pcit ti eivb cbat jl` rmfot jl` ciik jt bxjht vjcubs ia fjml fjml ir pojsb pojsb jlf jlfcb cb air spbhm﬊ spbhm﬊hh arbqub arbqublhm lhmbs. bs. Poms ms `beils `beilstrj trjtb` tb` dbciw. dbciw. Pobsb jrb tob typbs ia wjvbaires yiur pcits soiuc` rbsbedcb wobl pbrairemlf tob cjdirjtiry cjdirjtiry.. Pi hilhcu`b hilhcu`b toms cj cjdirjti dirjtiry ry ml Bv BvbryHmr bryHmrhumt humt smepcy smepcy mlput mlput j

Amfurb 8:7 Fjml jl` ^ojsb Qs. Arbqublhy air C^A

:1

 

squjrb wjvb smfljc wmto j arbqublhy ia :kOz mlti tob ciw-pjss ﬊ctbr jl` litb tob iutput wjvbaire!

2

@m @mi`b i`b Cj Cjd d ml ml Bv Bvbr bryH yHmr mrhu humt mt

Liw wb ﬊l` iursbcvbs iursbcvbs obrb il tob `mi`b cjd, cjd 8. Hilfrjts Hilfrjts du`! yiur ojcawj ojcawjy y tobrb (eirb ir cbss), kbbp up tob fii` wirk, kbbp yiur bxpbhtjtmils omfo jl` `il”t cbt up. Xmlhb yiu yiu jrb ajemcmbr wmto tob mls jl` iuts ia oiw bvbry hmrhumt hmrhumt wirks (ma yiu ojvb aicciwb` jcilf wmto toms tutirmjc) toms cjd wmcc db aihusb` il hmrhumt `bsmfl jl` fbttmlf tob mlairejtmil arie tob hmrhumt, lit si euho il oiw ti dumc` tob hmrhumt. Xi cbts fbt stjrtb`.

2.:

@mi`b @mi`b Hojrjht Hojrjhtbrsm brsmtmh tmhss jl` Xmep Xmepcm﬊ cm﬊b` b` Ei`bc Ei`bc

Xbhtmil 0.:  wjlts us ti ejkb Amf. 0.

  Amf. Amf. 0.

Amfurb 847 Xi sbt tob rbsmstir ti 46> Ioes jl` tob siurhb ti -2 Q js wb jrb tic`.Vb hjl Amf.. 0  tojt iur `mi`b airbwjr` dmjs victjfb ms >. tbcc arie   Amf >.6Q   .. Oiwbvb Oiwbvbr, r, bvbry bvbry hmrhumt `ibslt jcciw air j smepcb `mi`b victjfb `rip sbttmlf, si yiu wmcc ojvb ti pcjy jriul` wmo tob sbttmlfs ia tob `mi`b ir sbjrho mlcmlb ti ﬊l` tob hirrbht sbttmlfs. M aiul` tojt jdiut :eIoe : eIoe ia  ia rbsmstjlhb, ?1>e ?1>e  hib﬈hmblt jl` 0>> pA  0>> pA  hjpjhmtjlhb `m` tob trmhk air eb. Js wb kliw, bvbryhmrhumt fmvbs us mlairejtmil jl`  Q c  jl` tobl M tobl  M c, il bjho li`b si yiu hjl meeb`mjtcy fbt tob vjcubs air  Q `   jl` Q M `  jl`  T`  T`.. Hiltmlub mtbrjtmlf tob victjfb up dy : bjho tmeb ultmc yiu fbt ti 2 Q.

:6

 

Amfurbb 887   Amf. Amfur Amf. 0. Ml Bvb Bvbry ry Hmrhu Hmrhumt mt

2. 2.4 4

CB@ cm cmfo fott si siur urhb hb

Xbhtmil Xbhtm il 0.4   wjlts us ti hilstruht   Amf.

2. Poms ﬊furb ﬊furb ojs cmfot cmfot bemtt bemttmlf mlf

`mi`bs (CB@”s) (CB@”s) ml mt, wbcc fii` lbws, bvb bvbryhmr ryhmrhumt humt ojs toisb! yiu hjl hoiisb hoiisb j abw `m﬎brblt dy sbttmlf tob wjvbcblfto hiciurs womho ms jwbsieb.

Amfurb 807   Amf. Amf. 2.

Xbt tob siurhb ti 2 Q jl` yiu soiuc` sbb yiur `mi`b cmfot up il tob hmrhumt. Pobl yiu hjl sbt tob airbwjr` dmjs victjfb ti wojt yiu tomlk mts fimlf ti db ir (ma yiur `imlf tob cjd rmfot toms mlstjlt) sbt tob airbwjr` dmjs victjfb (smepcy tob victjfb sbttmlf air CB@”s) ti wojt yiu aiul` mt ti db.

Amfurbb 827   Amf. Amfur Amf. 2. Ml Bvb Bvbry ry Hmrhu Hmrhumt mt

:?

 

Lbxt wb jrb tic` ti swmtho arie @H ti JH wmto j 2Q  2Q   2O 2O z  siurhb. Js wb cbjrlb` ml cjd :, wb hjl sbb iur wjvbaire dy sbcbhtmlf tob jppriprmjtb li`b jl` hcmhkmlf tobvbaire byb duttil ljeb` ―soi w jdiut wjvb wjvbaire aire―. ―. yiur Pomsfimlf soiuc` yiu M”cc ti skbtho skb tho tob wj wjvba ire air yiur cjd. ―soiw Pomlk wojt ti obcp sbb ﬊rst, fmvb yiu j omlt ―jcaojy jvbwjy bhtm﬊brrjy―. eQ    jl` mlhrbjsb tob Liw wb lbb` ti rb`uhb iur siurhb jepcmtu`b ti 0>> 2>> 2>>eQ  eJ  @H i﬎sbt ultmc tob hurrblt toriufot tob `mi`b ms 2eJ 2   (soiuc`l”t db ojr` ml bvbry bvb ry hmrhumt). hmrhumt). Pob idgbhtmv idgbhtmvbb air toms pjrt ia tob cjd ms ti ﬊l` tob sejcc smfljc rbsmstjlhb ia iur `mi`b (air tob sejcc smfljc ei`bc).

∔

2. 2.8 8

Drm`f Drm`fb b Tbhtm Tbhtm﬊b ﬊br r

Xbhtmil Xbhtm il 0.8   hjccs air us ti ejkb tob drm`fb rbhtm﬊br arie   A Ammf. 2. Poms Poms wmcc wmcc

jhtujccy db vbry hiic il bvbry hmrhumt jl` euho bjsmbr ti hilstruht js ippisb` ti tob drbj`dijr drbj`dijr`. `. Vb jrb ti hoiis hoiisbb j vjcu vjcubb air air   Tc   tojt wmcc kbbp tob `mi`b hurrblt ul`br :> eJ. Xi ti ﬊l` tob ―riia― rbsmstjlhb air iur hmrhumt, wb eust hilsm`br tojt iur pbjk victjfb vjcub wmcc db 4  Q res   si iur pbjk victjfb Q  womho vjcub obrb ms 4 :>. :>.1 5 :0. :0.==> ==>Q   womho ms prbtty euho :2Q  :2Q  .   . Vb jcsi kliw tob Q  si tob ﬊ljc ejx victjfb ivbr iur rbsmstir victjfb `rip jhirss iur 4 `mi`bs, >. >.6Q  si ms :2Q  :2Q   4(>  4(>..6Q  )   ) 5 :8. :8.1Q  .   . Jhh Jhhir` ir`mlf mlf ti Ioe Ioess cj cjw, w, iur rbsmstj rbsmstjlhb lhb ojs ti db T 3  (:8 eJ)) 5 :.81kIoes  (:8..1Q  )/  )/(:> (:>eJ 81kIoes.. Xi gust hoiisb j rbsmstir ul`br tojt vjcub jl` yiur fii` ti fi.

∗  ∖

∗   ∖

 ∔  ∔

Amfurb 817   Amf. Amf. 1. Jttjho j :>. :>.1Q res JH res  JH siurhb jl` yiu hjl jhtujccy usb tob trjlsairebr toby ojvbb ml bvbry hmrhumt ti fbt tob hirrbht siurhb ma yiu wiuc` cmkb tojt. Jhqumrmlf ojv Jhqumrmlf tob wjvb aire ms bjsy js yiu kliw, ﬊l` tob rmfot li`b jl` gust hcmhk il mt, tobl hcmhk il tob byb ti fbt tob rmfot wjvbaire.

:=

 

Amfurbb 867   Amf. Amfur Amf. 1. Ml Bvb Bvbry ry Hmrhu Hmrhumt mt

Litmhb M oj Litmhb ojvb vb j cmttcb cmttcb dmt ia j ffljt pjrt jt tob ditt dittie ie ia ey wjvb wjvb.. Pojts Pojts gust arie tob `mi`b airbwjr` dmjs victjfb lit dbmlf ivbrhieb. Vb jrb jcsi jskb` ti ﬊l` tob jvbrjfb victjfb, yiu soiuc` ﬊l` tojt mt wmcc db p/ώ  air tob AVT js yiu oipbauccy ojvb jcrbj`y `mshivbrb` ml hcjss. 4  Q p/ώ air

 ∖

2. 2.0 0

Cm Cmem emtb tbr r Hmrh Hmrhum umts ts

Eivmlf ilti   sbhtmil 0.0  wb jrb jskb` ti ejkb   Amf Amf.. 6  jl`   Amf Amf.. ?  womho jrb hcmppbr hmrhumts.

Amf. 6. jl` jl` Am Amf. f. ? Amfurbb 8?7   Amf. Amfur

res  siurhb jl` j :kIoe Poms soiuc` db smepcb bliufo, gust toriw il tob :>. :>.1Q res siurhb :kIoe rbs rbsmst mstir ir jl` sie siebb `mi` `mi`bs bs jl` yiur yiur fii` ti fi. Fbt tob wjvbai wjvbaire re js yiu yiu `m` dbairb jl` tojt soiuc` db jcc tobrb ms ti mt air toms cjd.

4>

 

Amf. 6. jl` Amf. Amf. ? Ml Bvbry Bvbry Hmr Hmrhum humtt Amfurb 8=7   Amf.

1

DG DGP P C Cjd jd ml Bvbr BvbryH yHmr mrhu humt mt

δ  vj Air toms bxpbrmeblt wb wmcc lbb` j DGP wmto j   δ   vjcub cub ia 44>. Pi `i tom tomss wb dbfml dbfm l dy cbat hcmhk hcmhk il tob DGP ml iur hie hiepilb pilblt ltss cmst. cmst. Lbxt Lbxt wb wmcc hcmhk hcmhk il tob hiepilblt jfjml, toms soiuc` ejkb mt cmfot up ybcciw. Vb wmcc tobl sbb tob wrblh wrb lho o tjd jppbjr. jppbjr. Hcmhk Hcmhk il tob wrblh wrblho. o. Obr Obrbb wb jrb db jdcb jdcb ti usb tob `mjc δ  vjcub ti hojlfb tob  tob   δ  vj cub air iur DGP il tob shrbbl. shrbbl. Pi pbrai p braire re jcc bxpbrmeblt bxpbrmebltss  δ  vjcub dbciw, ejkb surb yiu jrb usmlf j DGP wmto j  δ   vjcub ia jriul` 44>J/J 44>J/J..

1. 1.: :

Am Amxb xb` ` Dmjss Dmjssml mlf f

Pob ﬊rst hmrhumt hmrhumt wb wmcc dum dumc` c` ms j ﬊xb ﬊xb` ` dmj dmjss hmrhum hmrhumt. t. Ma yiu lbb` ti jhqujm jhqujmlt lt yiursbca yiu rsbca wmto @H ipbrjtmlf ipbrjtmlf piml p imlts ts air DGP”s pcbjsb pcbjsb sbb ^riabssir ^riabssir Jhojr”s Jhojr”s litbs litbs il DGP”s. DGP”s. Poms Poms hmrhum hmrhumtt ms hjccb hjccb` ` j ﬊xb ﬊xb` ` dmj dmjss hmr hmrhum humtt js tob djsb hurrblt hurrblt   M D  suppcmb` ` ti tob hmrhumt. Jl bxjepcb bxjepcb ia  rbejmls hilstjlt mrrbfjr`cbss ia tob Q  tob  Q hh hh  suppcmb j ﬊xb` dmjs hmrhumt hrbjtb` hrbjtb` ml Bvb BvbryHmrh ryHmrhumt umt ms dbciw. ^cbjsb rbhrbjtb rbhrbjtb toms hmrhumt usmlf tob hiepilblt vjcubs hjchucjtb` ml tob prb-cjd.

4:

 

Amfurb 0>7 Amxb` Dmjs Hmrhumt

Ilhb tob hmrhumt ojs dbbl hrbjtb`, hcmhk il ―Tul Prjlsmblt― ti smeucjtb tob hmrhumt. hmrhu mt. Dbfml dy dy ebjs ebjsurmlf urmlf   M H  H     < DB  B , wb soiuc` litmhb tojt   Q H H , Q H HB  B    jl`   Q D Q D   < Q B  jhtmvb mvb ei` ei`b. b. Ma toms ms lit trub wb ojv ojvbb ebssb ebssb` ` B  js tob DGP ms ml tob jht up siebwobrb siebwobrb ml iur prb-cj prb-cjd. d. Ma wb ojvb vb vbrm﬊b` rm﬊b` tojt tob hmrhumt hrbjtb` hrbjtb` ms ml   T Litb jfjml tob tob jhtmvb ei`b, wb hjl tobl rb`uhb tob vjcub ia   ia  D  dy 4>%. Litb  Q   M H  , Q  . Poms tmeb iur trjls trjlsmstir mstir soiuc` soiu c` db ml tob sjturjtmil sjturjtmil   jl` jl` Q  vjcubs ia  M  DB  DB  H  HB  HB  tomss jl`   Q B rbfmil. rbfmi l. Qbrmay tojt  tojt   Q D  ms jt j frbjtbr pitbltmjc tojl dito   Q H B  . Ms tom H     jl`  `bsmfl  δ  `bpbl`jlt9)  `bpbl`jlt9) hmrhumt sblsmtmvb ml hojlfbs ti T ti  T D 9 (Ms toms dmjssmlf `bsmfl δ 

1. 1.4 4

Xbca Xbca Dmjs Dmjssm smlf lf

Dbfml dy dumc`mlf tob hmrhumt il pjpbr usmlf tob vjcubs fmvbl ml tob prb-cjd prihb`urb. hb`ur b. (mb.   M h   5 :eJ,Q H HB  B    5 8.2Q, TD   5 >.:δT B , TD   5   T: //T4 ) Jssuemlf /dbtj 5 /dbtj  5 44>. Jatbr ﬊lmso ﬊lmsomlf mlf hjchucjtmils hjchucjtmils wb hjl d dbfml bfml ti hilstruht hilstruht tob hmrhumt hmrhumt usmlf BvbryHmrhumt dy pcjhmlf j DGP, rbsmstirs jl` j @H siurhb ml tob pripbr cihjtmils. Jl bxjepcb ia tob rbsuctmlf hmrhumt ms soiwl dbciw.

44

 

Amfurb 0:7 Xbca Dmjssmlf

Lbxt hcmhk il ―Tul Prjlsmblt― ti smeucjtb tob hmrhumt. Qbrmay tob ipbrjtmlf  Q D vbrmaymlf Q H  jl` Q  pimlt ia tob hmrhumt dy ebjsurmlf M  ebjsurmlf  M H  H    < Q D   < Q B B  . DB  B  jl` vbrmaymlf Q  H , Q H HB  B  jl` jl`   T4 Pob hmrhumt hmrhumt soiuc` soiuc` db ml jhtmv jhtmvbb ei`b ei`b.. Vb wmcc tobl rb` rb`uhb uhb dito  dito   T:   jl`  dy 4>% gust cmkb ml tob cjst sbhtmil sbhtmil.. Hobh Hobhk k tob trjlsmstir trjlsmstirss ei`b ia ipbrjtmil ipbrjtmil Oj Ojss mt ho hojl jlfb fb`9 `9 Voy Voy ir woy woy lit9 lit9 jfjml dy ebjsurmlf   M H  DB . H , Q H HB  B    jl`   Q DB  Oiw sblsmtmvb ms j sbca dmjssmlf hmrhumt ti rb`uhtmils ml dito   T:   jl`  jl`   T4 9 Oi Oiw w `ibs toms hmrhumt `m﬎br arie j ﬊xb` dmjs hmrhumt hil﬊furjtm hil﬊furjtmil9 il9 Ms toms dmjssmlf hil﬊furjtmil eirb ir cbss stjdcb9

1. 1.8 8

DGP DGP Jepc Jepcm﬊ m﬊br br

Ml toms sbhtmil ia tob cjd wb jrb rbqumrb` ti dumc` j hieeil bemttbr (HB) jep jepcm﬊b cm﬊br. r. pcbjsb Ma yiuhilsuct lbb lbb` ` obc obcp p wi wirkm rkmlf lf iut tob @H il dmjssm dmjDGP”s ssmlf lf shobeb shob eb air tob DGP jepcm﬊br ^riabssir Jhojr”s litbs js tobrb ms pcblty ia  bxjepcbs. bxjep cbs. Dbfml dy hrbjtmlf tob victjf victjfbb `mvm`b `mvm`brr trjlsmstir dmjssmlf dmjssmlf soiwl ml jl`  Q T tob cjd ejlujc. Vb wjlt tob sjeb victjfb ti `rip jhriss Q  jhriss  Q H TB  B  TH  H   jl` Q  HB  B ,  Q T eJ wobrb Q  . Dbfml 5 :/8Q HH  ia   M H   wobrb   Q H :2Q  Dbfml dy HH   jl` j hiccbhtir hurrblt ia   H   5 :eJ HH  H    5 :2 dumc`mlff tob @H victjfb `mvm`br hmrhumt dumc`ml hmrhumt ml Bvbr BvbryHmrhu yHmrhumt. mt. Amlmso tob hmrhumt dy j``mlf twi hjpjhmtirs, j siurhb rbsmstjlhb, jl` jl JH siurhb ml tob jppriprmjtb pcjhbs. Vobl dumct, tob hmrhumt soiuc` rbsbedcb tob ilb sbbl dbciw.

48

 

Amfurb 047 Xbca Dmjssmlf

H  , Q H HB  B    jl`  DB  B  Amrst wb wjlt ti hcmhk il ―Tul Prjlsmblt― jl` ebjsurb ebjsurb   M H jl`   Q D wb hjl ﬊rst vbrmay tob ipbrjtmlf pimlt air toms victjfb `mvm`br dmjssmlf. Ml toms trjlsmstir ms ml jhtmvb jhtmvb ei`b. Ilhb tob @H smtujtmil   Q H  smtujtmil H   < Q D   < Q B B    oblhb tob trjlsmstir ipbrjtmlf pimlt ms vbrm﬊b` wb hjl tobl mlput j :KOz smlb wjvb ti tob jepcm﬊br.  pbjk ml J`gust tob mlput smlb wjvb si tojt yiu jrb rbhbmvmlf j 4Q 4 Q pbjk  pbjk  ml yiur iutput dy vmbwmlf dito tob wjvbaires usmlf tob ―Byb― ml BvbryHmrhumt. Hjchucjtb tob ipbl hmrhumt victjfb fjml rbhbmvb` arie toms hil﬊furjtmil (Q  ( Q i ut/Q m l). Poms fjml soiuc` db bxtrbebcy hcisb ti tob Fjml hjchucjtb` ml tob prb-cjd ma lit tob bxjht sjeb. Pi hilhcu`b toms cjdirjtiry, mlhrbjsb tob jepcmtu`b ia tob mlput smlb wjvb ul ultmc tmc tob pbjks ia tob smlb wjvb wjvb dbfml ti dbhi dbhieb eb ffljt ml ljturb ljturb.. Poms Poms ms tob ejxmeue ejxme ue cmemt air yiur mlput. Hilt Hiltmlub mlub mlhrbjsmlf mlhrbjsmlf tob mlput victjfb victjfb ultmc ultmc tob pbjkss jrb hiepcbt pbjk hiepcbtbcy bcy ffljtt ffljttblb blb`. `. Lit Litbb dito tob tob   pbjk  pbjk   victjfbs ia tob wjvbaire jl` @H cbvbcs.

 ∔

 ∔

6

EI EIXA XABP BP Cj Cjd d ml ml Bv Bvbry bryHm Hmrh rhum umtt

Liw Liw wb jrb il ti iur ﬊ljc ﬊ljc cjd cjd,, jw jwbsi bsieb eb!! Poms stu stu﬎ ﬎ hjl fbt prbtt prbtty y trmhky trmhky air tob ﬊rst tmeb si M wiuc` suffbst air yiu ti try toms cjd dbairb yiur jhtujc cjd tmeb, wjtho j til ia fii` trjlsmstir vm`bis jl` fbt yiur ojl`s il pcblty ia  ic` bxjes. Jlyoiw, cbts fbt mlti tob jhtmil ia cjd 2.

40

 

6.:

LEIX Hojrjht Hojrjhtbrm brmstm stmhs hs

Xtbp :   hjccs hjccs air us ti hil hilstr struht uht cjd 2. ]iu kli kliw w tob `rmcc. Air   Xtbp 4  tiss

T`   ms il j siurhb jl` j`gust mt js rbqumrb`, sbb wojt tob `rjml hurrblt jhriss   T`  jl` tobl hrbjtb j pcit air  Xtbp 8. Arie tob frjpo yiu hjl jhqumrb K jl`   Q t js   AMFRTB 1.  soiws. Pob aully tomlf wmto bvbry hmrhumt ms wb jrb airhb` ti  k  vjcubs rmfot i﬎ tob djt. Xi wb wil”t db jdcb ti jhhiepcmso j`gust tob Q tob  Q t  jl`  jl` k tob idgbhtmvb ia toms pjrt ia tob cjd dut wb hjl sbb oiw jrb hmrhumt wmcc jht wobl Amf. mf. 2. wb dumc` mt jhhir`mlf ti   A

Amfurbb 087   Amf. Amfur Amf. 2

Ml bvbry hmrhumt tob vjrmjdcbs air tob LEIX ejy lit db wojt yiu bxpbht, dut toby tob y jrb tob sjeb vjcubs vjcubs wb pcj pcjyb yb` ` wmt wmto o ml iur prb-cjd prb-cjd hjchucj hjchucjtmi tmils. ls. QPI t, K^ (M tomlk) hirrbspil`s ti   kprmeb. kprmeb. Hils hirrbspil`s ti   Q t, Hilsm`b m`brm rmlf lf toms toms M  4 eJ/Q  . ej`b tob cblfto jl` wm`to tob sjeb vjcub si tojt M hiuc` sbt K^ ti 4 M `m` lit tiuho tob cjed`j vjcub jl` M”cc gust cbjvb mt jt tob `bajuct 1> e:/Q air dito hmrhumts M ejkb.

42

 

Hmrhumt Amfurb 007   Amf 2. Ml Bvbry Hmrhumt

Xi yiu hjl hiltmlub ti j`gust tob siurhb victjfb ti tob hirrbht vjcubs ti fi Q... jl` arie :. :.>Q, :.2Q, 4.>Q...  jl` si il. Ma yiu wjlt ti yiu hjl jhhue jhhueucjtb ucjtb `jtj air t. Ey LEIX wbl frjpo jl` `iudcb hobhk tob k vjcub jl`  jl`   Q t. wbltt mlti sjturjtmil sjturjtmil ei`b wobl tob siurhb wjs 4Q  4 Q  .   . Poms ejkb ejkbss sblsb hilsm`brml hilsm`brmlff tojt tob Q tob  Q t  vjcub ms :.2Q 

6. 6.4 4

LEIX LEIX Jepc Jepcm﬊ m﬊br br

Xbhtmil 0.4  wjlts us ti ejkb tob EIXABP jepcm﬊br arie   Amf. Amf. 6.

Amf. 6 Amfurbb 027   Amf. Amfur

Xtbp2 wjlts us ti hjchucjtb rbsmstir vjcubs aicciwmlf tob prb-cjd prihb`urb. Pob

aireucjs sbbe j cmttcb strjlfb dut toby wmcc fmvb yiu jppriprmjtb jlswbrs. M omfocy rbhieebl` yiu `i tob prb-cjd dbairb usmlf toms ejtbrmjc ti jhhiepcmso tob cjd. M hjchucjtb` hjchucjtb` ey iwl vjcubs usmlf tob prb-cj prb-cjd d stbps jl` air jcc M kliw kliw `q   5 6.2Q   ,, toby tob y hiuc` hiuc` db wjy wjy i﬎, si ﬊l` yiur yiur jlswb jlswbrs rs ti hiepjr hiepjrb. b. Vmto Vmto   Q `q  

41

 

Jv  Jv   5 2,   Q t  t   5 :.2Q  , ,   k   5 4eJ/Q  4 ,   Tc 5 Tc  5 :?>kIoes :?>kIoes,,   T: 5 :>>kIoes :>>kIoes,, M fit fe   5 :.4=eX  T`   5 :?kIoes Ts   5 0.>2 kIoes.. M 4=eX ,   T`  :?kIoes,,   T4 5 8=. 8=.4?kIoes 4?kIoes   jl`  jl`   Ts  >2kIoes Amf. 6  ml bvbry hmrhumt. wmcc usb toisb vjcubs ti hilstruht   Amf. Obrb ms tob @H sm`b ia tob hmrhumt, yiu soiuc` fbt prbtty fii` jt `rjwmlf tobsb dbhjusb mt ms vbry mepirtjlt ti kliw oiw ti `i mt ml toms hiursb.

Amfurbb 017  Amf Amfur  Amf.. 6 @H ml Bvbry Bvbry Hmr Hmrhum humtt

Xt Xtbp bp 6   ir`brs us ti turl il tob ishmccjtir siurhb ti 4>>eQ  4>> eQ    pbjk ti pbjk. Xi fi jobj` jobj` jl` j`` tob JH pirt pirtmil mil ti tob hmrhumt. hmrhumt. Mt jcsi sjys sjys ti ﬊l` tob Q fjtbpk  pk victjfb  pk  victjfb jl` tob victjfb fjml (Q m) womho wiuc` db tob victjfb ( Q i/Q m) ivbr tob cij` `mvm`b` dy tob victjfb ivbr tob fjtb. Vb hjl wjtho tob wjvbaires jl` sbb tob vjcubs ia tobe ti fbt tob victjfb fjml.

∔

46

 

Amfurbb 067  Amf. 6 @H jl` JH ml Bv Amfur Bvbry bry Hmr Hmrhum humtt

Q   .. ]iu wmcc litmhb tojt tob frbbl jh smfljc (vf ( vf)) ojs j @H i﬎sbt ia bxjhtcy 0. 0.48 48Q     Q Q f Jl` wojt `i yiu kliw tojt ms tob @H victjfb ia   ml iur @H ei`bc. XI liw Q  ejx cbt”s fbt tob vjcubs. Vobl M omfocmfot v omfocmfot  vff  M fbt j smfljc wmto j 0. 0.08 08Q   ejx jl` j eQ  jepcmtu`b. 0.08Q  08Q    eml. Idvmiuscy Idvmiuscy toms ms dbhjusb iur J JH H mlput ojs 4>> 4>>eQ   jepcmtu`b. Iur eQ  . Hiepjrmlf smfljc ivbr tob cij` ojs j ejx ia 122eQ  122 eQ    jl` j eml ia  124 124eQ  Hiepjrmlf tob jepcmtu`bs jepcmtu`bs wmcc fmvb us iur vict victjfb jfb fjml, (122 (122eQ  eQ   )/ )/(4>> (4>>eQ  eQ  )   ) fmvbs us j fjml Q /Q  . ia 8.462 462Q   . Mt ejy lit db tob 2 wb fj` bjrcmbr dut tojt msl”t dj jt jcc.

 ∔  ∔

Xtbp ?  hjccs air us ti mlhrbjsb tob mlput victjfb ultmc wb sbb sieb ―`mstirtmil―.

Cbt”s sbb ma wb hjl fbt ti tojt pimlt ml bvbryhmrhumt.

4?

 

Amfurb 0?7   @mstirtb` Vjvbaire

Liw tojt ms vbry hiic, M litmhb` tob cmttcb dmt ia `mstirtmil yiu hjl sbb jt tob dittie ia tob dcub wjvbaire (ffljt smfljc) wobl M sbt tob JH jepcmtu`b ti ?>> Q / 4.08 Q    rbspbhtmvbcy. Xi eQ. Pob eml/ejx M fit wmto toms wjvbaire ms 4. 4.18 18Q 08Q  Q /Q  . wb fbt j victjfb fjml ia riufocy 8. 8 .4?? 4??Q   . Gust j cmttcb cjrfbr tojl wojt mt wjs dbairb.

∔

Q  jepcmtu`b Air  stbp =  M litmhb` tob pbjk stjrtb` ti hcmp jt jdiut 4. 4 .62 62Q   jepcmtu`b air tob JH smfljc. Poms ms `b﬊lbtcy `b﬊lbtcy liwobr liwobrbb lbjr wobrb iur triufo triufo stjrtb` hcmppmlf. hcmppmlf. Xtbp = wjlts us ti try jl` hojlfb tob hmrhumt si tojt tob `mstirtmil pobliemlil `ibs lit ihhurb. Ts.. Vb wmcc ﬊l` Xtbp :>  wjlt”s us ti hillbht j :>uA  :>uA  hjpjhmtir  hjpjhmtir ml prjccbc ti  ti   Ts ﬊l` tojt tob victjfb fjml wmcc mlhrbjsb, ti fbt ti tob dittie ia toms, wb hjl `i j cmttcb Ts wojt aireucj aire ucj `uepstbr `mvmlf. `mvmlf. Vmto tob hjpjhmtir hjpjhmtir hiupcmlf hiupcmlf   Ts  wojt wmcc ojppbl9 Vbcc, wb kliw mt wmcc ―dcihk― @H smfljcs jl` jcciw JH smfljcs ti fi toriufo. Vb hjl bxpcjml tojt dy ciikmlf jt tob mepb`jlhb aireucj air j hjpjhmtir ml tob arbqulhy `iejml, :/gwH  :/gwH .   w   ms tob jlfucjr arbqublhy, ma mt ms ciw (@H)  w  ms omfo (JH) tob mepb`jlhb wmcc db tob mepb`jlhb mepb`jlhb wmcc db supbr ejssm ejssmvb. vb. Ma  w emlutb. emlu tb. Xi, ma tob hjpjhmtir hjpjhmtir hiebs ―jcmvb ―jcmvb―― air JH smfljcs jl` hjusbs djsmhjccy djsmhjccy li mepb mepb`jl `jlhb, hb, mt”s djsmhj djsmhjccy ccy j joirt joirt (M” (M”e e surb surb yiu yiu kliw kliw tom tomss wb wbcc) cc).. Hurrbl Hurrbltt

4=

 

tjkbs tob pjto ia cbjst rbsmstjlhb, si wb wmcc ojvb jcc ia iur smfljc fi toriufo tob soirt. Vmto iur siurhb  Q ojvmlf >Q  >Q    `ub ti tob hjpjhmtmvb soirt,   Q s   wiuc` sdb jt >Q  > Q   .. Poms ebjls tojt Q tojt fs   mlhrbjsb` jhhir`mflcy (dbhjusb   Q fs  5  Q f  Q s). ). Ik si liw tojt wb jrb il tob sjeb pjfb (cmtbrjccy) cbts ciik jt tob LEIX aireucjs @X   5   k [(Q t )/4U4 , dbhjusb  FX  ms frbjtbr,   M @X  wb kliw jl` civb.   M @X   [(Q FX   Q t) dbhjusb   Q FX  ms fe 5  k (Q FX   Q t) t ) ir 4  k  M@X   M @X .   M @X  @X  ms ms frbjtbr. frbjtbr.   fe  5  k(  ms dmffbr dbhjsub  dbhjsub   Q FX  ms dmffbr, si  si   fe   ms dmffbr. dmffbr. Jv air j siurh siurhbb hiupcb` LEIX jepc jepcm﬊br m﬊br hmrhu hmrhumt mt ms fe  (ri Tc), dbhjusb f  (ri T` Tc), dbhjusb  f e  ms dmffbr, Jv ms dmffbr (kbbp ml eml` tojt tob - ms j :?> `bfrbb pojsb somat).

 ∔

 ∔  ∔

 ∔ ∗  ∔  ∖  ∖

∔  ∖ || ||

Amfurb 0=7  LEIX Jep Vmto Hiupcmlf Hjpjhmtir

Jcrbj`y yiu hjl sbb tojt wmto 4>>eQ  4>> eQ    JH tobrb ms hcmppmlf ml tob triufo ia  tob iutput wjvbair wjvbaire. e. Ey fjml wmto tob hiupcmlf hjpjhmtir hjpjhmtir wjs riufocy (vbr (vbry y riufocy) :6. :6.2Q /Q   ,, woij, qumtb tob meprivbeblt. Jl` tojt tobrb puts tob ljmc ml tob hi﬈l air tob cjst cjd ia BCBH 42>6, fii` gid! Xtjy aristy ﬊r tojt bxje jl` `il”t fmvb up tob frml`, yiur jceist `ilb toms tbre!

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