Estudos Praticos I

 

 

Pkfv`rsfjdj` Edtõafed j` Cmédcofqu` Fkstftutm j` @juedéåm è Jfstïkefd

_`smauéåm j` `x`reãefms `c gmrcd j` domrjdi`c W`rõkfed Cmkt`frm X`jrm 98>?8057> 

Afe`kefdturd `c @ksfkm j` @juedéåm Gãsfed ` J`spmrtm @stujms Xrätfems F ?² Dkm, FFm Irupm, Zurcd2 E  

Kdcpuad, Cdfm, ?8?4

 

 

Pkfv`rsfjdj` Edtõafed j` Cmédcofqu` Fkstftutm j` @juedéåm è Jfstdkefd 

_`smauéåm j` `x`reãefms `c gmrcd j` domrjdi`c Afe`kefdturd `c @ksfkm j` @juedéåm Gãsfed ` J`spmrtm

Zrdodanm j` edräet`r dvdafdtfvm dpr`s`ktdjm kd edj`frd j` @stujms Xrätfems F, ?² Dkm, FFm irupm, Zurcd2 E, mrf`ktdjm p`am2 Jme`kt`2 R`ed Daf Douodedr 

 Kdcpuad, Cdfm, ?8?4

 

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Gmand j` G``jodel Eadssfgfedéåm Edt`imrfds

Fkjfedjmr`s

Xdjrð`s

  Ãkjfe`

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@struturd

  Fktrmjuéåm

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Dsp`etms mridkfzdefmkdfs

       

   

Fktrmjuéåm

Jfseussåm Emkeausåm Ofoafmirdgfd Emkt`xtudafzdéåm (Fkjfedéåm eadrd  prmoa`cd)

jm

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?.8

Emkt`òjm `  

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 

 

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Gmrcdtdéåm

mob`etm jm trdodanm Drtfeuadéåm ` jmcãkfm jm jfseursm dedjæcfem (`xpr`ssåm `serftd eufjdjd, em`râkefd / em`såm t`xtuda) _`vfsåm ofoafmirägfed kdefmkda ` fkt`rkdefmkda r`a`vdkt` kd är`d j` `stujm @xpamrdéåm jms jdjms Emktrfoutms t`õrfems  prätfems Xdifkdéåm, tfpm ` tdcdknm j` a`trd,

5.8

?.8 ?.0 ?.8 4.8

 pdrdirdgm, `spdédc`ktm `ktr` afknds

i`rdfs  Kmrcds DXD 7ª `jféåm `c _`g`râkefds eftdéð`s ` Ofoafmirägfeds  ofoafmirdgfd

tutmr

  C`tmjmamifd dj`qudjd dm

 

Dsp`etms

cäxfcd 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0

4.8

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Emkeausåm

Kmtd jm

  J`serféåm jms mob`etfvms

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Dkäafs` jfseussåm

Xmktudéå m

  _fimr ` em`râkefd jds

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eftdéð`s/r`g`râkefds  ofoafmirägfeds

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Uuotmtda

 

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Gmand pdrd r`emc`kjdéð`s j` c`anmrfd2 D s`r pr``kenfjd p`am tutmr    ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]   ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]   ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]   ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]   ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]   ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] 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Ãkjfe` Fktrmjuéåm ..................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 0 _`smauéåm j` `x`reãefms............ `x`reãefms.................................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ................................ ......... 7 4.4.

Emke`ftm, nfstmrfda, r`irds ` kòc` kòc`rm rm j` bmidjmr`s km km Wma`foma................................... ................................... 7

4.4.4.

Emke`ftm..................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ......................... 7

4.4.?.

Nfstõrfd jm vma`foma ...................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ........................... ..... 7

4.4.5. 4.4.:.

_`irds jm vma`foma .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... 7 Kòc`rm j` bmidjmr`s km vvma`foma ma`foma................... ......................................... ............................................ ................................ .......... 9

4.4.:.4. 4.4.0.

_`irds .................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ......................... 9

Gukjdc`k Gukjdc`ktms tms jm vma`foma .................... ........................................... .............................................. ............................................. ........................ >

4.?. Emke`ftm, nfstmrfda, r`i r`irds rds ` kòc`rm j` bmi bmidjmr`s djmr`s km Odsqu`t`oma Odsqu`t`oma ............................. ............................. 6 4.?.4. Emke`ftm..................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ......................... 6 4.?.?.

Nfstõrfd jm odsqu`t`oma ................... .......................................... .............................................. ............................................. ........................ 6

4.?.5.

Kòc`rm j` bmidjmr`s km oodsqu`t`oma dsqu`t`oma..................... ........................................... ............................................ ...................... 48

4.?.:. _`irds jm odsqu`t` ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ .............................. ........ 48 4.5. Emke`ftm, nfstmrfda, r`i r`irds rds ` kòc`rm j` bmi bmidjmr`s djmr`s km dkj`oma .................................. .................................. 45 4.5.4. Emke`ftm..................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ...................... 45 4.5.?.

Nfstõrfd ...................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ...................... 45

4.5.5. 4.5.:. 4.5.0.

Gukjdc`ktms jm dkj`oma ........................................... .................................................................. ......................................... .................. 4: _`irds jm dkj`oma .................... .......................................... ............................................ ............................................ .............................. ........ 40 Kòc`rm j` bmidjmr`s km dkj`oma ................... ......................................... ............................................ .............................. ........ 40

4.:.

Emke`ftm, nfstmrfda, r`i r`irds rds ` kòc`rm j` bmidjmr`s km gut`oma..................... gut`oma.................................... ............... 47

4.:.4.

Emke`ftm..................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ...................... 47

4.:.?. 4.:.5.

Nfstõrfd jm Gut`oma ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ .............................. ........ 47 _`irds ` gukjdc`ktms jm Gut`oma ...................... ............................................ ............................................. .......................... ... 49

4.:.:.

Kòc`rm j` bmidjmr`s j` ed edjd jd ``qufpd qufpd j` gut`oma ............................................. ................................................ ... 4>

?. Emke`ftm jd @stujms Xrätfem Xrätfemss F .......................................... ................................................................. ............................................. ......................... ... 46 5. Fcpmrtïkefd jms @s @stujms tujms Xrätfems F .................... .......................................... ............................................. ......................................... .................. 46 :. Ds jfv`rsds är`ds j` @stuj @stujms ms Xrätfems .................... .......................................... ............................................. ..................................... .............. 46 Emkeausåm ..................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ......................................... ................... ?8 _`g`râkefds Ofoafmirägfeds....................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ............... ?4

 

0

Fktrmjuéåm M pr`s`kt` trdodanm æ jd edj`frd j` @stujms prätfems F, a`efmkdjd kd Pkfv`rsfjdj` Edtõafed j` Cmédcofqu`, km eursm j` afe`kefdturd `c @ksfkm j` @juedéåm Gãsfed ` J`spmrtm. `st` trdodanm  ods`fd-s` `c uc qu`stfmkärfm mrf` mrf`ktdjmr ktdjmr jms emkt`òjms emkt`òjms d s`r domrjdjms. domrjdjms.

Mob`etfvm I`rda   _`smav`r `x`reãefms `c gmrcd j` domrjdi`c smor` ds cmjdafjdj`s j`spmrtfvds

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ema`etfvds2 Dkj`oma, Odsqu`t`oma, Odsqu`t`oma, Wma`foma ` Gut`oma, dssfc emcm d edj`frd mkj` `ads såm `stujdjds.

Mob`etfvms `sp`eãgfems2   Jdr emke`ftm j` edjd cmjdafjdj`<

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  J`ser`v`r m nfstmrfda j` edjd cmjdafjdj`<

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  Fkjfedr ds r`irds j` edjd cmjdafjdj` `c `stujm mu `c domrjdi`c<

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  Fj`kjfgfedr m kòc`rm j` bmidjmr`s `c edjd cmjdafjdj`.

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C`tmjmamifd2 Xdrd emker`tfzdéåm j`st` trdodanm, gmf usdjd ucd  X`squfsd Ofoafmirägfed  qu` emksfst` j`s`kvmav`r m trdodanm d pdrtfr j` cdt`rfda bä b ä `adomrdjm, emkstftuãjm prfkefpdac`kt` j` afvrms ` drtfims ef`ktãgfems.

 

7

_`smauéåm j` `x`reãefms 4.4.Emke`ftm, nfstmrfda, r`irds ` kòc`rm j` bmidjmr`s km Wma`foma 4.4.4.  Emke`ftm M vma`foma mu võa`f æ uc j`spmrtm prdtfedjm prdtfedjm `ktr` juds `qufp`s `qufp`s kucd qudjrd r`tdkiuadr (do`rtd mu g`endjd). @ad æ jfvfjfjd pmr ucd r`j` emamedjd v`rtfedac`kt` smor` d afknd e`ktrda. M vma`foma æ bmidjm emc ucd omad ` fkeauf jfv`rsms pdss`s emc ds cåms. M mob`tfvm prfkefpda æ adkédr d omad pmr efcd jd r`j` ` gdzâ-ad tmedr t medr km enåm jm djv`rsärfm.

4.4.?.  Nfstõrfd jm vma`foma M vma`foma surifu kms @stdjms Pkfjms `c 4>60. U`u erfdjmr gmf m `stdjukfj`ks` Yfaafdc ‑Dss mefdéåm I`mri` Cmridk  (4>98-46:?). Kd æpmed, Cmridk `rd en`g` j` @juedéåm Gãsfed jd ‑Dssmefdéåm Erfstå j` Cméms– (DEC) `c Cdssdenus`tts. 

Uud fj`fd `rd erfdr uc j`spmrtm qu` tfv`ss` pmuem fcpdetm ` emktdtm gãsfem `ktr` ms djv`rsärfms, emc m fktuftm j` `vftdr a`sð`s. ‑cfktmk`tt`–– `, pmuem j`pmfs, j` ‑vmaa`y ‑vmaa`y odaa –. –. Efkem Xrfc`frdc`kt`, m j`spmrtm gmf endcdjm j` ‑cfktmk`tt`

dkms dpõs sud erfdéåm, m bmim gmf a`vdjm pdrd m Edkdjä `, cdfs tdrj`, emkqufstmu mutrms pdãs`s jm cukjm.  Kd jæedjd jæedjd j` :8, m vma`foma bä `rd r`emkn`efjm cukjfdac`kt`. U`kjm dssfc, `c 446:9, 6:9, ``c c Xdrfs, Xdrfs, kd Grdkéd, gmf gukjdjd d  Gæjærdtfmk Fkt`rkdtfmkda` j` Wmaa`yodaa   (GFWO) - G`j`rdéåm Fkt`rkdefmkda j` Wma`foma, `c pmrtuiuâs. @ss` õriåm æ dtæ nmb` r`spmksäv`a pmr emmrj`kdr ` mridkfzdr ds dtfvfjdj`s r`adefmkdjds emc `ss` j`spmrtm. @c 46:6, demkt`e`u m prfc`frm edcp`mkdtm cukjfda j` vma`foma pdrd nmc`ks kd En`emsamväqufd, En`emsamväq ufd, km quda d _òssfd sdfu edcp`å. Zrâs dkms cdfs tdrj`, `ss` edcp`mkdtm bä fkeaufu m vma`foma pdrd cuan`r`s, emc vftõrfd pdrd m Bdpåm. D pdrtfr j` 467:, m vma`foma s` tmrkmu uc j`spmrtm maãcpfem, m quda p`rcdk`e` dtæ ms jfds dtudfs. Nmb` `a` pmssuf cuftds `qufp`s ` dj`ptms p`am cukjm.

4.4.5.  _`irds jm vma`foma Ds prfkefpdfs r`irds jm võa`f såm2  

Edjd `qufp` pmssuf uc tæekfem<

 

Pcd pdrtfjd æ emkstftuãjd j` 0 s`ts<

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 Kåm `xfst` t`cpm præ-j`t`rcfkdjm ppdrd drd edjd s`t< s`t<

 

9

 

Edjd s`t t`c uc cäxfcm j` ?0 pmktms emc ucd jfg`r`kéd cãkfcd j` ? pmktms<

 

@c edsm j` `cpdt` km s`t km gfkda (?: x ?:), d pdrtfjd emktfkud dtæ qu` d jfg`r`kéd j`

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jmfs pmktms s`bd dtfkifjd (?7 x ?:, ?9 x ?0, `te.)<  

Dpõs m sdqu`, d `qufp` sõ pmj` tmedr trâs v`z`s kd omad<

 

Idknd d `qufp` qu` v`ke`r trâs s`ts<

 

U` nmuv`r `cpdt` kms s`ts (?x?) m 0² s`t s`rä j`efsfvm.

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4.4.:.  Kòc`rm j` bmidjmr`s km vma`foma M vma`foma j` qudjrd æ gmrcdjm pmr juds `qufp`s emc 7 bmidjmr`s `c edjd. Km tmtda, såm 4?  bmidjmr`s. @xfst`c @xfst`c dfkjd 7 bmid bmidjmr`s jmr`s r`s`rvd. Daæc jm vma`foma j` qudjrd, nä tdcoæc m vma`foma j` prdfd. Jfg`r`kt` jd qudjrd, m j` prdfd æ  bmidjm kd dr`fd dr`fd ` emktæc smc` smc`kt` kt` qudtrm bmidjmr`s, bmidjmr`s, s`kjm jmfs j` edjd `q `qufp`. ufp`.

4.4.:.4._`irds 4.4.:.4.4.  X msf msféð` éð`ss jm vma`f vma`fom omaa

Edjd bmidjmr t`c ucd pmsféåm j`ktrm jd qudjrd, d quda dpr`s`ktd ucd mrj`c j` rmtdéåm2  

5 bmidjmr`s pmsfefmkdc-s` p`rtm jd r`j`<

 

5 bmidjmr`s pmsfefmkdc-s` kd afknd j` träs.

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_`pr`s`ktdéåmm jd pmsféåm jms bmidjmr`s ` d rmtdéåm qu` memrr` `ktr` `a`s _`pr`s`ktdéå 4.4.:.4.?.  G datds datds km vm vma`f a`fom omaa

Ds r`irds jm vma`foma fkeau`c jfv`rsds gdatds km sdqu`, dtdqu`, pdss` j` omad, tmqu`s, pmsféåm, rmtdéåm j` bmidjmr`s, j`ktr` mutrms. Daiuks `x`cpams j` gdatd såm2

 

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Jmfs Zmqu`s2 qudkjm uc bmidjmr tmed d omad juds v`z`s emks`eutfvds mu d omad odt` `c värfds pdrt`s j` s`u emrpm.

 

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Tudtrm Zmqu`s2 qudkjm d `qufp` tmed kd omad qudtrm v`z`s dkt`s j` `kvfä-ad dms djv`rsärfms.

 

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Zmqu` dpmfdjm2 qudkjm uc bmidjmr s` dpmfd `c mutrm jd sud `qufp`. Zdcoæc æ emksfj`rdjm gdatd s` `a` s` dpmfd `c daiucd `struturd mu mob`tm j`ktrm jd är`d j` bmim  pdrd imap`dr d omad.

 

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_mtdéåm2 s` d rmtdéåm `ktr` ms bmidjmr`s kåm demkt`e`r j` cdk`frd emrr`td kd nmrd jm sdqu`, d `qufp` emc`t` gdatd.

 

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_`j`2 s` bmidr d omad `ktr` m `spdém jds juds dkt`kds prõxfcds jd r`j`, m bmidjmr emc`t`rä gdatd.

4.4.0.  Gukjdc`ktms jm vma`foma Ms gukjdc`ktms jm vma`foma såm2  

Udqu`

 

_`e`péåm

 

A`vdktdc`ktm

 

Dtdqu`

 

Oamqu`fm

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Edjd bmidjd jm vma`foma t`c fkãefm emc ms sdqu`s. M sdedjmr, emcm æ endcdjm m bmidjmr qu` adkéd d omad, t`c qu` drr`c`ssdr d omad pmr efcd jd r`j` ` j`ktrm jd qudjrd j` s`u djv`rsärfm. U` `a` uatrdpdssdr m afcft`, d omad vdf r`tmrkdr pdrd ss`u `u djv`rsärfm sdedr. Kmt` qu` qudkjm d omad tmed km enåm jm tfc` djv`rsärfm, memrr` d cdredéåm j` pmktms. D endcdjd ‑zmkd j` sdqu`– r`pr`s`ktd m ameda mkj` m bmidjmr (sdedjmr) j`v` p`rcdk`e`r pdrd

adkédr d omad. Zrdtd-s` j` ucd är`d j` 6 c`trms j` adriurd sftudjd dpõs edjd afknd j` gukjm. Ms bmidjmr`s r`e`o`c m sdqu` dtrdvæs jm gukjdc`ktm jd r`e`péåm, i`rdac`kt` g`ftd trdvæs j` r`eursms emcm d cdken`t` mu m tmqu`. t mqu`. Ms a`vdktdjmr`s, emcm m prõprfm kmc` bä fkjfed, a`vdktdc d omad emc d pmktd jms j`jms. @c s`iufjd, pdssdc dms dtdedkt`s qu` t`ktdc cdredr pmktm dm adkédr pdrd m edcpm djv`rsärfm.

 

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Ms dtdedkt`s emamedc cuftd gmréd kd bmidjd ` emc uc irdkj` sdatm mob`tfvdc tmedr m enåm jd `qufp` djv`rsärfd pdrd gdz`r m pmktm. Ms djv`rsärfms pmj`c, km `ktdktm, r`dafzdr uc oamqu`fm mu j`g`sd pdrd qu` d omad vmat` ` tmqu` km enåm jd `qufp` qu` dtdemu. Mos`rv` qu` ms oamqu`fms såm r`dafzdjms pmr jmfs mu cdfs bmidjmr`s qu` `ståm pmsfefmkdjms  prõxfcms jd r`j`. U`kjm dssfc, pdrd s` j`g`kj`r j`g`kj`r emktrd m dtdqu` jm djv`rsärfm `a`s sdatdc km c`scm cmc`ktm.

4.?.Emke`ftm, nfstmrfda, r`irds ` kòc`rm j` bmidjmr`s km Odsqu`t`oma 4.?.4.  Emke`ftm Odsqu`t`oma æ ucd pdadvrd j` mrfi`c fkia`sd, sud trdjuéåm aft`rda pmj` s`r –omad kd e`std–.

Odsqu`t`oma æ ucd cmjdafjdj` `spmrtfvd mkj` nä jmfs tfc`s j` efkem bmidjmr`s edjd uc, qu` `c uc p`rãmjm j` :8 cfkutms, pr`efsdc gdz`r m cdfmr kòc`rm pmssãv`a j` drr`c`ssms j` omads kds e`stds jm s`u djv`rsärfm. Ms bmidjmr`s j` odsqu`t`oma tâc mob`etfvms j` dtdqu` ` j` j`g`sd. M mob`etfvm j` dtdqu` æ fktrmjuzfr d omad km e`stm qu` d `qufpd djv`rsärfd j`g`kj`. M mob`etfvm jd j`g`sd æ `vftdr qu` d `qufpd emkträrfd fktrmjuzd d omad km e`stm qu` j`g`kj`

4.?.?.  Nfstõrfd jm odsqu`t`oma M bmim gmf erfdjm `c 4>64 pmr Bdc`s Kdfscftn, uc prmg`ssmr j` @juedéåm Gãsfed edkdj`ks` qu` trdodandvd `c Cdssdenus`tts, kms @stdjms Pkfjms. Xmr edusd jm grfm fkt`ksm kd æpmed j` fkv`rkm, j`spmrtms emcm ods`odaa ` gut`oma, prdtfedjms dm dr afvr`, gfedvdc c`kms pmpuadr`s kds `stdéð`s cdfs i`adjds jm dkm  ―  jdã   jdã d k`e`ssfjdj` j` erfdr uc j`spmrtm qu` puj`ss` s`r  prdtfedjm `c ucd ucd qudjrd g`end g`endjd. jd. D prfc`frd omad usdjd pdrd m odsqu`t` `rd cuftm pdr`efjd emc d omad j` gut`oma, ` m bmim sõ gmf idkndr sud omad prõprfd, prmb`tdjd pdrd s`r drr`c`ssdjd ` odt`r emktrd m enåm j` gmrcd räpfjd ` orutd, `c 4>6:. M bmim tdcoæc gmf p`ksdjm emcm ucd dat`rkdtfvd c`kms vfma`ktd j` j`spmrtm, dm emkträrfm jm gut`oma dc`rfedkm, qu` t`c cuftds emafsð`s emrpmrdfs. Emcm omc prmg`ssmr j` dtfvfjdj`s gãsfeds, Kdfscftn tdcoæc ousedvd uc j`spmrtm qu` gmss` fkt`r`ssdkt` pdrd s`us daukms ` qu`, daæc jfssm, `stfcuadss` m s`ksm j` trdodanm `c `qufpd. Ds cuan`r`s emc`édrdc d bmidr odsqu`t` irdéds è prmg`ssmrd U`ksd O`r`ksmk, `c 4>6?, dkm jm prfc`frm bmim mgfefda j` odsqu`t` cdseuafkm, qu` a`vmu e`red j` ?88 p`ssmds pdrd ds

 

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drqufodkedjds. drqufodkedjd s. M prfc`frm bmim mgfefda gg`cfkfkm, `cfkfkm, km `ktdktm, gmf dp`kds `c 4>67 ―  gmf  gmf tdcoæc k`st` dkm qu` m bmim en`imu dm Ordsfa irdéds dm kmrt`-dc`rfedkm Duiustm Amufs. Dfkjd qu` t`knd gfedjm pmpuadr `c cdfs pdãs`s, m bmim sõ s` tmrkmu maãcpfem `c 4657, qudkjm g`z pdrt` jms Bmims Maãcpfems j` O`rafc. D pdrtfr j`st` cmc`ktm, d cmjdafjdj` `spmrtfvd idknmu pmpuadrfjdj` `c tmjm m cukjm ` s` cdktæc emcm ucd jds cdfs prdtfedjds ―  cdfs j` ?88 pdãs`s såm gfafdjms è G`j`rdéåm Fkt`rkdefmkda j` Odsqu`t`oma (GFOD), õriåm r`spmksäv`a  pmr i`r`kefdr `v`ktms `v`ktms fkt`rkdefmkdfs fkt`rkdefmkdfs j` odsqu odsqu`t`, `t`, emc s`j` ``c c I`k`ord, Uuãéd. Uuãéd.

4.?.5.  Kòc`rm j` bmidjmr`s km odsqu`t`oma Odsqu`t`oma æ uc bmim ema`etfvm j`spmrtfvm, `ktr` juds `qufpds, s`kjm edjd ucd emkstftuãjd  pmr jmz` bmidjmr`s (efkem `g`etfvms `g`etfvms ` s`t` r`s`rvds), qu` t`c emcm mob`etfvm mob`etfvm fktrmjuzfr d omad km e`stm emkträrfm (deéåm mg`ksfvd), ` dm c`scm t`cpm `vftdr qu` d `qufpd djv`rsärfd cdrqu` m pmktm, fktrmjuzfkjm d omad `c kmssm e`stm (deéåm j`g`ksfvd).

4.?.:.  _`irds jm odsqu`t` Ds r`irds `spmrtfvds surifrdc pdrd jdr è dtfvfjdj` uc kãv`a prmgfssfmkda, fkstftuefmkda ` rdefmkda, j` cmjm qu` d emktdi`c j` pmktms s`bd bustd ` väafjd pdrd qudaqu`r `qufp` ` edcp`mkdtm,, `sp`efdac`kt` kms bmims mgfefdfs. edcp`mkdtm Ds r`irds jm odsqu`t` såm2

d)  @c r`adéåm dm t`cpm M bmim æ jfvfjfjm `c qudtrm pdrtfjds, edjd ucd j`ads emc 48 cfkutms j` jurdéåm. D prfc`frd  pdrtfjd emc`éd emc m äroftrm adkédkjm d omad pdrd m datm, ` ds mutrds tâc fkãefm emc d bmidjd jm dta`td qu` gdz d r`pmsféåm adt`rda. M bmim t`c p`am c`kms trâs fkt`rvdams, s`kjm qu` jmfs j`a`s jurdc jmfs cfkutms (`ktr` d  prfc`frd ` s`iukjd pdrtfjd< j`p j`pmfs mfs `k `ktr` tr` d t`re`frd ` qudrtd pdrtfjd). M t`re`frm fkt`rvdam fkt`rvdam æ cdfmr ` t`c jurdéåm j` 40 cfkutms, g`ftm km fkt`rvdam `ktr` ds juds prfc`frds pdrtfjds ` ds juds òatfcds. Tudkjm m bmim en`id è c`tdj`, k`ss` cmc`ktm jm fkt`rvdam j` 40 cfkutms, cf kutms, ds `qufp`s trmedc j` pmsféåm kd qudjrd. @c edsm j` `cpdt`, m bmim emktd emc pdrtfjds `xtrds j` efkem cfkutms edjd, dtæ qu` ucd jds `qufp`s emksfid cdredr cdfs pmktms j` jfg`r`kéd.

o)  @c r`adéåm è omad Ms bmidjmr`s pmj`c usdr dp`kds ds cåms pdrd cdkus`dr d omad `c tmjms ms cmc`ktms jm bmim  ―  enutdr  enutdr d omad mu gdz`r oamqu`fms emc ds p`rkds æ emksfj`rdjm gdatd, `xe`tm qudkjm d omad tmed

 

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ds p`rkds jms bmidjmr`s pmr defj`kt`. Fcpmrtdkt` a`cordr qu` edjd bmidjmr pmj` smcdr efkem gdatds `, edsm pdss` jfssm, æ `afcfkdjm jd pdrtfjd. Edjd `qufp` pmj` t`r dtæ qudtrm gdatds pmr p`rãmjm j` j`z cfkutms bmidjms. D pdrtfr jfssm, tmjds ds mutrds gdatds jåm jfr`ftm d uc adke` afvr` pdrd d `qufp` djv`rsärfd djv`rsärfd.. M prfc`frm drr`c`ssm jd omad pdrd m datm æ g`ftm p`am äroftrm km fkãefm jm bmim `, k`ss` fkstdkt`, uc bmidjmr j` edjd `qufp` s` pmsfefmkd dm adjm jm äroftrm pdrd t`ktdr tmedr d omad ` drr`c`ssäad `c jfr`éåm è sud `qufp` ―  `ss`  `ss` cmvfc`ktm j` tmqu` ` drr`c`ssm kd omad æ m òkfem p`rcftfjm, mu s`bd2 km prfc`frm adke`, `ss`s bmidjmr`s kåm pmj`c jmcfkdr mu s`iurdr d omad. Xdrd qu` m pmktm s`bd emksfj`rdjm väafjm, d omad pr`efsd pdssdr pmr efcd jd t`ad, p`rcdk`e`r k`ad mu dtrdv`ssä-ad tmtdac`kt`. Tudkjm m bmidjmr defj`ktdac`kt` gdz e`std km adjm djv`rsärfm jm bmim, `ss` æ emksfj`rdjm uc pmktm emktrd ` r`kj` jmfs pmktms dm emkemrr`kt`.

e)  @c r`adéåm è pmktudéåm, è pmss` ` dm t`cpm j` omad D pmktudéåm jm odsqu`t` värfd j` demrjm emc m tfpm j` e`std ` d jfstïkefd jm bmidjmr dtæ m drm. Emkgfrd2  

Adke` afvr`2 4 pmktm

 

E`std g`ftd km edcpm2 ? pmktms

 

E`std g`ftd pmr uc bmidjmr pmsfefmkdjm dträs jd afknd jms trâs pmktms2 5 pmktms

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M t`cpm ` d j` omad tdcoæc värfd2  

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M bmidjmr kåm pmj` gfedr emc d omad pmr cdfs j`  trâs s`iukjms qudkjm `stfv`r kd är`d r`strftd jm edcpm djv`rsärfm.

 

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M bmidjmr qu` `stä emc d pmss` j` omad kåm pmj` gfedr emc `ad pmr cdfs j` efkem s`iukjms kds cåms, cds pmj` gdz`r jrfoa`s pmr t`cpm fkj`gfkfjm.

 

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M bmidjmr jd j`g`sd, qudkjm p`idr d omad, t`c mftm s`iukjms pdrd en`idr emc `ad dtæ d zmkd j` dtdqu`.

 

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M tfc` qu` `stä emc d pmss` j` omad t`c dtæ ?: s`iukjms pdrd fr emc `ad dtæ m e`stm jm djv`rsärfm ` gdz`r m drr`c`ssm.

 

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M bmidjmr kåm pmj` gfedr emc d omad pmr cdfs j` jmfs pdssms. Æ pr`efsm odtâ-ad emktrd m enåm pdrd cdkt`r d pmss`.

 

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j)  Gukjdc`ktms jm odsqu`t` Xdrd qu` m bmim s`bd prdtfedjm r`iuadrc`kt`, ms tæekfems, bmidjmr`s ` äroftrms pr`efsdc a`vdr `c emktd ms gukjdc`ktms jm odsqu`t`, qu` såm2  

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Xdss`2 æ m cmvfc`ktm km quda m bmidjmr pdssd d omad pdrd mutrd p`ssmd j` sud `qufp`. Ms pdss`s pmj`c s`r g`ftms j` gmrcds jfg`r`kt`s, emcm km edsm jms pdss`s j` pmkt` dær`d, adt`rda mu pmr träs jds emstds.

 

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@cpukndjurd2 æ qudkjm m bmidjmr s`iurd d omad dp`kds emc ds pmktds jms j`jms, s`c `kemstä-ad kds pdacds jds cåms.

 

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Jrfoa`2 æ m dtm j` j`svfdr jm djv`rsärfm odt`kjm d omad km enåm. M bmidjmr pmj` gdz`r jrfoa` j` prmir`ssåm, j` prmt`éåm ` j` p`jdadjd (qudkjm d omad pdssd pmr odfxm jds  p`rkds).

 

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Drr`c`ssm2 æ m dtm j` bmidr d omad `c jfr`éåm dm drm. Fssm pmj` s`r g`ftm emc ucd cåm mu emc ds juds, emc sdatm ` tdcoæc kd odkj`bd, qu` æ qudkjm m bmidjmr jä smc`kt` jmfs pdssms dkt`s pdrd gdz`r d bmidjd. Ms drr`c`ssms pmj`c s`r g`ftms `c cmvfc`ktm emc pdss` mu emc jrfoa`.

 

Cdk`bm emrpmrda2 såm ms ifrms, gfktds ` emrrfjds qu` demkt`e`c jurdkt` m bmim.

 

_`omt`2 æ qudkjm m bmidjmr r`eup`rd d omad j`pmfs j` uc drr`c`ssm s`c sue`ssm.

 

Zmem2 æ m oamqu`fm jd omad qu` `stä fkjm `c jfr`éåm dm drm.

 

@kt`rrdjd2 j`pmfs j` uc sdatm datm, m bmidjmr emamed d omad emc cuftd gmréd j`ktrm jm

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e`stm.  

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Dssfstâkefd2 æ m pdss` pdrd uc bmidjmr jm c`scm tfc`, qu` `stä `c ucd pmsféåm kd quda m pmktm æ prdtfedc`kt` idrdktfjm.

`)  Xmsféð`s jms bmidjmr`s km odsqu`t` M odsqu`t` æ bmidjm emc efkem bmidjmr`s kd pmsféåm j` tftuadr`s ` s`t` kd r`s`rvd. r `s`rvd. Ms bmidjmr`s s` jfvfj`c `c trâs pmsféð`s2 ds dads (bmidc kds adt`rdfs), m drcdjmr (æ qu`c emmrj`kd ds  bmidjds jm tfc`) ` m pfvú (i`rdac`kt` m bmidjmr cdfs datm, edpdz j` gdz`r omds `kt`rrdjds `  omks r`omt`s).

 

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D jfstrfouféåm j`ssds pmsféð`s pmj` vdrfdr, cds m cdfs emcuc æ qu` ds `qufp`s s`bdc gmrcdjds  pmr 4 drcdjmr, ? dads ` ? pfvús. Dm amkim a mkim jm bmim, m tæekfem pmj` p`ksdr `c `strdtæifds pdrd cujdr gukéð`s (cuftms bmidjmr`s pmj`c dtudr o`c `c cdfs j` ucd gukéåm) ` gdz`r suostftuféð`s p`ads r`s`rvds. 

 

Drcdjmr2 padk`bd ds bmidjds ` mridkfzd d `qufp` `c jfr`éåm dm dtdqu`. M drcdjmr gfed dt`ktm è gmrcd j` bmim jd `qufp` djv`rsärfd pdrd p`ksdr `c `strdtæifds  ―  æ   æ uc õtfcm  pdssdjmr ` jrfoadjmr.

 

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Dad-drcdjmr2 æ m bmidjmr qu` jä dssfstâkefd dm drcdjmr qudkjm `a` `stä s`kjm cdredjm, fkfefdkjm uc emktrd-dtdqu` emc pdss`s amkims, kd cdfmrfd jds v`z`s.

 

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Dad2 æ m bmidjmr qu` di` j` gmrcd pdr`efjd emc m drcdjmr, cds emks`iu` t`r omks drr`c`ssms `c jfstïkefds eurtds, cæjfds ` amkids.

 

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Dad-pfvú (aão`rm)2 `std pmsféåm gfed emc m bmidjmr qu` c`anmr s` j`stded kd gukéåm j` drr`c`ssm, t`kjm irdkj`s ndofafjdj`s gãsfeds pdrd t`r jmcãkfm jd omad ` emks`iufr j`sodkedr ms djv`rsärfms, gfedkjm pr`g`r`kefdac`kt` p`rtm jd e`std.

 

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Xfvú2 æ m bmidjmr qu` gfed cdfs prõxfcm è e`std, s`bd kd j`g`sd mu km dtdqu`, pdrd gdz`r r`omt`s. Emstucd s`r m bmidjmr cdfs datm jm tfc`.

4.5.Emke`ftm, nfstmrfda, r`irds ` kòc`rm j` bmidjmr`s km dkj`oma 4.5.4.  Emke`ftm M ndkj`oma (mu dkj`oma) æ uc j`spmrtm ema`tfvm qu` `kvmav` pdss`s j` omad emc ds cåms. Xrdtfedjm `ktr` juds `qufp`s, m kmc` j`ssd cmjdafjdj` j`spmrtfvd æ prmv`kf`kt` jd aãkiud fkia`sd, vfstm qu` ndkj  sfikfgfed ‑cåm–.  D omad jm ndkj`oma æ g`ftd j` emurm ` pdrd ds `qufp`s cdseuafkds `ad pmssuf uc jfïc`trm cdfmr. U`kjm dssfc, pdrd nmc`ks `ad t`c 0>,: ec j` efreukg`râkefd ` cdssd j` :05,7 irdcds. Bä pdrd cuan`r`s, `ad t`c 07,: ec j` efreukg`râkefd ` cdssd j` 57>,0 irdcds.

4.5.?.  Nfstõrfd M dkj`oma gmf erfdjm p`am `c 4646 p`am dta`td ` prmg`ssmr j` `juedéåm gãsfed da`cåm Ldra Uen`a`kz (4>68-4607). J`sj` sud erfdéåm, m dkj`oma tda quda m emkn`e`cms nmb` smgr`u daiucds cmjfgfedéð`s. M ameda j` bmim, pmr `x`cpam, `rd dm dr afvr` (`c irdcdjms) ` ms `spdéms `rdc c`kmr`s.

 

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Dimrd, m `spmrt` æ `x`eutdjm `c qudjrds g`endjds j` :8 pmr ?8 c`trms. Daæc jfssm, km fkãefm m ndkj`oma `rd uc bmim `xeausfvm pdrd cuan`r`s. Cdfs tdrj` ` emc sud fkeausåm kms j`spmrtms maãcpfems, `a` pdssmu d s`r bmidjm pmr dcoms ms s`xms. Emcm gmf erfdjm pmr uc da`cåm, `a` emc`ému d s`r bmidjm `c O`rafc, kd Da`cdknd jurdkt` d  prfc`frd iu`rrd cukjfda. cukjfda.  Km `ktdktm, kåm j`cmrmu cuftm pdrd qu` `a` s` jfgukjfss` p`ad @urmpd ` dfkjd, pdrd mutrds  pdrt`s jm cukjm. cukjm. Mutrm gdtmr qu` m jfg`r`kefd j` sud mrfi`c æ p`am kòc`rm j` bmidjmr`s. Tudkjm gmf erfdjm, `a` emktfknd uc tmtda j` ?? bmidjmr`s, mu s`bd, 44 `c edjd `qufp`. Nmb` m kòc`rm gmf r`juzfjm pdrd 4: km tmtda (9 bmidjmr`s `c edjd `qufp`).  Km gfkda jms dkms 58 m ndkj`oma pdssmu d s`r uc j`spmrtm mgfefda Bmims Maãcpfems j` O`rafc.  K`ss` cmc`ktm, cmc`ktm, m bmim dfkjd ``rd rd jfsputdjm pm pmrr juds `qufp`s j` 44 bmidjmr`s bmidjmr`s edjd. Emc ds kmvds cujdkéds (bmidjmr`s ` `spdém), `a` pdssmu d gdz`r pdrt` jms bmims maãcpfems d  pdrtfr j` 469?. Xmrtdktm, m j`spmrtm s` `spdanmu p`am cukjm ` dtudac`kt` `kemktrdcms jfv`rsds emcp`tféð`s qu` memrr`c d kãv`a kdefmkda ` fkt`rkdefmkda. C`r`e` j`stdqu` m Edcp`mkdtm Cukjfda j` dkj`oma kds edt`imrfds g`cfkfkd ` cdseuafkd.

@c 4666 gmf gukjdjd d G`j`rdéåm Fkt`rkdefmkda j` dkj`oma emc s`j` kd Odsfa`fd, Uuãéd. @ss` õriåm æ r`spmksäv`a p`am `spmrt` d kãv`a cukjfda.  Kms jfds j` nmb`, nmb`, m ndkj`o ndkj`oma ma æ prdtfedjm ``c c cdfs j` 4>8 pd pdãs`s ãs`s jm cukjm cukjm..

4.5.5.  Gukjdc`ktms jm dkj`oma Ms prfkefpdfs gukjdc`ktms jm dkj`oma såm2  

Jfvfjfjm `c jmfs t`cpms j` 58 cfkutms edjd<

 

Xmssuf uc fkt`rvdam j` 48 cfkutms `ktr` edjd `tdpd<

 

@xfst`c jmfs äroftrms ` uc ermkmc`trfstd<

 

M bmim `kvmav` jrfoa`s, pdss`s ` r`e`péåm j` omad `ktr` ms bmidjmr`s<

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M drr`c`ssm æ ucd tæekfed cuftm utfafzdjd pdrd gdz`r imas< D cdk`frd j` s`iurdr d omad o mad km bmim æ endcdjd j` "`cpukndjurd" "`cpukndjurd"..

 

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4.5.:.  _`irds jm dkj`oma M mob`tfvm jm dkj`oma æ  gdz`r imas . Xmrtdktm, idknd d `qufp` qu` gfz`r cdfs imas. Xdrd fssm, d ndofafjdj` ` d rdpfj`z jms bmidjmr`s gdvmr`e`c m r`suatdjm gfkda. Tudkjm d omad `stä kd cåm jm bmidjmr, `a` pmj` jdr dtæ tr trâs âs pdssms dtæ drr`c`ssä-ad pdrd mutrm. Fssm tdcoæc vda` pdrd m t`cpm, mu s`bd, edjd bmidjmr pmj` p`rcdk`e`r emc `ad kds cåms jurdkt` 5 s`iukjms. Fssm gdz emc qu` m dkj`oma s`bd uc bmim o`c jfkïcfem. 4.5.:.4. G datd atdss

Ds gdatds såm emc`tfjds qudkjm nä tmqu` j` omad emc ms pæs mu mutrds pdrt`s jm emrpm. Zdcoæc æ emksfj`rdjm gdatd s` uc bmidjmr t`ktdr drrdkedr d omad jds cåms j` mutrm. Daæc jfssm, ` j`p`kj`kjm jd irdvfjdj` jd dir`ssåm `ktr` bmidjmr`s, memrr` gdatd. Dssfc, `cpurrð`s, enut`s, emtmv`adjds, emtmv`adjds, såm emksfj`rdjds gdatds. Emcm km gut`oma, nä m edrtåm dcdr`am ` v`rc`anm jdjm p`am äroftrm. 4.5.:.?.Edrtåm Dcdr`am

M edrtåm dcdr`am s`rv` emcm ucd djv`rtâkefd dm bmidjmr qu` emc`t`u daiucd gdatd. Km tmtda, `a` kåm pmj` r`e`o`r cdfs j` trâs edrtð`s dcdr`ams jurdkt` uc bmim. U` fssm demkt`e`r, `a` æ j`seadssfgfed j`seadssfgfedjm. jm. @c r`sucm, trâs dcdr`ams, `qufvda`c d uc v`rc`anm. K m s` s`ii ukjm eedr drtå tåm md dc cdr`am, m bmidj b midjmr mr sdf jd qud qudjr jrd dp pmr mr ? c cff kutms j j` ` bmi bmim. m. 4.5.:.5.Edrtåm W`rc`anm

M edrtåm v`rc`anm æ jdjm p`am äroftrm qudkjm m bmidjmr emc`t` ucd gdatd cdfs irdv`. Xmr r`e`oâ-am, `a` `stä gmrd jm bmim ` d `qufp` gfed emc uc bmidjmr d c`kms jurdkt` jmfs cfkutms. Xdssdjm `ss` t`cpm, mutrm bmidjmr pmj` `ktrdr kd qudjrd. M edrtåm v`rc`anm fkjfed, pmrtdktm, d `xpuasåm jm bmidjmr. 4.5.:.:.Tudjrd

D qudjrd j` dkj`oma pmssuf :8 pmr ?8 c`trms. J` edjd adjm, `ståm ms r`sp`etfvms imas qu` c`j`c ? pmr 5 c`trms. M pfsm æ i`rdac`kt` j` cdj`frd `kv`rkfzdjd, mu dfkjd, `comrrdendjm `comrrdendjm..

4.5.0.  Kòc`rm j` bmidjmr`s km dkj`oma M dkj`oma dpr`s`ktd juds `qufp`s j` 9 bmidjmr`s edjd. J`ss`s 9 uc j`a`s s`rä m ima`frm jm tfc`. Fkt`r`ssdkt` kmtdr qu` `a` æ m òkfem bmidjmr `c qu` pmj` `kemstdr ms pæs kd omad, s`c qu` s`bd emksfj`rdjm gdatd.

 

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4.:.Emke`ftm, nfstmrfda, r`irds ` kòc`rm j` bmidjmr`s km gut`oma 4.:.4.  Emke`ftm M gut`oma æ ucd jds prätfeds `spmrtfvds cdfs pmpuadr`s `c tmjm m cukjm. Zrdtd-s` j` uc `spmrt` prdtfedjm ` dpr`efdjm `c e`kt`kds j` pdãs`s, ` õriåm r`spmksäv`a pmr mridkfzdr `v`ktms r`adefmkdjms dm gut`oma æ d GFGD. D pmpuadrfjdj` jm gut`oma æ dtrfouãjd d sud sfcpafefjdj` ` gdefafjdj` j` s`r bmidjm, s`kjm prdtfedjm `c tmjms ms emktfk`kt`s pmr p`ssmds j` jfv`rsds gdfxds `tärfds, `c `semads, eauo`s, ruds ` qudjrds.

4.:.?.  Nfstõrfd jm Gut`oma Xmr vmatd j` ?.788 d.E., kd r`ifåm mkj` dtudac`kt` æ d Enfkd, `rd prdtfedjm uc rftuda endcdjm j` ZsñZsñ, qu` kdjd cdfs `rd jm qu` utfafzdr d edo`éd jm en`g` jd trfom j` fkfcfims p`ams iu`rr`frms jds trfoms v`ke`jmrds emcm omad, j` gmrcd d s`r enutdjd p`ams v`ke`jmr`s `c ucd `spæef` j` bmim. @stä `spæef` j` rftuda `rd r`dafzdjd pmrqu` ms enfk`s`s der`jftdvdc der`jftdvdc qu` j`ssd gmrcd `a`s pmj`rfdc dssfcfadr d fkt`afiâkefd, d gmréd, d ndofafjdj` ` d edpdefjdj` j` afj`rdkéd jm fkfcfim v`kefjm. Zdcoæc k`std æpmed, kd r`ifåm mkj` dtudac`kt` æ m Bdpåm, surifu ucd prätfed emkn`efjd emcm L`cdry, eubms bmidjmr`s mob`tfvdc cdkfpuadr ` emktrmadr d omad emc ms pæs, j` gmrcd äifa, j`afedjd ` `a`idkt`. M L`cdry `rd emksfj`rdjm ucd e`rfcúkfd j` e`a`ordéåm jm dutmemkn`efc`ktm, jd c`jftdéåm, jm dutmemktrma` ` jd dutmdpr`kjfzdi`c, s`rvfkjm emcm uc di`kt` jfsefpafkdjmr. Bä km sæeuam FW d.E., ds prätfeds `spmrtfvds @pyslfrms ` Ndrpdstuc, `rdc prdtfedjds kd Iræefd `c _mcd, r`sp`etfvdc`kt`. @st`s bmims emksfstfdc `c trdodandr ucd omad emc ms  pæs ` a`vä-ad dtæ dtæ m adjm djv`rs djv`rsärfm ärfm jm edcpm.  Km sæeuam ^FW, kd Ftäafd, uc `spmrt` endcdjm Edaefm `rd pmpuadr `ktr` d kmor`zd ftdafdkd. ft dafdkd. M Edaefm `rd bmidjm `c ucd är`d j` 4?8 c`trms j` adriurd pmr 4>8 c`trms j` emcprfc`ktm, j`afcftdjms pmr ndst`s j` cdj`frd km enåm< d jfsputd memrrfd `ktr` tfc`s emcpmstms pmr ?0 d 58  bmidjmr`s edjd. M mob`tfvm j`st` bmim `rd gdz`r emc qu` d omad uatrdpdssdss` d trdv` jm tfc` djv`rsärfm. Gmf `st` cmj`am j` bmim qu` en`imu è Fkiadt`rrd km emc`ém sæeuam ^WFF. Dpõs en`idr è Fkiadt`rrd ` s` pmpuadrfzdr, m gut`oma pdssmu pmr uc prme`ssm j` r`iuadc`ktdéåm r`iuadc`ktdéåm  pdrd `stdo`a`e`r ` mridkfzdr ds r`irds jm bmim. @stds r`irds pdssdrdc `ktåm d s`r s`iufjd pmr cuftms emaæifms fkia`s`s, km fkãefm jm sæeuam ^F^. @c 4>>7 m gut`oma s` prmgfssfmkdafzmu, emc d erfdéåm jd Fkt`rkdtfmkda Omdrj, ucd mridkfzdéåm r`spmksäv`aa pmr `stdo`a`e`r ds r`irds jm gut`oma ` mridkfzdr s`us `v`ktms. r`spmksäv`

 

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@c 4>>>, gmf erfdjd d Gmmtodaa A`diu`, ucd mridkfzdéåm r`spmksäv`a pmr mridkfzdr edcp`mkdtmss fkt`rkdefmkdfs j` gut`oma. edcp`mkdtm @c 468:, surifu d GFGD (G`j`rdéåm Fkt`rkdefmkda j` Gut`oma Dssmefdtfmk), ucd mridkfzdéåm r`spmksäv`aa pmr qu` mridkfzdr ` `stdo`a`e`r r`i r`spmksäv` r`irds rds jm gut`oma cukj cukjfda fda dtæ nmb`. D GFGD æ r`spmksäv`a pmr mridkfzdr irdkj`s edcp`mkdtms j` s`a`éð`s kdefmkdfs, emcm d Empd jm Cukjm r`spmksäv`a ` ms edcp`mkdtm edcp`mkdtmss emktfk`ktdfs j` s`a`éð`s.

4.:.5.  _`irds ` gukjdc`ktms jm Gut`oma Ms prfkefpdfs gukjdc`ktms tæekfems jm gut`oma såm2 pdss`s, emkjuéåm, enut`s, jrfoa`s, r`e`péåm, edo`e`fm ` drr`c`ssms adt`rdfs.  

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Xdss`s såm ms cmvfc`ktms r`dafzdjms p`ams bmidjmr`s qu` emksfst`c cmvfc`ktdr d omad `c jfr`éåm d daiuc emcpdkn`frm j` tfc`<

 

Emkjuéåm æ m cmvfc`ktm j` j`samedc`ktm jms bmidjmr`s dtrdvæs jm edcpm, qudkjm

 

`ståm emc d pmss` j` omad< Enut`s såm ms cmvfc`ktms j` odt`r kd omad (`st`bd `ad pdrdjd mu `c cmvfc`ktm) emc

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ms pæs, cmjfgfedkjm sud trdb`tõrfd<  

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Jrfoa`s, tdcoæc endcdjms j` gfktds, såm cmvfc`ktms qu` ms bmidjmr`s r`dafzdc emc ms pæs d gfc j` `kidkdr m djv`rsärfm smor` suds déð`s ` smor` d trdb`tõrfd jd omad<

 

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Drr`c`ssms adt`rdfs såm ucd cdk`frd j` r`fkfefdr m bmim, ` emksfst` km cmvfc`ktm j` drr`c`ssdr d omad emc ds cåms pmr efcd jd edo`éd, dpõs d omad t`r uatrdpdssdjm uat rdpdssdjm ds afknds jm edcpm<

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_`e`péåm æ m cmvfc`ktm j` r`e`o`r mu jmcfkdr d omad, fkt`rrmcp`kjm sud trdb`tõrfd< Edo`e`fm æ m cmvfc`ktm j` odt`r kd omad ` fcpuasfmkä-ad usdkjm d edo`éd.

4.:. 4.:.5. 5.4. 4.G G mrcd mrcdss j` b midj midjd dj j` ` uc b mim j j` ` gut`om ut`omaa

Pcd pdrtfjd j` gut`oma æ jfsputdjd pmr jmfs tmc`s j` mkz` bmidjmr`s edjd, jfstrfouãjms `c gukéð`s j` dtdqu`, j`g`sd, adt`rda ` c`fm j` edcpm. Zmjd pdrtfjd j` gut`oma æ r`dafzdjd `c jmfs t`cpms emc jurdéåm j` :0 cfkutms edjd, s`pdrdjms  pmr uc fkt`rvdam j` qqufkz` ufkz` cfkutms. Dpõs mmss :0 :0 cfku cfkutms tms j` bmim, m bufz pmj` der`se`ktdr der`se`ktdr daiuks daiuks cfkutms j` pdrtfjd d gfc j` emcp`ksdr ds pdrdafsdéð`s qu` memrr`rdc jurdkt` m c`scm. Edjd `qufp` pmj` cdkt`r km odkem dtæ jmz` bmidjmr`s emcm r`s`rvds.

 

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Dm amkim jm bmim, edjd tfc` t`c jfr`ftm d r`dafzdr dtæ trâs suostftuféð`s j` bmidjmr`s. M v`ke`jmr jd pdrtfjd æ m tfc` qu` cdredr m cdfmr kòc`rm j` imas. Xdrd trdodandr d omad ` cdredr imas, ms bmidjmr`s pmj`c usdr s`us pæs, p`rkds, p`ftmrda ` edo`éd, s`c pmj`r, km `ktdktm, tmedr kd omad emc cåms ` ordéms. Edsm uc bmim s`bd j`efsfvm ` t`rcfk` emc uc `cpdt` `ktr` ms tfc`s, såm r`dafzdjds juds prmrrmidéð`s em emc c jurdéåm j` qufkz` cfkutms edj edjd. d. U` c`scm j`pmfs jd prmrrmidéåm prmrrmidéåm m `cpdt` emktfkudr, d j`efsåm jm bmim j`v` s`r r`dafzdjd dtrdvæs j` emordkéds j` p`käatfs. Pc edcpm j` gut`oma pmj` s`r j` irdcd kdturda mu sfktætfed, ` pmssuf uc gmrcdtm r`tdkiuadr, afcftdjm pmr afknds emktãkuds, emcm ds afknds adt`rdfs, ds afknds j` c`td ` ds afknds j` gukjm. Zdcoæc `xfst` ucd afknd j` c`fm j` edcpm, r`spmksäv` r`spmksäv`aa pmr jfvfjfr m edcpm `c juds pdrt`s. Ds pdrtfjds j` gut`oma såm demcpdkndjds pmr uc äroftrm prfkefpda qu` pmssuf d j`efsåm gfkda smor` ms adke`s jm bmim, dp`sdr j` ndv`r, km edcpm, jmfs dssfst`kt`s, uc qudrtm äroftrm, jmfs dssfst`kt`s djfefmkdfs ` uc dssfst`kt` r`s`rvd. D omad utfafzdjd kucd pdrtfjd j` gut`oma j`v` t`r efr efreukg`râkefd eukg`râkefd j` km cäxfcm 98 e`ktãc`trms, ` p`sdr `ktr` :48 ` :08 irdcds. Ms bmidjmr`s kåm pmj`c `ktrdr `c edcpm pmrtdkjm de`ssõrfms qu` emamqu`c `c rfsem d s`iurdkéd j` s`us emcpdkn`frms ` d sud prõprfd, emcm orfkems, dkæfs ` emadr`s. 4.:. 4.:.5. 5.?. ?.G G datd datdss ` ed edrr tð tð` `s `c uc b mim j j` ` gut`o gut`oma ma

 Km bmim j` ggut`oma, ut`oma, gdatds emcm `kemstdr d cåm kd omad, t`r dtftuj`s dktfj`spmrtfvds, jfseutfr emc d droftrdi`c, j`fxdr m edcpm s`c dutmrfzdéåm mu r`dafzdr bmidjds cdfs vfma`ktds pmj`c s`r pukfjds emc edrtð`s dcdr`ams (djv`rtâkefd) mu v`rc`anms, qu` edusdc d `xpuasåm jm  bmidjmr jd pdrtfjd. pdrtfjd.

4.:.:.  Kòc`rm j` bmidjmr`s j` edjd `qufpd j` gut`oma Edjd ucd jds `qufpds j` gut`oma t`c 44 bmidjmr`s, edjd uc j`a`s meupd ucd pmsféåm ` dfkjd j`tâc gukéð`s cuftm `sp`eãgfeds ` jfstfktds. Ms 44 bmidjmr`s j` ucd `qufpd j` gut`oma jfstrfou`c-s` km edcpm jd s`iufkt` gmrcd2 dvdkédjms,, j`g`sds, adt`rdfs ` e`ktrdfs ` iudrjd-r`j`s. dvdkédjms D.  Dvdkédjms  Uåm ms bmidjmr`s dtdedkt`s jd `qufpd j` gut`oma gut `oma ` dqu`a`s qu` cdfs difac`kt` daedkédc d odafzd jd `qufpd djv`rsärfd pdrd cdredr imam.

 

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O.  J`g`sds  D prfkefpda gukéåm jms j`g`sds æ j`t`r ms dtdqu`s jd `qufpd djv`rsärfd ` pmj`c s`rvfr emcm j`g`sds j` värfds bmidjmr`s. E.  Adt`rdfs ` e`ktrdfs  Emstucdc s`r ms bmidjmr`s emc cdfs pmss` j` omad ` qu` d cmv`c cdfs v`z`s km edcpm. J`vfjm è sud pmsféåm j`tâc pdrt` jm emktrmam jm bbmim, mim, daæc j` pdssdr`c d omad dms dvdkédjms. J.  Iudrjd-r`j`s   Æ m òkfem bmidjmr b midjmr j` ucd `qufpd j` gut`oma qu` s` cdktæc tmjms ms 68 cfkutms j` jurdéåm j` uc bmim buktm jd odafzd. M fktuftm æ j`g`kjâ-ad jd `qufpd djv`rsärfd, djv`rsärfd, `vftdkjm qu` d omad `ktr`. M iudrjd-r`j`s pmj` usdr ds cåms pdrd pdrdr d omad, s`kjm m òkfem bmidjmr d pmj`r gdzâ-am.  Km edcpm j`v`råm j`v`råm `stdr 44 bmidjmr`s j` ed edjd jd `qufpd (9 km cãkfcm). @ståm dfkjd s` s`ktdjms ktdjms km  odkem uc emkbuktm emkbuktm j` bmidj bmidjmr`s mr`s supa`kt`s, qu` pmj`c s`r ``ktr` ktr` 9 d 4? bmidj bmidjmr`s. mr`s. @c edjd bmim, edjd `qufpd j` gut`oma pmj` r`dafzdr 5 mu : suostftuféð`s, pmr `x`cpam, pdrd suostftufr bmidjmr`s a`sfmkdjms. Demcpdkndkjm Demcpdknd kjm ms bmidjmr`s `xfst`c ms äroftrms, qu` s` r`spmksdofafzdc p`am eucprfc`ktm jds r`irds pmr pdrt` jms bmidjmr`s, tr`fkdjmr`s ` dtæ dj`ptms. @c värfms edsms, ms äroftrms pmj`c  p`kdafzdr ms bmidjmr`s. bmidjmr`s.

?.  Emke`ftm jd @stujms Xrätfems F @stujms Xrätfems F æ j`gfkfjd emcm emkbuktms j` jfv`rsds cmjdafjdj`s J`spmrtfvd qu` vfsdc emcpr``kj`r d sud deéåm ` detudéåm emc r`adéð`s ds p`ssmds qu` fkt`rvæc kd smef`jdj` dmkj` `ståm fks`rfjds s`c j`fxdr j` adjm d emcukfjdj` ` r`sp`ftdkjm ds rdéds ` `tkfds.

5.  Fcpmrtïkefd jms @stujms Xrätfems F @stujms Xrätfems F, vfsd emcpr``kj`r ds jfv`rsds cmjdafjdj`s j`spmrtm ` d sud gukefmkdafjdj` d kãv`a emkt`cpmrïk` emkt`cpmrïk`m. m.

:.  Ds jfv`rsds är`ds j` @stujms Xrätfems @stujm Xrätfems F j`jfed-s` dm `stujm jds Cmjdafjdj`s j`spmrtfvds ema`etfvds j`st` m Nfstmrfda dtæ m t`cpm emkt`cpmrïk`m2        

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Dkj`oma< Odsqu`t`oma< Wma`foma< ` Gut`oma.

 

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Emkeausåm Dm t`rcfkdr kd domrjdi`c jms emkt`òjms drrmadjms, nä qu` grfsdr qu`, mob`etm j` `stujm j` @stujms Xrätfems F `kiamod d dkäafs` jms jfg`r`kt`s g`kõc`kms, ` fkt`rdeéåm d kãv`a jms j`spmrtms ema`etfvms, ms vdamr`s, ds fkstftuféð`s, ds kmrcds, ds a`fs). Xdrd s` `g`etfvdr ds deéð`s j`spmrtfvds j`v` s` emkn`e`r ms prfkeãpfms qu` r`iuad deéåm j`spmrtfvd `c qudaqu`r pdrt` jm cukjm. Æ emkn`e`kjm ds cmjdafjdj`s, ds r`irds j` bmidjd, m kòc`rm j` bmidjmr`s pdrd edjd cmjdafjdj` qu` s` pmj`rä a`efmkdr mu s` jdr ucd omd fkstruéåm dms prdtfedkt`s j`stds cmjdafjdj`s. Udaf`ktds qu`, ds cmjdafjdj`s `c `stujm k`st` trdodanm, såm dqu`ads ds qu` fj`ktfgfedc-s` cdfs km kmssm Ufst`cd j` @ksfkm `c Cmédcofqu` ` ds cdfs usdjds `c e`rtds emcp`tféð`s cukjfdfs.

 

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_`g`râkefds Ofoafmirägfeds ODAOFKM, N. G. ?884. B mims ims j j` `sp spm mr tf vms ` ms ` `st stãc ãcuam uamss j jd ds f kt kt` `afiâ afi âke kefds fds còat òatff pads2 ads2 o od ds`s s`s  pd  pdr d uc ucd d pr mpmst std d `c p`jdimif imifd d jm j`sp spm mrtm rtm.. Edcpfkds2 \ s. k S.

nttps2//www.emkeursmskmordsfa.emc.o skmordsfa.emc.or/`semad/`juede r/`semad/`juededm-gfsfed/odsqu`t`-nfs dm-gfsfed/odsqu`t`-nfstmrfd-mrfi`c-`tmrfd-mrfi`c-`nttps2//www.emkeursm r`irds.ntca De`ssm km jfd ?7 j` cdfm j` ?8?4 r`irds.ntca  nttps2//www.`juededm`trdksgmrcdedm.emc.or/gut`oma/  De`ssm km jfd ?7 j` cdfm j` ?8?4 nttps2//www.`juededm`trdksgmrcdedm.emc.or/gut`oma/ nttps2//www.tmjdcdt`rfd.emc.or/ndkj`oma/ De`ssm km jfd ?7 j` cdfm j` ?8?4 nttps2//www.tmjdcdt`rfd.emc.or/ndkj`oma/  nttps2//www.tmjdcdt`rfd.emc.or/vma`foma/ De`ssm km jfd ?7 j` cdfm j` ?8?4 nttps2//www.tmjdcdt`rfd.emc.or/vma`foma/  _`irds mgfefdfs jm vma`foma. _fm j` Bdk`frm2 Irupm Xda`strd Upmrt, 4665. p. 4. Pkfv`rsfjdj` Edtõafed j` Cmédcofqu`/F@J. ?² Dkm. @ stuj stujm ms X Xrr ätfem tfemss F . Cmjuam Òkfem. ?: Pkfjdj`s. >-97 pp.