Evaluacion PIO

 

GS@FW@OAßL JGF XF@L JG AEW@FJ@J JG KXKTZWLAJ@JG_ GLZTG S@TKLG_ Q NWBGTG_ JG F@ OAWJ@J JG TK_@TAK 4880|488: @TEGLZAL@

 

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XTKOG_K_ Q TG_WFZ@JK_

 

F` prgsgloa` jg Xf`lgs jg Aeu`fj`j supklg rgoklkogr qug gl f` skoagj`j gxastgl jgsaeu`fj`jgs jg eálgrk, y pkr fk t`ltk, f` altgrvgloaÿl gst`t`f ` tr`vás jg sus pkfîtao`s taglg oknk cal`faj`j oklstruar skoagj`jgs nàs bust`s y sal jasoranal`oaÿl p`r` f`s nubgrgs. @ tr`vás jgf Jgorgtk L² 47.8:3 `prkd`jk pkr gf Oklogbk Nulaoap`f jg Tks`rak, gf 44 jg jaoagndrg jg 488:, sg jgtgrnal` oknglz`r ul prkogsk jg gv`fu`oaÿl jgf Xf`l jg Aeu`fj`j jg Kpkrtulaj`jgs gltrg S`rklgs y Nubgrgs 4880-488: (XAK), oknk alstrungltk jg `làfasas skoa`f y pkfîtaok y okljaoaÿl lgogs`ra` p`r` f` gf`dkr`oaÿl jg ul lugvk Xf`l Nulaoap`f jg Aeu`fj`j jg Kpkrtulaj`jgs y jg Zr`tk gltrg S`rklgs y Nubgrgs 4887-4881, kcrgoagljk ul` okltaluaj`j gl f` gbgouoaÿl jg pkfîtao`s pòdfao`s okl pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk. F` gv`fu`oaÿl jgf Xf`l jg Aeu`fj`j tuvk oknk kdbgtavks2 oklkogr gf anp`otk eudgrl`nglt`f y skoa`f prkjuoajk pkr f` gbgouoaÿl jgf XAK, y oklkogr gf ounpfanagltk jg f`s `ooaklgs prkpugst`s gl fks jastaltks gbgs tgnàtaoks. Gstg prkogsk jg `làfasas, sg ffgvÿ `jgf`ltg ` tr`vás jg f` oklckrn`oaÿl jg f` Oknasaÿl Gv`fu`jkr` altger`j` pkr culoakl`raks/`s nulaoap`fgs okl f` p`rtaoap`oaÿl jg kre`laz`oaklgs skoa`fgs altger`ltgs jgf Oklsgbk @sgskr jgf @rg` jg f` Nubgr y ktr`s altgrgs`j`s. Gst`sg pudfao`oaÿl rgsung fks prkogjanagltks, prkogjanagltk utafaz`j`s y fks rgsuft`jks rgsuft`j ks `ota` fks qug m`l `rrad`jk. F` nkj`faj`j utafaz`j`s,yf`s f`smgrr`naglt`s táolao`s gsokeaj`s, sg kraglt`rkl ` f`s vaj`jgs rgcfgxav`s y p`rtaoap`tav`s, tkn`ljk gl ouglt` alst`loa`s jg sglsadafaz`oaÿl, o`p`oat`oaÿl, rgcfgxaÿl, jgd`tg y kpalaÿl. @er`jgognks gf altgrás y f` p`rtaoap`oaÿl jg culoakl`raks/`s jgf e`dalgtg nulaoap`f, oklogb`fgs y oklogb`f`s jgf Oklogbk Nulaoap`f jg Tks`rak, y sus gquapks táolaoks, kre`laz`oaklgs skoa`fgs, oknulao`jkr`s skoa`fgs, sal jgb`r jg jgst`o`r, f` prgsgloa` gl f`s alst`loa`s jg o`p`oat`oaÿl jgf Ogltrk jg Altgro`ndak y _grvaoaks - Oklk _ur-@regltal` (OA_O_@) y gf `pkyk táolaok y cal`loagrk pkr p`rtg jg f` Culj`oaÿl Cragjraom Gdgrt.

Fao. N`ra`l` @fklsk

Fao. Xgjrk X`vaoaom

Okkrjal`jkr` jgf Àrg` jg f` Nubgr _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f NWLAOAX@FAJ@JJ JG TK_@TAK NWLAOAX@FAJ@

_gorgt`rak jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f NWLAOAX@FAJ@J NWLAOAX@FAJ @J JG TK_@TAK

 

ALJAOG

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Xrkogsks y Tgsuft`jks Jgorgtk L¸ 475== Puá gs ul Xf`l jg Aeu`fj`j (X.A.K.) Puá sg gltagljg pkr gv`fu`r gf XAK Oÿnk sg gv`fuÿ gf XAK Gv`fu`oaÿl 0- Oknulao`oaÿl y Jacusaÿl 4 - Gjuo`oaÿl, Ouftur` y Tgorg`oaÿl ? - Zr`d`bk, Ckrn`oaÿl Koup`oakl`f y Gnpfgk : - X`rtaoap`oaÿl gl gf Àndatk Xòdfaok 7 - _`fuj 3 - Wrd`lasnk2 Màdat`t, Savaglj`, _grvaoaks 5 - Sakfgloa` C`nafa`r

1 00 00 04 0? 07 01 47 41 ?0 ?7 ?5

=Tg-sTufgtp``jrktsk jg Tgspkls`dafaj`jgs C`nafa`rgs Tgsut`jks p`roa`fgs Tgsut`jks jgcalatavks Oklofusaklgs

::0? :? :: :7

Gv`fu`oaÿl ‖Gl Ktr`s X`f`dr`s„

:5

Glougst` jg kpalaÿl

30

@lgxks

57 @lgxk A

55

@lgxk AA

51

 

F@ NWLAOAX@FAJ@J JG TK_@TAK M@ _@LOAKL@JK GF _AEWAGLZG JGOTGZK L¸ 47.5== Oklogbk Nulaoap`f2 Sugstr`s Oknasaklgs jg Jgrgomks Mun`lks y jg Ekdagrlk y Ouftur` m`l tkn`jk gl oklsajgr`oaÿl gf prkygotk jg Jgorgtk prgsglt`jk pkr fks Oklogb`fgs2 @uesduregr, R`n`rala, Cgrlàljgz y F`e`rraeug, ngja`ltg gf ou`f fks `utkrgs jgf prkygotk m`l gxprgs`jk fks saeuagltgs culj`ngltks2 Gloknaglj`l sg rg`faog rgokpaf`oaÿl jg f`s Krjgl`lz`s y Jgorgtks qug prknugvgl y/k e`r`ltaz`l jgrgomks gspgoîcaoks jg f`s nubgrgs. "Sastk2 F` rgoagltg al`ueur`oaÿl jgf Ogltrk jg Jkounglt`oaÿl "N`rî` Fuas` Fasomgtta", jgpgljagltg jgf Àrg` jg f` Nubgr jg f` _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f jg f` Nulaoap`faj`j jg Tks`rak. Q oklsajgr`ljk2 Pug f` org`oaÿl jg ul` dadfaktgo` y d`sg jg j`tks gl gf Àrg` jg f` Nubgr, okl fatgr`tur` y jkoungltks gspgoa`faz`jks sg prgvaÿ oknk ul` jg f`s `ooaklgs jgf Xf`l jg Aeu`fj`j jg Kpkrtulaj`jgs gltrg v`rklgs y nubgrgs 4880/488:, qug cug n`tgra`faz`j` okl f` al`ueur`oaÿl jgf Ogltrk jg Jkounglt`oaÿl "N`rî` Fuas` Fasomgtta". Pug jaomk Ogltrk jg Jkounglt`oaÿl ouglt` okl n`tgra`f jkounglt`f prkvglagltg jg jastaltks àndatks2 ulavgrsaj`jgs, ogltrks `o`jánaoks, ngjaks jg oknulao`oaÿl, kre`lasnks eudgrl`nglt`fgs y lk eudgrl`nglt`fgs, kre`lasnks altgrl`oakl`fgs, erupk jg nubgrgs, f`dkr p`rf`nglt`ra`, mgngrktgo` y vajgktgo`. Pug gf Ogltrk jg Jkounglt`oaÿl, gs ul sgrvaoak jg oklsuft` p`r` tkj`s f`s pgrskl`s altgrgs`j`s gl alvgstae`r y oklkogr gl prkculjaj`j f` satu`oaÿl `otu`f jg f` nubgr, fks gstujaks jg eálgrk y fgeasf`oaÿl l`oakl`f g altgrl`oakl`f skdrg jgrgomks skoa`fgs, goklÿnaoks, pkfîtaoks y ouftur`fgs jg f`s nubgrgs. Pug gstg Oklogbk Nulaoap`f `prkdÿ gl fks òftanks `ðks lungrks`s alaoa`tav`s okl gf kdbgtk jg prknkvgr y c`vkrgogr f` aeu`fj`j jg kpkrtulaj`jgs gltrg v`rklgs y nubgrgs oknk `sî t`ndaál lungrks`s prkpugst`s tgljagltgs ` e`r`ltaz`r ` f`s nubgrgs jg Tks`rak gf ekog pfglk jg tkjks sus jgrgomks. Pug `ul okl fks `v`logs prkjuoajks gl rgf`oaÿl ` f` aeu`fj`j jg jgrgomks jg v`rklgs y nubgrgs saeugl sagljk f`s nubgrgs kdbgtk jg anpkrt`ltgs jasoranal`oaklgs, y qug pkr t`ltk gs lgogs`rak `jkpt`r tkj`s f`s ngjaj`s ` lugstrk `fo`log ` cal jg supranar gst` jasoranal`oaÿl gl tkj`s sus ckrn`s y n`lacgst`oaklgs. Pug gf oklkoanagltk y f` jacusaÿl jg f`s krjgl`lz`s y jgorgtks vaegltgs gl lugstr` oauj`j qug `sgeur`l jgrgomks gspgoîcaoks jg f`s nubgrgs y prknugvgl aeu`fj`j jg kpkrtulaj`jgs y jg tr`tk gltrg `ndks sgxks okltraduygl ` qug fks jgrgomks rgoklkoajks pkr jaom`s lkrn`s sg`l gcgotav`ngltg e`r`ltaz`jks..." Xkr tkjk fk gxpugstk f` Oknasaÿl gfgv` p`r` su `prkd`oaÿl gf saeuagltg prkygotk jg2

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JGOTGZK @rtîoufk f¸.- Gloknaálj`sg ` tr`vás jgf Àrg` jg f` Nubgr jg f` _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f f` rgokpaf`oaÿl jg tkj`s f`s krjgl`lz`s y jgorgtks vaegltgs qug prknugvgl y/k e`r`ltaz`l jgrgomks gspgoîcaoks jg f`s nubgrgs y/k sg m`ff`l `jkpt`jk okl gf kdbgtk jg okltraduar ` ul` gcgotav` aeu`fj`j jg kpkrtulaj`jgs y jg tr`tk gltrg v`rklgs y nubgrgs. @rt. 4¸.- Gf`dÿrgsg okl f`s krjgl`lz`s y jgorgtks vaegltgs, ` fks qug sg m`og rgcgrgloa` gl gf `rtîoufk 0² ul` pudfao`oaÿl p`r` su oklsuft` gl gf Ogltrk jg Jkounglt`oaÿl "N`rî` Fuas` Fasomgtta". @rt. ?¸.- Oknulîqugsg ` f` Altgljgloa` okl sus oklsajgr`ljks, pudfîqugsg y `eráeugsg `f J.N. _`f` jg sgsaklgs, 03 jg Bulak jg 4887. JT@. OF@WJA@ @JTA@L@ @FKLEA, _gorgt`ra` Er`f X`rf`nglt`ra` ALE. @EW_ZÎL K. TK__A, Xrgsajgltg MKLKT@DFG OKLOGBK NWLAOAX@F JG TK_@TAK 1

 

»Puá gs ul Xf`l jg Aeu`fj`j jg Kpkrtulaj`jgs gltrg S`rklgs y Nubgrgs (XAK); Gs ul jkoungltk qug okltaglg pkfîtao`s pòdfao`s ouy` oklstruooaÿl y `pfao`oaÿl gstàl kraglt`j`s ` fker`r f` gquaj`j jg eálgrk. Gstk gs, ul oklbultk jg `ooaklgs qug, ` tr`vás jg su gbgouoaÿl pgrnatgl rgvgrtar f` jasoranal`oaÿl jg f`s nubgrgs `pkrt `pkrt`ljk `ljk ` f` oklstruooaÿl jg f` skoagj`j jgnkoràtao`, o`j` vgz nàs alofuygltg, bust` y gquat`tav`. Gl Tks`rak, gspgoîcao`ngltg sg ffgvÿ `jgf`ltg gf prangr Xf`l jg Aeu`fj`j jur`ltg gf pgrîkjk 4880-488:. Gstg Xf`l oknprkngtaÿ ` jastalt`s àrg`s jgf Gbgoutavk Nulaoap`f, `f Mklkr`dfg Oklogbk Nulaoap`f, ` kre`laz`oaklgs jg f` skoagj`j oavaf, p`rtajks pkfîtaoks, erupks jg nubgrgs, gltrg ktrks, quaglgs jgfalg`rkl ul pf`l jg ekdagrlk, qug pusk jg rgfagvg f` `eglj` pòdfao` jg eálgrk gl lugstr` oauj`j.

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Puá sg gltagljg pkr gv`fu`r ggff XAK N`rok Alstrunglt`f F` gv`fu`oaÿl jgf Xf`l jg Aeu`fj`j, gs `ltg tkjk, ul` `otavaj`j almgrgltg `f prkogsk jg pf`lacao`oaÿl y gbgouoaÿl jgf nasnk.

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Duso` ul` utafaj`j pràotao` n`ro`ljk oklofusaklgs qug sgrvaràl gl f` `jkpoaÿl jg jgoasaklgs pkfîtao`s y ngtkjkfÿeao`s pkstgrakrgs. Xrgtgljg pf`ltg`r y rgspkljgr prgeult`s skdrg f`s `ooaklgs alokrpkr`j`s `f pf`l jg aeu`fj`j, y skdrg f` egstaÿl jgf prkpak kre`lasnk ` o`rek - gbgoutavk nulaoap`f Gs ul gst`jak jg rgcfgxaÿl y `làfasas qug alvkfuor` ` tkjks fks `otkrgs skoa`fgs eudgrl`nglt`fgs y lk eudgrl`nglt`fgs oknprkngtajks gl su pf`lacao`oaÿl g altgrvgloaÿl Duso`, ` tr`vás jg f` p`rtaoap`oaÿl, eglgr`r kpalaklgs, suegrgloa`s y nklatkrgk skoa`f.

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N`rok kltkfÿeaok F`s pkfîtao`s jg aeu`fj`j jg kpkrtulaj`jgs skl f`s ngjaj`s pugst`s gl n`rom` jgsjg alstatuoaklgs pòdfao`s okl gf cal jg rgskfvgr f`s satu`oaklgs jg jgsaeu`fj`j jgsaeu`fj`j gltrg nubgrgs y v`rklgs. F` aeu`fj`j jg kpkrtulaj`jgs gs ul` ougstaÿl jg aeu`fj`j skoa`f y okltraduyg `f jgs`rrkffk jgnkoràtaok jg f`s skoagj`jgs

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Kdbgtavks jg f` Gv`fu`oaÿl jgf XAK gl f` oauj`j jg Tks`rak2 ( _geòl Jgorgtk L² 478:3/8:) Oklkogr gl ckrn` sastgn`taz`j` gf prkogsk skoa`f y eudgrl`nglt`f gl gf qug sg jgs`rrkffÿ 

f` gbgouoaÿl jgf XAK Gv`fu`r gf ounpfanagltk jg f`s `ooaklgs prkpugst`s gl fks jastaltks gbgs tgnàtaoks Oklkogr gf anp`otk skoa`f prkjuoajk gl f` oknulaj`j rks`ral`

00

 

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OßNK _G GS@FWß GF XAK GL F@ OAWJ@J JG TK_@TAK; Okl gf `sgskr`nagltk jg f` Culj`oaÿl C. Gdgrt, sg ffgvÿ `jgf`ltg ul pf`l jg gv`fu`oaÿl oklstatuîjk gl jacgrgltgs nkngltks. F` gv`fu`oaÿl oklsastaÿ gl2 Gv`fu`oaÿl jg rgsuft`jks2 (ou`ltat`tav`) @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s. Gv`fu`oaÿl jg anp`otk2 (ou`fat`tav`) Zr`lsckrn`oaklgs jg f`s rgf`oaklgs skoa`fgs jg eálgrk gl f` oauj`j jg Tks`rak. _g tr`z`rkl jacgrgltgs gt`p`s gl jaom` gv`fu`oaÿl2 0- Oklckrn`oaÿl jg f` oknasaÿl gv`fu`jkr` jg f`s/ks rgprgsglt`ltgs jg f`s àrg`s jgf ekdagrlk nulaoap`f, oknk fk aljao` gf jgorgtk L² 478:3/8:). 4- O`p`oat`oaÿl gl pkfîtao`s pòdfao`s okl pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk ` f`s/ks rgprgsglt`ltgs jg f` oknasaÿl p`r` prkogjgr ` f` gv`fu`oaÿl y pkstgrakr ckrnuf`oaÿl jgf lugvk XAK, ` tr`vás jg f` Culj`oaÿl C. Gdgrt y OA_O_@ (Ogltrk jg Alvgstae`oaklgs y _grvaoaks Oklk _ur @regltal`). ?- Tgfgv`nagltk jg f`s ckrt`fgz`s, jgdafaj`jgs y kdstàoufks gl f` anpfgnglt`oaÿl jg f`s `ooaklgs glungr`j`s pkr p`rtg jg fks/`s culoakl`raks. :- Gv`fu`oaÿl ` o`rek jg f`s kre`laz`oaklgs skoa`fgs tkn`ljk oknk rgcgrgloa` gf jkoungltk jgf XAK. 7-Jgs`rrkffk jg f` gv`fu`oaÿl oknulao`oakl`f ` tr`vás jg ul prker`n` tgfgvasavk "M`dfg okl gff`s" gnatajk pkr ul o`l`f jg f` oauj`j jg Tks`rak. 3- Oklcgooaÿl jg ul` glougst` okl pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk jaraeaj` ` nubgrgs y v`rklgs skdrg `spgotks qug gv`fò`l rkfgs y gstgrgktapks jg eálgrk. 5- Xrkogs`nagltk jg jaom` glougst`. Ngo`lasnks sgfgooakl`jks p`r` jgs`rrkff` jgs`rrkff`rr f` gv`fu`oaÿl2 Ckrnuf`oaÿl jg ul` pf`ltaff` jg sastgn`taz`oaÿl jg j`tks jaraeaj` ` gv`fu`r gf ounpfanagltk jg f`s `ooaklgs alofuîj`s gl gf XAK. Gf`dkr`oaÿl jg ul` glougst` jaraeaj` ` rks`ralks y rks`ral`s p`r` gv`fu`r f`s tr`lsckrn`oaklgs skoa`fgs jg eálgrk gl f` oauj`j. Gf`dkr`oaÿl jg ul pf`l jg tr`d`bk oknulao`oakl`f y jg jacusaÿl, jaraeajk ` tr`d`b`r okl nubgrgs aljgpgljagltgs y `skoa`j`s okl quaglgs sg `l`fazÿ su p`rtaoap`oaÿl skoa`f, d`bk gf

n`rok jg fks jacgrgltgs gbgs tgnàtaoks okltglajks gl gf XAK.

Aljao`jkrgs jg Eálgrk, tkn`jks gl ouglt` p`r` f` gv`fu`oaÿl Cal`faj`j 2 fks aljao`jkrgs jg eálgrk taglgl f` culoaÿl gspgoa`f jg sgð`f`r fks o`ndaks skoa`fgs gl tárnalks jg rgf`oaklgs jg eálgrk ` fk f`rek jgf tagnpk. Wl aljao`jkr gs ul` ngjaj`, ul lòngrk k ul` pgrogpoaÿl qug sgð`f` ul` satu`oaÿl k okljaoaÿl gspgoîcao` y najg o`ndaks gl jaom` satu`oaÿl. @ltg f` algxastgloa` jg ul sastgn` jg aljao`jkrgs p`r` f` gv`fu`oaÿl prkpugstk gl gf XAK, sg prkogjaÿ ` tkn`r gl ouglt` jks aljao`jkrgs. `) aljao`jkr ou`ltat`tavk2 `ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s jg f`s gltaj`jgs eudgrl`nglt`fgs y lk eudgrl`nglt`fgs. (lòngrk y pkroglt`bg). d) aljao`jkr ou`fat`tavk2 pgrogpoaÿl jg o`ndaks prkjuoajks pkr jaom`s `ooaklgs.

04

 

GS@FW@OAßL JG TG_WFZ@JK_ gl rgf`oaÿl `f ounpfanagltk jg f`s `ooaklgs alofuîj`s gl gf XF@L JG AEW@FJ@J JG KXKTZWLAJ@JG_ 4880-488:. Gstg tapk jg gv`fu`oaÿl `l`faz` y rgfgv` f`s `ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s.

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Oknpksaoaÿl jg f` Xf`laff` _g tkn`l gl ouglt` f`s saeuagltgs o`tgekrî`s2 Fkerks gl gstg kdbgtavk2 Gl o`j` gbg tgnàtaok gf er`jk jg ounpfanagltk sg javajg gl @ftk, Ngjak, D`bk y Lufk. Gs` v`fkr`oaÿl sg oknpklg jgf oklbultk jg `ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s pkr fks kre`lasnks eudgrl`nglt`fgs nàs f`s kre`laz`oaklgs lk eudgrl`nglt`fgs, gst`s òftan`s jgdgràl gsoradar qug `otavaj`jgs rg`faz`rkl tkn`ljk oknk rgcgrgloa` fks kdbgtavks y `ooaklgs. Gl tárnalks jg gou`oaÿl jarî`nks2 fkerks jg kdbgtavks > ke + kle's. @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s2 Gst`l gxprgs`j`s gl pkroglt`bgs (%) y sg oknpklgl jg f` gv`fu`oaÿl qug sg rg`fazÿ okl fks culoakl`raks skdrg f` gbgouoaÿl gcgotav` jg f`s `ooaklgs. Gstg prkogjanagltk y fks j`tks cugrkl r`tacao`jk k rgotacao`jk gl f`s alst`loa`s jg gv`fu`oaÿl p`rtaoap`tav`. Xrkdfgn`s y suegrgloa`s2 X`r` f` ckrnuf`oaÿl jgf prÿxank XAK, gs anpkrt`ltg, rgcfgxakl`r skdrg fks jácaoat y kdstàoufks qug sg rgfgv`rkl ` p`rtar jg fks rgsuft`jks `rrkb`jks gl fks fkerks jg fks kdbgtavks. Gstg nkngltk jg gv`fu`oaÿl oufnal` okl f` glungr`oaÿl jg f`s `otavaj`jgs rg`faz`j`s pkr f` Nulaoap`faj`j jg Tks`rak y f`s jgs`rrkff`j`s pkr f`s kre`laz`oaklgs lk eudgrl`nglt`fgs eudgrl`nglt`fgs,, f` n`ykrî` jg gff`s altger`ltgs jgf Oklsgbk @sgskr jgf @rg` jg f` Nubgr.

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0- Oknulao`oaÿl y Jacusaÿl Kdbgtavk 0/0 TGCKT GCKTN@ N@TT GF FG FGLE LEW@ W@BG BG GNXF GNXFG@ G@JK JK GL FK FK__ NG NGL_ L_@B @BG_ G_ PW PWGG _G GN GNAZ AZGL GL @ ZT@S ZT@SÁ_ Á_ JG FK_ FK_ KT KTE@ E@LA LA_N _NK_ K_ NW NWLA LAOA OAX@ X@FG FG__ (G BGOWZASK Q  M. OKLOGBK NWLAOAX@F ). Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s C`ftÿ ul` fîlg` eglgr`f gl f` oknulao`oaÿl Lavgf `fo`lz`jk2 @ftk »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk kcaoa`f jgf nulaoapak. @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (78 ` 57 %) Lk mudk okltaluaj`j gl f`s `ooaklgs, cugrkl gspkràjao`s _g jgdg prkculjaz`r gl gf oklogptk jg fgleu`bg sgxast`

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@ooaÿl2 @okrj`r jgsjg f` Jargooaÿl jg Oknulao`oaklgs gf fgleu`bg ` gnpfg`r gl f`s oknulao`oaklgs jg ou`fquagr tapk qug sg m`e`l t`ltk m`oa` gf altgrakr jgf Nulaoapak oknk m`oa` gf gxtgrakr, anpufs`ljk gf usk jg ul fgleu`bg lk sgxast` y gfanal`ljk, sagnprg qug sg` pksadfg, f` eglgr`faz`oaÿl y tkj` rgcgrgloa` ` nubgrgs okl o`facao`tavks n`soufalks. @ooaÿl2 C`oafat`r n`tgra`fgs jg o`p`oat`oaÿl ` fks/f`s oknulao`jkrgs/`s skoa`fgs qug tr`d`bgl gl f` Nulaoap`faj`j.

Kdbgtavk 0/4 XTK TKNK NKSG SGTT WL@ WL@ AN AN@E @EGL GL LK G_ G_ZGT ZGTGK GKZA ZAX@ X@J@ J@ JG NWBG NWBGTG TG__ Q S@TK S@TKLG LG__, PWG C@OAFA C@OAFAZG ZG F@ AJGLZA AJGLZACAO CAO@OA @OAßL ßL OKL XTK XTKCG_ CG_AK AKLG_ Q @OZ @OZASA ASAJ@J J@JG_ G_ LK ZT@JAO ZT@JAOAKL AKL@FG @FG__, @ ZT@S ZT@SÁ_ Á_ JG FK FK__ NG NGL_ L_@B @BG_ G_ PW PWGG GNAZ GNAZGG F@ NWLAOAX@FAJ@J. Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk Lavgf `fo`lz`jk2 Ngjak F`s `ooaklgs y nklatkrgks skl rg`otavks »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk Gl fks ngls`bgs sg gxprgs`l fks o`ndaks Tgof`nk `ltg Fktgrî` Xrkvaloa`f qug sg gstàl j`ljk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (:8% jg ngls`bgs nkla_udsastgl rgprgsglt`oaklgs gstgrgktap`tkrg`jks, lk skf`ngltg gl gf Nulaoapak) j`s2 B`rjîl jg laðks, Oklergsk jg f` Fgleu` p`r` Laðks.  

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@ooaÿl2 _g nklatkrg`ràl fks ngls`bgs gsoratks y vasu`fgs qug gnat` f` Nulaoap`faj`j p`r` qug lk `p`rgzo`l tgxtks k anàeglgs qug nugstrgl f` supgrakraj`j k alcgrakraj`j jg v`rklgs y nubgrgs k tgle`l okltglajks jasoranal`tkraks.

Kdbgtavk 0/? ANXW NXWF_@ F_@TT GLZ GLZTG TG FK_ NGJ NGJAK_ AK_ Q ZT@D@B ZT@D@B@JK @JKTG_ TG_/@_ JG OK OKNW NWLA LAO@ O@OA OAßL ßL JG F@ OA OAWJ WJ@J @J GF W_ W_KK JG WL FGLE FGLEW@ W@BG BG ALOF ALOFW_ W_AA SK Q LK JA_OTANAL@ZKTAK G ANÀEGLG_ LK G_ZGTGKZAX@J@_ JG S@TKLG_ Q NWBGTG_. Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s Lavgf `fo`lz`jk Ngjak Lk sg fkerÿ ffge`r ` fks oknulao`jkrgs »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk v`rklgs okl f`s `ooaklgs p`r` o`nda`r gf Nkjacao`oaÿl jg f` Krjgl`lz` "Bu`l` fgleu`bg y gf gstafk jgf pgrakjasnk. N`lsk"@ooaklgs N`lsk"@ ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (?8%) Lk sg ffgeÿ ` f`s o`rrgr`s jg Oknulao`oaÿl _koa`f y ` f` jkogloa`. 

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@ooaÿl2 Kcrgogr alst`loa`s jg rgcfgxaÿl skdrg gf fgleu`bg y f`s gxprgsaklgs jasoranal`tkra`s nàs oknulngltg utafaz`j`s ` fks/f`s pgrakjast`s jg fks ngjaks fko`fgs jg oknulao`oaÿl y f`s/fks jkogltgs jg f`s o`rrgr`s jg oknulao`oaÿl skoa`f. @ooaÿl2 Eglgr`r `ooaklgs oklbult`s okl fks/f`s jkogltgs p`r` c`oafat`r qug fks/f`s gstuja`ltgs 07

 

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jg oknulao`oaÿl skoa`f rgoad`l ckrn`oaÿl skdrg f` jasoranal`oaÿl jg eálgrk prgsgltg gl gf fgleu`bg y f`s anàeglgs jg fks ngjaks jg oknulao`oaÿl ` cal jg qug pugj`l rg`faz`r ul `prgljaz` bg orîtaok. @ooaÿl2 Oklvko`r ` gstuja`ltgs gl Oknulao`oaÿl _koa`f jg alstatuoaklgs pòdfao`s k prav`j`s p`r`2 f` prgsglt`oaÿl jg alvgstae`oaklgs skdrg ngls`bgs lk jasoranal`tkraks, eglgr`r o`np`ð`s qug prknugv`l f` aeu`fj`j, ` tr`vás jg fks jacgrgltgs skpkrtgs eràcaoks (rgvast`s, ckffgtks, vkf`ltgs, pudfaoaj`jgs, `caomgs, vajgks, gto.). @ooaÿl2 Xrknkvgr f` org`oaÿl jg ul nÿjufk skdrg Oknulao`oaÿl _koa`f gl f` N`gstrî` skdrg gf Xkjgr y f` _koagj`j jgsjg f` Xrkdfgnàtao` jg Eálgrk. @ooaÿl2 Xrknkvgr f` org`oaÿl jg ul` rgj jg oknulao`jkrgs/`s qug tr`d`bg okl f` prkdfgnàtao` jgf Eálgrk y Oknulao`oaÿl. @ooaÿl2 Bgr`rquaz`r gf Xrgnak Bu`l` N`lsk ` f`s prkjuooaklgs fko`fgs qug prknugv`l ul` an`egl lk gstgrgktap`j` jg f` nubgr. @ooaÿl2 Anpufs`r gl f` o`rrgr` jg Oknulao`oaÿl _koa`f f` org`oaÿl jg sgnal`raks skdrg Eálgrk. @ooaÿl2 Xrknkvgr prker`n`s jg nubgrgs okl pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk gl r`jaks oknulat`ra`s y ktrks ngjaks. 

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@ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s

Xkr f` Nulaoap`faj`j jg Tks`rak  @otavaj`jgs jg sglsadafaz`oaÿl. _g rg`faz`rkl gl trgs lavgfgs2 ulk jgstal`jk ` fks oknulao`jkrgs y oknulao`jkr`s jg f`s jastalt`s àrg`s jgf nulaoapak, ktrk jgstal`jk ` oknulao`jkrgs/`s skoa`fgs jg f` oauj`j y f` òftan` ` gstuja`ltgs jg f` o`rrgr` jg oknulao`oaÿl skoa`f. Fks kdbgtavks gl gst`s `otavaj`jgs cugrkl culj`nglt`fngltg f` sglsadafaz`oaÿl gl f` tgnàtao`, f` alokrpkr`oaÿl jg f` tgnàtao` jg f` nubgr gl fks ngjaks jg oknulao`oaÿl fko`fgs y pkjgr alofuar gl f` ourrîouf` ulavgrsat`ra` oklogptks skdrg eálgrk. X`r` ul` jg gst`s `otavaj`jgs sg okltÿ okl f` prgsgloa` jg f` pgrakjast` ngxao`l` _`r` Fkvgr` Fÿpgz.  Tgulaklgs jg tr`d`bk okl gxpgrt`s, bultk okl f`s oknulao`jkr`s skoa`fgs jg f` oauj`j okl gf kdbgtavk jg pkjgr rgcfgxakl`r y oklstruar ul gsp`oak jkljg sg pugj`l eglgr`r prkpugst`s qug okltraduy`l ` oklstruar ul pgrakjasnk okl pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk.  Jgsjg gf Àrg` jg f` Nubgr sg prgsgltÿ `f Oklsgbk L`oakl`f jg f` Nubgr ul prkygotk jg gf`dkr`oaÿl jg ul` pudfao`oaÿl pgraÿjao` jgstal`j` ` f`s kre`laz`oaklgs skoa`fgs jg Tks`rak

jkljg sg jgs`rrkff`rî`l rgf`oakl`jks ` f`s `otavaj`jgs jg f`s nubgrgsskdrg gl jacgrgltgs kre`laz`oaklgs skoa`fgs,tgn`s mastkra` jg vaj` jg nubgrgs, lkt`s jg gspgoa`fast`s jastaltks tgn`s, gto.  Okl gf kdbgtavk jg prgna`r ` fks ngjaks jg oknulao`oaÿl fko`fgs qug ngbkr prknugvgl fks jgrgomks jg f`s nubgrgs, sg alstatuyÿ gf prgnak Bu`l` N`lsk, pkr krjgl`lz` jgf Mklkr`dfg Oklogbk Nulaoap`f l¸ 351= y sus nkjacao`tkra`s, qug sg gltrge` jgsjg m`og sgas `ðks gl gf n`rok jg f`s oklngnkr`oaklgs jgf Jî` Altgrl`oakl`f jg f` Nubgr, tkjks fks = jg n`rzk. Gl f` òftan` gltrge` sg rgckrnuf`rkl fks rudrks ` prgna`r alofuygljk pudfaoaj`j y pàeal`s wgd.

Xkr gf Oklogbk Nulaoap`f jg Tks`rak 

Krjgl`lz` 351= y sus nkjacao`tkraks2 Xrgnak Bu`l` N`lsk.

Xkr f`s Kre`laz`oaklgs _koa`fgs Tgj Alckrn`tav` jg Nubgrgs jg f` @regltal` (TAN@) 

Oklckrn`oaÿl jg f` rgj gfgotrÿlao` TAN@, qug valouf` ` nubgrgs pgrakjast`s, kre`laz`oaklgs jg nubgrgs, `otavast`s, fgeasf`jkr`s jg tkjk gf p`îs.  Org`oaÿl jg f` Xàeal` Ugd jg TAN@. 03

 

Org`oaÿl y okkrjal`oaÿl jg f` rgj gfgotrÿlao` _`ck pagls` jg fgsda`l`s cgnalast`s jgf p`îs y p`îsgs jg `nárao` f`tal` y gf O`radg.  X`rtaoap`oaÿl gl gf Glougltrk L`oakl`f jg Gstuja`ltgs jg Oknulao`oaÿl , ngs` skdrg "Eálgrk y Xudfaoaj`j lk sgxast`".

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Okf`dkr`oaÿl gl f` sgooaÿl eálgrk jgf Xkrt`f glTGJ`ljk jg alckrn`oaÿl y oknulao`oaÿl skdrg y okl kre`laz`oaklgs skoa`fgs jg f` oauj`j y f` rgeaÿl ogltr`f, lkrtg y lkrkgstg jgf p`îs.  Org`oaÿl jg f` pàeal` Ugd _`ck pagls` jg fgsda`l`s cgnalast`s ` p`rtar jg fks n`tgra`fgs oknp`rtajks gl f` Tgj Gfgotrÿlao`, jgf p`îs y p`îsgs jg @nárao` F`tal` y gf O`radg.  X`rtaoap`oaÿl gl o`p`oat`oaÿl skdrg oknulao`oaÿl, eálgrk, javgrsaj`j y oknulao`oaÿl lk sgxast` okl rgcgrgltgs d`rra`fgs y oknulat`ra`s.  Okf`dkr`oaÿl okl f`s `otavaj`jgs jgf nkvanagltk jg nubgrgs jgsjg gf àrg` jg oknulao`oaÿl2 sgn`l` pkr gf jgrgomk ` jgoajar, jî` jg f` prgvgloaÿl y jgf `dusk y n`ftr`tk alc`ltaf, jî` jg f` lk vakfgloa` okltr` f` nubgr. @TG__ - IAL_GQ @skoa`oaÿl Tks`ral` jg Gjuo`oaÿl _gxu`f y _gxkfkeî`. Alstatutk Ialsgy jg _gxkfkeî`.  @pkrtg jg fks gbgs tgnàtaoks ( _`fuj sgxu`f jgsjg gf glckqug jg eálgrk y v`fkr goklÿnaok jgf tr`d`bk jknástaok) fks okltglajks y fks prkcgsakl`fgs gltrgvast`jks gl gf prker`n` r`ja`f »

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Pugrgs s`dgr; X`rtaoap`oaÿl gl fks prker`n`s jg r`jak, o`l`f ?, O`dfgvasaÿl y Nuftao`l`f jaculjagljk tgn`s rgf`tavks ` Gjuo`oaÿl _gxu`f jgsjg ul fgleu`bg lk sgxast` y okl glckqug jg eálgrk.  Org`oaÿl jg f` pàeal` UGD2 www.ialsgy.okn.`r Wlaÿl jg Nubgrgs jg f` @regltal` (WN@)  Okrrgooaÿl jgf fgleu`bg sgxast` y jasoranal`tkrak gl f`s @s`ndfg`s jgf prgsupugstk p`rtaoap`tavk. @[email protected]. "O`s` jg Fuxgndurek"  Jacusaÿl y `jkpoaÿl jg utafaz`oaÿl jg fgleu`bg lk sgxast` jgltrk jg f` alstatuoaÿl. Aljgsk Nubgr  Xudfao`oaÿl Nglsu`f "Ktr`s Skogs" 4888 - 4887  Xudfao`oaÿl "F@ Om`lofgt`" Jgrgomks _gxu`fgs, Jgrgomks Tgprkjuotavks. @ekstk 488:.  Xudfao`oaÿl "F` Om`lofgt`" Sakfgloa` okltr` f` nubgr gl gf àndatk jkngstaok. Kotudrg 488:. @skoa`oaÿl Orasta`l` Cgnglal` jg Tks`rak 

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Xudfao`oaÿl gl f`jgOkltr`t`p` jgf _upfgngltk Nubgr jgf Ja`rak F` O`pat`f ul `rtîoufk skdrg gf tgn` " Zagnpk Org`tavaj`j". OGJGAC@N  Xudfao`oaÿl jg f` rgvast` " Eálgrk y lk gs tgf`"

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4 Gjuo`oaÿl, Ouftur` y Tgorg`oaÿl 4/0 Gjuo`oaÿl Kdbgtavk 4/0 - ` ANXW NXWF_@ F_@TT F@ WZAFAR WZAFAR@OA @OAßL ßL JG N@Z N@ZGTA GTA@FG @FG__ JAJ JAJÀOZ ÀOZAOK AOK__ PWG ZT@L_N ZT@L_NAZ@ AZ@LL Q TGCWGT TGCWGTOGL OGL F@ AEW AEW@FJ @FJ@J @J JG KXKTZWL KXKTZWLAJ@ AJ@JG_ JG_ GLZT GL ZTGG NWBG NWBGTG_ TG_ Q S@ S@TK TKLG LG__.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

F` Oknasaÿl jg @pkyk gl Gjuo`oaÿl lk Lavgf `fo`lz`jk Lufk (pkr lk tglgr `oogsk ` f` pf`lacao`oaÿl jgf culoaklÿ _g kcrgog okf`dkr`oaÿl skdrg laðgz ` o`rek n`tgra`f gsokf`r) »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk jgf AL_EGL@T @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (Lk sg rg`faz`rkl)

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@ooaÿl2 Kcrgogr `sgskr`nagltk skdrg n`tgra`fgs jajàotaoks okl okltglajks g anàeglgs lk jasoranal`tkra`s y qug prknugv`l f` aeu`fj`j ` fks jastaltks ogltrks gjuo`tavks y pklgr ` jaspksaoaÿl jg fks nasnks fks n`tgra`fgs gxastgltgs gl jastaltks ogltrks jg alckrn`oaÿl jg f` oauj`j.

Kdbgtavk 4/0- d XTKN TKNKSG KSGTT F@ NKJACA NKJACAO@O O@OAßL AßL JG F@_ XTÀOZA XTÀOZAO@_ O@_ _G]A _G]A_Z@ _Z@__ PWG _G XTG_GL XTG_GLZ@L Z@L GL F@ ALZ ALZGT@ GT@OOA OOAßL ßL OKZAJA OKZAJA@L@ @L@ GLZTG GLZTG GJWO@JKTG_/@_ Q GJ GJWO WO@L @LJK JK__/@_.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk Lavgf `fo`lz`jk Ngjak »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @pkrtgs jg Wlaÿl jg Nubgrgs jg @regltal` ` lavgf prkvaloa`f. @pkrtgs ` lavgf ulavgrsat`rak jg @TG__-IAL_GQ @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (:8%, gl gsp`oaks lk ckrn`fgs, Ogltrks Orgogr)

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s Xko` aloajgloa` jgf Nulaoapak gl f` gjuo`oaÿl prkvaloa`f y l`oakl`f, pgrk sg pkjrî`l gst`dfgogr `rtaouf`oaklgs okl kre`laz`oaklgs ergna`fgs g alstatuoaklgs gjuo`tav`s (WLT, W@A, gto.) _g sueagrg `ooakl`r gl ckrn` gxtr`ourraouf`r gl f`s gsougf`s Lk mudk `rtaouf`oaÿl gltrg f`s KLEs y gf Nulaoapak p`r` gstg kdbgtavk Ckrt`fgogr gst` `rtaouf`oaÿl p`r` gf cuturk Zr`d`b`r jgsjg fks d`rraks `rtaouf`ljk ` f`s c`nafa`s okl fks/`s gjuo`jkrgs/`s 

@ooaÿl2 Kcrgogr o`p`oat`oaÿl ` jkogltgs p`r` altrkjuoar f` gquaj`j jg eálgrk gl f`s ourrîouf`s jg f` gjuo`oaÿl ckrn`f y gl gsp`oaks jg gjuo`oaÿl lk ckrn`f, oknk gl fks Ogltrks Orgogr, gltrg ktrks. @ooaÿl2 Alokrpkr`r f` pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk gl gf prkygotk pgj`eÿeaok jg fks b`rjalgs jg alc`ltgs supgrvas`jks pkr f` Jargooaÿl jg Nalkraj`j jg f` _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f.

Kdbgtavk 4/0 - o2 OKLZTAD KLZTADWAT WAT @F FKE FKETK TK JG F@_ OKLJAO OKLJAOAKL AKLG_ G_ @JGOW@ @JGOW@J@_ J@_ X@T@ X@T@ PWG F@_ @JKFG_ @JKFG_OGL OGLZG_ ZG_, GND@T@ GND@T@R@J@ R@J@__ K N@JTG N@JTG__, XWGJ@ J@LL OK OKLZ LZAL ALW@ W@TT OK OKLL _W _W__ G_ZWJ G_ZWJAK AK__.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk Lavgf `fo`lz`jk Ngjak »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk O`p`oat`oaÿl gl s`fuj sgxu`f y rgprkjuotav` Oklergsk F@ jg _`fuj _gxu`f y rgprkjuotav` @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (088% gl f`s `ooaklgs, pgrk okl okdgrtur` jg 58%)

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s M`y jacaouft`j p`r` kdtglgr f` alckrn`oaÿl skdrg `jkfgsogltgs gnd`r`z`j`s gl gsougf`s y gl mkspat`fgsµ   @feul`s KLEs lk taglgl alckrn`oaÿl skdrg gf prker`n` jg Gquaj`j Gjuo`tav` 

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@ooaÿl2 J`r `oknp`ð`nagltk alstatuoakl`f y `sgskr`nagltk ` f`s `jkfgsogltgs crgltg ` fks o`sks jg jasoranal`oaÿl qug pugj`l surear pkr su satu`oaÿl, p`r` gvat`r gf `d`ljklk jg fks gstujaks y/k fker`r f` rgalokrpkr`oaÿl ` fks nasnks. @ooaÿl2 Kcrgogr o`p`oat`oaÿl p`r` `jkfgsogltgs skdrg jacgrgltgs prkygotks jg vaj`, n`tgrla-

j`j/p`tgrlaj`j rgspkls`dfg, gtoátgr`.

Kdbgtavk 4/0- j XTK TKNK NKSG SGTT F@ _WXGT _WXGT@O @OAß AßLL JG FK FK__ G_ G_ZGT ZGTGK GKZA ZAXK XK__ OW OWFZ FZWT WT@F @FG_ G_ @ F@ MK MKT@ T@ JG F@ GFGO GFGOOA OAßL ßL JG F@_ F@_ O@ O@TT TTGT GT@_ @_.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lk sg `rtaoufÿ okl f` Wlavgrsaj`j Lavgf `fo`lz`jk @ftk »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk Lk rgsuft`rkl `feulks gscugrzks gl @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (_g `rtaoufÿ okl gf Ogltrk C`ouft`jgs (@rquatgotur`) jg f` Buvgltuj)

@ooaÿl2 Alokrpkr`r f` pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk gl gf _grvaoak jg Kraglt`oaÿl Sko`oakl`f qug sg dralj` jgsjg gf Ogltrk jg f` Buvgltuj, f` Wlavgrsaj`j L`oakl`f jg Tks`rak y ktrks ogltrks jg kraglt`oaÿl vko`oakl`f, p`r` c`oafat`r f` gfgooaÿl lk tr`jaoakl`f jg o`rrgr`s y prkcgsaklgs pkr p`rtg jg nubgrgs y v`rklgs.

4/4 Ouftur` Kdbgtavk 4/4 - ` XTKN TKNKSG KSGTT GF JG_@ JG_@TTK TTKFF FFKK JG G_X G_X@OA @OAK_ K_ X@T@ X@T@ F@ LAÐGR LAÐGR EGLGT@ EGLGT@JKT JKTG_ G_ JG TG_ TG_ Q S@ S@TK TKLG LG__.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

AEW AEW@FJ @FJ@J @J JG KXKTZW KXKTZWLAJ LAJ@JG @JG__ GLZT GLZTGG NWB NWBGG-

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lk sg rgvas`rkl jgsjg f` pgrspgotav` jg Lavgf `fo`lz`jk Ngjak »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk eálgrk fks prkygotks gxastgltgs y gl gbgou@ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (78%) oaÿl

@ooaÿl2 Zkn`r oknk tgnàtao` jg f` `otavaj`j `lu`f jgf "Jî` jgf Bugek y f` Oklvavgloa`" f` prknkoaÿl jg rkfgs aeu`fat`raks gltrg nubgrgs y v`rklgs. @ooaÿl2 Xrknkvgr oknk gbg jg tr`d`bk, jgltrk jgf Xrkygotk "Oauj`j jg fks Laðks", fks rkfgs aeu`fat`raks gltrg nubgrgs y v`rklgs.

Kdbgtavk 4/4 - d XKZ KZGL GLOA OA@T @T Q JACW JACWLJ LJAT AT F@ OW OWFZ FZWT WT@@ Q GF OK OKLK LKOA OANA NAGL GLZK ZK MG MGOM OMKK XK XKTT NWBG NWBGTG TG__ Q _KDT _KDTGG NWBG NWBGTG TG__.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

_g jgdg prkculjaz`r f` tr`lsvgrs`faj`j jg Lavgf `fo`lz`jk @ftk »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk eálgrk m`oa` ktr`s àrg`s jgf Ekdagrlk. @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (38 % _g rg`faz`rkl `ota- Tgo`yÿ gl gf Àrg` jg f` Nubgr vaj`jgs gl tkj`s f`s fîlg`s jg `ooaÿl prgvas- Xrkculjaz`r f` `rtaouf`oaÿl okl f` t`s) Wlavgrsaj`j gl fks tgn`s jg eálgrk

@ooaÿl2 Xrknkvgr ckrks jg jgd`tg, jacusaÿl jg alvgstae`oaklgs y oklkoanagltk mgomk pkr nubgrgs. @ooaÿl2 _geuar kre`laz`ljk `otavaj`jgs qug `pkygl gf jgs`rrkffk jg f`s `rtast`s fko`fgs jg f`s jacgrgltgs gxprgsaklgs ouftur`fgs2 `rtgs pfàstao`s, nòsao`, fatgr`tur`, tg`trk, gtoátgr`. @ooaÿl2 Org`r ul` dadfaktgo` y d`sg jg j`tks gl gf Àrg` jg f` Nubgr, _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f, okl fatgr`tur` y jkoungltks gspgoa`faz`jks. 48

 

4

Kdbgtavk 4/4 - o ANXWF NXWF_@ _@TT F@ X@ X@TZ TZAO AOAX AX@O @OAß AßLL Q F@ F@__ ALAO ALAOA@ A@ZA ZAS@ S@__ JG F@ F@__ NWBG NWBGTG TG__ GL N@ZGT N@ZGTA@ A@ JG G]XTG G]XTG_A _AKL KLG_ G_ OW OWFZ FZWT WT@F @FG_ G_, GL X@TZ X@TZAAOWF@ OWF@TT F@ F@__ PWG PWG GS GSAJ AJGL GLOA OAGL GL F@ _A _AZW@ ZW@OA OAßL ßL JG F@ F@__ NWBG NWBGTG TG__ Q _W XGTO XGTOGX GXOA OAßL ßL JGF JGF NWLJ NWLJKK.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lavgf `fo`lz`jk Ngjak Gstà jgsogltr`faz`j` f` ouftur` pgrk m`y »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk jacaouft`jgs jg altrkjuoar f` pgrspgotav` jg @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (78% `prkvgom`ljk `ota- eálgrk gl gs` jgsogltr`faz`oaÿl vaj`jgs jgsogltr`faz`j`s jg ktr`s àrg`s)

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@ooaÿl2 Okltalu`r y rgckrz`r f` jgsogltr`faz`oaÿl jg f` vaj` ouftur`f oauj`j`l` p`r` `ogro`rf` casao`ngltg ` f`s nubgrgs, kre`laz`ljk gxpksaoaklgs, nugstr`s, okloagrtks, gto., gl fks ogltrks nulaoap`fgs jg jastratk. @ooaÿl2 @prkvgom`r fks gsp`oaks ouftur`fgs y oknulat`raks gxastgltgs, jkljg p`rtaoap`l nubgrgs p`r` rg`faz`r `otavaj`jgs jg rgcfgxaÿl skdrg gstgrgktapks y p`r` prknkvgr su gnpkjgr`nagltk.

Kdbgtavk 4/4 - j  SA_AD A_ADAF AFAR AR@T @T F@ X@ X@TZ TZAO AOAX AX@O @OAß AßLL JG F@ F@__ NW NWBG BGTG TG__ GL F@ SA SAJ@ J@ Q GL F@ MA_Z MA_ZKT KTA@ A@ JG F@ OA OAWJ WJ@J @J.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Mudk p`rtaoap`oaÿl jg f`s oklogb`f`s p`r` Lavgf `fo`lz`jk Ngjak »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk `fo`lz`r gf kdbgtavk p`roa`fngltg Lk sg sudsaja`l alvgstae`oaklgs m`st` gf @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (?8%, praloap`fngltg jgsjg gf Oklogbk Nulaoap`f jg Tks`rak) nkngltk

@ooaÿl2 Tgavaljao`r gf p`pgf jg f`s nubgrgs gl f` mastkra` fko`f, cknglt`ljk gf oklkoanagltk jg `qugff`s caeur`s cgnglal`s qug m`y`l tglajk p`rtaoap`oaÿl gl f` nasn`, j`ljk sus lkndrgs ` pf`z`s y o`ffgs y prknkvagljk ul` pudfao`oaÿl skdrg sus vaj`s. @ooaÿl2 Xrknkvgr fks gstujaks skdrg nubgrgs qug jgl ouglt` jgf `pkrtg jg f`s nasn`s gl gf jgs`rrkffk fko`f, ` tr`vás jg sudsajaks ` f`s alvgstae`oaklgs.

4/? Tgorg`oaÿl Kdbgtavk 4/? FGLZ@T @T F@ X@ X@TZA TZAOA OAX@ X@OA OAßL ßL JG NWB NWBGT GTG_ G_ Q S@ S@TK TKLG LG__ GL F@ XT XTÀO ÀOZA ZAO@ O@ JG FK_ FK_ JGXK JGXKTZ TZG_ G_, _AL JA_OTA JA_OTANAL NAL@OA @OAßL ßL XKT _G]K. @FGLZ

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lk m`y pksadafaj`j jg okkrjal`r okl gf Lavgf `fo`lz`jk @ftk »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk Alstatutk _upgrakr jg Gjuo`oaÿl Cîsao` (:8-78% ` tr`vás jg kcgrt` v`ra`j`/`jgou`j` jgf Àrg` jg Jgpkrtgs y Tgorg`oaÿl)

@ooaÿl2 Alogltav`r ul` n`ykr p`rtaoap`oaÿl jg nubgrgs gl gf Xrker`n` "Tks`rak sg Nugvg", qug kcrgog rg`faz`oaÿl jg `otavaj`jgs jgpkrtav`s gl pf`z`s y gsp`oaks `dagrtks. @ooaÿl2 Cknglt`r f`s `otavaj`jgs jgpkrtav`s qug sg jgs`rrkff`l gl gquapk, p`r` nubgrgs jg tkj`s f`s gj`jgs, ouaj`ljk jg prkpklgr mkr`raks qug c`oafatgl su p`rtaoap`oaÿl. @ooaÿl2 Kcrgogr gsp`oaks jg rgcfgxaÿl p`r` gstuja`ltgs y prkcgskrgs/`s jgf A_GC, prkcgsakl`fgs jg f` Jargooaÿl jg Jgpkrtg u ktr`s alstatuoaklgs gjuo`tav`s, p`r` gvat`r qug sg rgcugrogl gstgrgktapks jg eálgrk gl f`s `otavaj`jgs jgpkrtav`s qug sg jgs`rrkff`l gl ofudgs, gsougf`s, gto.

(Gb2 p`tîl, j`lz`, eanl`sa` nkjgf`jkr` p`r` nubgrgs y lað`s y `otavaj`jgs jg jgstrgz` y javgrsaÿl, jg o`ràotgr nàs fòjaok, p`r` v`rklgs). @ooaÿl2 Eglgr`r o`np`ð`s jaraeaj`s ` f` oknulaj`j qug ougstaklgl fks gstgrgktapks jg eálgrk 40

 

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gl fks jgpkrtgs y f`s `otavaj`jgs cîsao`s gl eglgr`f.

@ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s Xkr f` Nulaoap`faj`j jg Tks`rak 

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Oaofk jg @otavaj`jgs Ouftur`fgs " Fgleu`bg, Eálgrk y Oauj`j`lî`". @rg` jg f` Nubgr, _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Oaofk jg @otavaj`jgs Ouftur`fgs gl gf n`rok jgf Oklergsk jg f` Fgleu`. @rg` jg f` Nubgr, _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Xrker`n` jg Dgo`s X`roa`fgs p`r` f` N`gstrî` " Gf Xkjgr y f` _koagj`j jgsjg f` Xgrspgotav` jg eálgrk" jaot`j` gl f` C`ouft`j jg Mun`laj`jgs y @rtg jg f` Wlavgrsaj`j L`oakl`f jg Tks`rak. @rg` jg f` Nubgr, _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f. Ogltrk jg Jkounglt`oaÿl jgf Àrg` jg f` Nubgr " N`rî` Fuas` Fasomgtta". _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Okloursk jg Gls`yks skdrg Jgrgomks _gxu`fgs y Tgprkjuotavks. Ogltrk jg f` Buvgltuj y Àrg` jg f` Nubgr, _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f. Okloursk jg Gls`yks gl gf n`rok jgf Oklergsk jg f` Fgleu`. @rg` jg f` Nubgr, _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Z`ffgrgs okl nubgrgs jg fks d`rraks, okl gf kdbgtavk jg tr`lsckrn`r gstgrgktapks jg eálgrk. Àrg` jg f` Nubgr, _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f. _g jgs`rrkff`rkl gspgotàoufks, nugstr`s y `otavaj`jgs ouftur`fgs prknkvagljk ` f`s `rtast`s jg f` oauj`j. _go. jg Ouftur` F` Jargooaÿl jg Jgpkrtg prkpklg oklvko`tkra`s `dagrt`s, `oogsadfgs lk jasoranal`tkra`s p`r` v`rklgs y nubgrgs. Jargooaÿl Eglgr`f jg Tgorg`oaÿl y Jgpkrtg , _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f. Xràotao` jg jgpkrtg lk sgxast`s, Jargooaÿl Eglgr`f jg Tgorg`oaÿl y Jgpkrtg, _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f.

Xkr gf Oklogbk Nulaoap`f jg Tks`rak 

Krjgl`lz` 5=8= `prkd`j` gf 41/04/8: qug ktkre` dgo`s ` `funl`s gnd`r`z`j`s y `funl`s n`jrgs qug pgrn`lgogl ours`ljk gf oaofk ckrn`f jg gjuo`oaÿl.

Xkr f`s Kre`laz`oaklgs _koa`fgs @TG__ - IAL_GQ @skoa`oaÿl Tks`ral` jg Gjuo`oaÿl _gxu`f y _gxkfkeî`. Alstatutk Ialsgy jg _gxkfkeî`.  Jaot`jk jg jks sgnal`raks ou`trangstr`fgs jg prger`jk gl f` o`rrgr` jg Xsaokfkeî` jg f` Wlavgrsaj`j L`oakl`f jg Tks`rak skdrg Gjuo`oaÿl sgxu`f y _gxkfkeî` y Xsaokfkeî` Okelatav` y nkjacao`oaÿl jg f` okljuot` jgsjg gf 4888 `f `ðk 488:.  Xkser`jk gl sgxu`faj`j mun`l`.  _g prgsglt`rkl tr`d`bks gl Oklergsks L`oakl`fgs g altgrl`oakl`fgs skdrg prgvgloaÿl gl _AJ@.  X`rtaoap`oaÿl gl gf Oÿnatg Oagltîcaok jgf Oklergsk F`talk`ngrao`lk jg _`fuj _gxu`f y Tgprkjuotav`.  Tg`faz`oaÿl jg om`rf`s oklngnkr`ljk gf saelacao`jk jgf = jg n`rzk, skdrg _`fuj _gxu`f jg f` Nubgr y skdrg gjuo`oaÿl _gxu`f.  Om`rf`s skdrg Gjuo`oaÿl _gxu`f _gxu`f y _gxkfkeî` gl f` CC`ouft`j `ouft`j jg Ngjaoal` y Xs Xsaokfkeî` aokfkeî` jg f` WLT. Oknasaÿl jg Nubgrgs @rquatgot`s - O`j4  Gxpksaoaÿl "Mgomk x Nubgrgs" gl gf Ogltrk Ouftur`f D. Tav`j`va`  Gxpksaoaÿl Ngroksur jg "08 Nubgrgs @rquatgot`s" gl gf Ogltrk jg Jasgðk jgf O`j4 44

 

Okloursk cktkeràcaok skdrg gf jî` jg f` nubgr  Lòngrk gspgoa`f jg f` E`ogt` jg fks @rquatgotks jgjao`jk ` fks tr`d`bks rg`faz`jks pkr nubgrgs prkcgsakl`fgs y `ooaklgs g alvgstae`oaklgs jg f` Oknasaÿl  @otks oklngnkr`tavks `lu`fgs jgf Jî` Altgrl`oakl`f jg f` Nubgr jgltrk jgf àndatk jgf O`j4 oknk bkrl`j`s jg rgcfgxaÿl skdrg fks gstgrgktapks ouftur`fgs  Xudfao`oaÿl jgf fadrk "Nubgrgs gl f` Lknglof`tur` jg Tks`rak" jkljg sg rgougrj`l ` `qugff`s nubgrgs qug f` oauj`j gsokeaÿ p`r` jglknal`r sus o`ffgs y pf`z`s  Xkwgr pkalt skdrg "Mugff`s Wrd`l`s jg Nubgrgs gl Tks`rak" jkljg sg rgavaljao` gf p`pgf jg f` nubgr gl f` mastkra` fko`f. Wlaÿl jg Nubgrgs jg f` @regltal`  Gl f` Gsougf` p`r` Nubgrgs @juft`s sg anpufs` gf oklkoanagltk jgf p`pgf jg f`s nubgrgs gl f` mastkra`, vasadafaz`ljk su prkt`eklasnk @[email protected]. " O`s` jg Fuxgndurek"  Z`ffgrgs okl p`jrg y `dugfks skdrg jgrgomks oîvaoks y p`tgrlaj`j rgspkls`dfg.  O`np`ð` jg @fc`dgtaz`oaÿl.  Dadfaktgo` Xkpuf`r9 Jacusaÿl 9 Z`ffgrgs.  Z`ffgrgs jg Zg`trk y Zîtagrgs. Ofud jg Sgf`s Tks`rak 

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

Jgsjg 0117 kre`laz` f` Tge`t` Cgnglal` gl Oklngnkr`oaÿl `f Jî` Altgrl`oakl`f jg f` Nubgr. @skoa`oaÿl Orasta`l` Cgnglal` jg Tks`rak  O`np`ð` " @yuj`r ` Gjuo`r" skdrg prgvgloaÿl jg `jaooaklgs.  " Lk jasoranal`oaÿl gl f` gsougf`". @NLQX Tks`rak  Nugstr` jg @rtg. Gxpksaoaÿl paotÿrao` y pkgn`s afustr`jks.  Okloursk Fatgr`rak2 Nubgrgs qug Mklr`l f` Saj`.  Ogrgnkla` Altgrl`oakl`f jg f`s O`ljgf`s.  M`ogjkrgs jg X`z, m`ogjkrgs jg ouftur` mkndrgs y nubgrgs jgst`o`jks.  Mugff`s Wrd`l` jg f` Nubgr gl Tks`rak. OGJGAC@N  Jaot`jk jg oursk jg O`p`oat`oaÿl rgoklkoajk pkr gf Nalastgrak jg Gjuo`oaÿl okl :0ms. Oàtgjr` y gv`fu`oaÿl. 

Xugst` jr`nàtao` jg f` rgj jg nubgrgs pkr f` lk vakfgloa` " n`omk jabk f` p`rtgr`".

4?

 

? Zr`d`bk, Ckrn`oaÿl Koup`oakl`f y Gnpfgk Kdbgtavk ?/0 XTK TKCW CWLJ LJAR AR@T @T GF OK OKLK LKOA OANA NAGL GLZK ZK JG F@ _A _AZW ZW@O @OAß AßLL _K _KOA OA@F @F Q GO GOKL KLßN ßNAO AO@@ JG F@_ F@_ NWB NWBGT GTG_ G_ GL TG TGF@ F@OA OAßL ßL OKL OKL GF ZT ZT@D @D@B @BKK.

FLavgf kerk`fo`lz`jk s gl gstg K@ftk dbgtavk

XrkLk dfgmudk n`s/`rtaouf`oaÿl _uegrgloa`okl s f` Wlavgrsaj`j 

»Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (38% jg `ooaklgs, _grvaoak Nulaoap`f jg Gnpfgkf) @ooaÿl2 Gf`dkr`r ul` d`sg jg j`tks okl gst`jîstao`s jgs`erge`j`s pkr sgxk jg f`s pgrskl`s qug jgn`lj`l gnpfgk gl f` _gorgt`rî` jg f` Xrkjuooaÿl. @ooaÿl2 Gstruotur`r f`s glougst`s skdrg pgrskl`s qug duso`l gnpfgk jg n`lgr` qug pgrnat`l jgtgot`r okl n`ykr vgr`oaj`j gf lòngrk jg nubgrgs qug duso`l gnpfgk. @ooaÿl2 Gstanuf`r alvgstae`oaklgs gl f` Wlavgrsaj`j L`oakl`f jg Tks`rak skdrg gnpfgk/jgsgnpfgk jg nubgrgs.

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Kdbgtavk ?/4 NGBK GBKT@T T@T F@_ OKLJAO OKLJAOAKL AKLG_ G_ JG O@T O@TTGT TGT@@ @JNALA @JNALA_ZT@ _ZT@ZAS ZAS@@ GL GF _GOZ _GOZKT KT XÒDF XÒDFAOK AOK NWL NWLAOA AOAX@F X@F, @_GEWT @_GEWT@LJ @LJKK F@ AEW AEW@F @FJ@ J@JJ JG KX KXKT KTZW ZWLA LAJ@ J@JG JG__ X@ X@T@ T@ NWBG NWBGTG TG__ Q S@ S@TK TKLG LG__.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Xrkculjaz`r f` rgf`oaÿl okl kre`laz`oaklgs Lavgf `fo`lz`jk Ngjak »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk saljao`fgs @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (78%)

@ooaÿl2 _glsadafaz`r gl gquaj`j jg eálgrk `f pgrskl`f y culoakl`raks/`s jgf Nulaoapak y ` f` okljuooaÿl jgf _aljao`tk jg Zr`d`b`jkrgs Nulaoap`fgs jg Tks`rak. @ooaÿl2 Tg`faz`r gstujaks skdrg fks rkfgs y f`s culoaklgs jg f`s nubgrgs gl f` gstruotur` nulaoap`f.

Kdbgtavk ?/? JG_@TT G_@TTKF KFF@ F@TT XK XKFÎ FÎZA ZAO@ O@__ JG GNXF GNXFGK GK OK OKLL XG XGT_ T_XGO XGOZA ZAS@ S@ JG EÁ EÁLG LGTK TK PWG PWG C@OA C@OAFA FAZG ZGLL GF @O @OOG_ OG_KK JG F@_ F@_ NWBG NWBGTG TG__ @F NGT NGTO@ O@JK JK JG ZT@D ZT@D@B @BKK.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lavgf `fo`lz`jk @ftk »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (38%,Xf`l Mugrtgr`s, Xrker`n` Wrd`f,gto.) @ooaÿl2 Okltalu`r `pfao`ljk f` pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk gl f`s pkfîtao`s jgf Ckljk jg Gnprgljanagltks Xrkjuotavks. @ooaÿl2 E`r`ltaz`r ul pkroglt`bg jg v`o`ltgs k prker`n`s gspgoîcaoks p`r` nubgrgs bgc`s jg mke`r gl tkjks fks pf`lgs jg gnpfgk qug `jnalastrg k okegstaklg gf Nulaoapak.

Kdbgtavk ?/: _GL_A GL_ADA DAFA FAR@ R@TT @F _GOZK _GOZKTT XÒ XÒDF DFAO AOKK Q @F XT XTAS AS@J @JKK _K _KDTG DTG F@ XT XTKD KDFG FGNÀ NÀZA ZAO@ O@ JGF JGF @O @OK_ K_KK _G]W@ _G]W@FF GL GF ZT ZT@D @D@B @BKK.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s 

Lgogsaj`jskdrg jg anpfgnglt`r o`np`ð`s Lavgf `fo`lz`jk gf tgn` »Mudk `pkrtgs jgNgjak f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk gspgoîcao`s @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (_kf`ngltg sg rrg`faz`rkl g`faz`rkl @rtaouf`r okl gf _aljao`tk jg Gnpfg`jks Nulaoap`fgs `ooaklgs jg `sgskr`nagltk) 47

 

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@ooaÿl2 Tg`faz`r o`np`ð`s jg alckrn`oaÿl y jacusaÿl skdrg fks jgrgomks jg f`s nubgrgs. @ooaÿl2 Kcrgogr `sgskr`nagltk psaok-burîjaok ` f`s nubgrgs vîotan`s jg `oksk sgxu`f pkr p`rtg jg f` _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f.

Kdbgtavk ?/7

XTKN TKNKSG KSGTT Q JG_ JG_@TT @TTKFF KFF@T @T XTK XTKET@ ET@N@_ N@_ CKT CKTN@Z N@ZASK ASK__ Q JG O@X O@X@OA @OAZ@O Z@OAßL AßL XTKCG_ XTKCG_AKL AKL@F @F, PWG PWG _G @JGO @JGOWG WGLL @ FK_ FK_ ALZG ALZGTG_G TG_G__ Q LG LGOG OG_A _AJ@ J@JG JG__ JG F@ F@__ NWBG NWBGTG_ TG_.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lavgf `fo`lz`jk @ftk »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (_g rg`faz`rkl f`s `ooaklgs ` tr`vás jgf Kdbgtavk ?/?) @ooaÿl2 Dralj`r o`p`oat`oaÿl prkcgsakl`f p`r` ngbkr`r f`s pksadafaj`jgs jg prknkoaÿl y/k `oogsk `f gnpfgk, pksadafat`ljk f` alokrpkr`oaÿl jg nubgrgs gl àndatks lk tr`jaoakl`fgs jg o`p`oat`oaÿl.

Kdbgtavk ?/3 KNGLZ@ Z@TT F@_ F@_ O@ O@X@ X@OA OAJ@ J@JG JG__ JG F@ F@__ NWB NWBGT GTG_ G_ CKNGL _@_.

@ O@ O@TE TEKK JG NA NAOT OTKK-GNXTGLJANAGLZK_, XGPWGÐ XGPWGÐ@_ @_ Q NGJA@L NGJA@L@_ @_ GNX GNXTG TG-

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lavgf `fo`lz`jk @ftk »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (Sgr ?/? Ckngltk jg f` `utklknî` goklÿnao` jg nubgrgs) @ooaÿl2 Kcrgogr gstujaks jg va`dafaj`j, ` tr`vás jgf _astgn` Altger`jk jg @pkyk ` f` Xgqugð` y Ngja`l` Gnprgs`, p`r` prkygotks jg nubgrgs qug gstál jgs`rrkff`ljk k jgoaj`l alaoa`r gnprgljanagltks gnprgs`ra`fgs y naork-gnprgljanagltks. @ooaÿl2 Dralj`r o`p`oat`oaÿl gspgoa`faz`j` ` nubgrgs ` o`rek jg gnprgljanagltks prkjuotavks k qug jgsggl alaoa`r ul` `otavaj`j gnprgs`ra`.

@ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s Xkr f` Nulaoap`faj`j jg Tks`rak 

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43

Nuom`s jg f`s lugv`s kre`laz`oaklgs skoa`fgs qug sureagrkl ` p`rtar jg jaoagndrg jg 4880 gstàl rgf`oakl`j`s okl gnprgljanagltks prkjuotavks, sa dagl gf praloap`f sustgltk goklÿnaok prkvaglg gl gstks nkngltks jg fks Xf`lgs p`r` Bgcgs y Bgc`s jg Mke`r jgskoup`jks. Jgltrk jg gstks erupks, sg jgst`o`l f`s mugrt`s oknulat`ra`s (gxastgl nàs jg 478 gl tkj` f` oauj`j), jgltrk jg f`s ou`fgs f` o`ltaj`j jg nubgrgs qug p`rtaoap` gs n`ykrat`ra`. _g m`l rg`faz`jk jks "Glougltrks jg mugrtgr`s", ckrt`fgoagljk f` aloajgloa` jg f`s nubgrgs gl gf gsp`oak skoakgoklÿnaok. Xrker`n` @eraouftur` Wrd`l`, _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f @ p`rtar jgf oklt`otk okl gst`s kre`laz`oaklgs y jg tglgr oklkoanagltk jg ouàfgs gr`l sus lgogsaj`jgs, gs qug sg jgcalaÿ gf Xrkygotk WTD-@f "Gnpfgk y oauj`j`lî` `otav` jg f`s nubgrgs", qug sg ffgvÿ `jgf`ltg okl f`s oauj`jgs jg _`l X`dfk, Nkltg Nkltgvajgk, vajgk, Saek y f` Tgeaÿl Zkso`l`. @rg` jg f` Nubgr- _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Xrkygotk2 Kdsgrv`tkrak jg Gnpfg`dafaj`j p`r` nubgrgs. ( `otu`fngltg gl jgs`rrkffk), gf prkygotk sg ogltr` gl gf jgs`rrkffk jg ul prker`n` jg o`p`oat`oaÿl, gl nÿjufks, okl gf

 

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kdbgtavk jg ffge`r ` ul er`l lòngrk jg kre`laz`oaklgs qug gstál fajgr`j`s pkr nubgrgs. @rg` jg f` Nubgr-_go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Xrker`n` jg Ckrt`fgoanagltk jg naorkgnprgljanagltks fajgr`jks pkr nubgrgs. @rg` jg f` Nubgr - _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Ckrt`fgoanagltk jg kre`laz`oaklgs qug prknugv`l fks jgrgomks jg f`s nubgrgs. @rg` jg f` Nubgr- _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Tgeastrk jgs`erge`jk pkr sgxk jg pkdf`oaklgs jgsgnpfg`j`s Jargooaÿl jg Gnpfgk_gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Tgeastrk jgs`erge`jk pkr sgxk jg gnprgljanagltks prkjuotavks _udsgorgt`rî` jg Goklknî` _kfaj`ra`, _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f

Xkr gf Oklogbk Nulaoap`f jg Tks`rak 

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Jgorgtk 48.530 `prkd`jk gf 44/00/80 qug jgof`r` jg altgrás nulaoap`f f` pàeal` wgd Tgj Alckrn`tav` jg Nubgrgs jg @regltal` (TAN@). Jgorgtk 47.5== `prkd`jk gf 03/83/87 qug gst`dfgog f` rgokpaf`oaÿl jg krjgl`lz`s y jgorgtks qug prknugvgl jgrgomks jg f`s nubgrgs. Tgskfuoaÿl `prkd`j` gf 44/84/80 qug rgsugfvg f` rg`faz`oaÿl jg ul` Bkrl`j` jg rgcfgxaÿl pkr gf "Jî` Altgrl`oakl`f jg f` Nubgr". Jgorgtk 01.50? `prkd`jk gf 01/8:/80 jkljg sg jgof`r` ` f`s "N`jrgs jg f` Xf`z` 47 jg N`yk" "oauj`j`l`s afustrgs jg lugstr` oauj`j y gbgnpfk jg okr`bg y rgsastgloa`". Krjgl`lz` 5.0=3 `prkd`j` gf 5/83/80 jkljg sg jglknal` okl gf lkndrg jg "Glcgrngr` Faogloa`j` N`rî` jgf`s Ngrogjgs Ogb`s" `f Ogltrk jg s`fuj nulaoap`f jgf D`rrak Zkd`. Jgorgtk 48.0:7 `prkd`jk gf 08/85/80 jkljg sg jgof`r` ` f` _r`. Oklsugfk _afv` "Ckfofkrast` Jastaleuaj`". Tgskfuoaÿl `prkd`j` gf 0?/81/80 jkljg sg rgoklkog ` f` sgðkr` Jgfa` Tkjrîeugz "F` Om`qugðat`" pkr su jacusaÿl y v`fkraz`oaÿl jg f` nòsao` pkpuf`r. Krjgl`lz` 5.47: `prkd`j` gf 44/00/80 jkljg sg jglknal` "Fadgrt`j F`n`rqug" `f p`s`bg satu`jk gl gf D`rrak Z`lek, ff`n`jk prkvaskra`ngltg 038? y f` okfko`oaÿl jg ul` pf`o` rgokrj`tkra`. Tgskfuoaÿl `prkd`j` gf 41/00/80 jkljg sg ktkre` gf japfkn` jg mklkr `f náratk ` fks `rtast`s Er`oagf` _`ook y O`rfks Zraflai y ` f` prkcgskr` Tks` N`rî` T`vgr`. Jgorgtk 40.1?0 `prkd`jk gf 5/00/84 jkljg sg jgof`r` "Oauj`j`l` Jastaleuaj`" ` f` sgðkr` @faoa` L`v`rrk jg @fklsk pkr su tr`ygotkra` gl gf o`npk jg f` jkogloa` y f` ouftur`. Jgorgtk 40.5=3 `prkd`jk gf ?/08/84 jkljg sg jgof`r` Sasat`ltg Afustrg ` Gstgf` O`rfkttk. Jgorgtk 40.5:5 `prkd`jk gf 43/81/84 jkljg sg jgof`r` Xgrakjast` Jastaleuaj` ` f` pgrakjast` jgpkrtav` @faoa` Cgrlàljgz. Tgskfuoaÿl `prkd`j` gf 07/87/8? jkljg sg jaspklg mkngl`bg`r ` f` n`gstr` Fgtaoa` Okssgttala. Jgorgtk 44.5?0 `prkd`jk gf 5/8=/8? jkljg sg jgof`r` "@rtast` Jastaleuaj`" ` f` o`lt`ltg rks`ral` Lkrn` Ge`rtm. Jgorgtk 44.=45 `prkd`jk gf 4=/8=/8? jkljg sg jgof`r` O`lt`ltg Altárprgtg Jastaleuaj` ` Lkdfgz` O`ssala. Jgorgtk 4?.4=1 `prkd`jk gf 4?/04/8? jkljg sg jgof`r` Oauj`j`l` Jastaleuaj` ` f` Jr`. Jgfa` N`rî` Tkjrîeugz @r`y` gl rgoklkoanagltk ` su tr`ygotkra` gl f` jgcgls` jg fks jgrgomks mun`lks. Jgorgtk 4?.?0? `prkd`jk gf 01/84/8: jkljg sg jgof`r` Mastkra`jkr` Jastaleuaj` ` f` jkotkr` y prkcgskr` _afva` X`squ`fas. Krjgl`lz` 5.3?5X`traoa` `prkd`j` gf :/8?/8: qug jgsael` okl gf lkndrg jg "Xf`z` = jg N`rzk" `f gsp`oak vgrjg satk gl Gsqual` L.K. jg Bubuy y Gltrg Tîks. Tgskfuoaÿl `prkd`j` gf 0=/8?/8: jkljg sg jaspklg jastaleuar okl ul japfkn` jg rgoklkoa45

 

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nagltk ` f` `otraz _afval` _`lt`ljrg` pkr su f`dkr `rtîstao` gl f` tgnpkr`j` 488? gl f` oauj`j jg N`r jgf Xf`t`.  Jgorgtk 4?.58: `prkd`jk gf 45/87/8: jkljg sg jgof`r` "Nòsao` Jastaleuaj`" -pkst nkrtgn- ` f` oklogrtast` jg euat`rr` y jkogltg F`fa Jgfcal` "F`fyt`" @fnarÿl. -Jgof`r`oaÿl `prkd`j` gf 4?/81/8: qug `jmagrg ` f`s `otavaj`jgs kre`laz`j`s pkr "Nubgrgs y S`rklgs pkr gf Jgrgomk ` Jgoajar".

Xkr f`s Kre`laz`oaklgs _koa`fgs Oknasaÿl jg Nubgrgs @rquatgot`s - O`j4  X`rtaoap`oaÿl gl gf Xrkygotk "Kdsgrv`tkrak jg gnpfg`dafaj`j p`r` nubgrgs"  Alvgstae`oaÿl - glougst`2 er`ju`j`s `rquatgot`s y n`t n`traouf`j`s raouf`j`s gl gf Okfgeak Xrkcgsakl`f Wlaÿl jg Nubgrgs jg f` @regltal`  O`np`ð`s skdrg fks jgrgomks jg f`s nubgrgs @[email protected]. "O`s` jg Fuxgndurek"  Ogltrk jg O`p`oat`oaÿl F`dkr`f, oursks jg Gfgotraoaj`j, Mgrrgrî`, p`l`jgrî`, oknput`oaÿl, tgbajk, gto. F` Okfngl`  Oursk jg Egrgloa` skoa`f jaraeajk ` nubgrgs qug ounpfgl f` prgst`oaÿl jgf Xf`l Bgcgs/@s jg

Mke`r. O`p`oat`oaÿl gl Tgpkstgrî` @rtgs`l`f.  O`p`oat`oaÿl gl Sglt`s y Okngroa`faz`oaÿl. Aljgsk Nubgr  Z`ffgrgs " Nubgr, tr`d`bk oknulat`rak y fajgr`zeks" 4884 y 488? @NLQX Tks`rak  Xrkygooaÿl jg f` Nubgr gl f` skoagj`j `otu`f. Fajgr`zek Cgnglalk. X`lgf y Jgd`tg  Oursk " F` nubgr `otu`ljk ` lavgf kcaoa`f y gnprgs`ra`f" Xrktkokfk y Ogrgnkla`f.  @sgskr`nagltk sgn`l`f p`r` pgqugð`s gnprgs`s  Jasgrt`oaÿl y jgd`tg " Gnprgs`s C`nafa`rgs". 

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: X`rtaoap`oaÿl gl gf Àndatk Xòdfaok Kdbgtavk :/0 XTK TKNK NKSG SGTT GF @O @OOG_ OG_KK JG F@ F@__ NWB NWBGT GTG_ G_ @ FK FK__ ßTE@ ßTE@LK LK__ JG TG TGXT XTG_ G_GL GLZ@ Z@OA OAßL ßL Q JATG JATGOO OOAß AßLL JG FK_ FK_ X@TZ X@TZAJ AJK_ K_ XKFÎ XKFÎZA ZAOK OK__, _AL _ALJAO JAO@ZK @ZK__ Q KZT KZT@_ @_ KTE KTE@LA @LAR@O R@OAKL AKLG_ G_ JG F@ _KO _KOAGJ AGJ@J @J OASAF OASAF.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Gso`s` okkrjal`oaÿl okl f`s kre`laz`oakLavgf `fo`lz`jk @ftk »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk lgs, p`rtajks pkfîtaoks y saljao`tks gspgoîca@ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (38%) o`ngltg p`r` gf`dkr`r ul rgpkrtg jgs`erge`jk pkr sgxk p`r` `l`faz`r o`reks jg okljuooaÿl

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@ooaÿl2 Gf`dkr`r ul rgpkrtg `lu`f skdrg pkroglt`bg jg nubgrgs y mkndrgs qug koup`l o`reks jg jgoasaÿl y/k okljuooaÿl gl f` gscgr` pòdfao` fko`f, p`rtajks pkfîtaoks, saljao`tks y ktr`s kre`laz`oaklgs fko`fgs, t`fgs oknk Okfgeaks Xrkcgsakl`fgs, Kre`laz`oaklgs Gstuja`ltafgs y jg f` skoagj`j oavaf gl eglgr`f y jaculjar fks rgsuft`jks. @ooaÿl2 Okkrjal`r `otavaj`jgs jg sglsadafaz`oaÿl, o`p`oat`oaÿl y ckrt`fgoanagltk jg f` `utkgstan` p`r` nubgrgs qug jgsg`l alorgnglt`r su p`rtaoap`oaÿl skoa`f y pkfîtao`. @ooaÿl2 O`p`oat`r ` nubgrgs, gspgoa`fngltg qug gstál p`rtaoap`ljk gl fue`rgs jg jgoasaÿl, gl fajgr`zek, gstr`tgea`s jg `fa`lz` y lgekoa`oaÿl. @ooaÿl2 @pky`r f` org`oaÿl jg àrg`s k oknasaklgs jg nubgrgs gl f`s kre`laz`oaklgs jg f` oauj`j. @ooaÿl2 Xrknkvgr `ooaklgs pksatav`s p`r` fker`r qug f`s nubgrgs ffgeugl ` o`reks jargotavks

Kdbgtavk :/4 ALO LOGL GLZA ZAS@ S@TT F@ @O @OZA ZASA SAJ@ J@JJ Q F@ O@ O@X@ X@OA OAJ@ J@JJ @_ @_KO KOA@ A@ZA ZAS@ S@ JG F@_ F@_ NWB NWBGTG GTG__, GL _W_ XTKXA@ XTKXA@__ KTE KTE@LA @LAR@O R@OAKL AKLG_ G_, @_ @_ÎÎ OKNK OKNK _W X@ X@TZ TZAO AOAX AX@O @OAß AßLL GL GF ÀN ÀNDA DAZK ZK XÒDF XÒDFAO AOKK.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Jácaoat gl fks lavgfgs jg `rtaouf`oaÿl altgrLavgf `fo`lz`jk Ngjak »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk nulaoap`f. Fks tagnpks jg egstaÿl kdst`oufa@ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (:7%) z`l ` vgogs ul tr`d`bk sastgnàtaok okl f` pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk.

@ooaÿl2 @pky`r f` org`oaÿl y gf ckrt`fgoanagltk jg f`s kre`laz`oaklgs lk eudgrl`nglt`fgs jg nubgrgs, kcrgoagljk o`p`oat`oaÿl táolao`, rgoursks, `oogsk ` f` alckrn`oaÿl y ` n`tgra`f gspgoa`faz`jk qug sg glougltrg ` jaspksaoaÿl jgf Nulaoapak. @ooaÿl2 Xrkculjaz`r f`s `ooaklgs y` gnprgljaj`s okl gf Oklsgbk @sgskr jgf Àrg` jg f` Nubgr, gl gf sgltajk jg ckrt`fgogrfk oknk gsp`oak jg jasousaÿl y jg alaoa`tav`s pkfîtao`s.

Kdbgtavk :/?  SA_AD A_ADAF AFAR AR@T @T @ F@ F@__ NWBG NWBGTG_ TG_ PW PWGG G_ G_ZÀ ZÀLL GL FW FWE@ E@TG TG__ JG JG JGOA OA_A _AßL ßL GL GF ÀN ÀNDA DAZK ZK FKO@ FKO@FF.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lavgf `fo`lz`jk Ngjak »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (:8%) @ooaÿl2 Tg`faz`r glougltrks `dagrtks pkr tgnàtao`s qug pgrnat`l gf altgro`ndak jg gxpgragloa`s y prkygotks, y jaculjar sus oklofusaklgs.

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Kdbgtavk :/: XTK TKNK NKSG SGTT PW PWGG G_ZÁ G_ZÁ XT XTG_ G_GL GLZG ZG GF XW XWLZ LZKK JG SA SA_Z _Z@@ JG F@ F@__ NW NWBG BGTG TG__ GL F@ F@__ XKFÎ XKFÎZA ZAO@ O@__ Q XT XTKE KET@ T@N@ N@__ PWG PWG _G JA_G JA_GÐG ÐGLL G ANXF ANXFGNG GNGLZ LZGL GL GL GF ÀN ÀNDA DAZK ZK JG F@ OAWJ OAWJ@J @J.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Xrkculjaz`r `ooaklgs p`r` alokrpkr`r pgrsLavgf `fo`lz`jk Ngjak »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk pgotav` jg eálgrk gl f`s `rg`s jgf XGN (gx @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (78%) XGT)

@ooaÿl2 Alokrpkr`r f` pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk gl f`s `ooaklgs pf`ltg`j`s pkr gf XGT (Xf`l Gstr`táeaok jg Tks`rak). @ooaÿl2 E`r`ltaz`r qug gl fks prkogsks jg oklsuft` ` f` oknulaj`j qug sg ffgvgl `jgf`ltg sg alofuy` f` oklsuft` ` nubgrgs, y` sg` gl ckrn` jargot` k ` tr`vás jg sus kre`laz`oaklgs rgprgsglt`tav`s.

@ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s Xkr f` Nulaoap`faj`j jg Tks`rak 

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Ckrt`fgoanagltk jg f`s kre`laz`oaklgs qug ckrn`d`l p`rtg jgf Oklsgbk `sgskr jgf Àrg` jg f` Nubgr. Oursk skdrg Xf`lacao`oaÿl Gstr`táeao` Kre`laz`oakl`f qug cug fugek rgpfao`jk `f altgrakr jg f`s kre`laz`oaklgs jg nubgrgs. _gorgt`rî` jg Ekdagrlk _g anpfgngltÿ gf okloursk "Xktgloa`ljk ` nubgrgs gl Fue`rgs jg jgoasaÿl", p`r` cal`loa`r alaoa`tav`s jg kre`laz`oaklgs. Fk altgrgs`ltg jg gst` `otavaj`j cug qug lk sÿfk sg prgsglt`rkl kre`laz`oaklgs qug tr`d`b`l gspgoîcao`ngltg f` prkdfgnàtao` jg f` nubgr, salk t`ndaál ktr`s oknk `skoa`oaklgs vgoal`fgs, qug gnpagz`l ` tglgr ul` `ogro`nagltk okl gf tgn`. @rg` jg f` Nubgr - _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Om`rf`s jg ckrn`oaÿl gl Jgrgomks jg f`s Nubgrgs jaraeajk ` nubgrgs vgoal`fast`s. Jargooaÿl Jargooaÿl jg Tgf`oaklgs Sgoal`fgs. _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f. _gnal`rak skdrg Fajgr`zeks pkfîtaoks okl pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk, `f ou`f `sastagrkl nàs jg 488 nubgrgs jg `frgjgjkr 18 kre`laz`oaklgs skoa`fgs jg f` oauj`j. F`s oklcgrgloa`s gstuvagrkl ` o`rek jg p`lgfast`s l`oakl`fgs g altgrl`oakl`fgs y sg jgs`rrkff`rkl tgn`s oknk f`s nubgrgs gl f` pkfîtao`, rgtks prgsgltgs y cuturks jgf cgnalasnk, fajgr`zeks jgsjg f`s nubgrgs, alstrungltks g alaoa`tav`s pkfîtao`s p`r` f` aeu`fj`j, gto. Gf kdbgtavk praloap`f cug pkjgr dralj`rfg ` f`sokl nubgrgs mgrr`naglt`s p`r`jgckrt`fgogrsg, t`ndaál gfoklt`ot`rf`s okl ktr`s nubgrgs jacgrgltgs gxpgragloa`s p`rtaoap`oaÿlpgrk y c`vkrgogr tr`d`bk gl rgj. @rg` jg f` Nubgr- _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Jgsjg gf oknaglzk jgf `ðk 4884 ulk jg fks gbgs jg f` egstaÿl nulaoap`f cug gf jg oknglz`r ` anpfgnglt`r f` jasousaÿl jgf prgsupugstk p`rtaoap`tavk. Gl gf n`rok jg ul glougltrk jg f` Wlaj`j Zgnàtao` Eálgrk y Nulaoapak jg f` Tgj jg Ngrokoauj`jgs sg rg`fazÿ gf sgnal`rak " F`s nubgrgs gl fks prgsupugstks Nulaoap`fgs". @rg` jg f` Nubgr- _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Anpfgnglt`oaÿl jgf Xrker`n` Xrgsupugstk X`rtaoap`tavk y Oauj`j`lî` @otav` jg f`s Nubgrgs. @rg` jg f` Nubgr- _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f O`dg jgst`o`r qug gstà jaspugst` f` p`raj`j gl f` rgprgsglt`oaÿl jg fks Oklsgbks jgf Xrgsupugstk X`rtaoap`tavk. Xrgsupugstk X`rtaoap`tavk, _go. Eglgr`f.

@ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s pkr f`s Kre`laz`oaklgs _koa`fgs Tgj Alckrn`tav` jg Nubgrgs jg @regltal` (TAN@)  _gnal`rak " Cgnalasnk, fajgr`zek y oknulao`oaÿl okl rgcgrgltgs jgf nkvanagltk jg nubgrgs jg f` oauj`j y jg ktr`s oauj`jgs jgf p`îs.

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7

7 _`fuj

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Kdbgtavk 7/0 XTKNKOAKL@T, N@LZ N@LZGL GLGT GT Q C@ C@SK SKTG TGOG OGTT F@ _@ _@FW FWJJ JG NWB NWBGT GTG_ G_ Q S@TK S@TKLG LG__ GL AE AEW@ W@FJ FJ@J @J JG KXKT KXKTZW ZWLA LAJ@ J@JG JG__, NGJA@LZ NGJA @LZGG F@ XTG_Z@ XTG_Z@OAß OAßLL @JGOW@ @JGOW@J@ J@ JG _GTSAO _GTSAOAK_ AK_ JG _@F _@FWJ WJ, C@OAFA C@OAFAZ@L Z@LJK JK F@ X@TZAO X@TZAOAX@ AX@OAß OAßLL _KO _KOA@F A@F GL F@ EG_ZAß EG_ZAßLL JG FK FK__ NA NA_N _NK_ K_.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk Lavgf `fo`lz`jk @ftk »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (=8%)

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s Alokrpkr`r `ooaklgs gl ckrn` okltalu` jg sglsadafaz`oaÿl ` fks gquapks jg s`fuj p`r` ngbkr`r f` o`faj`j jg `tgloaÿl ` f`s nubgrgs. 

@ooaÿl2 Jgtgot`r y gstuja`r fks kdstàoufks gspgoîcaoks qug glcrglt`l f`s nubgrgs gl gf o`npk jgf `oogsk ` fks sgrvaoaks nulaoap`fgs jg s`fuj y duso`r pksadfgs skfuoaklgs. @ooaÿl2 C`oafat`r f` `pfao`oaÿl, prkculjaz`oaÿl y jacusaÿl jgf Xf`l jg _`fuj Altger`f jg f` Nubgr, ` o`rek jg f` _gorgt`rî` jg _`fuj Xòdfao`. @ooaÿl2 Alokrpkr`r f` pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk gl fks n`tgra`fgs gjuo`tavks y jg jacusaÿl9 gl f`s o`np`ð`s jg prknkoaÿl jg f` s`fuj y jg prgvgloaÿl jg glcgrngj`jgs, qug sg anpufsgl gl f` oauj`j. @ooaÿl2 Tg`faz`r `ooaklgs okl gf pgrskl`f jg _`fuj Xòdfao` p`r` ngbkr`r f` o`faj`j jg `tgloaÿl ` f`s nubgrgs, gspgoa`fngltg okl erupks gl satu`oaklgs vuflgr`dfgs.

Kdbgtavk 7/4 ALO LOKT KTXK XKT@ T@TT F@ XG XGT_ T_XG XGOZA OZAS@ S@ JG EÁ EÁLG LGTK TK GL F@ CK CKTN@ TN@OA OAßL ßL Q XGTC XGTCGO GOOA OAKL KL@N @NAG AGLZ LZKK JG F@_ F@_/FK_ XTKCG_A XTKCG_AKL@ KL@FG_ FG_ JG F@ _@FWJ.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lavgf `fo`lz`jk @ftk »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (38%)

Xrkpaoa`r lugv`s `ooaklgs okl gf OGAN y f` N`gstrî` "Xkjgr y _koagj`j jgsjg f` Xrkdfgnàtao` jgf Eálgrk" j`j` f` gxpgragloa` `f m`dgr okf`dkr`jk okf`dkr`jk altger`ljk f` Oknasaÿl jg Eálgrk jg f` Tglkv`oaÿl Ourraouf`r jg f` O`rrgr` jg Ngjaoal` y p`rtaoap`ljk gl f`s t`rg`s jkogltgs okrrgspkljagltgs (OGAN) 

@ooaÿl2 Tg`faz`r ul` `npfa` o`np`ð` jg sglsadafaz`oaÿl gl eálgrk `f pgrskl`f y prkcgsakl`fgs qug tr`d`b`l gl sgrvaoaks jg s`fuj. @ooaÿl2 Gstanuf`r f` alokrpkr`oaÿl jg f` pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk gl f`s o`rrgr`s ulavgrsat`ra`s jgf o`npk jg f` s`fuj. @ooaÿl2 O`p`oat`r ` prkcgsakl`fgs jg f` s`fuj, gspgoa`fngltg nájaoks/`s ofîlaoks/`s y eglgr`fast`s gl fks gstgrgktapks jg f` n`soufalaj`j gl rgf`oaÿl ` f` sgxu`faj`j y f` `ergsavaj`j n`soufal` `l`faz`ljk c`otkrgs jg ragsek oknk f` jgskoup`oaÿl, gf `fokmkfasnk, gtoátgr`.

Kdbgtavk 7/? XTK TKXA XAOA OA@T @T F@ _@ _@FW FWJJ _G]W@ _G]W@FF Q TG TGXT XTKJ KJWO WOZA ZAS@ S@ Q @_ @_GEW GEWT@ T@TT GF @O @OOG OG_K _K @ _G _GTS TSAO AOAK AK__ ALZG ALZGET ET@F @FG_ G_, GCA GCAOAG OAGLZG LZG__ Q OKLCA OKLCAJGLOA@FG_,  Z@LZK GL FK_ MK_XAZ@FG_ OKNK GL FK_ OGLZTK_ JG _@FWJ NWLAOAX@FG_.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lavgf `fo`lz`jk @ftk »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (=8%) ?0

 

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@ooaÿl2 Tg`faz`r `otavaj`jgs jg o`p`oat`oaÿl y sglsadafaz`oaÿl ` cal jg `unglt`r gf oknprknask jg f`s pgrskl`s qug altger`l gf gquapk jg s`fuj alvkfuor`jks gl gf Xrker`n` jg Xrkorg`oaÿl Tgspkls`dfg. @ooaÿl2 Xrkculjaz`r f`s `ooaklgs jg prgvgloaÿl jg oàlogr n`n`rak y ealgokfÿeaok. @ooaÿl2 Xrkculjaz`r f`s `ooaklgs jgf Xrker`n` jg Xrkorg`oaÿl Tgspkls`dfg ngja`ltg t`ffgrgs okl f` oknulaj`j qug okltraduy`l `f oklkoanagltk y gnpkjgr`nagltk jg nubgrgs skdrg sus jgrgomks. @ooaÿl2 Alorgnglt`r ou`fat`tav` y ou`ltat`tav`ngltg f`s o`np`ð`s jg prgvgloaÿl jg SAM _aj` y ktr`s glcgrngj`jgs jg tr`lsnasaÿl sgxu`f jaraeaj`s ` f` pkdf`oaÿl eglgr`f y ` bÿvglgs y `jkfgsogltgs gl gspgoa`f, okkrjal`j`s pkr gf Xrker`n` Nulaoap`f jg _aj`. @ooaÿl2 Anpufs`r, ` tr`vás jgf Ogltrk jg f` Buvgltuj jg f` _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f, f` rg`faz`oaÿl jg _gnal`raks y bkrl`j`s skdrg s`fuj sgxu`f y rgprkjuotav` p`r` bÿvglgs y `jkfgsogltgs.

Kdbgtavk 7/: C@O @OAF AFAZ AZ@T @T @ F@_ F@_ NWB NWBGT GTG_ G_ JG ZKJK ZKJK__ FK FK__ ET ETWX WXK_ K_ GZ@TA GZ@TAK_ K_ GF @O @OOG OG_K _K @ FK FK__ _GT _GTSA SAOA OAK_ K_ JG _@ _@FW FWJJ NGL NGLZ@ Z@FF.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lavgf `fo`lz`jk Ngjak »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (:8%) @ooaÿl2 O`p`oat`r `f gquapk jg s`fuj nglt`f jg f` _gorgt`rî` jg _`fuj Xòdfao` gl fks gcgotks gspgoîcaoks qug `cgot`l f` s`fuj jg f`s nubgrgs, oknk oklsgougloa` jg fks n`lj`tks tr`jaoakl`fgs y gf gbgroaoak jg rkfgs gstgrgktap`jks. @ooaÿl2 Alokrpkr`r f` pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk gl tkjks fks gvgltks oagltîcaoks qug sg rg`faogl gl gf àrg` jg s`fuj nglt`f.

Kdbgtavk 7/7 NGB GBKT KT@T @T GF OK OKLK LKOA OANA NAGL GLZK ZK _K _KDTG DTG F@ _A _AZW ZW@O @OAß AßLL JG _@ _@FW FWJJ JG F@ F@__ NWB NWBGTG GTG__.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lavgf `fo`lz`jk Ngjak »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (:7%) @ooaÿl2 Gf`dkr`r ja`elÿstaoks skdrg glcgrngj`jgs qug `cgot`l ` nubgrgs jg tkj`s f`s gj`jgs `l`faz`ljk o`us`s, ngo`lasnks jg prgvgloaÿl, gtoátgr`. @ooaÿl2 Alokrpkr`r f` pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk gl f`s alvgstae`oaklgs, gvgltks, glougltrks oagltîcaoks, gto., qug sg rg`faogl gl gf àndatk fko`f. @ooaÿl2 Alokrpkr`r f` v`ra`dfg sgxk gl tkjks fks rgeastrks y gstujaks gst`jîstaoks qug sg rg`faogl gl gf àndatk nulaoap`f jg f` s`fuj.

@ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s Xkr f` Nulaoap`faj`j jg Tks`rak 

?4

Xrkculjaz`oaÿl jg f`s `ooaklgs jgf Xf`l jg _`fuj Altger`f jg f` Nubgr qug oknprgljg sgrvaoaks jg prkorg`oaÿl rgspkls`dfg, jgtgooaÿl y tr`t`nagltk jgf MAS, jgtgooaÿl y tr`t`nagltk

 

jgf oàlogr ealgokfÿeaok, gto. _go. jg _`fuj Xòdfao`.  Kre`laz`oaÿl jgf prker`n` jg o`p`oat`oaÿl gl Eálgrk2 "Oklstruygljk "Oklstruygljk Oauj`j`lî`", jgstal`jk ` c`vkrgogr gf tr`d`bk gl rgj jg fks gquapks jg f`s _gorgt`rî`s jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f y _`fuj Xòdfao`, kles y f` oknulaj`j. Fks tgn`s qug sg jgs`rrkff`rkl, gltrg ktrks cugrkl2 vakfgloa` c`nafa`r, n`tgrlaj`j y prkorg`oaÿl rgspkls`dfg, s`fuj nglt`f jg f`s nubgrgs, sgxu`faj`j. @rg` jg f` Nubgr, _go. _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f, _gorgt`rî` jg _`fuj  Xrker`n` Bkvgl Nubgr ul Nasnk Jgrgomk. Ogltrk jg f` Buvgltuj, @rg` jg f` Nubgr- _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f  Z`ffgrgs skdrg jgrgomks sgxu`fgs y rgprkjuotavks gl tkjks fks jastratks nulaoap`fgs okl nubgrgs y bÿvglgs. @rg` jg f` Nubgr- _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f  Z`ffgrgs skdrg jgrgomks sgxu`fgs y rgprkjuotavks okl fks bÿvglgs jg f` Gsougf` jg  B`rjalgrî`. Gsougf` jg B`rjalgrî`, _gorgt`rî` jg _grvaoaks Xòdfaoks y @rg` jg f` Nubgr, _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f.

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Xkr gf Oklogbk Nulaoap`f jg Tks`rak 

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Jgof`r`oaÿl jgf 47/08/80 jkljg skfaoat` ` f` Okrtg _uprgn` jg Bustaoa` jg _`lt` Cg rgskfvgr gf o`sk jg Fuoa`l` Nklzÿl. Jgof`r`oaÿl jgf 0:/8?/84 jkljg rgom`z` gf c`ffk jg f` Okrtg _uprgn` jg Bustaoa` skdrg `ltaoklogpoaÿl jg gngregloa`. Jgof`r`oaÿl jgf 4:/8:/8? jkljg rgom`z` gf c`ffk jg f` bustaoa` cgjgr`f jg Oÿrjkd` skdrg Xrker`n`s jg Xrkorg`oaÿl Tgspkls`dfg. Jgof`r`oaÿl jgf 47/81/8? jkljg skfaoat` `f Oklergsk L`oakl`f `prugdg rgeuf`oaÿl rgf`oakl`j` okl `lglogc`fa`. Jgorgtk 44.175 `prkd`jk gf 4/08/8? qug gloknaglj` `f XG rg`faz`r ul` alvgstae`oaÿl skdrg s`fuj sgxu`f y rgprkjuotav`. Jgof`r`oaÿl jgf ?8/81/8: jkljg skfaoat` ` f` fgeasf`tur` l`oakl`f gf tr`t`nagltk jg prkygotks qug nkjacao`l gf Oÿjaek Xgl`f jgspgl`faz`ljk f` altgrrupoaÿl jgf gnd`r`zk gl o`sks gspgoîcaoks. Jgorgtk 48.004 jgf 7/85/80 jkljg gloknaglj` gstujaks gpajgnakfÿeaoks fko`fgs skdrg usk jg psaokcàrn`oks gl nubgrgs. Jgof`r`oaÿl jgf 41/87/8? oklngnkr`ljk gf 4= jg N`yk, Jî` Altgrl`oakl`f pkr f` _`fuj jg f`s Nubgrgs.

Xkr f`s kre`laz`oaklgs2 AL_EGL@T  Alckrng skdrg n`fks tr`tks gl sgrvaoaks jg s`fuj  O`np`ð` pkr gf Jgrgomk `f `dkrtk @[email protected]. " O`s` jg Fuxgndurek"  Zr`d`bk gl rgj okl F@FOGO, @NLQX " Tks`rak", Ogltrk jg _`fuj N`r`jkl`, gl prgvgloaÿl jg glcgrngj`jgs gl nubgrgs.  Z`ffgrgs okl n`jrgs skdrg n`tgrlaj`j, s`fuj jg f` c`nafa` y `fanglt`oaÿl r`oakl`f y goklÿnao`.  Oklsuftkrak jglt`f.  D`lok jg gfgngltks krtkpájaoks. Ogltrk Oknulat`rak " @faoa` Nkrg`u"  Z`ffgrgs okl Bÿvglgs skdrg _`fuj sgxu`f y rgprkjuotav` y prgvgloaÿl jg gnd`r`zks. 

Z`ffgrgs skdrg sgeuraj`j `fanglt`ra`. Aljgsk Nubgr  Nklatkrgk skoa`f gl jgrgomks sgxu`fgs y rgprkjuotavks gl f` prkvaloa` jg _`lt` Cg. ??

 

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?:

@skoa`oaÿl Orasta`l` Cgnglal` jg Tks`rak  Om`rf` Z`ffgr " Oknulao`oaÿl y _`fuj". @NLQX Tks`rak  Oklcgrgloa` " _`fuj jg f` Nubgr"  Gstr`tgea`s p`r` ul ngbkr ouaj`jk jg f` s`fuj. Gngregloa`s gl gf mke`r.  Jacusaÿl jg ckffgtks skdrg tgn`s v`raks jg s`fuj.

 

3

3 Wrd`lasnk2 Màdat`t, Savaglj`, _grvaoaks Kdbgtavk 3/0 XTK TKNK NKSG SGTT GF @O @OOG OG_K _K @ F@ SA SASA SAGL GLJ@ J@ X@ X@T@ T@ F@ F@__ WLAJ WLAJ@J @JG_ G_ C@NA C@NAFA FA@T @TG_ G_ BG BGC@ C@ZW ZWTA TAR@ R@J@ J@__ XKT XKT

FLavgf kerk`fo`lz`jk s gl gstg K@ftk dbgtavk

NWBG NWBGTG TG__.

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

»Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (58%) @ooaÿl2 E`r`ltaz`r ul oupk nîlank jg vavaglj`s p`r` nubgrgs bgc`s jg mke`r gl tkjks fks pf`lgs m`dat`oakl`fgs jgs`rrkff`jks jgsjg gf _grvaoak Xòdfaok jg f` Savaglj`. @ooaÿl2 Gl fks o`sks jg vavaglj`s ktkre`j`s ` tr`vás jg f` Nulaoap`faj`j, ` c`nafa`s d`s`j`s gl ulaklgs jg mgomk, sg gst`dfgogrà f` kdfae`oaÿl jg qug gf jknalak jg f` prkpagj`j `p`rgzo` ` lkndrg jgf v`rÿl y f` nubgr. Gl fks o`sks qug f` nubgr sg` nglkr jg gj`j, sg egstakl`rà su gn`loap`oaÿl, ` fks gcgotks qug pugj` oknp`rtar f` tatuf`raj`j jg f` vavaglj`. @ooaÿl2 Alokrpkr`r gst`jîstao`s jgs`erge`j`s pkr sgxk gl f` alckrn`oaÿl rgcgraj` ` erupks jgn`lj`ltgs jg vavaglj`s y gl gf `làfasas jgf jácaoat m`dat`oakl`f. @ooaÿl2 Alogltav`r gf ktkre`nagltk jg orájatks p`r` vavaglj` qug okltgnpfgl f`s gspgoa`fgs okljaoaklgs jg tr`d`bk y jg alergsk jg f`s nubgrgs.

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Kdbgtavk 3/4 OKLZT KLZTAD ADWA WATT @F XT XTKZ KZ@E @EKL KLA_ A_NK NK JG F@ F@__ NWBG NWBGTG TG__ GL GF OW OWAJ AJ@J @JKK JGF JGF NGJA NGJAKK @N @NDA DAGL GLZG ZG.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Gso`s` sglsadafaz`oaÿl jg eálgrk gl fks Lavgf `fo`lz`jk Ngjak »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk gquapks táolaoks rgf`oakl`jks okl gst` àrg` @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (:7%) jg altgrvgloaÿl. Jacaouft`j jg alst`f`r f` pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk gl f`s àrg`s jg urd`lasnk, n`soufalaz`j`s

@ooaÿl2 Alogltav`r gstujaks `ogro` jgf anp`otk jacgrgloa`f jg f` oklt`nal`oaÿl `ndaglt`f gl v`rklgs, nubgrgs y laðks/`s. @ooaÿl2 Jasgð`r pkfîtao`s `ndaglt`fgs y prker`n`s jg gjuo`oaÿl qug `dkrjgl fks gcgotks gspgoîcaoks skdrg nubgrgs jg f` jger`j`oaÿl `ndaglt`f. @ooaÿl2 Sasadafaz`r f`s alaoa`tav`s oknulat`ra`s rg`faz`j`s pkr erupks jg nubgrgs gl fanpagz fanpagz`` `ndaglt`f y jaspksaoaÿl jg jgsgomks jknástaoks, oknk of`sacao`oaÿl gl kreàlaoks g alkreàlaoks, p`r` cknglt`r lugvks oknpkrt`nagltks, gl rgf`oaÿl ` fks rgsajuks, gl f` pkdf`oaÿl gl eglgr`f.

Kdbgtavk 3/? OKLZT KLZTAD ADWA WATT @ F@ EGL EGLGT GT@O @OAß AßLL JG XT XTKX KXWG WG_Z@ _Z@__ PWG PWG C@ C@OA OAFA FAZGL ZGL F@ @XTK @XTKXA XA@O @OAß AßLL JGF G_ G_X@ X@OA OAKK WT WTD@ D@LK LK XKT XKT X@TZG X@TZG JG F@_ F@_ NWBGTG_.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

 Pug f`s nubgrgs tgle`l gf jgrgomk jg Lavgf `fo`lz`jk Ngjak »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk jasgð`r fks pf`lks jg su vavaglj` `okrjg okl @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (:8%) sus lgogsaj`jgs (WN@)

@ooaÿl2 Eglgr`r prkpugst`s qug e`r`ltaogl f` sgeuraj`j jg f`s nubgrgs gl gf usk jgf gsp`oak pòdfaok alokrpkr`ljk f` pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk gl gf jasgðk, n`ltglanagltk y `jgou`oaÿl jg fks jacgrgltgs fue`rgs. @ooaÿl2 Anpufs`r oknk oratgrak qug tkjk oklbultk m`dat`oakl`f, prav`jk k jg altgrás skoa`f, ?7

 

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tgle` oudagrtk fks sgrvaoaks jg alcr`gstruotur` (tr`lspkrtg, rgjgs jg e`s, gto.) y jg gquap`nagltk oknulat`rak (ogltrks `sastgloa`fgs, eu`rjgrî`s, gsp`oaks jg rgorg`oaÿl, fko`fgs okngroa`fgs, gto.). @ooaÿl2 @pky`r g alogltav`r fks gstujaks g alvgstae`oaklgs jg jasgðk urd`lk, gjacaoaks pòdfaoks y jg vavaglj` qug alokrpkrgl f` pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk. @ooaÿl2 _glsadafaz`r ` gstuja`ltgs y prkcgsakl`fgs jaculjagljk fks rgsuft`jks y `v`logs gl n`tgra` jg jasgðk urd`lk y eálgrk. @ooaÿl2 Anpufs`r prkygotks nkjgfk jg jasgðk jgltrk jgf àndatk urd`lk okl pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk.

@ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s Xkr f` Nulaoap`faj`j jg Tks`rak 

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"Eálgrk y Màdat`t", sg rg`fazÿ ul t`ffgr okl gf pgrskl`f jgf _grvaoak Xòdfaok jg f` Savaglj` okl gf kdbgtavk jg sglsadafaz`r gl rgf`oaÿl `f eálgrk ` quaglgs p`rtaoap`l culj`nglt`fngltg, gl gf Xrkygotk Tks`rak Màdat`t. _grvaoak Xòdfaok jg f` Savaglj`, Àrg` jg f` Nubgr, _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Gl fks òftanks ngsgs jgf `ðk 4884, sg `rtaoufÿ gl ckrn` oklbult` okl OA_O_@- Tgj Nubgr y Màdat`t F`talk`ngrao`l`, f` anpfgnglt`oaÿl jg ul` glougst` skdrg Aljao`jkrgs Wrd`lks jg Eálgrk, okl gf kdbgtavk jg oklkogr f` kpalaÿl jg f`s pgrskl`s qug vavgl gl Tks`rak rgspgotk jgf usk jg fks gsp`oaks pòdfaoks jg f` oauj`j. @rg` jg f` Nubgr, _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Oursks jg Ckrn`oaÿl gl "@tgloaÿl gl vakfgloa` m`oa` f` nubgr" jaraeajk ` f` Eu`rja` Wrd`l` Nulaoap`f - Àrg` jg f` Nubgr, _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f, Eu`rja` Wrd`l` Nulaoap`f, _go. jg Ekdagrlk. Gl okltaluaj`j okl fk `ltgrakrngltg jgs`rrkff`jk sg ffgvk `jgf`ltg okl OA_O@ gf Xrker`n` " Oauj`jgs sal vakfgloa` p`r` f` Nubgrgs. Oauj`jgs sgeur`s p`r` tkjks". Àrg` jg f` Nubgr. _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f. Z`ffgrgs okl f`s Nubgrgs XX`rtaoap`ltgs `rtaoap`ltgs jgf Xrker`n` Tks`rak Màdat`t gl gf Jastratk Jastratk Kgstg. _grvaoak Xòdfaok jg f` Savaglj` _g gst`dfgoaÿ f` kdfae`oaÿl jgf jknalak oknp`rtajk jg prkpagj`j gl f`s ulaklgs jg mgomk p`r` `jbujao`r f`s o`s`s jgf _grvaoak Xòdfaok jg f` Savaglj` Gs anpkrt`ltg jgst`o`r qug jgsjg gf Oklogbk Nulaoap`f sg jaculjagrkl lkndrgs jg nubgrgs jg f` mastkra` fko`f gl pf`z`s, o`ffgs y fue`rgs pòdfaoks. Mklkr`dfg Oklogbk Nulaoap`f

Xkr f`s Kre`laz`oaklgs _koa`fgs Oknasaÿl jg Nubgrgs @rquatgot`s - O`j4  Alvgstae`oaÿl skdrg gf gsp`oak pòdfaok gl Tks`rak jgsjg ul` pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk  Alvgstae`oaÿl y vajgk "M`ogjkr`s jg f` Oauj`j" jkljg sg vasadafaz`l f`s alaoa`tav`s jg nubgrgs gl d`rraks o`rgloa`jks  X`rtaoap`oaÿl gl gf Xrker`n` "Oauj`jgs sal vakfgloa` p`r` f`s nubgrgs, oauj`jgs sgeur`s p`r` tkjks" AL_EGL@T  Okloursk jg ngjak `ndagltg y JJMM qug okltaglg pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk rg`faz`jk pkr gf prkygotk "Tks`rak, oauj`j jg JJMM"

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5 Sakfgloa` C`nafa`r Kdbgtavk 5/0 OKLZT KLZTAD ADWA WATT @ F@ GT GTT@ T@JA JAO@ O@OA OAßL ßL Q XTGS XTGSGL GLOA OAßL ßL JG F@ SA SAKF KFGL GLOA OA@@ C@NA C@NAFA FA@T @T. X TKZG TKZGEG EGTT Q @_ @_G_ G_KT KT@T @T @ F@_ F@_ NW NWBG BGTG TG__ Q 

Fkerks/gl gstg Kdbgt.avk LAÐ@_ K_ PW PWGG F@ _W _WCT CTGL GL

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

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Lavgf `fo`lz`jk @ftk »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (088%) @ooaÿl2 @npfa`r y jgsogltr`faz`r fks sgrvaoaks nulaoap`fgs jg `sgskr`nagltk skoa`f, psaokfÿeaok y burîjaok ` nubgrgs y lað`s/ks vîotan`s jg vakfgloa`. @ooaÿl2 Ckrt`fgogr f` Tgj _koa`f Alstatuoakl`f Oknulat`ra` Eudgrl`nglt`f y Lk Eudgrl`nglt`f jg Xrgvgloaÿl jg f` Sakfgloa` C`nafa`r kcrgoagljk o`p`oat`oaÿl, gsp`oaks jg glougltrk, alckrn`oaÿl, gto. @ooaÿl2 Okltraduar ` f` org`oaÿl jg lugvks sgrvaoaks qug draljgl `fdgreug y prktgooaÿl ` nubgrgs vîotan`s jg vakfgloa`.

Kdbgtavk 5/4 C@O @OAF AFAZ AZ@T @T GF @O @OOG OG_K _K @ F@ BW BW_Z _ZAO AOA@ A@ JG F@ F@__ NWBG NWBGTG TG__ PW PWGG _W _WCT CTGL GL SAKF SAKFGL GLOA OA@@ XKT XKT T@ T@RK RKLG LG__ JG EÁ EÁLG LGTK TK.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lavgf `fo`lz`jk @ftk »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (=8%) @ooaÿl2 Tg`faz`r f`s oklgxaklgs g altgrfkouoaklgs qug sg`l lgogs`ra`s okl fks ÿre`lks jg bustaoa`, p`r` fker`r ul ngbkr `oogsk jg nubgrgs y lað`s/ks qug sucrgl vakfgloa` ` f` bustaoa` y f` rgp`r`oaÿl jg sus jgrgomks. @ooaÿl2 Tg`faz`r bkrl`j`s oklbult`s jg o`p`oat`oaÿl y jgd`tg okl culoakl`ra`s/ks jgf pkjgr  bujaoa`f y prkcgsakl`fgs qug tr`d`b`l gl gf gf àndatk jg f` bustaoa` (tr`d`b`jkrgs/`s skoa`fgs, skoa`fgs, psaoÿfke`s/ks, nájaoks/`s ckrglogs, gto.), okl pgrskl`f jg f` pkfaoî` prkvaloa`f, okl jgoaskrgs/`s pkfîtaoks prkvaloa`fgs y nulaoap`fgs y kre`laz`oaklgs lk eudgrl`nglt`fgs alvkfuor`j`s gl f` tgnàtao`. @ooaÿl2 Zr`d`b`r f` rgef`nglt`oaÿl rgef`nglt`oaÿl jg f` Fgy L² 00.741 jg Sakfgloa` C`nafa`r jg f` Xr Xrkvaloa` kvaloa` jg _`lt` Cg.

Kdbgtavk 5/? ALO LOTG TGNGL NGLZ@ Z@TT GL GLZTG ZTG NWB NWBGT GTG_ G_ Q LAÐ@ LAÐ@__ F@ @XTK @XTKXA XA@O @OAß AßLL JG _W JGTG JGTGOM OMKK @ SASA SASATT WL@ WL@ SAJ@ SAJ@ _A _ALL SAKF SAKFGL GLOA OA@@.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lavgf `fo`lz`jk @ftk »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (38%) @ooaÿl2 Jgs`rrkff`r `ooaklgs jg o`p`oat`oaÿl y jacusaÿl jg jgrgomks, ` tr`vás jg fks Ogltrks Orgogr, Ogltrk jg Xrktgooaÿl ` f` Alc`loa`, kre`lasnks gjuo`tavks jgpgljagltgs jg f` Jargooaÿl jg Gjuo`oaÿl, Ogltrk jg f` Buvgltuj, Ogltrks jg _`fuj, Xrkygotk Xrkygotk Oauj`j jg fks Laðks, Er`lb` jg f` Alc`loa`, Oklsgbk @sgskr jgf Àrg` jg f` Nubgr. @ooaÿl2 Jaculjar lkrn`s jg prgvgloaÿl y grr`jao`oaÿl jg f` vakfgloa` gl `otavaj`jgs oknk "Jî` jgf Bugek y f` Oklvavgloa`" y sanaf`rgs. @ooaÿl2 Okkrjal`r `ooaklgs okl fks kre`lasnks pgrtalgltgs p`r` altrkjuoar o`p`oat`oaÿl y jacu?5

 

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saÿl gl f`s gsougf`s skdrg f` prkdfgnàtao` jg f` vakfgloa` c`nafa`r.

Kdbgtavk 5/: O@X@ @X@OAZ OAZ@T @T @ JKO JKOGLZ GLZG_ G_, XT XTKC KCG_A G_AKL KL@F @FG_ G_ JG F@ _@ _@FW FWJJ Q KZT@ KZT@__/K_ CWLOA CWLOAKL@TA KL@TA@_ @_/K_ GL F@ JGZG JGZGOO OOAß AßLL, JGL JGLWLO WLOA@ A@ Q  _GEW _GEWAN ANAG AGLZ LZKK JG FK_ FK_ O@ O@_K _K__ JG SA SAKF KFGL GLOA OA@@ JG FK FK__ PWG PWG ZGLE ZGLE@L @L OK OKLK LKOA OANA NAGL GLZK ZK.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lavgf `fo`lz`jk Ngjak »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (:7%) @ooaÿl2 Anpufs`r f` org`oaÿl jg ul erupk jg tr`d`bk altgrjasoapfal`rak p`r` gf`dkr`r ul Xrktkokfk skdrg `tgloaÿl jg o`sks jg n`ftr`tk y `ergsaklgs sgxu`fgs. @ooaÿl2 Dralj`r `sgskr`nagltk y o`p`oat`oaÿl pgrn`lgltg ` culoakl`ra`s/ks y gnpfg`jks/`s nulaoap`fgs, gl gspgoa`f ` `qugffks/`s qug taglgl oklt`otk jargotk okl f` pkdf`oaÿl.

Kdbgtavk 5/7 ALO LOKT KTXK XKT@ T@TT F@ XGT XGT_XG _XGOZ OZAS AS@@ JG EÁLGT EÁLGTKK GL F@ CK CKTN TN@O @OAß AßLL Q XG XGTC TCGO GOOA OAKL KL@N @NAG AGLZ LZKK JG F@_ F@_/FK_ XTKCG_A XTKCG_AKL@ KL@FG_ FG_ JGF JGTGOMK.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lavgf `fo`lz`jk Ngjak »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (:8%) @ooaÿl2 Gstanuf`r f` alokrpkr`oaÿl jg f` pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk gl f` o`rrgr` jg Jgrgomk, y gl p`rtaouf`r gf gstujak jg f` Fgy jg Sakfgloa` C`nafa`r L² 00.741 jg f` Xrkvaloa` jg _`lt` Cg. @ooaÿl2 Tg`faz`r oklvglaks okl gf Okfgeak jg @dke`jks p`r` dralj`r o`p`oat`oaÿl gspgoîcao` gl vakfgloa` c`nafa`r.

@ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s Xkr f` Nulaoap`faj`j jg Tks`rak Gl gstg gbg sg tr`d`bk culj`nglt`fngltg skdrg fks saeuagltgs kdbgtavks jgsjg gf Xrker`n` jg Xrgvgloaÿl y @tgloaÿl gl Sakfgloa` C`nafa`r, @rg` jg f` Nubgr- _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f.  Ngbkr`r f` o`faj`j jg fks sgrvaoaks.  @npfa`r fks gsp`oaks jg `tgloaÿl.  _g `npfa`rkl y jgsogltr`faz`rkl fks sgrvaoaks jg `sgskr`nagltk y okltgloaÿl psaok-skoak burajaok, `dragljk kcaoal`s jgf Àrg` jg f` Nubgr gl fks jastratks nulaoap`fgs, jgstal`j`s ` nubgrgs y laðk/`s. _g tr`d`b` gl f` prgvgloaÿl jg f` vakfgloa` c`nafa`r, rg`faz`ljk t`ffgrgs okl tkj`s f`s kre`laz`oaklgs d`rra`fgs y `sgskr`ljk ` `qugff`s nubgrgs y lað`s/ks qug f` p`jgogl.  Ngbkr`nagltk y rgoupgr`oaÿl jg gsp`oaks gl gf Mke`r "@faoa` Nkrg`u jg Bustk". Gf nasnk gst` jgstal`jk ` `fdgre`r ` nubgrgs y laðks/`s qug sucrgl vakfgloa` c`nafa`r. _g `npfaÿ y rgc`ooaklÿ p`r` gf tr`d`bk okl fks laðks/`s y p`r` fks t`ffgrgs okl nubgrgs `fdgre`j`s, gx `fdgre`j`s y nubgrgs jg f` zkl`. Gl gf nasnk fue`r sg orgÿ gl ul` mugrt` kreàlao` y ul t`ffgr jg rgoaof`jk jg rkp`.  @pgrtur` y pugst` gl culoakl`nagltk jg O`s` @nae`. Ogsaÿl jg prkpagj`j y `okljaoakl`nagltk _grvaoak Xòdfaok jg f` Savaglj`- @rg` jg f` Nubgr, _go. jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f.  O`p`oat`oaÿl ` Xrkcgsakl`fgs gl Sakfgloa` C`nafa`r.  _g jgs`rrkff`rkl `otavaj`jgs jg sglsadafaz`oaÿl y okloagltaz`oaÿl skdrg f` prkdfgnàtao` gl f` oknulaj`j. ?=

 

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O`np`ð`s jg sglsadafaz`oaÿl okltr` gf n`ftr`tk y `dusk alc`ltaf. Àrg` jg f` Laðgz, _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f. @sastgloa` jaraeaj` ` n`ftr`tk y `dusk alc`ltaf. Àrg` jg f` Laðgz, _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f.

Xkr gf Oklogbk Nulaoap`f jg Tks`rak 

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Krjgl`lz` 5.7=7 `prkd`j` gf 4/08/8? org` gf "_grvaoak " _grvaoak nulaoap`f jg `tgloaÿl ` vîotan`s jg vakfgloa` sgxu`f".

Xkr f`s Kre`laz`oaklgs _koa`fgs Tgj Alckrn`tav` jg Nubgrgs jg f` @regltal` ( TAN@)  Org`oaÿl y p`rtaoap`oaÿl gl gf t`ffgr skdrg vakfgloa` gltrg fgsda`l`s, okl nubgrgs fgsda`l`s y `otavast`s jg f` oauj`j y f` rgeaÿl sur jg f` prkvaloa` jg _`lt` cg. Wlaÿl jg Nubgrgs jg f` @regltal`  @otavaj`jgs jg prgvgloaÿl gl oklbultk okl ktr`s alstatuoaklgs. O`np`ð`s skdrg fks jgrgomks jg f`s nubgrgs  Jacusaÿl jg alckrn`oaÿl  Jgluloa`s skdrg `oksk sgxu`f y vakfgloa` c`nafa`r AL_EGL@T  Z`ffgrgs jg o`p`oat`oaÿl p`r` culoakl`ra`s/`s pkfaoa`fgs. Ogltrk _koa`f " @faoa` Nkrg`u"   Bkrl`j`s jg o`p`oat`oaÿl y sglsadafaz`oaÿl gl prgvgloaÿl jg f` vakfgloa` okltr` f` nubgr.  Skf`ltg`j` pkr gf d`rrak pkr f` Lk Sakfgloa`  X`rtaoap`oaÿl gl f` oklstruooaÿl jg f` Tgj Jastrat`f. Aljgsk Nubgr  O`np`ð`s jg Xrgvgloaÿl jg f` vakfgloa` okltr` f`s nubgrgs. @ðks 4880, 4884. @caomgs o`ffg bgrks, oklsael`s2 Lk pgrnat`s qug tg n`ftr`tgl, Fks jgrgomks mun`lks oknaglz`l pkr o`s`. Lk, ou`ljk ul` nubgr jaog lk gs lk. D`st` jg vakfgloa`! D`st` jg vakf`oaklgs! @skoa`oaÿl Orasta`l` Cgnglal` jg Tks`rak  Jî` jg f` LK Sakfgloa` Okltr` f` Nubgr. Om`rf` Z`ffgr " Sakfgloa` okltr` f` Nubgr"  Om`rf` Z`ffgr " Wl` nar`j` psaok - gs gsparatu`f paratu`f jg f` vakfgloa`". OGJGAC@N  _geuanagltks pkr gf gquapk prkcgsakl`f jg nubgrgs y/k lað`s.  Tg`faz`oaÿl jg oursks jg ckrn`oaÿl y o`p`oat`oaÿl p`r` f` prgvgloaÿl jg f` vakfgloa`.

?1

 

= Tgp`rtk jg Tgspkls`dafaj`jgs C`nafa`rgs Kdbgtavk =/0  SA_A A_ADAF DAFAR@ AR@TT F@ ZTAXFG ZTAXFG BKTL@J BKTL@J@@ F@D F@DKT@ KT@FF JG F@ F@__ NWB NWBGTG_ GTG_ Q _W_ OKL_GO OKL_GOWGL WGLOA@ OA@__ LGE LGE@ZA @ZAS@_ S@_.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

 C`ft` jg rgoursks p`r` skstglgr gst`s Lavgf `fo`lz`jk D`bk »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk `otavaj`jgs @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (?8%) Lk alokrpkr`j`s oknk tgn` gl `eglj`s gst`t`fgs

@ooaÿl2 Tg`faz`r gstujaks gst`jîstaoks qug jgl ouglt` jg f`s mkr`s alvgrtaj`s gl gf tr`d`bk jknástaok, gxtr`jknástaok y oknulat`rak pkr f`s nubgrgs y jaculjarfks `npfa`ngltg.

=

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Kdbgtavk =/4 OKLOA KLOAGL GLZA ZAR@ R@TT @ F@ _K _KOA OAGJ GJ@J @J TK TK_@ _@TA TAL@ L@ _K _KDTG DTG F@ LGOG LGOG_A _AJ@ J@JJ JG OKNX OKNX@T @TZA ZATT TG TG_X _XKL KL_@ _@DA DAFA FAJ@ J@JG JG__ GL GF ZT ZT@D @D@B @BKK JGF JGF MKE@ MKE@TT Q F@ OTA@ OTA@LR LR@@ JG MA MABK BK__ G MA MAB@ B@__.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lavgf `fo`lz`jk D`bk



C`ft` jg rgoursks p`r` skstglgr `otavaj`-

»Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s(?8%) KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk jgs gl ckrn` sastgnàtao` @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s @ooaÿl2 Anpufs`r o`np`ð`s jg sglsadafaz`oaÿl, gl gspgoa`f gspgoa`f jaraeaj` ` fks v`rklgs, skdrg f` okrrgspkls`dafaj`j gltrg v`rklgs y nubgrgs gl f`s t`rg`s jknástao`s y f`s rgspkls`dafaj`jgs jg ora`lz` jg fks/`s mabks/`s. @ooaÿl2 @pky`r gstujaks y tr`d`bks qug `yujgl ` janglsakl`r gf v`fkr jgf tr`d`bk jknástaok y rgprkjuotavk gl tárnalks goklÿnaoks y skoa`fgs y vasadafaz`r gf nasnk `ltg f` kpalaÿl pòdfao`. Kdbgtavk =/? C@SKTGOG @SKTGOGTT GF JG_ JG_@TT @TTKFF KFFKK JG TGF TGF@OA @OAKLG KLG__ SAL SALOWF OWF@TG @TG__ _KF _KFAJ@ AJ@TA@ TA@__ GLZT GLZTGG NWB NWBGTG_ GTG_ Q S@TKLG S@TKLG__.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lavgf `fo`lz`jk Ngjak »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (78%) @ooaÿl2 Org`r gsp`oaks jg rgcfgxaÿl y jasousaÿl gltrg f`s y fks bÿvglgs ` cal jg rgvas`r gstgrgktapks y n`lj`tks c`nafa`rgs. Kdbgtavk =/: FGEAZAN@ GEAZAN@TT _KOA@F _KOA@FNGL NGLZG ZG WL LWGSK LWGSK X@T@JA X@T@JAEN@ EN@ N@_OWF N@_OWFALK ALK.

Fkerks gl gstg Kdbgtavk

Xrkdfgn`s/ _uegrgloa`s

Lavgf `fo`lz`jk Ngjak »Mudk `pkrtgs jg f`s KLEs `f kdbgtavk; _a/Lk @ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s (:8%) @ooaÿl2 Jaculjar ` tr`vás jg jastalt`s ckrn`s jg oknulao`oaÿl fks lugvks rkfgs y rgspkls`dafaj`jgs n`soufal`s.

@ooaklgs rg`faz`j`s Xkr f` Nulaoap`faj`j jg Tks`rak 

Ngls`bgs skoa`fgs prkdfgn`taz`ljk f` jasousaÿl skdrg fks rkfgs tr`jaoakl`fgs cgnglalks y :0

 

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:4



n`soufalks. Àrg` jg f` Nubgr, _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Z`ffgrgs naxtks prkdfgn`taz`ljk f` alsgroaÿl aeu`fat`ra` jg v`rklgs y nubgrgs gl fks gsp`oaks skoakoknulat`raks. Xrker`n` jg @eraouftur` Wrd`l`, _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f.

Xkr gf Oklogbk Nulaoap`f jg Tks`rak 

Tgskfuoaÿl `prkd`j` gf :/8?/8: qug jaspklg f` fgotur` jg fks `rtîoufks jg f` Oklvgloaÿl skdrg f` Gfanal`oaÿl jg tkj`s f`s ckrn`s jg Jasoranal`oaÿl okltr` f` Nubgr -OGJ@U- gl o`j` sgsaÿl krjal`ra` jgf Oklogbk Nulaoap`f.

 

TG_WFZ@JK_ X@TOA@FG_ Kdbgtavks

@ooaklgs Tg`faz`j`s 0 OKNWLAO@OAßL Q JACW_AßL

Fkerks

0/0 0/4 0/?

58% 78 % :8%

@ftk Ngjak Ngjak

Xrkngjak

7?.??%

Ngjak (+)

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4 GJWO@OAßL OWFZWT@ Q TGOTG@OAßL Gjuo`oaÿl 4/0-` 4/0-d 4/0-o 4/0-j

8 :8% :7% 088%

Lufk Ngjak Ngjak @ftk

Xrkngjak Gjuo`oaÿl

:3.?7%

Ngjak (-)

4/4-` 4/4-d 4/4-o 4/4-j

78% 38% 78% 78%

Ngjak @ftk Ngjak Ngjak

Xrkngjak Ouftur`

74.78%

Ngjak

4/?

18%

@ftk

Xrkngjak Tgorg`oaÿl

18%

@ftk

Xrkngjak

3=.83%

@ftk

?/0 ?/4 ?/? ?/: ?/7 ?/3

? ZT@D@BK, CKTN@OAßL38KOWX@OAKL@F Q GNXFGK % 78% 38% :1% 58% 37%

@ftk Ngjak @ftk Ngjak @ftk @ftk

Xrkngjak

71%

Ngjak (+)

Ouftur`

Tgorg`oaÿl

: X@TZAOAX@OAßL GL GF ÀNDAZK XÒDFAOK :/0 :/4 :/? :/:

38% 78% :8% 78%

@ftk Ngjak Ngjak Ngjak

Xrkngjak

78%

Ngjak

:?

 

 K   d     b     g  t   a    v   k  , @   o   o   k a    l  g  s   T   g  ` f    a    z   `  j    `  s    y  F    k   e r   k  s 

Kdbgtavks

@ooaklgs Tg`faz`j`s 7 _@FWJ

Fkerks

7/0

=8%

@ftk

7/4? 7/: 7/7

3=8% :8% :7%

@ftk Ngjak Ngjak

Xrkngjak

30%

Ngjak (+)

3 WTD@LA_NK, M@DAZ@Z, SASAGLJ@, _GTSAOAK_ 3/0 3/4 3/?

58% :7% :8%

@ftk Ngjak (-) Ngjak (-)

Xrkngjak

:3.33%

Ngjak

5 SAKFGLOA@ C@NAFA@T 5/0 5/4 5/? 5/: 5/7

088% =8% 38% 78% :7%

@ftk @ftk @ftk Ngjak Ngjak

Xrkngjak

35%

Ngjak (+)

= TGX@TZK JG TG_XKL_@DAFAJ@JG_ C@NAFA@TG_ =/0 =/4 =/? =/:

?8% ?8% 78% :8%

D`bk D`bk Ngjak Ngjak

Xrkngjak

?5.78%

D`bk

TG_WFZ@JK_ JGCALAZASK_ Gbg Zgnàtaok OKNWLAO@OAßL Q JACW_AßL GJWO@OAßL, OWFZWT@ Q TGOTG@OAßL  ZT@D@BK, CKTN@OAßL KOWX@OAKL@F Q GNXFGK X@TZAOAX@OAßL GL GF ÀNDAZK XÒDFAOK _@FWJ WTD@LA_NK, M@DAZ@Z, SASAGLJ@ Q _GTSAOAK_  SAKFGLOA@ C@NAFA@T TGX@TZK JG TG_XKL_@DAFAJ@JG_ C@NAFA@TG_

 Zkt`fgs

::

Xrkngjak 7?.??% :3.?7% 71% 78% 30% :3.33% 35% ?5.78%

Xrkngjak gl Fkerks Ngjak + Ngjak Ngjak Ngjak Ngjak Ngjak Ngjak + D`bk

74.38

Ngjak

 

Oklofusaklgs @l`faz`ljk f`s pkfîtao`s pòdfao`s nulaoap`fgs y fks prker`n`s rg`faz`jks gl ounpfanagltk jg fk prkpugstk pkr gf Xf`l jg Aeu`fj`j, pkjgnks `rrad`r ` oklofusaklgs y gsogl`raks pkr jgnàs jg

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c`vkr`dfgs, tkn`nks gl ouglt` qug jaomk XAK gs f` prangr` gxpgragloa` qug m` tr`lsat`jk gf ekdagrlk y f`saoauj`j jg Tks`rak. F` gbgouoaÿl jgf Xf`l prgsglt` ul prkngjak prkngjak jgf 78% jg f`s `ooaklgs ounpfaj`s pkr p`rtg jg f` egstaÿl fko`f y sg oklsajgr` ul` oacr` altgrgs`ltg ` f` mkr` jg gv`fu`r sa f`s pkfîtao`s nulaoap`fgs skl sglsadfgs `f eálgrk. Wlk jg fks `spgotks qug rgsuft`l jg fks prkogsks gv`fu`tkraks gs gf `làfasas skdrg gf lavgf jg aloajgloa` jg f` pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk gl f`s pkfîtao`s nulaoap`fgs, qug pugjg alcgrarsg jg fks pkroglt`bgs `rrkb`jks pkr o`j` ulk jg fks = gbgs tgnàtaoks okltglajks gl gf XAK. Gl ul` prangr` `prkxan`oaÿl, kdsgrv`nks qug gf o`sk jg Tks`rak, lk jast` jg ktr`s gxpgragloa`s nulaoap`fgs jkljg f` vasadafaj`j jg f`s `ooaklgs gquat`tav`s okdr`l ul cugrtg anpufsk gl f`s pkfîtao`s jg s`fuj (s`fuj sgxu`f y rgprkjuotav`) y vakfgloa` c`nafa`r, `nd`s tgnàtao`s okl ul pkroglt`bg n`ykr `f 38%. Gstg j`tk lk gs nglkr, y rgspkljg oknk o`b` jg rgskl`loa` ` fks tgn`s qug quazà n`ykr nkvafaz`oaÿl prkvko` gl gf okfgotavk jg nubgrgs, y jkljg f` sglsadafaz`oaÿl y f` jgsaeu`fj`j skoa`f sg kdsgrv`l n`lacagst`ngltg gl f` vakfgloa` okltr` f` nubgr y f` c`ft` jg pksadafaj`j jg `oogjgr ` sgrvaoaks er`tuatks g altger`fgs qug e`r`ltaogl f` jgoasaÿl y gf ouaj`jk jgf prkpak ougrpk. Gstks prker`n`s, qug sg cko`faz`l gl f`s nubgrgs, cugrkl paklgrks gl altger`r p`uf`tal`ngltg f` pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk. Ktr` oklofusaÿl qug o`dg rgso`t`r gs gf lavgf gfgv`jk jg ounpfanagltk qug `rrkb` gf gbg rgf`oakl`jk okl f` eglgr`oaÿl jg alergsks p`r` f`s nubgrgs, f` ckrn`oaÿl koup`oakl`f y gf gnpfgk ( 71%), _al juj`, tkj` pkfîtao` jg gnpkjgr`nagltk jg f`s nubgrgs, p`s` aljgcgotadfgngltg pkr f` alsgroaÿl jg f`s nubgrgs gl gf gsp`oak pòdfaok, ul` vî` jg oklorgoaÿl gs su p`rtaoap`oaÿl skoakgoklÿnao`. Fk tr`jaoakl`f jgf krjgl skoa`f gs rgprkjuoar l`tur`fngltg y gl tkj`s sus janglsaklgs pòdfaoks y prav`j`s, f` javasaÿl sgxu`f jgf tr`d`bk, oknk ckrn` jg n`ltglgr ul jgtgrnal`jk sastgn` jg eálgrk. Gst` javasaÿl sgxu`f jgf tr`d`bk alstatuoakl`faz` f` jasoranal`oaÿl pkfîtao`, skoa`f, goklÿnao` y ouftur`f jg f`s nubgrgs fanat`ljk, gf jgsgnpgðk jg f`s nasn`s ` f`s t`rg`s jg rgprkjuooaÿl jgf erupk c`nafa`r, sal kdtglgr ` o`ndak rgnulgr`oaÿl `feul`. Xkr su p`rtg, gf rkf prkjuotkr gstà alst`f`jk y jgfge`jk ` fks mkndrgs, qug jgdgl prkour`r ul sustgltk goklÿnaok pkr cugr` jgf mke`r. Gstks rkfgs `sael`jks g arrgokloafa`dfgs tr`t`l jg n`lgr` jastalt` ` mkndrgs y nubgrgs gl lugstr` skoagj`j, oklcalàljkfks ` gsp`oaks gst`loks, rîeajks y ogrr`jks jgs`rrkff`jks gl su vaj` oktaja`l`9 v`fkrgs, jgsgks, okljuot`s y lkrn`s, tkjks oknpkrt`nagltks gspgr`jks p`r` fks eálgrks cgnglalks y n`soufalks. Gstg gnpkdrgoanagltk skoa`f jgdglajk jg gstgrgktapks skoa`fgs, ` su vgz sun` jgsaeu`fj`j, pkrqug skoa`fngltg f`s `otavaj`jgs oklsajgr`j`s jgf eálgrk cgnglalk, rgvastgl ul` jgsv`fkraz`oaÿl skoa`f qug sudkrjal` y skngtg ` f`s nubgrgs gl sus rgf`oaklgs skoa`fgs. Mkndrgs y nubgrgs lk p`rtanks gl pag jg aeu`j`j jgltrk jgf okltr`tk skoa`f. Xkr fk gxpugstk y gl sîltgsas, f`s pkfîtao`s eudgrl`nglt`fgs nulaoap`fgs y f`s `ooaklgs skoa`fgs tgljagltgs ` "prkvko`r" jg jastalt`s ckrn`s, gf `ogro`nagltk jg f`s nubgrgs ` `otavaj`jgs pkok tr`jaoakl`fgs p`r` su eálgrk, oknk skl f`s fae`j`s ` f` eglgr`oaÿl jg alergsks cugr` jg su mke`r, m`l kdtglajk pkroglt`bg jg ounpfanagltks gfgv`jks gxprgs`ljk f` vkfult`j jg nkjacao`r y `oknp`ð`r fks o`ndaks qug sg gstàl kpgr`ljk ` lavgfgs jg p`rtaoap`oaÿl pòdfao` jg f`s nubgrgs. Gs altgrgs`ltg rgs`ft`r gf altgrás nkstr`jk pkr altgrvglar gl f`s `ooaklgs qug aloajgl y nkjacao`l jgsjg fks ngjaks jg oknulao`oaÿl y jgs jgsjg jg gf fgleu`bg, oklogpoaklgs sgxast`s, sgxast`s, rgeastr`ljk :7

 

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ul 7?%. Gl gf nulaoapak jg Tks`rak, sg m` nkstr`jk ul p`rtaouf`r altgrás pkr rgnkvgr kdstàoufks y supgr`r oklogpoaklgs jg eálgrk gstgrgktap`j`s gl f` tr`snasaÿl jg ngls`bgs prkjuoajks pkr f` oknulao`oaÿl ngjaàtao` y f` jaculjaj` pkr fks kre`lasnks n nulaoap`fgs. ulaoap`fgs. @sanasnk, ul jgs`cîk altgrgs`ltg y pktgloa`f prknktkr jg o`ndaks gl f` gquaj`j jg eálgrk skl f`s `ooaklgs ouftur`fgs y gjuo`tav`s. Gf oklogptk jg eálgrk y su `pfao`oaÿl gl jastaltks àndatks, gxprgs`l oklstruooaklgs ouftur`fgs, qug rgprkjuogl y skoa`dafaz`l ckrn`s jg rgf`oakl`rsg algquat`tav`s gltrg v`rklgs y nubgrgs. Oklstruar skoagj`jgs aeu`fat`ra`s saelacao`, `pkst`r jg n`lgr` prgcgrgloa`f ` lugvks oknpkrt`nagltks skoa`fgs qug pugjgl rggjat`rsg ` tr`vás jg `otavaj`jgs gjuo`tav`s, ouftur`fgs y rgorg`tav`s javufe`jkr`s jg lugvks p`ràngtrks, lugvks v`fkrgs nàs bustks y jgnkor`taz`jkrgs gltrg fks subgtks. F` p`rtaoap`oaÿl skoa`f jg f`s nubgrgs gl fks àndatks fko`fgs m` e`l`jk cugrz` y prkculjaj`j ` fk f`rek jg gstks `ðks. Fks gsp`oaks skoa`fgs y oknulat`raks m`l sajk ul tgrrglk jg pràotao` p`r` oagltks jg nubgrgs, pgrk gf alvkfuor`nagltk gl f`s nubgrgs gl `otavaj`jgs rgf`oakl`j`s okl gf jgs`rrkffk jg f` oknulaj`j lk gr` salÿlank jg aloajar gl fks gsp`oaks jg tkn` jg jgoasaklgs. F` vasadafaj`j jg f`s nubgrgs gl fks àndatks pòdfaoks y f`s gstr`tgea`s jg `ooaÿl pksatav` tgljagltgs ` alvkfuor`r prkergsav`ngltg ` f`s nubgrgs gl gf pkjgr jg jgoasaÿl m`l sajk ul` prgkoup`oaÿl gl f`s `ooaklgs jgf Xf`l, oudragljk gl tárnalks jg ul (78%) f`s prkpugst`s gf`dkr`j`s. _al fue`r ` juj`, f` allkv`oaÿl gl n`tgra` jg pkfîtao`s okl pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk skl f`s qug rgnatgl ` fks `spgotks jg sgeuraj`j y urd`lasnk gl f`s oauj`jgs. Gf usk jg f` oauj`j, jg fks gsp`oaks pòdfaoks, f` nkvafaj`j gl f`s urdgs, skl pultks qug t`ndaál jgdgl tglgr ul` prgkoup`oaÿl jgsjg f` gquaj`j, y` qug f` `oogsadafaj`j jg v`rklgs y nubgrgs skl jacgrgltgs. X`r` qug f`s nubgrgs usucruotògl ul vgrj`jgrk jgrgomk ` f`s oauj`jgs, sg jgdgl pgls`r alaoa`tav`s qug tgle`l ul` altger`faj`j lk gxofuygltg y ul` efkd`faj`j qug sÿfk fk `pkrt` f` tr`svgrs`faj`j jg eálgrk. Gs ul `spgotk ` rgs`ft`r gf :3,3 % `fo`lz`jk gl f` altgrvgloaÿl nulaoap`f. Xkr òftank, y jgsjg ul` prkculj` rgcfgxaÿl, sg kdsgrv` ul n`ro`jk jácaoat (?5.78%), gl ul gbg tgnàtaok qug gs okljaoaÿl anprgsoaljadfg p`r` qug f`s nubgrgs pugjgl oklorgt`r f` aeu`fj`j skoa`f2 gf rgp`rtk jg f`s rgspkls`dafaj`jgs jknástao`s gl ckrn` gquat`tav`. F` jgnkor`taz`oaÿl y f` okrrgspkls`dafaj`j gl gf àndatk c`nafa`r gs f` `v`lz`j` jg f`s pkfîtao`s jg eálgrk. Gs o`j` vgz ul` r`tacao`oaÿl n`lacagst` qug, sa lk sg ckrnuf`l altgrvgloaklgs eudgrl`nglt`fgs gl f` jgnkor`taz`oÿl jg f`s rgf`oaklgs c`nafa`rgs, f`s nubgrgs lk pkjràl ekz`r gl laleòl gsp`oak pòdfaok jg ul` gcgotav` aeu`fj`j.

 

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GS@FW@OAßL ‖Gl Ktr`s X`f`dr`s„

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X`r` `l`faz`r `spgotks ou`fat`tavks gl tárnalks jg tr`lsckrn`oaklgs jg eálgrk sg jgs`rrkffÿ ul` altgrvgloaÿl gl ngjaks jg oknulao`oaÿl (t.v.) ` tr`vás jg ul prker`n` tgfgvasavk tkn`ljk gl ouglt` rgf`tks jg nubgrgs. Gl gf ngs jg lkvagndrg y praloapak jg jaoagndrg jg 488:, cug f` prangr` alst`loa` gv`fu`jkr` jgf pf`l. Gf kdbgtavk jg jaom` gv`fu`oaÿl cug, rgokegr gxpgragloa`s jg alstatuoaklgs jg nubgrgs y nubgrgs aljgpgljagltgs p`rtaoap`ltgs jg f` gf`dkr`oaÿl jgf XAK k jg `feulks jg fks prker`n`s nulaoap`fgs, `otavaj`jgs k prkygotks gbgout`jks. @ tr`vás jgf rgf`tk, f` vavgloa` y f` kpalaÿl pgrskl`f jg f`s nubgrgs, sg prgtgljaÿ2 rgcfgxakl`r skdrg f` anpkrt`loa` jg jgs`rrkff`r `ooaklgs (eudgrl`nglt`fgs) okl pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk kraglt`j`s ` rgnkvgr fks kdstàoufks ouftur`fgs y skoa`fgs pgrsastgl gl f` skoagj`j y `f altgrakr jgf Gst`jk, eglgr`jkrgs jg jasoranal`oaÿl m`oa` f` nubgr9 sglsadafaz`r y org`r ul jaàfkek skoa`f p`r` alckrn`r ` fks oauj`j`lks y oauj`j`l`s skdrg f` gxastgloa`, y cal skoa`f y jgnkoràtaok qug skstaglgl fks XAK9 alckrn`r ` f` skoagj`j skdrg f` oufnal`oaÿl jgf XAK 4888-488:, y su lugv` ckrnuf`oaÿl p`r` gf pgrîkjk 4887-4881

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Gbgs jg Gv`fu`oaÿl jgf XAK Oknulao`oaÿl y Jacusaÿl Kdbgtavk 0/? Anpufs`r gltrg fks ngjaks y tr`d`b`jkrgs/`s jg oknulao`oaÿl jg f` oauj`j gf usk jg ul fgleu` bg alofusavk y lk jasoranal`tkrak g anàeglgs lk gstgrgktap`j`s jg v`rklgs y nubgrgs. @ooaÿl  Bgr`rquaz`r gf Xrgnak Bu`l` N`lsk ` f`s prkjuooaklgs fko`fgs qug prknugv`l ul` an`egl lk gstgrgktap`j` jg f` nubgr. OTKLAO@_ AAA2 F` oklstruooaÿl jgf pgrakjasnk jg eálgrk E`dragf` jg Oaook g Arglg Ko`npk, skl oknulao`jkr`s y `jgnàs jg sgr pkgt`s y gsoratkr`s m`og v`raks `ðks sg pf`ltg`rkl qug tgn`s oknk f` nubgr y gf tr`d`bk, f` nubgr y f` c`nafa`, f` nubgr y f` rgprkjuooaÿl lk ckrn`d`l p`rtg jg f` `eglj` m`datu`f jg fks ngjaks jg oknulao`oaÿl. Xkr gsk jgoajagrkl `drar lugvks gsp`oaks. Gf prangrk cug gl ul` r`jak oknulat`ra` okl ul prker`n` qug sg ff`n`d` "Okl gf `eu` `f ougffk" pkr f` CN @arg Fadrg y pkr gsg prker`n` e`l`rkl gf prg-

nak N`lskTAN@ qug ktkre` Nulaoap`faj`j jg Tks`rak. t`ndaál f`s okkrjal`jkr`s satakBu`l` jg Altgrlgt Ugd, ulf`gsp`oak jg oknulao`oaÿl qug_kl taglg alckrn`oaÿl skdrg tgn`sjgf jg eálgrk y jkljg culoakl` ul ckrk jg jgd`tg okl n`s =88 nubgrgs qug p`rtaoap`l. E`dragf` "Gf prker`n` sg ff`n`d` ‖Okl gf `eu` `f ougffk„, pkrqug lks p`rgoaÿ qug gl gsg nkngltk gr` ul` cr`sg qug rgsunî` oÿnk lks pkjgnks gst`r saltagljk f`s nubgrgs. Gr` oknk qug gstàd`nks lgogsat`ljk gst`r nàs gl oklt`otk okl f`s ktr`s nubgrgs jg f` oauj`j. Lks pusanks ` j`r ` oklkogr fk qug gst`d` p`s`ljk okl f`s kre`laz`oaklgs y erupks aljgpgljagltgs jg nubgrgs. @ vgogs sg pagls`l f`s oks`s jg n`lgr` alokloagltg sal s`dgr ` jkljg ar pgrk gf kdbgtavk fk cuanks jgsoudragljk okl gf tr`d`bk." tr`d`bk." Arglg "F` r`jak @arg Fadrg gstà gln`ro`j` gl fk qug sg ff`n` N@TO, @skoa`oaÿl Nulja`f jg Tgjgs Oknulat`ra`s, y ul` jg f`s rgjgs n`s cugrtg qug taglgl gs f` jg nubgrgs, gltklogs lks sgltî`nks nuy `pky`j`s ` lavgf jgf rgstk jg F`talk`nárao`. F`s gxpgragloa`s qug sg vavî`l gr`l nuy p`rgoaj`s y ` r`îz jg tglgr gs` d`sg tr`t`nks jg ar ` f`s kre`laz`oaklgs. Xrgvak ` f` r`jak, tglî`nks gs` ougstaÿl jg qug tkjk fk qug gstà p`s`ljk p`s` `cug:1

 

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r`. Gl Altgrlgt vgî`s qug gf nkvanagltk p`s`d` pkr fk qug m`oa` Xgrò, Nábaok, GGWW y gs pkr gsk qug gstg prkygotk cug t`ndaál `drar f`s o`dgz`s y gnpgz`r ` oklt`ot`rsg." E`dragf` "Oknk ul` prangr` cugltg, lk tglî` fks ngjaks tr`jaoakl`fgs, fks ou`fgs fgv`lt`l ul` lktaoa` y jg `mî v`l ` fks erupks ` vgr qug p`s`d` k fk v`l prkjuoagljk jgsjg ktrk fue`r. Gf tr`d`bk jg ul` r`jak oknulat`ra` tg `drg gf mkrazkltg gl f`s pksadafaj`jgs jg fk qug vks pkjgs tr`d`b`r, t`ltk m`oa` f` p`rtg altgrl` oknk m`oa` cugr`. Jg tkj`s ckrn`s ou`ljk tglgnks qug duso`r ` ktrks erupks cugr` jgf d`rrak m`dî` ul gok `fuoal`ltg, pkrqug f` r`jak gr` oklkoaj` oknk jacgrgltg. Okl f` gltrge` jg gstks jks prgnaks sun`jk ` qug gf prker`n` sg jgof`rg jg altgrás nulaoap`f, `feul`s pgrskl`s gnpgz`rkl ` prgst`r nàs `tgloaÿl ou`ljk ulk sg `ogro`d`. Lk sg sa t`ltk jg `oà pgrk sa jg `cugr`. Lksktr`s tglgnks jks prgnaks Bu`l` N`lsk qug skl oknk fks Fkf` Nkr` jg Duglks @args." Arglg "Tgoadanks gf prangr Bu`l` N`lsk qug sg jak y gsk cug nuy anpkrt`ltg ` ul `ðk jg gst`r gl f` r`jak." E`dragf` "Gs nuy ff`n`tavk qug jg fks trgs ja`raks qug m`y gl f` oauj`j, gf ja`rak qug oudrg gstg prgnak gs pkrqug `feuagl jg `jgltrk fk e`lk y ktr`s vgogs alofusavg fk e`lÿ pgrk lk sg oudraÿ. Gs ul` jgsv`fkraz`oaÿl tkt`f, y gl gf ktrk ngjak qug lk sg koup` jg f`s nubgrgs y pkr gljg lk v` ` e`l`r l`j`, tg pklî`l fks lkndrg n`f y ou`fquagr prgnak. Qk orgk qug gs ul prgnak qug taglg qug vgr okl f` jastaloaÿl ` pgrakjast`s qug sg koup`l jg f`s prkdfgnàtao`s jg f`s nubgrgs, lk oudrarfk gs ul` tkt`f jgsv`fkraz`oaÿl" @ooaÿl _glsadafaz`oaÿl y o`p`oat`oaÿl ` nubgrgs pgrakjast`s y oknulao`jkr`s skoa`fgs jg f` Oauj`j jg Tks`rak OTKLAO@_ AA2 Nubgrgs Xgrakjast`s - Ngjaks y eálgrk Xkr f` gsgloa` nasn` jg lugstrk tr`d`bk f`s pgrakjast`s mgnks gst`jk k gst`nks `okstundr``okstundr`-

j`s ` oudrar tkjk tapk jg alckrn`oaÿl, ` s`dgr fk qug p`s` y j`rfk ` oklkogr. Xgrk skl nuy pko`s f`s kpkrtulaj`jgs qug tglgnks p`r` m`df`r jg lugstrk tr`d`bk, jg lugstr`s rg`faj`jgs jgltrk jg fks ngjaks y jgf p`pgf qug buge`l fks ngjaks gl koup`rsg jg fks tgn`s jg eglgrk. Gs` kpkrtulaj`j f` tuvanks ou`ljk gf Àrg` jg f` Nubgr jg f` Nulaoap`faj`j jg Tks`rak kre`lazÿ jks `fnugrzks jg tr`d`bk okl jks pgrakjast`s qug valagrkl gspgoa`fngltg jg Duglks @args, _`ljr` Tussk y Nkar` _ktk, pgrakjast`s jgf supfgngltk jg eálgrk "F`s 04" jgf ja`rak Xàeal` 04. Gs` cug ul` gxpgragloa` nuy altgrgs`ltg, pkrqug cuanks nuom`s f`s nubgrgs pgrakjast`s f`s qug lks  bult`nks y pkrqug sarvaÿ p`r` altgro`nda`r altgro`nda`r gxpgragloa`s y m`df`r `ogro` jg lugstrk tr`d`bk, tr`d`bk, jg f`s oks`s qug p`s`l jgltrk jg fks ngjaks y gf tr`d`bk qug tglgnks p`r` qug fks ngjaks sg koupgl jg gstks tgn`s. Maoanks ul` lkt` okl trgs pgrakjast`s jg f` oauj`j2 _us`l` Tugj`, Lkrn` Fkpgz y @faoa` _angkla qug gstuvagrkl gl gsks `fnugrzks y lks oklt`rkl skdrg sus gxpgragloa`s pgrskl`fgs jg tr`d`bk jg t`ltks `ðks gl fks ng ngjaks jaks jg oknulao`oaÿl fko`f. @faoa` @ tr`vás jg ul jasp`r`jkr qug gl gsg nkngltk cugrkl f`s pgrakjast`s qug m`dî`l sajk alvat`j`s sureagrkl alquagtujgs, pultks jg vast`, prkdfgnàtao`s qug lk tkjks fks jî`s gl gf okrrgr rgsuft`l. Lkrn` Fk qug ng pgrnataÿ cug gsouom`r jastalt`s rg`faj`jgs pkrqug pkr gbgnpfk 78

 

gl gsg nkngltk, yk gst`d` tr`d`b`ljk gl tgfgvasaÿl oknk lktgr`, y lk gr` fk nasnk fk qug ` na ng p`s`d` oknk lktgr` k oknk prkjuotkr` jg tgfgvasaÿl gl f`s jasousaklgs okl fks mkndrgs qug fk qug vavî`l gst`s nubgrgs qug carn`d`l anpkrt`ltgs lkt`s gl fks ja`raks. @faoa` Qk orgk qug m`y ul` prgkoup`oaÿl n`ykr jg f`s ougstaklgs jg eálgrk gl fks ngjaks jg oknulao`oaÿl. Okl ul ngbkr glckqug, fks ngjaks gstàl nkstr`ljk nuomk nàs pgrk pkrqug f`s kre`laz`oaklgs jg eálgrk sg m`l glo`re`jk jg nktkraz`r gst`s ougstaklgs okl ul er`l tr`d`bk. F`s rgspkls`dfgs jg f`s kre`laz`oaklgs cgnalast`s y jg f` kre`laz`oaklgs qug sg koup`l jg prkdfgn`s jg eálgrk gl fks n`s javgrsks `spgotks, sg m`l glo`re`jk jg j`r ul anpufsk t`l cugrtg qug fg m`l pkjajk j`r su okfkr, su s`dkr. G alofusk m`st` gl fks p`rtajks pkfîtaoks, qug lk sg m`dî`l jgs`yul`jk qug tglî`l qug tkn`r gstks tgn`s y sg m`l glokltr`jk okl fks prkdfgn`s jg eálgrk skdrg f` ngs`. _us`l` Wl` vgz ng rge`f`rkl ul` o`fok qug pgeuá gl f` mgf`jgr` jg ul` `erup`oaÿl qug sg ff`n` OF@JGN qug jgcagljg fks jgrgomks jg f`s nubgrgs gl @nárao` F`tal`, y qug tglî` ul` cr`sg qug jaog qug sal f`s nubgrgs fks jgrgomks lk skl mun`lks, y yk gstky `dskfut`ngltg oklvgloaj` qug sal f`s nubgrgs f` oknulao`oaÿl lk gs skoa`f. _a vks qugrás m`ogr ul` oknulao`oaÿl skoa`f jgsjg fks ngjaks y jaraeartg ` f` skoagj`j qug gstàl oklstatuaj` pkr mkndrgs y nubgrgs, gs aloklogdadfg m`df`r jg oknulao`oaÿl skoa`f sa lk m`y oknulao`jkr`s nubgrgs. Q gstà of`rk qug lk taglgl fks nasnks jgrgomks y f`s nasn`s pksadafaj`jgs qug taglgl fks mkndrgs. @faoa` Qk gnpgoá ` tr`d`b`r gl ul ja`rak qug sg ff`n`d` F` Zradul` y ou`ljk alergsá, sgr nubgr y gstuja`ltg jg pgrakjasnk gr`l jks okljaoaklgs gxpfksav`s. Gf rgom`zk m`oa` ou`fquagr gstuja`ltg jg f` o`rrgr` jg oknulao`oaÿl skoa`f gr` nuy cugrtg. Gs nàs, ng m`dî`l pgjajk qug lk jabgr` l`j` y` qug lk m`dî` laleul` nubgr la saquagr` gl `feòl ktrk ngjak. Lk m`y aeu`fj`j, lk sá sa gl gf tr`tk, pgrk lk m`y aeu`fj`j gltrg mkndrg y nubgrgs gl ou`ltk ` f` pksadafaj`j jg koup`r gsp`oaks gl `feul`s sgooaklgs, oknk pkr gbgnpfk pkfîtao`. Xgrk pkr ktr` p`rtg t`ndaál m`y `v`logs. Xkfaoa`fgs gl gf ja`rak Gf Oauj`j`lk p`r` na gs p`r` jgst`o`r, pkrqug m`y oknp`ðgr`s tr`d`b`ljk gl gst` sgooaÿl qug tr`jaoakl`fngltg gr` jg mkndrgs. _us`l` Ou`ljk tr`d`b`d` gl O`l`f 7 ulk jg fks er`ljgs jkfkrgs qug tkj`vî` gstà prgsgltg gl nas sgsaklgs jg psaok`làfasas cug ou`ljk qugjg gnd`r`z`j` jg na sgeuljk mabk. Xkr fgy f`s nubgrgs tglgnks trgs ngsgs jg faogloa` y gl gsg nkngltk gf bgcg jg Tgoursks Mun`lks ng jabk2 »tg p`rgog _us`l` trgs ngsgs cugr` jg f` p`lt`ff`, lk gs nuomk; Ng p`rgog qug lk fg oklvaglg pkrqug f` egltg sg kfvaj`. F` prgsaÿl cug t`l cugrtg, qug lgekoaá ul ngs jg faogloa` y jks ngsgs nuftapfao`jks pkr ou`trk jg ngjak turlk, k sg`, fks jks ngsgs jg faogloa` qug lk ng tkn`d` jg ckrn` oknpfgt` ng

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fks tkn`d` tr`d`b`ljk ngjak turlk jur`ltg ou`trk ngsgs. Gltklogs nagltr`s ` na prangr mabk fg m`dî` j`jk f` tgt` jur`ltg lugvg ngsgs, ` na sgeuljk mabk qug l`oaÿ ou`ljk yk gr` ul` pgrakjast` jg tgfgvasaÿl fg pujg j`r f` tgt` sÿfk jur`ltg ou`trk ngsgs. Lk tr`d`b`d` sgas mkr`s salk qug 70

 

tr`d`b`d` trgs, pgrk tglî` qug ar ` f` pgfuqugrî`, ` duso`r f` rkp`, prgp`r`rng, fggr fks ja`raks. Gs ulk jg fks er`ljgs jkfkrgs qug tglek pkr gs` jasoranal`oaÿl prgsgltg gl fks ngjaks jg oknulao`oaÿl rgspgotk ` f`s nubgrgs qug sg gnd`r`z`l. @faoa` F` gxpgragloa` n`s lger` qug yk tuvg y gf o`staek, pgrk orgk qug cug jgsjg gf pultk jg vast` ajgkfÿeaok, cug gl gf ja`rak Tks`rak ou`ljk culoakl`d` gl f` o`ffg Duglks @args y Nkltgvajgk qug cug ou`ljk gf Daektg @okst` ng pusk ` m`ogr skoa`fgs. Ng jabgrkl qug tglî`l ul pgjajk qug yk lk maoagr` ulavgrsat`ra`s, ul pgjajk pkfîtaok kdva`ngltg… Lkrn` Duglk ` na fk qug ng p`s` gs quazàs okltr`jaotkrak pkrqug nas òftanks tr`d`bks cugrkl gl fue`rgs jkljg n`ykrat`ra`ngltg m`dî` nubgrgs, jkljg f` tkn` jg jgoasaklgs gl fk pgrakjîstaok p`s`d` pkr nubgrgs, pgrk lk gl ou`ltk ` f`s okljaoaklgs f`dkr`fgs. »Pug lks pksadafat` fk pgrakjîstaok; Zglgr nàs gsp`oak oknk pgrakjast`s, oknk prkjuotkr`s, okljuotkr`s, pkr gf ktrk f`jk pkjgr m`df`r jg f`s ougstaklgs qug fgs p`s`l ` f`s nubgrgs. Q gstk t`ndaál taglg qug vgr okl fks tgn`s jg `eglj` jg fks ngjaks gl eglgr`f. Xgrk o`j` vgz qug ` na ng ffge`l f`s gst`jîstao`s jg f`s ougstaklgs f`dkr`fgs, `p`rgog qug f`s nubgrgs tglgnks n`s p`rtaoap`oaÿl gl gf tr`d`bk, pgrk p`r`fgf`ngltg tglgnks nglkrgs sugfjks y okljaoaklgs f`dkr`fgs nàs algst`dfgs qug fks mkndrgs. @faoa` Orgk qug gst` gs ul` okltr`ooaÿl ja`ra`, jg fue`rgs jg oauj`j`lî`, jg fue`rgs qug sg oklquast`l. Orgk qug gltrg t`lt`s jacaouft`jgs ou`ltk tkn`nks fks ngjaks gl eglgr`f, vgnks qug gf `v`log skoa`f sg gstà j`ljk.

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Ouftur` Kdbgtavk 4/4 Sasadafaz`r f` p`rtaoap`oaÿl jg f`s nubgrgs gl f` vaj` y gl f` mastkra` jg f` oauj`j. @ooaÿl Tgavaljao`r gf p`pgf jg f`s nubgrgs gl f` mastkra` fko`f, cknglt`ljk gf oklkoanagltk jg `qugff`s caeur`s cgnglal`s qug m`y`l tglajk p`rtaoap`oaÿl gl f` nasn`, j`ljk su lkndrg ` pf`z`s y o`ffgs y prknkvagljk ul` pudfao`oaÿl skdrg sus vaj`s. Tgpkrt`bg ` f`s altger`ltgs jg f` Oknasaÿl jg Nubgrgs jgf Okfgeak jg @rquatgotks, p`rtaoap`ltgs gl f` gf`dkr`oaÿl jgf Xf`l y qug pudfao`rkl ul fadrk skdrg f`s nubgrgs gl f` lknglof`tur` jg Tks`rak.

 Zr`d`bk, Ckrn`oaÿl Koup`oakl`f y Gnpfgk G npfgk Kdbgtavk ?/3 Cknglt`r f`s o`p`oaj`jgs jg f`s nubgrgs ` o`rek jg naorkgnprgljanagltks, pgqugð`s y ngja`l`s gnprgs`s. @ooaÿl Dralj`r o`p`oat`oaÿl gspgoa`faz`j` ` nubgrgs ` o`rek jg gnprgljanagltks prkjuotavks k qug jgsggl alaoa`r ul` `otavaj`j gnprgs`ra`. OTKLAO@_ A2 Gf o`nalk jg f` aljgpgljgloa` goklÿnao` F`s trgs nubgrgs okl f`s qug m`df`nks, m`st` m`og `pgl`s sagtg `ðks gr`l nubgrgs vîotan`s jg vakfgloa`, okl mastkra`s jurîsan`s, jg f`s qug s`fagrkl gltrg ktr`s oks`s er`oa`s ` f` `utklknî` 74

 

goklÿnao`. Fker`rkl s`far skf`s, okl ul naorkgnprgljanagltk qug gff`s eglgr`rkl y qug `yujÿ cal`loa`r gf Àrg` jg f` Nubgr jg f` Nulaoap`faj`j jg Tks`rak. M`st` m`og `feulks `ðks tkjk gl f` vaj` jg gst`s nubgrgs gr` jkfkr. Mky m`y prkygotks, ajg`s lugv`s g alaoa`tav`s qug sg eglgr`rkl ` p`rtar jg ul gnprgljanagltk ff`n`jk "Sugfvk gl S", qug m`og rgcgrgloa` `f vugfk jg fks e`lsks, qug vkf`ljk gl S prkvko`l ul gcgotk jg suooaÿl2 gf qug v` `jgf`ltg fg v` `fava`ljk gf tr`d`bk `f qug v` jgtràs.  Z`ta Gstg prkygotk fk ffgv`rkl ` o`dk gl OGJGAC@N, ul` KLE qug culoakl` gl f` zkl` lkrtg jg f` oauj`j y qug jgsjg m`og ul`s pko`s sgn`l`s, taglg ul` sgjg gl gf Ogltrk jg f` oauj`j. Gl OGJGAC@N sg tr`d`b` okl f` oknulaj`j p`r` f` prgvgloaÿl jg f` vakfgloa` c`nafa`r y gsokf`r, gl fks d`rraks F` gspgr`lz`, Ckl`va, O`sa`lk O`s` y X`rqug Cagfj. Gl rg`faj`j ul` jg f`s ckrn`s jg kprgsaÿl qug jgs`rrkff`l fks mkndrgs gs f` vakfgloa` goklÿnao`, fg okltrkf`l tkjk gf jalgrk qug gltr` ` f` o`s`, fg j`l nae`b`s ` f` nubgr. Lksktr`s fk qug prgtgljgnks gs qug tgle`l f` `utklknî` goklÿnao`. _kla` "Jgspuás jg ul tagnpk jg fuom` p`r` s`far jg f` vakfgloa`, lks j`nks ouglt` jg qug tglgnks qug jgb`r jg jgpgljgr jgf mkndrg goklÿnao`ngltg, y gstk gnpagz` okl gf naorkgnprgljanagltk.Tgoklkogr jg qug tglî` ul` vaj` prkpa`. Qk gr` oknk ul` `jaot`, gl vgz jg sgr `jaot` ` f` jrke`, `jaot` `f mkndrg, lk ng ajgltacao`d` sal ul mkndrg `f f`jk. Na goklknî` jgpgljgrà jgf mkndrg m`st` qug okl OGJGAC@N ng glsgð`rkl qug yk pkjî`, `prgljagljk oknk ktr`s nubgrgs fk v`l m`oagljk." _us`l` "Gstg prkygotk cug prkjuotk jg ul `ougrjk jg tkj`s f`s nubgrgs. Ou`ljk yk ng gltgrá jg gstg gnprgljanagltk, cua, m`dfá y ng oklvgloagrkl jg f` pksadafaj`j okngroa`faz`r gf jî` jg n`ð`l`. @ltgs m`dî` tr`d`b`jk, pgrk gstk jg m`ogr jufogs y oklsgrv`s ng eustÿ nàs. Gstky okltglt` pkrqug gs ul erupk nuy faljk. Okl na pf`t`, ng oknprrá rkp`s, z`p`tks, o`rtgr`s y pkr supugstk f`s oks`s qug fgs c`ft`d`l ` nas omaoks. omaoks.""  Z`ta "X`r` j`rsg ouglt` jg f` satu`oaÿl qug ul` vavg m`y qug `oujar ` ul erupk jg `utk`yuj`. Ou`ljk ul` ffge` ` tglgr t`l d`b` `utkgstan`, skf` gs jacîoaf jg s`far. Zglás qug ar ` `feòl fue`r, ff`n`r `f tgfácklk vgrjg, qug skl fks qug lks p`s`l fks p`oagltgs. @ltgs gr` ul prkdfgn` jg pugrt`s p`r` `jgltrk. Gs oknk jaogl tkjks, la ul nalutk nàs jg safgloak pkr ul` nubgr ekfpg`j`. M`y qug jgluloa`r y s`far ` duso` `yuj`. `yuj`."" OTKLAO@_ A2 Nubgrgs Mugrtgr`s Ou`ljk gff`s gnpgz`rkl ` tr`d`b`r f` tagrr` y ` pf`lt`r f`s prangr`s sgnaff`s lk s`dî`l qug gsks tgrrglks qug m`st` m`og pkok tagnpk gr`l d`fjîks rgpfgtks jg d`sur` k sanpfgngltg tgrrglks gl gf ckljk jg sus o`s`s, sg ad`l ` oklvgrtar gl ul ngjak jg vaj` p`r` sus c`nafa`s. Fugek jgsoudragrkl qug lk gst`d`l skf`s, salk okl ktr`s nubgrgs qug t`ndaál sg m`dî`l altger`jk `f prker`n` jg Mugrt`s Oknulat`ra`s jg f` Nulaoap`faj`j jg Tks`rak. Nart` X`fgsg Oknk m`dî` tgrrglks d`fjîks gl crgltg jg o`s` gnpgoá sgndr`r p`r` jgs-

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puás sgeuar okl f` mugrt`. Ou`ljk qugjá jgskoup`j`, s`o`d` vgrjur` y jg gs` n`lgr` sudsastî`. Jgspuás valagrkl ktr`s nubgrgs qug m`dî`l tr`d`b`jk oklnaek gl ul okngjkr y f` lgogsaj`j lks ffgvÿ ` ngbkr`r gst` `otavaj`j. 7?

 

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F` pgrskl` lk sg pugjg qugj`r pgls`ljk y gspgr`ljk qug tg jgl, m`y qug s`far ` duso`r. Lksktrks lk pglsàd`nks qug îd`nks ` gst`r `sî okl tkjk gstk, pgrk fk fker`nks fuom`ljk. @f praloapak ár`nks tkj`s nubgrgs, pkrqug sknks f`s qug gnprgljgnks tkjk y sknks n`s jgoajaj`s. Na n`rajk ng jgoî`2 »oknk v`s ` gnpgz`r okl gsk;, vastg oknk skl fks mkndrgs…Q mkndrgs…Qkk fg jgoî` qug m`oî` c`ft`, qug lk lks pkjî`nks qugj`r sglt`jks. Zkj`s tglî`nks mabks y m`dî` qug m`ogr `fek p`r` s`far `jgf`ltg. Ou`ljk `p`rgoagrkl f`s prangr`s pf`lt`s cug nuy gnkoakl`ltg, vgr f`s vgrjur`s qug ulk sgndrÿ. Qk sky jg `oà jg Tks`rak y lk s`dî` l`j` jg gstk. @mkr` na n`rajk ng `oknp`ð` pkrqug y` lk ng jaog n`s l`j`. Er`oagf` Qk tglek ul` mugrt` gl na o`s`, skdrg ul tgrrglk qug fk tglî`nks jgskoup`jk. Wl jî` sg lks kourraÿ j`rfg nkvanagltk ` f` tagrr`. Qk Qk lk tgla` ajg`, pgrk na c`nafa` vavaÿ gl gf lkrtg gltklogs s`dî`. @mkr` okl nas jks mgrn`l`s lks jgjao`nks ` f` mugrt`. M`ognks tkjk lksktr`s2 rgnkvgnks f` tagrr`, sgndr`nks, pf`lt`nks, f` ouaj`nks, rge`nks. Nart` Lksktr`s lgogsat`nks nàs tagrr` p`r` sgndr`r. Fk faljk gs qug fk qug ulk sagndr` s`fg, pkrqug skfk lgogsat`s `eu`. _a tglgnks nàs prkjuooaÿl pkjrgnks ar ` kcrgogr ` fks supgrngro`jks. _g v`l ` j`r ouglt` jg qug gs ul` vgrjur` qug fgs v` ` jur`r n`s y qug gs jg ngbkr o`faj`j pkrqug gs nuomk n`s s`l`. F` egltg okl f` cgra` sg gstà `okstundr`ljk. Qk `ltgs sgndr`d` p`r` na oklsunk, pgrk `mkr` qug gst`nks okngroa`faz`ljk fg gst`nks j`ljk n`s anpkrt`loa`. Qk gstky nuy kreuffks` jg na tr`d`bk. Lk tglgnks oknp`ðgrks mkndrgs, pgrk mgnks tglajk. Lksktr`s lk d`b`nks fks dr`zks, y sgeuanks m`st` gf cal`f. Fks mkndrgs skl jastaltks, lk `ogpt`l f`s oks`s qug f`s nubgrgs gst`nks m`oagljk. @mkr` jgpgljgnks jg lksktr`s nasn`s, lks n`ltglgnks aeu`f, ora`nks fks mabks aeu`f. _g gstàl j`ljk ouglt` qug fuom`nks ` f` p`r jg gffks. Er`oagf` "_agnprg jgsjg ul praloapak sg vgî` oknk ul tr`d`bk jg mkndrgs pgrk `mkr` f` nubgr gstà e`l`ljk tgrrglk. tgrrglk."" Nart` "Zg sgltîs dagl pkrqug f` `utkgstan` gstà `ft` p`r` pkjgr sgeuar `jgf`ltg, y n`s tglagljk mabks. Qk tglek sagtg nubgrgs, y gstky okltglt`, pkrqug yk fgs gstky glsgð`ljk ` lk jgpgljgr jg l`jag."

X`rtaoap`oaÿl gl gf àndatk pòdfaok Kdbgtavk :/: Xrknkvgr f` prgsgloa` jgf pultk jg vast` jg f`s nubgrgs gl f`s pkfîtao`s y prker`n`s qug sg jasgðgl g anpfgngltgl gl gf àndatk jg f` oauj`j. OTKLAO@_ AAA2 Nubgrgs gl gf àndatk pòdfaok Mastÿrao`ngltg f` p`rtaoap`oaÿl gl pkfîtao` m` sajk ul` jg f`s ckrn`s jg p`rtaoap`oaÿl qug fgs cugrkl lge`j`s ` f`s nubgrgs. Okloagltg jg gstk, Lkrn` Wljalgr, prgsajgltg jg ul` `skoa`oaÿl vgoal`f jg f` oauj`j, sg `trgvaÿ ` pgjarfg nàs ` f` `otavaj`j qug vaglg jgs`rrkff`ljk y sg alokrpkrÿ ` f`s "Bkrl`j`s jg Ckrn`oaÿl y Fajgr`zek Xkfîtaok". Lks ouglt` quá gs p`r` gff` gf pkjgr,

oÿnk orgg qug sg jastraduyg y qug qugj` m`ogr p`r` o`nda`r f` jgsaeu`fj`j jg `oogsk `f pkjgr gltrg mkndrg y nubgrgs. Lkrn` "Ng altgrgs`l tkjks fks tgn`s, skdrg tkjk gf fajgr`zek, pkrqug orgk qug 7:

 

f` nubgr taglg t`ltk jgrgomk oknk gf mkndrg p`r` gst`r gl gsks gsp`oaks. Gf tgn` gs rgvgrtar, sagljk qug f` nubgr y gf mkndrg skl aeu`fgs jg altgfaegltgs. F`s n`ykrgs jacaouft`jgs jgpgljgl jg fks mkndrgs, qug tkngl okloagloa` jg qug f`s nubgrgs tglgnks fks nasnks jgrgomks. F` ajg` gs tr`d`b`r gl oklbultk sal oknpgtar y pklgrsg jg `ougrjk, pkrqug f`s rgspkls`dafaj`jgs y fks jgrgomks sg jgdgl rgp`rtar gl p`rtgs aeu`fgs. Gl gst`s rgulaklgs paglsk gl oknp`rtar okl gf mkndrg tkj`s f`s pksadafaj`jgs jg pklgrsg jg `ougrjk p`r` oklkogr f`s ajg`s jg o`j` ulk. Z`ndaál m`y tr`d`s gl f`s prkpa`s nubgrgs, pkrqug taglgl qug `sunar qug sa gstàl oknprkngtaj`s gl ul` rgulaÿl qug v` ` jur`r jks mkr`s, fks mkndrg y fks mabks jgdgl rgspgt`r. "_g ng m`og t`rjg", jaogl tkjk gf tagnpk. Zglgnks qug `sunarfk prangrk lksktr`s p`r` tr`sf`j`rfks ` fks mabks y ` fks n`rajks jgspuás. Zglgnk Zglgnkss qug sgr rgspgt`j`s, gl fks eustks, gl f`s e`l`s y gl lugstr` vaj` oktaja`l`. Qk sagnprg ng sgltî okl fadgrt`j jg `ooaÿl y gsk gs fk qug ng anpufs` ` vgr nuomk n`s `jgf`ltg, gs`s e`l`s jg sgeuar tr`d`b`ljk y fuom`ljk pkr fk qug ng p`rgog bustk y `sî fker`r ul nuljk ngbkr. ngbkr.""

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_`fuj Kdbgtavk 7/? Xrkpaoa`r f` s`fuj sgxu`f y rgprkjuotav`, y `sgeur`r gf `oogsk ` sgrvaoaks altger`fgs, gcaoagltgs y oklcajgloa`fgs, t`ltk gl fks mkspat`fgs oknk gl fks ogltrks jg s`fuj nulaoap`fgs. OTKLAO@_ AA2 Ou`ljk gff`s `prgljgl ` ouaj`rsg »Ou`ljk qugj` gnd`r`z`j` ul` nubgr; Xugjg sgr qug fk jgoaj`, qug c`ffg ul nátkjk `ltaoklogptavk k qug fk jgsoklkzo`. Er`oa`s `f prker`n` jg _`fuj Tgprkjuotav`, gstks nátkjks skl nuomk nàs `oogsadfgs alofusk gl fks d`rraks. Cuanks ` f` zkl` kgstg ` m`df`r okl ul erupk jg nubgrgs jgf d`rrak F`rrg`, qug sg `ogro`rkl ` ul ogltrk OTGOGT y p`rtaoap`rkl jg ul t`ffgr jg sgxu`faj`j y `ltaoklogpoaÿl. @prgljagrkl oknk us`r ul prgsgrv`tavk y sg s`o`rkl nuomks natks jg `feulks nátkjks qug utafaz`d`l y lk fgs j`d`l rgsuft`jks. Nara`n "Lksktr`s oklkoî`nks f` n`ykrî` jg fks nátkjks `ltaoklogptavks y skdrg gffks m`df`nks2 f`s p`staff`s `ltaoklogptav`s, gf JAW y sg us` ul prgsgrv`tavk. Xgrk gl gsg t`ffgr t`ndaál sg tr`t`rkl ktrks tgn`s. Qk pkr gbgnpfk pgls`d` qug sa gf mkndrg sg ouaj`d` yk lk okrrî` ragsek jg qugj`r gnd`r`z`j`, y cug `mî qug lks jabgrkl qug gsg nátkjk lk gr` sgeurk. Pug gf mkndrg tgrnalg `cugr`, p`r` na gr` sucaoagltg, pgrk mky gstky gnd`r`z`j` jg ou`trk ngsgs. Gl `feul`s p`rgb`s sg jgoî` qug ou`ljk f` nubgr fg pgjî` `f mkndrg qug sg ouaj`r`, áf jgoî` qug f` qug sg tglî` qug ouaj`r gr` f` nubgr. K ou`ljk qugj`d` gnd`r`z`j` áf jgoî`, »oÿnk, vks lk gst`d`s tkn`ljk f` p`staff`;, k qug sa lk tglî`l rgf`oaklgs jgoî`l2 pkrqug vks lk ng qugrás, tglás ktrk." Er`oagf` "Q gl rg`faj`j f` rgspkls`dafaj`j gs jg fks jks, pgrk sagnprg rgo`g skdrg f` nubgr. Gl na o`sk sa yk lk ng ouajk, áf gs nuy r`rk qug fk m`e`. O`sa

sagnprg f` rgspkls`dafaj`j gs jg f`s nubgrgs. Gf mkndrg lk v` ` pgjar alckrn`oaÿl. Gf `reungltk gs qug ul` taglg nàs tagnpk, gffks tr`d`b`l y lk pugjgl." 77

 

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Nara`n "K ou`ljk ul` qugj` gnd`r`z`j` jaogl »p`r` qug tr`ás ktrk mabk `f nuljk; _agljk qug f` rgspkls`dafaj`j gs jg fks jks y` qug sa lk tglás ul mkndrg `f f`jk, lk qugjàs gnd`r`z`j`. Gs oknk qug f` rgspkls`dafaj`j gs sagnprg jg f` nubgr2 jgf gnd`r`zk, jg f` ora`lz` jgf mabk, jg f` sgxu`faj`j, jg f` `ltaoklogpoaÿl. Gs oknk qug gf mkndrg taglg gf pkjgr y lksktr`s tglgnks qug skngtgrlks. @f praloapak okl na n`rajk jg gsks tgn`s lk m`dfàd`nks pgrk `mkr` jgspuás jg qug qugjá gnd`r`z`j` o`ndak f` satu`oaÿl. Qk fg jaek qug ou`ljk tgle` f` ora`tur` áf v` ` tglgr qug vglar oklnaek `f mkspat`f, m`df`r okl gf ngjaok. Gstk taglg qug sgr `fek gl p`rgb`. Wl`s omao`s jgoî`l qug gf n`rajk fg jgoî`2 sa vks lk tg ouaj`s k lk qugrás m`ogr t`f oks` oklnaek, yk ng vky okl ktr`. Gs` gr` ul` n`lgr` jg prgsakl`rf`, vky ` duso`r gl ktrk f`jk fk qug lk tglek gl o`s`, fk qug f` nubgr lk fg quagrg j`r, k sg`, rgf`oaklgs sgxu`fgs. Gf nagjk gs qugj`r gnd`r`z`j`, gs pkr gsk qug lk qugrî`l, `jgnàs jg qug ` vgogs gff`s gst`d`l o`ls`j`s y gffks alsastî`l. Gf mkndrg pgls`d` qug f` nubgr tglî` qug gst`r jaspugst` sagnprg. Q `mî s`fî`l f`s `ngl`z`s" Er`oagf` "Gs` gs f` prgsaÿl psaokfkeî` y jg gs` ckrn` tg kdfae`l ` tglgr sgxk quagr`s k lk quagr`s, ouaj`ljk k lk ouajàljktg p`r` oknpf`ogrfks. Cug ul` gxpgragloa` falj` pkrqug m`dî` omao`s qug lk sg `lan`d`l ` jgoar oks`s, pkrqug ` tkj`s lks p`s`l fk nasnk." Nara`n "_kl gsp`oaks p`r` jgso`re`rsg y jgoar fk qug ` ulk fg p`s`." Er`oagf` "M`df`nks jg tkjk2 ougstaklgs jg p`rgb`, nátkjks `ltaoklogptavks, jgrgomks jg f` nubgr. Zg m`og dagl pkrqug `yuj` ` prgvglarf`s ` lugstr`s mab`s nubgrgs, p`r` qug lk fg p`sg fk nasnk, eua`rf`s p`r` qug lk sg` ekfpg`j`s, skngtaj`s. Q ` lugstrks mabks p`r` qug lk m`e`l fk nasnk qug sus p`jrgs. p`jrgs."" Nara`n "Nas mabks v`rklgs ng prgeult`l ` nî, pkrqug yk sky jargot`2 v`s ` tglgr rgf`oaklgs pklgtg ul ckrrk k sa tg v`s ` glo`n`r tg oknprk fks prgsgrv`tavks. @ na mab` fg m`dfá y lk ng prgstÿ `tgloaÿl, `mkr` sg `rrgpagltg y ng jaog »oknk lk tg maog o`sk;" Er`oagf` "Qk sá qug ou`ljk na mab` tgle` f` gj`j lgogs`ra` fg vky ` m`df`r p`r` qug lk fg p`sg fk nasnk qug ng p`sÿ ` na. Na prangr p`rgb` ng n`ftr`t`d`, pkrqug gl na o`s` lk sg m`df`d` jgf tgn`. Q yk fk qugrî` gr` s`far jg na o`s` p`r` gso`p`rng jg na c`nafa`. @mkr` tglek ktr` p`rgb` okl ktr` vaj` y lk quagrk qug na mab` p`sg fk nasnk qug p`sg yk qug fk sucrî gl o`rlg prkpa` y cug tgrradfg. "

Wrd`lasnk Kdbgtavk 3/?

Okltraduar ` `f eglgr`oaÿl jg prkpugst`s qug c`oafatgl f` `prkpa`oaÿl jgf gsp`oak urd`lk pkr p`rtg jg f`s nubgrgs. @ooaÿl Eglgr`r prkpugst`s qug e`r`ltaogl f` sgeuraj`j jg f`s nubgrgs gl gf usk jgf gsp`oak pòdfaok 73

 

alokrpkr`ljk f` pgrspgotav` jg eálgrk gl gf jasgðk, n`ltglanagltk y `jgou`oaÿl jg fks jastaltks fue`rgs. OTKLAO@_ A2 Sgoal`fast`s / F` alvgloaÿl jg f` oauj`j Gl f` vgoal`f 48 jg bulak gl gf d`rrak Casmgrtkl Aljustra`f jks nubgrgs glokltr`rkl f` pksadafaj`j jg j`rfg ul sgltajk ` su vaj`, tr`d`b`ljk p`r` f` tr`lsckrn`oaÿl jgf d`rrak. Okl gst` prgkoup`oaÿl sg `ogro`rkl ` p`rtaoap`r jg ul t`ffgr gl jkljg sg tr`t`d` ul tgn` qug m`st` gsg nkngltk p`r` gff`s gr` ul glaen`, f` vakfgloa` urd`l`. Gst`s nubgrgs jgoajagrkl m`ogr pkfîtao` pgfg`ljk pkr f` tr`lsckrn`oaÿl jg su gltkrlk nàs jargotk, gf d`rrak. Gfgl` "Qk ng alokrpkrá ` calgs jgf `ðk 0110. Gl gf 50 mudk ul rgogsk, sg jaskfvaÿ, pgrk gl gf =1 gnpgz`rkl ` `ogro`rsg vgoalks p`r` vgr sa pkjî` p`rtaoap`r pgrk lk ng oklvgloaÿ. Jgspuás vî qug sg mazk ul` vkt`oaÿl d`rra`f, gltklogs cuanks tkjks y ou`ljk jgsoudrî qug m`dî` ul` oknasaÿl jgoajî  p`rtaoap`r. _g al`ueurÿ ul jaspgls`rak y f`s nubgrgs îd`nks jg okf`dkr`jkr`s y jg gs` n`lgr` lks gnpgz`nks ` sgltar nàs òtafgs. Wlk jaog vakfgloa` y fk qug ulk pagls` gs gl fks ekfpgs. Okltalu`ngltg ulk gstà vagljk f`s nubgrgs qug sg o`ff`l f` dko`, qug lk m`df`l. Xgrk ou`ljk gsouom`s m`df`r ` ktrks sgotkrgs, jgf ogltrk y jg fks d`rraks, tg j`s ouglt` qug gl tkjks fks fue`rgs p`s` fk nasnk. Gf `ðk prÿxank v`nks ` m`ogr om`rf`s, `otavaj`jgs gl f`s p`rtg jg s`fuj, v`nks ` `tr`gr prkcgsakl`fgs p`r` f`s nubgrgs oknk p`r` m`ogr glougltrk y qug jg gst` n`lgr` f` egltg sg gltgrg." _us`l` "Lksktrks p`rtaoap`nks jg ul t`ffgr jg jgpkrtgs y gstuvanks okl f` okkrjal`jkr` jgf Àrg` jg f` Nulaoap`faj`j y `ltg gst` lgogsaj`j fg prgeult`nks sa pkjî`nks alokrpkr`r t`ffgrgs ` gstg Àrg`. Lks prgeult`d`l gltklogs oknk m`ogrfk, y lksktr`s fg oknglt`nks qug f` ajg` gr` m`ogr ul` k jks vgogs `f ngs ul` n`tg`j` p`r` eglgr`r ul gsp`oak jg p`rtaoap`oaÿl y jg gs` n`lgr` tglgr f` gspgr`lz` jg qug sg v`y`l alsgrt`ljk jastalt`s c`nafa`s. Tks`rak taglg ul` mastkra` jg 088 `ðks jg vgoal`fasnk y gxastg mky ul nkvanagltk anpkrt`ltg. Z`f gs `sî qug lksktr`s tuvanks f` kpkrtulaj`j jg gst`r p`rtaoap`ljk jgf jgoanksgeuljk Oklergsk Altgrprkvaloa`f jg Sgoal`fasnk. Tks`rak tuvk f` pksadafaj`j jg p`rtaoap`r jg 1 k 08 jg gsks 04 oklergsks y gf `ðk qug vaglg pkr sugrtg sgrà f` sgjg jgf prangr Glougltrk L`oakl`f jkljg p`rtaoap`r`l nàs jg 0888 vgoal`fast`s jg tkjk gf p`îs p`r` jgd`tar jastaltks tr`d`bks y prgkoup`oaklgs. F` cgom` sgra` :, 7 y 3 jg lkvagndrg."

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 Sakfgloa` C`nafa`r Kdbgtavk 5/0 Okltraduar ` f` grr`jao`oaÿl y prgvgloaÿl jg f` vakfgloa` c`nafa`r. Xrktgegr y `sgskr`r ` f`s nubgrgs y lað`s/ks qug f` sucrgl. OTKLAO@_ AA2 Sakfgloa` C`nafa`r / Nubgrgs gl @fdgreugs Wl` vgz n`s quasanks glokltr`r tgstanklaks jg nubgrgs qug pujagr`l oklt`r oknk gr` su vaj` `ltgs, ou`ljk gr`l vaotan`s jg satu`oaÿl jg vakfgloa`, y `mkr`, qug gstàl altglt`ljk rgoupgr`rsg y rgglokltr`rsg okl sus mabks. Gf Àrg` jg f` Nubgr jg f` Nulaoap`faj`j jg Tks`rak orgÿ y skstaglg `fdgreugs p`r` nubgrgs gl jkljg sg fgs kcrgog ul fue`r jkljg vavar okl sus mabks. Cuanks ` ulk jg gsks fue`rgs qug sg ff`n` O`s` @nae` y m`df`nks okl N`ra` Gfgl` y okl Lkgnî, quaglgs lks oklt`ràl gf `ltgs y gf `mkr`. 75

 

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N`rî` Gfgl` Na n`rajk ng n`ftr`t`d` y ng pge`d`, y ` fks omaoks t`ndaál. Ou`ljk tkn`d`, ` f` lgl` nàs er`ljg f` gom`d` jg o`s`. M`og 0= `ðks qug gstky o`s`j` y sagnprg ng mazk fk nasnk. Ng m`dî` sgp`r`j` jks vgogs pgrk tuvg qug vkfvgr okl áf pkrqug ng prkngtî` qug sg ad` ` pkrt`r dagl9 pgrk p`s`d` gf tagnpk y ng sgeuî` pge`ljk y okl n`s nktavk pkrqug sg `okrj`d` jg f`s vgogs qug ng m`dî` ajk. Ffgeug ` sucrar ul` satu`oaÿl jg nuomk pgfaerk y` qug ul` vgz pgrjî gf oklkoanagltk. L`jag ng `uxafaÿ, ng rgoupgrá skf`. Ou`ljk valg `oà y okltá fk qug m`dî` p`s`jk, ng jabgrkl qug ng pkjrî` m`dgr nugrtk. F` p`rtg n`s jur` gs jgb`r tu o`s` y tglgr gsg nagjk, gs` alsgeuraj`j jg fk qug ul` gstà m`oagljk. Gs nuy jacîoaf okl ou`trk mabks. Sgî` fks omaoks qug sucrî`l y ffkr`d`l, pajaáljkng qug dusqug `yuj`. Lkgnî  Qk sky jg Dkfava` y m`og : `ðks qug vavk gl Tks`rak. Ffgeuá ` f` oauj`j pkr nktavks jg tr`d`bk y pkrqug m`dî` gst`jk altgrl`jk pkr ul ekfpg qug rgoadî. Savî` nuomk gstrás, `leusta`, prgkoup`j` pkr fk qug pkjî` ffge`r ` p`s`r `f ktrk jî`. Gst`d` `cgot`j` jgf gstkn`ek, vknat`d` tkjk gf tagnpk. Gr` vakfgloa` pgrk lk cîsao`, sagnprg lks erat`d` y sg glkb`d`, pgrk cal`fngltg jgspuás gnpgzÿ ` ekfpg`rlks. Ffge`d` jgf tr`d`bk glk b`jk, `ergsavk, sagnprg jger`j`ljkng. Ng jgoî` oks`s mkrradfg, qug gr` ul` suoa`, okomal`, qug lk m`oa` f`s oks`s…y lk gr` `sî. N`ra` Gfgl` @f praloapak tgla` nagjk pkr sa ng glokltr`d`. Xgrk jgspuás glokltrá tr`lquafaj`j, sgeuraj`j y` qug f`s psaoÿfke`s ng `yuj`d`l y ng `oklsg b`d`l. @mkr` gstky tr`lquaf` tr`lquaf` jg qug lk v` ` su suogjgr ogjgr l`j` alofusavg ou`ljk fk glokltrá gl tradul`fgs. Gl fks erupks o`j` ul` ouglt` su mastkra`. Xrangrk j` vgreöglz`, pgrk ou`ljk ul` sg j` ouglt` jg qug ` f`s jgnàs fgs p`sÿ fk nasnk, tkjk o`nda`. Orgk salogr`ngltg gst`r fast` jg s`far jg `oà okl fks omaoks. Ng an`ealk tr`d`b`ljk p`r` j`rfgs tkjk fk qug lk fgs pujg j`r, gsouomàljkfks pkrqug `ltgs lk pkjî` y prktgegrfks nuomk. Lkgnî  Ou`jk ffgeug ng sgltî` n`f, pkrqug `f sgr gxtr`lbgr` lk tgla` l`jag. Xgrk alngja`t`gltg ng ffgl`rkl nuomk, gsouomàljkng, okl f` tgr`pa` aljavaju`f y erup`f. Qk `mkr` saek tr`d`b`ljk, gstujak pgfuqugrî` y oknput`oaÿl. Gs oknk qug gl pkok tagnpk ng vky ` sgltar rg`faz`j` okl tkjk fk qug qugrî`. OTKLAO@_ AAA2 Sakfgloa` C`nafa`r - Ogltrk Oknulat`rak @faoa` Nkrg`u Cuanks m`st` Gnp`fng Er`lgrks, f` zkl` lkrkgstg jg Tks`rak, jkljg culoakl` gstg Ogltrk Oknulat`rak gl jkljg sg rgogpoakl`l y `tagljgl f`s jgluloa`s jg vakfgloa` jg f`s nubgrgs jgf d`rrak. Fks o`sks er`vgs fks jgrav`l ` ul `fdgreug tr`lsatkrak pgrtglgoagltg `f @rg` jg f` Nubgr, qug ffgv` gf nasnk lkndrg, jkljg gst`s nubgrgs qugj`l prktgeaj`s jgf `ergskr, eglgr`fngltg f` p`rgb` k gf n`rajk, y jkljg pugjgl vavar okl sus mabks m`st` qug fker`l rgoupgr`rsg. X`r` s`dgr oÿnk ffge`l ` gst` satu`oaÿl y oknk s`fgl m`df`nks okl Om`rk y okl @ltkla`. Om`rk "@oà gl gf Ogltrk oknulat`rak gnpgz`nks ` vgr m`og nuomks `ðks f` prkdfgnàtao` jg f` vakfgloa` c`nafa`r, qug o`j` vgz sg `orgoglt`d` nàs y qug fk nàs vuflgr`dfg gr`l f`s nubgrgs y fks laðks. Gnpgz`nks ` gspgoa`-

7=

 

faz`rlks, ` tr`d`b`r gl f` zkl` y gl fks d`rraks Fujugð` y Zr`vgsî`. Zr`d`b`nks okl tkj` f` pkdf`oaÿl ogro`l` ` Gnp`fng. Gnpgz`nks ` vgr fk qug p`s`d`, lks kre`laz`nks okl ul erupk jg psaoÿfkeks y tr`d`b`jkrgs oknulat`raks p`r` m`ogr ul `oknp`ð`l`nagltk. Qk gstky gl gstk m`og 08 `ðks. @oà lks jgrav`l o`sks jg ktr`s alstatuoaklgs t`ndaál oknk gf Ogltrk Orgogr y jg _`fuj. Ou`ljk ffge` f` nubgr, sa f` satu`oaÿl gs jg nuom` uregloa` f` jgrav`nks `f `fdgreug pkr altgrngjak jgf Àrg` jg f` Nubgr jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f jg f` Nulaoap`faj`j. F` nubgr v` okl sus mabks y `mî saeug f` p`rtg bujaoa`f, gf ngjaok ckrglsg, gf `oknp`ð`nagltk. _a vgnks qug sg pugjg rgskfvgr jgsjg lugstr` alstatuoaÿl jkljg f` nubgr s`dg fk qug fg gst` p`s`ljk y lk gs lkrn`f qug saglt` `ergsavaj`j jg p`rtg jg su oknp`ðgrk k jgf gltkrlk c`nafa`r, sg tr`d`b` jgsjg `oà okl fks psaoÿfkeks y okl f` okf`dkr`oaÿl jg f`s ktr`s oknp`ðgr`s. Okl gf p`sk jgf tagnpk sg jgluloa`l nàs fks o`sks jg vakfgloa` y gstk sg jgdg ` qug sg gstàl m`oagljk nuomks t`ffgrgs rgcgrgltgs ` gst` tgnàtao`. Mgnks ckrn`jk ul tr`d`bk gl rgj pkr ngjak jgf ou`f lks `pky`nks y v`nks vagljk quá ktr`s pksadafaj`jgs tglgnks p`r` ar tr`d`b`ljk. F`s nubgrgs pujagrkl vgr qug gl sus vaj`s lk skl skf`ngltg gff`s f`s jugð`s jg fks mabks, salk qug m`y qug oknp`rtar y qug gs aljaspgls`dfg qug gf n`rajk sg koupg jg f`s t`rg`s y fks omaoks. Tknpgr fks natks okl f`s c`nafa`s jg kraegl2 sa na n`n` `eu`ltÿ pkr qug lk vky ` `eu`lt`r yk;. K pkr gbgnpfk, m`st` qug lk v`l ` `feòl fue`r lk sg j`l ouglt` jg f` vakfgloa` qug gstà p`s`ljk pkr gff`s. Gf tagnpk qug fgs ffgv` rgoklstruar jgpgljg jgf gst`jk jg f` nubgr, jgf gquapk okl gf qug v` ` tr`d`b`r y `jgnàs sg taglgl qug ar j`ljk v`ra`s oks`s. F` nubgr ou`ljk ffge` ` `ul fue`r sg lkt` qug m` p`s`jk pkr tkj`s f`s of`sgs jg vakfgloa`2 psaokfÿeao`, cîsao`, sgxu`f, goklÿnao`, tkj`s." tkj`s." @ltkla` "Ou`ljk gst`d` `ffî gl O`s` @nae` m`dî` ul o`sk jg ul` sgðkr` qug tgla` jks omaoks y qug tgla` nuomk nagjk, lk qugrî` la saquagr` s`far ` f` o`ffg pgrk qug okl gf okrrgr jgf tagnpk tagnpk ngbkrÿ nuomk. Jabk qug er`oa`s ` qug gst`d` `mî, m`dî` s`fajk `jgf`ltg gl ul nkltÿl jg oks`s pgrk qug fg c`ft`d` tkj`vî`. Ng ff`n`d` nuomk f` `tgloaÿl gf tgrrkr qug tgla`. Lk qugrî` qug l`jag sg gltgrg jkljg gst`d` pkrqug tgla` nagjk jg su gspksk pkrqug pgls`d` qug f` ad` ` n`t`r. Ou`ljk yk gst`d`, sÿfk ffgeÿ ulk jg fks mkndrgs ekfpg`jkrgs, pgrk lk mazk l`j`, prgeultÿ y sg cug. F`s nubgrgs v`l rgoupgr`ljk f` oklca`lz` gl gff`s nasn`s, gltr`l gl ul ou`jrk jgprgsavk y sg rgoupgr`l, gnpagz`l ` v`fkr`rsg ` tr`vás jg fks t`ffgrgs y jg tkj`s f`s oks`s qug sg m`ogl `mî, m`st` ffge`l ` o`nda`r su vaj`. _g sagltgl ngbkr, pugjgl jkrnar, lk taglgl nagjk ` jgso`ls`r. Fks omaoks skl `ergjajks psaokfÿeao`ngltg `ulqug lk m`y`l sajk `fo`lz`jks okl f` n`lk pkrqug vgl gf n`ftr`tk m`oa` su n`jrg. X`r` na f` vakfgloa` gs ou`ljk ng supgr`l f`s oks`s qug ng m`ogl n`f, lk skfk ul ekfpg jg puðk salk ul` p`f`dr`. Qk orgk qug f`s nubgrgs qug sg rgoupgr`l pugjgl vkfvgr ` gl`nkr`rsg

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pkrqug oknaglz`l ul` lugv` vaj`."

71

 

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GLOWG_Z@ JG KXALAßL

30

 

GLOWG_Z@ JG KXALAßL Gl kotudrg jg 4887 sg ffgvÿ ` o`dk gf rgfgv`nagltk qug j` d`sg `f prgsgltg gstujak qug taglg oknk ulavgrsk ` f` pkdf`oaÿl jg f` Oauj`j jg Tks`rak jg nàs jg 0= `ðks y jg `ndks sgxks. _g rg`faz`rkl 734 glougst`s gcgotav`s okl ul lavgf jg oklca`lz` jgf 17 % y ul lavgf jg prgoasaÿl jg +/- :,07%.

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Xgrcaf jg fks/`s Glougst`jks/`s M`dat`ltgs % skdrg gf tkt`f jg  Z`n`ðk jg Xrgoasaÿl nugstr`f n`ykrgs jg 0= `ðks f` pkdf`oaÿl f` nugstr` Nubgrgs ?78.:03 7?,1 ?81 7,38% S`rklgs 411.475 :3,0 47? 3,48% Zkt`f 3:1.35? 734 :,07% Zkn`ljk oknk pultk jg p`rtaj` ` fks/f`s m`dat`ltgs jg f` Oauj`j jg Tks`rak jg nàs jg 0= `ðks, f`s nubgrgs rgprgsglt`l gf 7?,1% y fks mkndrgs gf :3,0%. Gl rgf`oaÿl `f pgrcaf jg fks/`s glougst`jks/`s, gf n`ykr pkroglt`bg sg oklogltr` gl f` cr`lb` jg fks 47-:: `ðks okl ul ?=,0%9 gf 41,4 % gltrg fks :7-3: `ðks9 gf 44,=% gltrg fks 0=-4: `ðks y cal`fngltg ul 08% jg 37 `ðks y nàs. Gj`j L¸ jg glougst`jks Xkroglt`bg 0= - 4: `ðks 04= 44,= 47 - :: `ðks 40: ?=,0 :7 - 3: `ðks 03: 41,4 37 `ðks y nàs 73 08,8 _gxk

F`s nubgrgs rgprgsglt`l gf 77 % jg f` nugstr`, nagltr`s qug fks mkndrgs `fo`lz`l `f :7 %. L¸ jg glougst`jks Xkroglt`bg _gxk N`soufalk 47? :7 Cgnglalk ?81 77 Zkt`f 734 088 Okl rgspgotk `f fue`r jg rgsajgloa` fks n`ykrgs pkroglt`bgs sg glougltr`l gl gf Jastratk _ur y @laffk Oáltraok okl ul pkok nàs jgf 05 %9 fg saeugl gf Jastratk Ogltrk okl 03,4 %, gf Lkrtg, gf Lkrkgstg okl 0:,:% y 0?% rgspgotav`ngltg y cal`fngltg gf Jastratk _urkgstg okl ul 08%. Lrk jg glougst`jks Xkroglt`bg Jastratk (*) Lkrtg =0 0:,: Lkrkgstg 5? 0?,8 Kgstg 3: 00,: _urkgstg 75 08,0 _ur 088 05,= @laffk 13 05,0 Ogltrk 10 03,4 Zkt`f 734 088 (*) X`r` gstg tr`d`bk sg jgs`erge` gf Jastratk Ogltrk gl2 @laffk Oáltraok y Ogltrk

Gjuo`oaÿl Jg f`s ?81 nubgrgs glougst`j`s -k sg` gf 77% jg f` nugstr`- gf =1% rgeastr` gstujaks sgoulj`raks y tgroa`raks gltrg oknpfgtks g aloknpfgtks. Gl rgf`oaÿl ` fks sgoulj`raks skdrg ul tkt`f jg :?,?%, gf ?4 % oknpfgtÿ gf oaofk nagltr`s qug gf 00,? % lk fk mazk. F` rgf`oaÿl sg alvagrtg gl gf o`sk jgf lavgf tgroa`rak/ulavgrsat`rak y` qug skdrg ul tkt`f jg :7,5% skf`ngltg oknpfgtÿ gf nasnk gf 00,5% y gf rgst`ltg ?:% lk fk oknpfgtÿ y skf`ngltg sg rgeastr` ul 8,? % jg `oogsk ` 3?

 

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lavgf jg pkser`jk. Jg fks 47? mkndrgs glougst`jks -k sg` gf :7 % jg f` nugstr`- sÿfk gf 8,: % lk taglg gstujaks. Gf =5,: % rgeastr` gstujaks sgoulj`raks y tgroa`raks gltrg oknpfgtks g aloknpfgtks. Gl rgf`oaÿl ` fks sgoulj`raks skdrg ul tkt`f jg ?1,1 %, gf 43,7 % oknpfgtÿ gf oaofk, nagltr`s qug gf 0?,: % lk fk mazk. F` rgf`oaÿl sg alvagrtg gl gf o`sk jgf lavgf tgroa`rak/ulavgrsat`rak y` qug skdrg ul tkt`f jg :5,7 % oknpfgtÿ gf nasnk gf 01 % y gf rgst`ltg 4=,7 % lk fk oknpfgtÿ y skf`ngltg sg rgeastr` ul 8,? % jg `oogsk ` lavgf jg pkser`jk. Mkndrgs Nubgrgs Zkjks Lavgf jg gjuo`oaÿl Laleulk 8,: 8,4 Xran`rak aloknpfgtk 4,: 0,? 0,= Xran`rak oknpfgtk 1,7 1,: 1,: _goulj`rak aloknpfgtk 0?,: 00,? 04,? _goulj`rak oknpfgtk 43,7 ?4,8 41,7 Zgroa`rak / Wlavgrsat`rak aloknpfgtk 4=,7 ?:,8 ?0,7 Zgroa`rak / Wlavgrsat`rak oknpfgtk 01,8 00,5 0:,1 Xkster`jk 8,? 8,? 8,: Zkt`f 088 088 088

Gst`jk Oavaf Jg f`s nubgrgs glougst`j`s fks n`ykrgs pkroglt`bgs sg rgeastr`l gltrg f`s o`s`j`s y vavg gl p`rgb`, gf :0,5 %, y f`s skftgr`s gf ?4,: %. Jg fks v`fkrgs rgst`ltgs gf 0:,4 % gstà javkroa`j`/sgp`r`j`/la vavg okl p`rgb` y gf 00,5% gs vauj`/la vavg gl p`rgb`. Jg fks mkndrgs glougst`jks fks n`ykrgs pkroglt`bgs sg rrgeastr`l geastr`l gltrg fks o`s`jks/vavg gl p`rgb`, gf :7,0 %, y fks skftgrks gf ?3,: %. Jg fks v`fkrgs rgst`ltgs gf 0?,: % gstà javkroa`j`/sgp`r`jk/la vavg okl p`rgb` y gf 7,0 % gs vaujk/la vavg gl p`rgb` Mkndrgs Nubgrgs Zkjks Gst`jk Oavaf _kftgrk/` ?3,: ?4,: ?:,4 O`s`jk/`, vavg gl p`rgb` :7,0 :0,5 :?,4 _gp`r`jk/`, javkroa`jk/`, la vavg gl p`rgb` 0?,: 0:,4 0?,1 Saujk/`, lk vavg gl p`rgb` 7,0 00,5 =,5 Zkt`f 088,8 088,8 088,8

 Bgc` jg mke`r Gf ?8,0 % jg f`s gltrgvast`j`s skl bgc`s jg mke`r9 ul 45, 4 % `carn` qug gf gspksk/ f` p`rgb` ffgv` `jgf`ltg gf rkf, nagltr`s qug p`r` gf 47,4% f` culoaÿl gstà gl n`lks jg fks p`jrgs. Wl 00,5 % `carn` qug `ndks nagndrks nagndrks jg f` p`rgb` taglgl f` bgc`tur` jgf jgf mke`r y skf`ngltg p`r` ul 7,4% skl fks mabks. Gf 7:,7 % jg fks gltrgvast`jks skl bgcgs jg mke`r9 ul ?,3 % `carn` qug f` gspks`/ f` p`rgb` ffgv` `jgf`ltg gf rkf, nagltr`s qug p`r` gf ?4% f` culoaÿl gstà gl n`lks jg fks p`jrgs. Wl 5,1 % `carn` qug `ndks nagndrks jg f` p`rgb` taglgl f` bgc`tur` jgf mke`r. _g rgeastr` `sanasnk ul 0,4 % gl gf îtgn ktr` c`nafa`r/pgrskl` y ul 8,= gl gf jg mabks  Bgcg jgf mke`r

Gltrgvast`jk/` Gspksk/` - F` p`rgb` @ndks X`jrgs Mabks Ktrk c`nafa`r / Ktr` pgrskl` Zkt`f 3:

Mkndrgs Nubgrgs 7:,7 ?8,0 ?,3 45,4 5,1 00,5 ?4,8 47,4 8,= 7,4 0,4 8,3 088,8 088,8

Zkjks :0,0 03,7 08,8 4=,? ?,4 8,1 088,8

 

Xraloap`f skstál goklÿnaok jgf mke`r Gl gstg `p`rt`jk sg pugjgl kdsgrv`r v`fkrgs sanaf`rgs gl trgs îtgns2 gltrgvast`j`, gspksk/` p`rgb`, p`jrgs sagljk `qugffks 43,1 %, 47,1% y 4:,3 % rgspgotav`ngltg. Gstg pkroglt`bg jgsoagljg ` ul % gl gf îtgn `ndks y ` ulpraloap`f 3,= % jgskstál mabks oknk skstáljgf goklÿnaok mke`r. Gf 78,3 % jg0:,4 fks gltrgvast`jks sg jgof`r` goklÿnaok mke`r y gfjgf v`fkr qug fg saeug gs gf ?8, = % okrrgspkljagltg `f îtgn prkeglatkrgs. _kf`ngltg ul :,5% `carn` qug f` gspks`/f` p`rgb` gs f` glo`re`j` jg f` culoaÿl y ul 1, 1% qug `ndks ounpfgl okl jaomk okngtajk. Gl gf o`sk p`rtaouf`r jg fks mkndrgs gltrgvast`jk gltrgvast`jkss `p`rgogl v`fkrgs - d`bks- aljao`ljk qug ul 8,: % jg ygrlks/lugr`s y ul 8,: % jg ktrks c`nafa`rgs/pgrskl`s skl gf praloap`f skstál goklÿnaok jgf mke`r. skstál go goklÿnaok Xraloap`f sk Gltrgvast`jk/` Gspksk/` - F` p`rgb` @ndks Qgrlk / Lugr` X`jrgs Mabks

LKtsr/kLco`nafa`r / Ktr` pgrskl` Zkt`f

Mkndrgs Nubgrgs 78,3 43,1 :,5 47,1 1,1 0:,4 8,: ?8,= 4:,3 4,: 3,=

8,:= 088,8

80,? 088,8

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Zkjks ?5,7 03,: 04,? 8,4 45,: :,=

80,?0 088,8

37

 

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 ZT@D@BK

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»Zaglg ul` koup`oaÿl rgnulgr`j` jgltrk k cugr` jgf mke`r; Koup`oaÿl rgnulgr`j` Mkndrgs Nubgrgs Zkjks _î 33,= 7=,? 34,0 Lk ??,4 :0,5 ?5,1 Zkt`f 088,8 088,8 088,8

Gl gst` glougst` sg kdsgrv` qug fks mkndrgs qug jgof`r`l kdtglgr `feòl tapk jg rgnulgr`oaÿl rgprgsglt` gf 33.8=% nagltr`s qug f`s nubgrgs skl ul pkroglt`bg nglkr, ul 7=.?%. Gl gstg sgltajk sg kdsgrv` qug f` p`rtaoap`oaÿl jg f`s nubgrgs gl f` eglgr`oaÿl jg alergsks gstà `unglt`ljk jg n`lgr` p`uf`tal` pgrk f` ngjaoaÿl rgcfgb` qug f` alsgroaÿl saeug sagljk jasp`r. Lk gst`nks m`df`ljk jg rgf`oaklgs gquafadr`j`s, y gstk sg n`lacagst` ` tr`vás jg fks rgsuft`jks qug `rrkb`, gf jgsgnpfgk. _agljk n`ykr f` prkpkroaÿl jg nubgrgs :0.5% sal laleul` rgnulgr`oaÿl okl rgspgotk ` fks mkndrgs ?5.1%. _a gstks j`tks fks `l`faz`nks rgnataáljklks ` f`s gj`jgs jg f`s glougst`j`s, kdsgrv`nks qug gl f` oauj`j jg Tks`rak sg prgsglt` ul` satu`oaÿl sanaf`r ` f` rg`faj`j jg lugstrk p`îs2 f` cr`lb` gt`ra` jg nubgrgs glougst`j`s gs n`ykrat`ra` (?=.0%) gltrg f`s gj`jgs jg 4: `ðks m`st` ::`ðks y sgeòl O`t`fal` U`algrn`l 0 , gstg erupk pkdf`oaÿl jg nubgrgs gs f` rgspkls`dfg jgf orgoanagltk cgnglalk gl f` `otavaj`j goklÿnao` Fks saeuagltgs j`tks skl kdtglajks gltrg fks ?:1 glougst`jks qug pksggl ul tr`d`bk rgnulgr`jk, 34,0%

»Jgsg`rî` tr`d`b`r nàs mkr`s;  Zr`d`b`rî` nàs mkr`s Mknd kndrgs rgs Nubgr ubgrgs gs Zkjk Zkjkss _î ?0,: :4,= ?5,4 Lk 3=,3 73,5 34,7 Zkt`f 088,8 088,8 088,8

Xraloap`fgs jgsvglt`b`s ngloakl`j`s pkr fks glougst`jks qug kpal`l qug taglgl pgkrgs kpkrtulaj`jgs f`dkr`fgs okl rgspgotk ` sus okfge`s jg sgxk kpugstk (08,0% jg fks mkndrgs y ?8,3% jg f`s nubgrgs) Nktavks pkr fks qug lk tr`d`b` nàs mkr`s (*) Mkndrgs Nubgrgs

178,,53 OLukajok`ljskaejuggfknsàmsabtkrs`d`bk Ls/Lo 8,7 Gstujaks 0,1 Ouaj`jk jg c`nafa`r glcgrnk 0,1 N`rajk / Gspks` / X`rgb` qug sg kpklg 0,1 Ktrks nktavks 4,3 Ls/Lo 0,1

43=0,38 8,? 3,7 4,3 4,3 0,7 8,=

Zkjks

051?,40 :,3 4,? 4,?

(*) J`jk qug fks glougst`jks pkjî`l ngloakl`r m`st` jks r`zklgs, f` sun` jg fks pkroglt`bgs gxogjg gf 088%

Gstg j`tk oklcaeur` f` gxprgsaÿl jg jgsgquafadrak jg aeu`fj`j jg kpkrtulaj`jgs gltrg v`rklgs y nubgrgs gl gf àndatk jgf tr`d`bk. Ou`ljk ` f`s nubgrgs sg fg prgeult` sa tr`d`b`rî` nàs mkr`s okltgst`s ul :4.=% `carn`tav`ngltg crgltg ` o`sa ul 08% nglks qug fks mkndrgs.Gstg j`tk, oklbue`jk okl gf `ltgrakr, (ul `v`log cgnglalk gl f` goklknî`) lks jgnugstr` qug f` cgnalaz`oaÿl jg f` cugrz` jg tr`d`bk sg `sanaf` okl n`erks alergsks y prgo`raz`oaÿl f`dkr`f qug, gl ul okltgxtk jg orasas goklÿnao`, jgsoradg ul prkogsk gl gf ou`f gff`s s`fagrkl ` tr`d`b`r p`r` rggnpf`z`r fks `pkrtgs `f prgsupugstk c`nafa`r, prkjuotk jg ul` n`sav` jgskoup`oaÿl n`soufalaz`j`, tr`t`ljk jg `pult`f`r fks alergsks c`nafa`rgs sun`ngltg jgtgrakr`jks. _aeuagljk ` f` nasn` `utkr` `ltgrakrngltg rgcgrgloa`j`, gstg j`tk rgvgf` qug2 "f` alokrpkr`oaÿl jg nàs 0- U`algrn`l, O (oknpaf`jkr`) "C`nafa`, Zr`d`bk y Eálgrk. Wl nuljk jg lugv`s rgf`oaklgs". WLAOGC - 488?.

35

 

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nubgrgs ` f` `otavaj`j rgnulgr`j` lk pugjg altgrprgt`rsg ff`l`ngltg oknk aljao`jkr jg f` nkjgrlaz`oaÿl, jgs`rrkffk k orgoanagltk, oknk sg gltgljî` gl fks sgtglt`, ou`ljk gl f` p`rtaoap`oaÿl f`dkr`f sg oacr`d`l f`s gspgr`lz`s jgf o`ndak jg f` okljaoaÿl jg f` nubgr. nubgr.""4 Ou`ljk sg

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prgeult` f`s praloap`fgs r`zklgs anpajgl tr`d`b`rqug nàsul mkr`s, gltrg gf tkt`f jg glougst`jks qugpkr jgsg`l tr`d`b`r nàs mkr`squg (?5.4%) skdrgs`fg 4=.3% jg f`s nubgrgs gxpklg oknk jacaouft`j, gf ouaj`jk jg f` c`nafa` y ul 4.3% gf ouaj`jk jg ul c`nafa`r, fk qug sun` ul ?0.4% qug gxprgs` su anpksadafaj`j pkr r`zklgs jknástao`s, okltr`st`ljk okl sÿfk ul 7.5% jg v`rklgs qug prgsglt`l gst` jacaouft`j. F` rgspkls`dafaj`j skoa`f jgf mkndrg gs n`ltglgr f` c`nafa`, y ul of`rk aljao`jkr gs gf rgsuft`jk jg f` prgeult` m`oa` gst` pkdf`oaÿl qug ou`ljk fg prgeult` ouàf gs gf kdstàoufk p`r` tr`d`b`r nàs mkr`s gs qug gf 18.3% lk oklsaeug nàs tr`d` bk. Jgsjg ul` nar`j` jg eálgrk, pgrsastgl fks nkjgfks skoa`fgs jg javasaÿl sgxu`f jgf tr`d`bk, okl ul` of`r` javasaÿl jg Aloundgloa`s gl fks gsp`oaks cgnglalks- prav`jks altr`jknástaok -y n`soufalks- gsp`oak pòdfaok. Gst` prgeult` t`ndaál kdbgtav` f` satu`oaÿl cgnglal` qug glcrglt` f` jkdfg bkrl`j` f`dkr`f. O`tgekrî` `l`fîtao` qug pklg gl gvajgloa` f` `otavaj`j prkjuotav` ffgv`j` `jgf`ltg pkr f`s nubgrgs y sal pkjgr skoa`fngltg rgpf`ltg`r su rkf rgprkjuotavk, skdrgo`re`ljk sus t`rg`s okl oklsgougloa`s y jgtgrakrks gl f` s`fuj cîsao` y nglt`f jg f`s nubgrgs. Okl rgspgotk ` sus oknp`ðgr`s/ks k okfge`s jgf sgxk kpugstk, »oÿnk oklsajgr` sus kpkrtulaj`jgs f`dkr`fgs; Kpkrtulaj`jgs Mkndrgs okl rgspgotk Nubgrgs okl rgspgotk f`dkr`fgs ` sus oknp`ðgr`s ` sus oknp`ðgrks @spgotks gl fks qug sg Aeu`f =4,4 3?,? oklsajgr` pgrbujao`jk Ngbkr 7,? 7,8 p`r` `oogrjgr ` ul tr`d`Xgkr 08,0 ?8,3  bk (1,7% jg fks mkndrgs y Ls/Lo 4,: 0,0 Zkt`f 088,8 088,8 :8,0% jg f`s nubgrgs) Tgsuft`jks o`fouf`jks gltrg tkjks fks gltrgvast`jks Kdsgrv`nks gl gst` prgeult` qug f`s nubgrgs jgluloa`l satu`Mknd Mk ndrg rgss Nu Nubg bgrg rgss Jgsvglt`b`s gl... (*) oaklgs jg jgsaeu`fj`j gl ou`ltk su 58,3 5:,7 okljaoaÿl. F`s nubgrgs jgof`r`l sÿfk Xksadafaj`j jg `oogjgr `f tr`d`bk ul 3?.?% okljaoaklgs aeu`fat`ra`s gl gf XTkgsnadualfagjr``joajÿgl `/sAolgelrgsksk/s prkergsk 0:05,,=0 ??::,,77 o`npk f`dkr`f, nagltr`s qug fks mkn- Zr`tk jg fks supgrakrgs / Ofagltgs 05,3 ?,3 drgs pgroadgl ul =4.4%. Xgrk gst` Zr`tk jg fks oknp`ðgr`s/ks 0,= satu`oaÿl gs afustr`j` okl gf o`facao`ta- X`jgogr `oksk sgxu`f 0,= vk pgkr2 f`s nubgrgs supgr`l gl jks Ktr` jgsvglt`b` 0,= jîeatks (?8.3% ` 08.0%) su vasaÿl lge`- Ls/Lo 0,= (*) J`jk qug fks glougst`jks pkjî`l ngloakl`r m`st` jks jgsvglt`b`s, f` sun` jg fks pkroglt`bgs tav` gl ou`ltk ` kpkrtulaj`jgs. gxogjg gf 088%.

Gltrg f`s jgsvglt`b`s jgof`r`j`s, f`s nubgrgs pklgl álc`sas gl f` anpksadafaj`j gl `oogjgr ` ul tr`d`bk oknk f` skdrgs`fagltg 5:.7% gl rgf`oaÿl ` fks mkndrgs 58.3% sgeuaj` jg f` jacgrgloa` gl f` rgnulgr`oaÿl s`f`ra`f, nubgrgs ?:.7% gl okltr`stg okl ul 00.=% jg fks mkndrgs9 ktrk gfgngltk ` tglgr gl ouglt` gs qug `p`rgog `ulqug gl pkroglt`bgs alcgrakrgs, gf `oksk sgxu`f oknk jgsvglt`b` jgof`r`j` pkr f`s nubgrgs (0.=%) lk sagljk gfgeaj` pkr fks mkndrgs d`bk laleul` oaroulst`loa`.Gs altgrgs`ltg kdsgrv`r f` pgrogpoaÿl jg f`s nubgrgs gl ou`ltk ` satu`oaklgs jg jgsaeu`fj`j skoa`f y jg tr`tk gl gf nuljk f`dkr`f.

3=

4- U`algrn`l, O - kp.oat.

 

»Oklsajgr` qug gf mgomk jg sgr mkndrg/nubgr jg `feul` n`lgr` fk/` pgrbujao` p`r` `oogjgr ` ul gnpfgk; Mknd ndrg rgss Nu Nubg bgrg rgss Mk

_Lîk gl fks qugjg sgfks oklsajgr` `oogrjgr `@spgotks ul tr`d`bk (1,7% mkndrgspgrbujao`jk y :8,0% jg p`r` f`s nubgrgs) =11,,7? 7:=8,,10 Gl ou`ltk ` f` prgeult` skdrg sa su okljaoaÿl jg sgxk gs ul` Ls/Lo 0,4 0,8 Zkt`f 088,8 088,8 o`us` qug kdst`oufaz` f` gnpfg`dafaj`j, ofàr`ngltgF`s nubgrgs jgof`r`l ul :8.0% @spgotk Mkndrgs Nubgrgs skdrg ul 1.7% jg fks mkndrgs Xrgbuoak pkr o`p`oaj`j 78,8 ?1,8 qug gf mgomk jg sgr nubgrgs sî F` gj`j 47,8 43,8 caoouft`jgs pk pkrr f` pp``tgrlaj`j/n`tgrlaj`j 48,= 4=,7 oklstatuyg ul` jgsvglt`b`. F` Jaca :,4 :,0 jasoranal`oaÿl gl r`zÿl jgf Ktrk `spgotk 4,: sgxk crgltg `f `oogsk f`dkr`f gs Ls/Lo Zkt`f 088,8 088,8 ul` satu`oaÿl pgroadaj`. Gl ou`ltk ` f`s o`us`s jg f`s jgsvglt`b`s gl r`zÿl jgf sgxk, skdrgs`fg f` okljaoaÿl cgnglal` jg eálgrk gl sgeuljk fue`r jg krjgl jg prakraj`j, oknk gs gf rkf n`tgrlk 4=.7% Okl rgf`oaÿl ` ul 48.=% jg fks mkndrgs.

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»@ quá sg jgjao` gl su tagnpk fadrg; Mkndrgs Nubgrgs Z`rg`s jknástao`s 00,0 :7,? _`faj`s ` okngr, tkn`r `fek, gspgotàoufks ?4,8 48,: @ vgr ZS, gsouom`r f` r`jak ?0,4 01,: Ouaj`jk jg fks mabks 01,8 47,3 Jgpkrtgs, `feòl tatapk jg jg `otavaj`jgs cîsao`s ?0,3 04,? Sasat`r `naeks, p`ragltgs, vgoalks =,? :,1 Fgotur` 7,7 ?,1 Z`rg`s skoa`fgs 0,4 8,3 Lk taglg tagnpk fadrg 4,8 4,1 Ktr` `otavaj`j 3,? :,7 Ls/Lo :,8 :,1

Zkjks 41,1 47,3 4:,5 44,3 40,8 3,5 :,3 8,1 4,7 7,? :,:

(*) J`jk qug fks glougst`jks pkjî`l ngloakl`r nàs jg ul` `otavaj`j, f` sun` jg fks pkroglt`bgs gxogjg gf 088%

»Jg quá jgpgljg qug Wj. pugj` tglgr nàs tagnpk fadrg; Oklt`r okl `yuj` c`nafa`r Zr`d`b`r nglks mkr`s Tgp`rtar t`rg`s jknástao`s Lk lgogsat` nàs tagnpk fadrg Oklt`r okl eu`rjgrî`s Ktrk Ls/Lo

Mkndrgs Nubgrgs 44,0 ?4,5 ?8,: 08,: 7,0 48,: 4,= 4,1 4,8 ?,4 1,0 08,: ?8,: 4:,?

Zkjks 45,1 01,: 0?,7 4,= 4,5 1,= 45,8

(*) J`jk qug fks glougst`jks pkjî`l ngloakl`r nàs jg ul` kpoaÿl, f` sun` jg fks pkroglt`bgs gxogjg gf 088%

Gl rgf`oaÿl `f tagnpk? fadrg y f`s o`us`s qug anpgjgl gf jascrutg ` pfglk, sg kdsgrv` qug f`s

nubgrgs vasfundr`l oknk o`us`ltgs fks `sultks c`nafa`rgs-jknástaoks gl ul tkt`f jg 7?.0 % (?4.5 y 48.:) gl okltr`stg oklFks mkndrgs qug ` gstg pultk sÿfk fg `traduygl ul 45.0%. Gl oklofusaÿl, f`s nubgrgs jascrut`l nglks jg su tagnpk fadrg gl oknp`r`oaÿl okl fks mkndrgs y` qug gl fks nkngltks jg koak, f`s nubgrgs jgjao`l tagnpks ` fks mabks y jgdgl rgluloa`r ` ktr`s `ota?- F` v`ra`dfg tagnpk fadrg cug oklsajgr`j` oknk f`s mkr`s qug fks/`s glougst`jks/`s lk p`s`rkl gl su tr`d`bk k ` o`rek jgf ouaj`jk jg sus mabks k `sultks jknástaoks.

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vaj`jgs jg gsp`roanagltk. Fks tagnpks jg koak jg fks mkndrgs skl `prkvgom`jks gl `otavaj`jgs jg rgf`x okl f` pksadafaj`j jg jgso`ls`r jg f` rutal`, `pkrt`ljk ngbkr o`faj`j jg vaj` qug sus p`rgs, ` okltr`stg, f`s nubgrgs lk pugjgl okloafa`r sus nkngltks jg gsp`roanagltk okl gf

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oknp`rtar t`rg`s jknástao`s. F`s nubgrgs sagnprg gstàl okljaoakl`j`s ` f`s lgogsaj`jgs jg ktrks.

»Oklsajgr` qug su p`rgb` (k gx p`rgb`) jgjao`(d`) ` sus lgogsaj`jgs k eustks pgrskl`fgs..; Jgjao`d`... Nàs o`ltaj`j jg tagnpk qug Wj. Nglks o`ltaj`j jg tagnpk qug Wj Aeu`f o`ltaj`j jg tagnpk qug Wj. Ls/Lo Lulo` tuvk p`rgb` Zkt`f

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Mkndrgs 05,8 04,? ?1,7 7,7 47,5 088,8

Nubgrgs 40,8 04,1 :8,0 :,3 40,: 088,8

 

C@NAFA@ Mabks Mkndrgs Nubgrgs Lk taglg mabks :0,1 ?=,4 Zaglg mabks nglkrgs jg 5 `ðks 0?,8 0=,: Zaglg mabks gltrg 5 y 0= `ðks 01,8 4:,3 Zaglg mabks n`ykrgs jg 0= `ðks ?7,4 ?8,:

Zkjks ?1,1 03,8 44,0 ?4,7

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O`ltaj`j jg mabks gl prkngjak Xrkngjak jg... Mabks gl tkt`f Mabks nglkrgs jg 5 `ðks Mabks gltrg 5 y 0= `ðks Mabks n`ykrgs jg 0= `ðks

Mkndrgs Nubgrgs 0,: 4,? 8,4 8,3 8,: 8,= 8,= 8,1

Zkjks 0,1 8,: 8,3 8,1

Gf n`ykr pkroglt`bg jg oklsuft`jks, mkndrgs y nubgrgs, lk taglgl mabks, ?1.1 nagltr`s gltrg fks/`s qug sî fk taglgl gf n`ykr pkroglt`bg sg oklogltr` gl f` cr`lb` jg n`ykrgs jg 0= `ðks, ul ?4.7%. Gf 44.0% taglg mabks gltrg 5 y 0= `ðks. @l`faz`ljk gspgoîcao`ngltg f` satu`oaÿl jg F`s nubgrgs, kdsgrv`nks qug gf n`ykr prkngjak jg o`ltaj`j jg mabks sg rgeastr` gl f` cr`lb` n`ykrgs jg 0= `ðks.(8.1%), gf prkngjak gs gfy fk jgoruz`nks gltrg 5 y 0= (8.=)jg_a fks/`s kdsgrv`nks f`s o`ltaj`jgs y fks prkngjaks jg gj`jsaeuagltg jg fks mabks okl`ðks f` gj`j glouglst`jks/`s (n`ykr pkroglt`bg f` cr`lb` gltrg 47-::`ðks (?=.0) kdsgrv`nks qug, gl f` oauj`j jg Tks`rak t`ndaál sg alokrpkr` ` f` fgotur` jgnkeràcao` l`oakl`f gl gf qug m`y ul n`ro`jk jgsoglsk jg f` cgouljaj`j y ` su vgz ul` jasnaluoaÿl jgf t`n`ðk jg fks mke`rgs. F` eglgr`faz`oaÿl jg usks jg nátkjks `ltaoklogptavks gl f` pkdf`oaÿl jg nubgrgs m` pksadafat`jk ul n`ykr okltrkf pkr p`rtg jg gff`s skdrg sus ougrpks, y m` prkvko`jk o`ndaks gl f` kre`laz`oaÿl c`nafa`r. @f aljgpgljaz`r ` f`s nubgrgs jg f` subgoaÿl ` f`s okljaoaklgs jg rgprkjuooaÿl l`tur`f, sureg p`r` gff`s f` pksadafaj`j jg kpt`r pkr ktrks atalgr`raks skoa`fgs2 gfgv`r su gsokf`raj`j, duso`r ul tr`d`bk rgnulgr`jk k rg`faz`r ul prkygotk jg vaj` prkpak.

Gl su p`rgb`, »quaál jgoajg k jgoajaÿ rgspgotk ` f` o`ltaj`j jg mabks qug tgljrî`l; Jgoajaÿ... Gf glougst`jk F` p`rgb` Gltrg `ndks L`jag, valagrkl Ls/Lo Lulo` tuvk p`rgb` Zkt`f

Mkndrgs Nubgrgs 0,4 ?,4 ?,3 0,3 :3,3 :1,7 08,5 04,3 04,4 00,5 47,5 40,: 088,8 088,8

Zkjks 4,? 4,7 :=,4 00,5 08,4 47,0 088,8

Gl ou`ltk ` f` okf`dkr`oaÿl jg su p`rgb` gl f`s t`rg`s jknástao`s, gl eglgr`f, Wj. sg sagltg... _g sagltg... Nuy s`tascgom`/k D`st`ltg s`tascgom`/k Ngja`l`ngltg s`tascgom`/k Xkok s`tascgom`/k X`r` l`j` s`tascgom`/k Ls/Lo @otu`fngltg lk taglg p`rgb` Zkt`f

Mkndrgs Nubgrgs 45,5 1,5 0:,3 01,5 ?,3 00,? 4,: :,1 4,3 3,3 3,7 :7,0 :7,? 088,8 088,8

Zkjks 05,= 05,: 5,1 ?,5 0,: 3,3 :7,4 088,8 50

 

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 Z`rg`s jgltrk jg f` c`nafa` Mkndrgs Nubgrgs :7,= 50,: :5,7 4?,? :,3 ?,= 4,0 0,7 088,8 088,8

Zkjks 71,= ?:,? :,4 0,5 088,8

Mkndrgs Nubgrgs 34,8 57,5 05,= 5,0 0:,0 00,1 3,0 7,? 088,8 088,8

Zkjks 31,5 00,= 04,1 7,3 088,8

uajj`j `jkk jg s` s`fu fujj jg fk fkss ma mabk bkss Mkn knddrg rgss Nub ubgr grgs gs Oua Nuomk 71,0 55,5 Xkok 48,0 ?,=

Zkj kjks ks 31,3 08,1

L`j` Ls/Lo Zkt`f

0:,0 7,: 088,8

Nuomk Xkok L`j` Ls/Lo Zkt`f

»Ouàltk jgoajg Wj. gl... Gjuo`oaÿl jg fks mabks Nuomk Xkok L`j` Ls/Lo Zkt`f

07,4 7,3 088,8

0?,? 7,4 088,8

Ja Jast stra radu duoa oaÿl ÿl jgf jgf e`s e`stk tk jkn jknás ásta taok ok Mk Mknd ndrg rgss Nubg Nubgrg rgss Nuomk :=,5 34,5 Xkok ?7,8 4?,4 L`j` 0:,3 04,8 Ls/Lo 0,5 4,0 Zkt`f 088,8 088,8 Tgorg`oaÿl

Nuomk Xkok L`j` Ls/Lo Zkt`f  S`o`oaklgs

Nuomk Xkok L`j` Ls/Lo Zkt`f

Zkjkss Zkjk 73,: 4=,7 0?,0 4,8 088,8

Mkndrgs Nubgrgs 77,5 71,7 ?7,7 ?4,7 5,8 7,= 0,= 4,4

Zkjk 75,= ??,1 3,: 0,1

088,8 088,8 Mkndrgs Nubgrgs 77,3 7?,0 ?7,0 ?3,7 =,: =,7 8,1 0,1 088,8 088,8

088,8 Zkjks 7:,4 ?7,1 =,7 0,: 088,8

Gl tkj`s gst`s prgeult`s oklogrlagltgs ` f` jastraduoaÿl y jgoasaklgs gl gf àndatk jknástao`, oknk kdsgrv`nks, fks pkroglt`bgs n`ykrgs gl ou`ltk p`rtaoap`oaÿl gl f`s rgspkls`dafaj`jgs altr`c`nafa`rgs skl oknprgljajks pkr f`s nubgrgs2 oknk prgeult` eglgr`faz`jkr` lks glokltr`nks qug, gl ou`ltk ` f` okf`dkr`oaÿl jg su p`rgb` gl f`s t`rg`s jknástao`s, gl eglgr`f f`s nubgrgs sÿfk ul 1.5% sg sagltg nuy s`tascgom`s okl rgspgotk ` f` p`rtaoap`oaÿl jg su p`rgb` gl f`s `otavaj`jgs gl su mke`r, gl okltr`stg okl ul 45.5% jg fk jgof`r`jk pkr fks mkndrgs9 f`s nubgrgs gl f`s t`rg`ssgc`nafa`rgs jgoajgl nuomk, ulul 50.:% glfks oknp`r`oaÿl oklulfks mkndrgs ul :7.=%, gst` fgotur` rgcugrz` okl f` kpoaÿl pkok2 :5.7% mkndrgs okl gso`sk 4?.?% jg f`s nubgrgs, gl gf àndatk gjuo`tavk sg rgatgr` f` nasn` satu`oaÿl, f`s nubgrgs jgoajgl ul 57.0 skdrg f` gju`oaÿl jg sus mabks okl rgf`oaÿl ` ul 34.% jg fks mkndrgs, ouaj`jk jg fks mabks

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t`ndaál sg vugfvg ` j`r gst` satu`oaÿl, f`s nubgrgs sg alvkfuor`l y rgspkls`dafaz`l nuomk nàs qug sus p`rgb`s gl ul 55.5% crgltg ` ul 71.0%.

@@ pgs`r nkjkjgjgf`soklofusaÿl aloapagltgs tr`lsckrn`oaklgs, gl f` n`ykrî` jg fks sgotkrgs skoa`fgs, f` nubgr saeug sagljk rgspkls`dfg jg f` supgrvasaÿl y/k rg`faz`oaÿl jg f`s t`rg`s jknástao`s, ou`fquagr` sg` f` alvkfuor`oaÿl jg gff`s gl gf nuljk jgf tr`d`bk gxtr`jknástaok. Fks lòngrks qug `rrk b` gst` glougst` `sî fk aljao`l. Gl gf o`sk jg F`talk`nárao`, f`s nubgrgs p`r` p`fg`r f` orasas goklÿnao`, m`l s`fajk `f gsp`oak pòdfaok-goklÿnaok y jgsjg gstg `làfasas `ungltÿ f` gquaj`j jg eálgrk, pgrk ul` gquaj`j jg f`s oaroulst`loa`s, lk pf`lacao`j`, lk oklsoagltg, lk jgsg`j`, ` tagnpk p`roa`f, jgsprktgeaj` y okl rgnulgr`oaklgs gso`s`s.

Cgom`s Oklngnkr`tav`s jgf O`fglj`rak Altgrl`oakl`f jg f` Nubgr. »_`dg ouàljk sg ogfgdr` gf.... Jî` Altgrl`oakl`f jg f` Nubgr = jg n`rzk Ktrk jî`

LZkkt`s`f dg Jî Jî`` jg f` Lk Sak akfg fglo loa` a` ok oklt ltr` r` f` Nu Nubg bgrr 47 jg lkvagndrg Ktrk jî` Lk s`dg Zkt`f

Mkndrgs Nubgrgs ?8,= 33,5 0,3 4,1

03858,,38

0?888,,:8

Mkn knddrg rgss Nubg Nubgrg rgss 5,1 4?,? :,? 3,0 =5,= 58,3 088,8 088,8

Zkjks 78,7 4,?

0:858,,48 Zkj kjks ks 03,: 7,? 5=,? 088,8

X`r` gf Àrg` jg f` Nubgr jg f` Nulaoap`faj`j jg Tks`rak, gst` prgeult` qug tr`t` jg skljg`r f` okloagloa` skoa`f y gspgoa`fngltg jg f`s nubgrgs, skdrg fks jgrgomks y f`s prkdfgnàtao`s, qug lks kourrgl pkr lugstr` okljaoaÿl jg eálgrk kdsgrv`nks qug, skdrg gf Jî` Altgrl`oakl`f jg f` Nubgr, f`s nubgrgs taglgl ul 33.5% jg oklkoanagltk skdrg f` cgom` gl qug sg oklngnkr`, crgltg ` ul ?8.: jg jgsoklkoanagltk, fks lòngrks sg alvagrtgl sa fgs prgeult`nks ` f` pkdf`oaÿl n`soufal`.Fk okltr`rak suogjg ou`ljk prgeult`nks skdrg gf jî` gl qug L`oaklgs Wlaj`s m` alstatuîjk Altgrl`oakl`f f` LK Sakfgloa` m`oa` jgsjg f` Nubgr. nubgrgs fk jgsoklkogl gl ul58.3% ygfglJî` n`ykr ngjaj` fksJgmkndrgs gl ul =5.=% f`s F`s pkfîtao`s pòdfao`s gstg gs ul j`tk qug anpufs` ` f` rgcfgxaÿl, skdrg gstr`tgea`s, rgoursks y oknprknasks pòdfaoks qug jgdgl altgrvglar p`r` prknkvgr fks jgrgomks mun`lks jg f`s nubgrgs y jg f` skoagj`j.

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5?

 

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@LG]K_

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@LG]K A Tgspkls`dfgs jg f` gbgouoaÿl O`rkfal` Nklbg, Sgrÿlao` _kfal` y Ogoafa` S`ffal`, prkjuotkr`s, rg`faz`jkr`s y okljuotkr`s jg ul prker`n` tgfgvasavk "M`dfg okl Gff`s"

@dkrj`bg Xgrakjîstaok Xf`l jg Aeu`fj`j jg Kpkrtulaj`jgs - @rg` jg f` Nubgr - _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f jg f` Nulaoap`faj`j jg Tks`rak Xrker`n` jg ZS qug m`rà f` gv`fu`oaÿl oknulao`oakl`f ` tr`vás jg gv`fu`oaÿl jg gxpgragloa`s2 "M`dfg okl Gff`s". O`l`f : jg O`dfgmke`r jg Tks`rak. Gnasaÿl Naárokfgs ` f`s 4?, y rgpgtaoaklgs _àd`jks ` f`s 48 y Jknaleks ` f`s 44.XTKJWOOAKL A. Xrkjuooaÿl jg okltglajks. Jgtgrnal`oaÿl jg gbgs tgnàtaoks jgs`rrkff`jks gl gf Xf`l jg Aeu`fj`j jg Kpkrtulaj`jgs. Dòsqugj`, udao`oaÿl y oklt`otks okl fks kre`lasnks g alstatuoaklgs qug okkrjal`rkl f` `ooaÿl jg o`j` ulk jg gsks gbgs. XTKJWOOAKL AA. Tgoklkoanagltk jg fks erupks jg nubgrgs qug sg altger`rkl `f Xf`l jg Aeu`fj`j. Oklt`otk okl gffks y jgtgrnal`oaÿl jg pf`l jg tr`d`bk p`r` f` rg`faz`oaÿl jg alckrngs gl gxtgrakrgs okl f` rgokfgooaÿl jg tgstanklaks jg nubgrgs qug jgl ouglt` jgf d`f`log jg f` pugst` gl pr`otao` jgf pf`l. XTKJWOOAKL AAA. G]ZGTAKTG_. Gl r`zÿl jg qug gf prker`n` M`dfg okl Gff`s sg oklvagrt` jur`ltg ul ngs gl gf prkjuotk tgfgvasavk jacuskr jg f` gv`fu`oaÿl oknulao`oakl`f jgf Xf`l jg Aeu`fj`j jg Kpkrtulaj`jgs, sg jaspkljrà jg f`s mkr`s jg er`d`oaÿl lgogs`ra`s p`r` jgs`rrkff`r, pkr fk nglks, qualog gltrgvast`s gspgoa`fgs gl jastaltks fue`rgs jg f` oauj`j jg Tks`rak okl jacgrgltgs erupks jg nubgrgs qug okkrjal`jks pkr javgrs`s Kre`laz`oaklgs lk Eudgrl`nglt`fgs g alstatuoaklgs gbgout`rkl gf Xf`l. X`r` gst` t`rg` sg skfaoat`r`l fks sgrvaoaks prkcgsakl`fgs jg ul o`n`rÿer`ck okl gquapk prkpak jg tgolkfkeî` jaeat`f. XTKJWOOAKL AS. ZT@_F@JK_. Tgokrrajks jgf gquapk prkjuotkr- rg`faz`jkr pkr fks jastaltks d`rraks y sgotkrgs jg f` oauj`j jg Tks`rak jkljg sg` lgogs`rak rgfgv`r tgstanklaks, o`pt`r anàeglgs y duso`r gf n`tgra`f lgogs`rak p`r` ounpfar okl f` t`rg` `ltgs jgsorapt`. N`tgra`f p`r` er`d`oaÿl gl gxtgrakrgs. _g lgogsat`ràl o`ssgttgs tgolkfkeî` jaeat`f p`r` f` er`d`oaÿl jg f`s gltrgvast`s gl gxtgrakrgs `rrad` ngloakl`j`s. XK_Z XTKJWOOAKL. GJAOAKL JGF N@ZGTA@F ET@D@JK GL ZGOLKFKEA@ JAEAZ@F. _g rgqugrarà jg `f nglks 58 mkr`s jg gjaoaÿl gl gstujak p`r` tr`lsckrn`r gl sgengltks f`s qualog gltrgvast`s rg`faz`j`s gl gxtgrakrgs. _g skfaoat`ràl p`r` gst` t`rg` fks sgrvaoaks prkcgsakl`fgs jg ul gjatkrrg`faz`jkr qug tr`d`b`rà skdrg euaklgs jg gjaoaÿl pkr lksktr`s `rn`jks prgva`ngltg. Gnasaÿl jg fks prker`n`s jg M`dfg okl Gff`s jur`ltg gf ngs jg gv`fu`oaÿl oknulao`oakl`f. Gf prker`n`, y pkr fk t`ltk sus pgrakjast`s rg`faz`jkr`s, gst`rà `dko`jk gxofusav`ngltg jur`ltg gf ngs jg lkvagndrg y gf tagnpk rgst`ltg qug sg` lgogs`rak ` oudrar f` gv`fu`oaÿl jg ngjaks jgf Xf`l jg Aeu`fj`j jg Kpkrtulaj`jgs. @TOMASK. Cal`faz`jk gf ngs jg gv`fu`oaÿl oknulao`oakl`f sg m`rà gltrge` jg ul o`ssgttg gl jkljg pkjrà vgrsg tkjk gf tr`d`bk rg`faz`jk gl gxtgrakrgs y gnatajk pkr gf prker`n` M`dfg okl Gff`s qug oklsastarà gl f` gv`fu`oaÿl jg gxpgragloa`s jgf Xf`l jg Aeu`fj`j jg Kpkrtulaj`jgs. Gstg n`tgra`f ckrn`r` p`rtg jg f` gv`fu`oaÿl y qugj`rà oknk gt`p` cal`f jgf nasnk. JKOWNGLZK. _g gf`dkr`rà ul alckrng-jkoungltk cal`f gl gf qug oklst`ràl f`s oklofusaklgs jg f` gv`fu`oaÿl oknulao`oakl`f jgf Xf`l jg Aeu`fj`j jg Kpkrtulaj`jgs jg `ougrjk `f d`f`log jg gxpgragloa`s rgokeajk y jg `ougrjk ` tkj` f` alckrn`oaÿl y `làfasas qug oklstruy`nks ` fk f`rek jg gstg ngs jg tr`d`bk altglsavk.

_usoradgl, O`rkfal` Nklbg, Sgrÿlao` _kfal` y Ogoafa` S`ffal` . Xrkjuotkr`s, rg`faz`jkr`s y okljuotkr`s jg "M`dfg okl Gff`s".

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@LG]K AA Culoakl`raks/`s p`rtaoap`ltgs gl f` gv`fu`oaÿl XAK @fcklsk, F`ur` - _udsgorgt`rî` jg @ooaÿl _koa`f - _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f @rjgf, _tgff` N`ras - _gorgt`rî` jg Ouftur` y Gjuo`oaÿl @uesduregr, _afva` - Oklogb`f` N`lj`tk Ounpfajk Dfkqug _koa`fast` @v`fas, N`rî` jg fks @legfgs - Gso. Nul. jg B`rjalgrî` - _gorgt`rî` jg _grvaoaks Xòdfaoks D`rrgr`, Orastal` - _udsgorgt`rî` jg Kdr`s Xòdfao`s O`npkstrala, @jgf` - _gorgt`rî` jg Ouftur` y Gjuo`oaÿl Oaoafa`la, Er`oagf` - Xrgsupugstk X`rtaoap`tavk - _gorgt`ra` Eglgr`f Oargr`, _us`l` - Dfkqug _koa`fast` Okf`ooa, Of`uja` - Dfkqug _koa`fast` Jg Bgsòs, S`lal` - Jargooaÿl Eglgr`f jg Oknulao`oaÿl _koa`f Gsturgf, _kla` - _udjargotkr` - Jargooaÿl Eglgr`f jg Oknulao`oaÿl _koa`f Cgrl`ljgz Tuja, Tkss`l` - _udjargotkr` _grvaoak Xòdfaok jg f` Savaglj` Eauraoaom, X`traoa` - Okkrjal`jkr` jgf Àrg` jg f` Laðgz - _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Eklz`fgz, O`rngl - Dfkqug _koa`fast` Ekrzaefa`, Fafa`l` - _gorgt`rî` jg Xf`lg`nagltk F`om`r, X`traoa` - _grvaoak Xòdfaok jg f` Savaglj` Fgkl, Er`oagf` - _gorgt`rî` jg _grvaoaks Xòdfaoks y Ngjak @ndagltg Nulj`la, N`rî` O`rkfal` - Xrker`n` Orgogr - _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Lao`strk, N`rogf` - _grvaoak Xòdfaok jg f` Savaglj` X`la`eu`, Z`la` - Dfkqug _koa`fast` X`rgts, Eust`vk - _gorgt`rî` jg Kdr`s Xòdfao`s Xgffaz`ra, N`rî` @fgb`ljr` - Dfkqug _koa`fast` Xgr`ft`, C`daàl - Jargooaÿl Eglgr`f jg Sgoal`fgs - _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Xaookfala, X`traoa` - Xrker`n` jg _`fuj Altger`f jg f` Nubgr - _gorgt`rî` jg _`fuj Xòdfao` Xalk, @faoa` - _udsgorgt`ra` jg Kdr`s Xòdfao`s Xatkl, Jagek - Jargooaÿl Er`f. jg Tgorg`oaÿl y Jgpkrtgs - _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f Xkrt`, _afva` - _gorgt`rî` jg Kdr`s Xòdfao`s - Jargooaÿl jg Majr`ufao` Xuefa`la, N`ras` - Dfkqug _koa`fast` T`tt`rk, N`rogf` - _grvaoak Nulaoap`f jg Gnpfgk - _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f  Sgltrkla, Lkr` -Jargooaÿl Eglgr`f jg Oknulao`oaÿl _koa`f  Sgrja, Av`l` - Ogltrk jg f` Buvgltuj - _gorgt`rî` jg Xrknkoaÿl _koa`f R`np`la, Tkdgrtk - Xrgsupugstk X`rtaoap`tavk - _gorgt`ra` Eglgr`f

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