Evaluation Techniques for Application and Analysis Objectives

Evaluation Techniques for  Application and Analysis Objectives

Application of Principles and Generalizations Application - is the use of abstractions in particular and concrete situations. The abstractions may be in the form of general ideas, rules of procedures, or generalized method. Ability to apply principles and generalizations to new problems and situations - is a type of educational objective which is found in most courses of instruction beginning in the elementary school upto professional school levels.

Three Phrases of Application Objectives 1. New Problems and Situations - we mean problems and situations which are likely to be new to student. 2. Principles and generalizations * Principles – we mean a statement about a process or relation which describes a fundamental truth or a law accepted and used by the scholars in the field.

Ex. The pressure of a given quantity of gas increase with an increase temperature. The capacity of air to hold water increases with an increase in temperature. * Generalizations – we mean general statements or inferences which summarized a body of information or other particulars and which can be applied in new situations. Ex. a. Frustration increases anxiety. b. Crime is greatest among individuals who are alienated from society. •

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3. The ability to Apply - implies that with appropriate training, practice, and other kinds of help students become able to apply principles and generalizations to new problems and situations.

TESTING FOR APPLICATION Requirements for making test items for the application of principles and generalizations from the three Phrases.

1. The problem situation must be new. 2. The problem should be solvable in part by the use of appropriate principles or generalizations. 3. One or more of the behavior under the ability to apply should be sampled by the test problem.

ANALYSIS - is the breakdown of a communication into its constituent elements or parts such that the relative hierarchy of ideas is made clear and/ or the relations between the ideas expressed are made explicit.

GENERAL TAXONOMY CATEGORY OF ANALYSIS 1. Taxonomic classification Analysis of elements. 2. Taxonomic subcategory Analysis of relationships. 3. Analysis of organizational principles.

The ability to Analyze - is a complex set of skills and behaviors which the student can learn through practice with a variety of materials. TESTING FOR ANALYSIS 1. The problem situation, document, or material to be analyzed must be new, unfamiliar, or in some way different from that used instruction.

2. The new situation, document, or material should be available to the students as they make the analysis, and they should be able to refer to it as they attempt to answer the questions or solve the problems posed by the evaluator. 3. One or more behaviors listed in the Ability to analyze should be sampled by the test problem. 4. The adequacy of a particular analysis should be determined by a comparison with that made by competent persons in the field or by a judgment of the adequacy with which evidence is used to infer particular unstated qualities or characteristics.

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