Estudios de Las Evidencias Cristianas (Alice E. Luce) SCB-FV

 

 

 

OCMOJL Yrlfnjo` >. 7.

Bn m`jtrocn y bns lvomlcjons Bn lxostlcjo lxostlcjonn ml Mo`s

:.

J`cjlpt`s lrrúcl`s njlrjn ml Mo`s

=.

Lb lv`bujo`cosh` lv`bujo`co sh`

9. B`s hobndr`s mlb Culv` ]lstnhlct` >>. Bn rlsurrlj rlsurrljjoúc joúc ml Klsûs >7. Bn lvomlcjo lvomlcjonn ml bn pr`fljèn >:. B`s lsjrot`rls mlb Nctodu` ]lstnhlct ]lstnhlct`` >=. B`s lsjrot`rls mlb Culv` ]lstnhlct` >6. Bn lvomlcjo lvomlcjonn ml bn eost`ron >4. Nbducns mofojubtnml mofojubtnmlss gègbojns >5. Bn lvomlcjo lvomlcjonn ml bn lxplrolcj lxplrolcjon on

 

YWLFNJO@ Lc lb Lstumo` ml bns Lvomlcjons Jrostoncns, huje` mlplcml ml bn njtotum hlctnb y lsporotunb mlb lstumonctl. Lc > Ylmr` :;>< sl c`s mojl qul mlglh`s lstnr solhprl prlpnrnm`s pnrn prlslctnr mlflcsn j`c hncslmuhgrl y rlvlrlcjon nctl t`m` lb qul mlhncml rnzúc ml bn lsplrnczn qul eny lc c`s`tr`s. Mlglh`s rlj`rmnr solhprl qul c` eny rnzúc ml tlclr tlh`r ml culstr`s `p`sot`rls, soc` qul mlglh`s tlhlr tnc súb` n Mo`s, y hnctlclr uc lspèrotu euhobml, tlhlr`s` ml frnjnsnr lc lxpbojnr j`c fomlbomnm bns vlrmnmls qul ïb c`s en lcj`hlcmnm`. Lb Zlþ`r Klsujrost` LZ BN VLWMNM1 nsè qul jjuncm` uncm` engbnh`s ml mlflcmlr bns m`jtrocns jrostoncns, lbb` sodcofojn mlflcmlrbl n ïb, plblnr p`r ïb, y slr gulc`s s`bmnm`s ml ïb. Lc tnb bujen c`  eny budnr pnrn bn tohomlz, soc` qul solhprl mlglh`s hnctlclr bns vlrmnmls ml bn Gogbon j`c vnb`r octrïpom`. Lb drnc prlmojnm`r ocdbïs, Jnrb`s Zpurdl`c, mok` uc mèn n sus mosjèpub`s; "C` trntïos ml mosjubpnr n bn Ynbngrn ml Mo`s. Ls j`h` uc blúc; s`btnmb`, y sl mlflcmlrî n :È hosh`.‖ Lstngn pr`fltoznm` qul Jrost` slrèn uc gbncj` ml j`ctrnmojjoúc (Bujns 7;:=1 Foboplcsls >;4, >61 Kumns :). Lb rlsuhlc ml bn njtotum mlb lstumonctl ml bns lvomlcjons jrostoncns sl enbbn lc bns pnbngrns ml Yngb`; “_@ LZ]@_ Y\LZ]@ YNWN BN MLFLCZN MLFLCZN MLB LVNCDLBO@.‖ Lb engbn tnhgoïc ml bn j`cforhnjoúc   mlbbujencm` lvncdlbo`1p`r y soc mumn, juncm` lb `grlr` jrostonc` snbl j`c vnb`r bn mlflcsn ml su fl, enbbnrî solhprl n su bnm` nb Lspèrotu ml Mo`s mncm` bn j`cforhnjoúc p`r hlmo` ml bns slþnbls qul nj`hpnþnc (Hnrj`s >6;79).

 

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BN M@J]WOCN _ BNZ LVOMLCJONZ Lb jrostonc` vlrmnmlr` quolrl `glmljlr lb hncmnt` ml su Znbvnm`r, Znbvnm` r, quolc mok`; “Lsjumroþnm bns Lsjroturns.‖ Ls uc mlblotl gusjnr lc t`mns pnrtls ml bn Gogbon bns lcslþnczns movocns, bns qul, pulstns lc f`rhn sostlhîtojn, sl bbnhnc bn m`jtrocn jrostoncn.  Bn pnbngrn tl`b`dèn  volcl ml m`s pnbngrns droldns qul sodcofojnc  Mo`s  y  pnbngrn, ` uc mosjurs` njlrjn ml Mo`s. \snh`s bn pnbngrn m`jtrocn pnrn mlsjrogor bns lcslþnczns ml bn Gogbon, y bn pnbngrn tl`b`dèn  lc uc slctom` hîs nhpbo`, ngnrjncm` “bn jolcjon ml Mo`s y bns rlbnjo`cls lctrl Mo`s y lb \covlrs`‖ (Ztr`cd). Bns m`jtrocns ` lcslþnczns movocns lstîc lspnrjomns lc t`mn bn Gogbon j`h` fb`rls lc uc jnhp` drncml. Lb lstumonctl rlvlrlctl ncmn lc lb jnhp` rlj`dolcm` bns fb`rls y enjolcm` rnhobbltls ml  lbbns. Lst` ls b` qul enjl lc su lstumo` ml bn m`jtrocn. Lc b`s mèns ml b`s npúst`bls, ïst`s volr`c huy pr`ct` qul lc su hocostlro` c` súb` tlcènc qul rlj`dlr bns lcslþnczns ml Jrost` y nrrldbnrbns lc f`rhn sostlhîtojn, soc` qul tnhgoïc tlcènc qul  pr`tldlrbns,  p`rqul sl blvnctngnc huje`s lclhod`s. Nquè sl `rodocú bn cljlsomnm ml bns lvomlcjons jrostoncns. Mlb hosh` h`m` qul usnh`s bns pnbngrns m`jtrocn y tl`b`dèn, y bn slducmn tolcl ucn sodcofojnjoúc hîs nhpbo` qul bn prohlrn1 nsè usnh`s bns pnbngrns lvomlcjons y np`b`dïtojn, bn slducmn ngnrjn uc jnhp` hîs nhpbo` qul bn prohlrn. Y`mlh`s mlfocor bns lvomlcjons j`h` uc tlhn ` nbldnt` qul prulgn qul Klsujrost` y bn jrostoncmnm s`c t`m` b` qul bn Gogbon rljbnhn qul s`c. Ls ucn mlflcsn eostúrojn y prîjtojn mlb j`ckuct` ml vlrmnm qul Mo`s c`s en mnm` (> Ylmr` :;>;?1 7;>1 > ]oh`tl` =;>:->61 7 Kunc ?). Bn tnrln mlb mlflcs`r mlb jrostoncosh` ls ucn dulrrn lc bn junb ïb solhprl pulml snbor vojt`ro`s`, p`rqul lstî bujencm` nb bnm`, ml Mo`s hosh` lc j`ctrn ml b`s lclhod`s ml ïb. Cucjn mlgl tlhlr nb `p`sot`r, juyns pnbngrns pnbngrns s`c “j`h` bns jnpns ml polb ml `s` usnmns p`r b`s drncnmlr`s pnrn enjlrsl npnrljlr flr`jls‖. flr`jls‖. Bn pnbngrn “lvomlcjon‖ volcl mlb bntèc, y  y  sodcofojn “b` qul enjl vlr nbd` j`c jbnromnm". Lb vnb`r prllhoclctl ml bns lvomlcjons jrostoncns lstî lc qul glclfojonc n b`s jrlylctls hosh`s, f`rtnbljoïcm`bls lc su fl, mlh`strîcm`bls qul su p`sojoúc ls ocj`cquostngbl, y qul b`s ntnquls ml ntl`s, ndcústoj`s, ocfolbls, ucotnro`s, hntlronbostns, rnjo`cnbostns y h`mlrcostns ml t`mn jbnsl, murnctl bns lmnmls, c` enc rlsubtnm` soc` lc vojt`rons pnrn Jrost` y mlrr`tn pnrn sus `p`sot`rls. Lb e`hgrl, elje` n bn ohndlc ml Mo`s (Dïclsos >;74, 75), tolcl lc su nbhn ucn slm ml j`c`jlr n su Jrlnm`r. Lstn slm c` pulml slr snjonmn p`r bn fob`s`fèn, co p`r bn jolcjon, co p`r t`mn bn sngomurèn ml lstl hucm`. “Lb hucm` c` j`c`joú j` c`joú n Mo`s hlmonctl bn sngomurèn‖ (> J`rocto`s J`rocto`s >;7>). Vlrlh`s lc b`s jnpètub`s qul sodulc júh` lb Jrlnm`r sl mo` n j`c`jlr n sus jronturns prohlr` lc bn rlvlbnjoúc ml su Znctn Ynbngrn, y buld`, lc su rlvlbnjoúc plrfljtn y suprlhn, lc lb Mo`s-E`hgrl, culstr` Zlþ`r Klsujrost` (Kunc >;>51 4;=). Lc t`m` culstr` lstumo` ml bns lvomlcjons jrostoncns mlglh`s nj`rmnrc`s ml qul b`s nrduhlct`s qul usnrlh`s mlglc gnsnrsl lc b`s elje`s. Ls p`sogbl vnblrc`s ml bns eopútlsos y mlrovnr ml lbbns culstrns j`cjbuso`cls, plr` t`mn culstrn jrllcjon, lc rlsuhomns julctns, lstî gnsnmn lc b`s elje`s. Wlj`rmlh`s, puls, qul eny juntr` elje`s qul c` sl pulmlc j`ctrnmljor, n snglr; (n)  Bn cnturnblzn fèsojn qul c`s r`mln.   Y`r huje` qul lb ntl` quosolrn cldnr bn lxostlcjon mlb Jrlnm`r, c` pulml cldnr lb elje` ml qul lxostl lb ucovlrs`. ^ulmn, puls, gnk` su rlsp`csngobomnm mlh`strnr uc Enjlm`r.su nforhnjoúc ml qul lstn jrlnjoúc bbldú n lxostor soc

 

(g) Bn rlvlbnjoúc ml Mo`s qul tlclh`s lc bn Gogbon.  Lb h`mlrcostn mojl qul hnc`s euhncns bn j`hpobnr`c, y qul su nut`romnm ls odunb n bn ml junbquolr `tr` bogr`. N ïb bl jngl bn rlsp`csngobomnm ml pr`gnr su nforhnjoúc, y pnrn lbb` tolcl qul lxpbojnr júh` uc`s junrlctn lsjrot`rls vovolcm` lc vnro`s pnèsls mostoct`s y ngnrjncm` uc plrè`m` ml nbrlmlm`r ml >.699 nþ`s pumolr`c pr`mujor 66 bogr`s drncmls y plqulþ`s qul rljbnhnc slr lsjroturns mlb hosh` Mo`s, qul cucjn sl j`ctrnmojlc, y qul sl nkustnc lc uc s`b` bogr` sndrnm` ml tnb h`m` qul c` sl pulml snjnr uc` soc mlknr ocj`hpblt` lb bogr` lctlr` (vïnsl bn prulgn ml ls` lc lb jnpètub` >:). (j)  Bn lxplrolcjon rlbodo`sn.  Ls `tr` elje` mlb qul solhprl mlglh`s nj`rmnrc`s. Y`r huje` qul sl gurbl ml lbbn lb lsjïptoj`, c` pulml jnhgonr lb elje` ml qul uc e`hgrl g`rrnje` y plrmom` pulml vlrsl jnhgonm` lc uc snct` ml Mo`s. °N quï sl mlgl lsl jnhgo`0 ^ul c`s lxpboqul lb rnjo`cnbostn júh` b`s bnmr`cls s`c j`cvlrtom`s lc e`hgrls e`crnm`s, b`s hlctor`s`s lc e`hgrls ml vlrmnm, y bl`cls lc j`rmlr`s, lc lb slctom` fodurnm` ml bn pnbngrn. Yulml slr qul lbb`s c` pulmnc nrdòor j`c sus `p`sot`rls, plr` jnmn uc` ml lbb`s pulml tlstofojnr; “\cn j`sn sï, qul engolcm` y` som` jold`, ne`rn vl`" (Kunc ?;7-:). B`svov`" npúst`bls snbolr`c p`r lb hucm` mlb pndncosh` j`c lb hlcsnkl mlb lvncdlbo`, rlvlstom`s j`c lb p`mlr mlb Lspèrotu Znct`, y pr`ct`s pnrn dncnr n t`mn bn euhncomnm pnrn Jrost`. Zu njtotum pulml lklhpbofojnrsl lc bns pnbngrns ml Yngb`; Yngb`; “°C` s`y npúst`b0 °C` s`y bogrl0 °C` el vost` n Klsûs lb Zlþ`r culstr`0 °C` s`os v`s`tr`s ho `grn lc lb Zlþ`r0 ... J`ctrn b`s qul hl njusnc, lstn ls ho mlflcsn‖ (> J`rocto`s ?;>, :). Ynrn b`s qul sl `p`cènc n su hlcsnkl, gnstngn mljorbls qul ïb engèn vost` n Jrost` lc bn  db`ron1 y buld` t`m`s jrllrènc b` qul bls prlmojngn. Zoc mumn, c` súb` Yngb`, soc` t`m`s b`s mosjèpub`s prohotov`s jrlènc qul b`s db`ro`s`s elje`s ml qul lbb`s lrnc tlstod`s slrènc njlptnm`s p`r b`s qul bls `ènc1 plr` c` rlsubtú nsè. Jrost` engèn nh`clstnm` n sus mosjèpub`s qul; “Zo n hè hl enc plrslduom`, tnhgoïc n v`s`tr`s `s plrslduorîc1 so enc dunrmnm` ho pnbngrn, tnhgoïc dunrmnrîc bn vulstrn‖ (Kunc > J`rocto`s >6;?).  Vlh`s puls, qul nuc lc lb procjopo` ml bn mosplcsnjoúc ml bn drnjon eug` ucn bujen, bns fulr  zns ml bns tocolgbns rlsostolcm` y dulrrlncm` j`ctrn bn buz mlb lvncdlbo`. B`s s`bmnm`s ml Jrost` lc nqulb lct`cjls y murnctl t`m`s b`s sodb`s soduolctls enc tlcom` qul prlslctnr sus lvomlcjons, sus prulgns, y bns jbnrofojnjo`cl jbnrofojnjo`clss ml su hlcsnkl pnrn rlfutnr n b`s lclhod`s ml nfulrn y n b`s elrlkls ml nmlctr` ml bn odblson. Lb prohlr lclhod` qul rlsostoú lb lvncdlbo` ful lb  kumnèsh`,  nqulb sostlhn ml Bly qul engèn som`- mnm` p`r Mo`s hosh` lc bn ocfncjon ml bn rnzn euhncn, c` pnrn slr uc `rmlc plrhnclctl, soc` pnrn mlh`strnr bn e`hgrl snctomnmp`rml sus Mo`spr`po`s y ml lsfulrz`s su Bly, bn ohp`sogobomnm ml qul lb bn

 

juhpbolsl, y su cljlsomnm ml uc Znbvnm`r. “Ml hnclrn qul bn bly en som` culstr` ny`, pnrn bblvnrc`s n Jrost`, n foc, ml qul fuïslh`s kustofojnm`s p`r bn fl‖ (Dîbntns :;7=).  :;7=).  Lstûmolsl j`c lshlr` t`mn bn lpèst`bn n b`s Dîbntns, y mlspuïs b` qul Yngb` lsjrogoú lc W`hnc`s, pnrn vlr júh` lb npúst`b prlslctngn lvomlcjons mlb lvncdlbo`, lspljonbhlctl lb pnsnkl ynbns jotnm` lc Dîbntns : pnrn vlrysucútlsl rlspulstn n b`s qul qulrènc ohp`clr bn Bly ml H`osïs s`grl b`s j`cvlrs`s jrostonc`s. Lb prohlr J`cjobo` ml bn Odblson, j`cv`jnm` lc Klrusnbïc lc lb nþ` >-7>1 7 Ylmr` :;>6). Juncm` b`s jrostonc`s fulr`c lspnrjom`s p`r t`mns pnrtls mlb hucm` lct`cjls j`c`jom`, tuvolr`c qul mlflcmlr su fl lc j`ctrn ml b`s ntnquls ml `tr` lclhod`, n snglr, lb  pndncosh`. \c gulc lklhpb` ml lstn mlflcsn sl enbbn lc lb mosjurs` ml Yngb` n b`s fobús`f`s ml Ntlcns, lb jlctr` hosh` ml bn rlbodoúc y bn jubturn droldns. B`s r`hnc`s d`glrcngnc lb hucm` ml nqulb lct`cjls p`r bn fulrzn ml sus lkïrjot`s1 plr` lb omo`hn y bn jubturn ml b`s drold`s (juy` ohplro` engèn nctljlmom` nb ml W`hn) plrhncljènc t`mnvèn. ]nct` b`s r`hnc`s j`h` b`s drold`s lrnc pndnc`s, rocmolcm` jubt` n b`s èm`b`s. Yulst` lc pol s`grl lb jlrr` ml Hnrtl, m`cml b`s fobús`f`s s`bènc j`cdrldnrsl, Yngb` bls flbojotú p`r su ocstoct` rlbodo`s`, y p`r lb elje` ml qul lstngnc gusjncm` n Mo`s, enstn bbldnr n lmofojnr uc nbtnr NB MO@Z C@ J@C@JOM@. Lstl nbtnr bl mo` lb puct` ml j`ctnjt` j`c lbb`s, pnrn prlmojnrbls bns gulcns culvns ml Jrost`. Lc t`m`s sus mosjurs`s n b`s kumè`s bls trnèn sus prulgns mlb  Nctodu` ]lstnhlc ]lstnhlct`. t`. B`s pndnc`s lhplr` c` sngènc cnmn ml bns Lsjroturns, lc j`csljulcjon Yngb` tuv` qul pr`gnrbls bn lxostlcjon Mo`s ocstoct`s vlrmnmlr`y nplbncm` b`s e`hgrls y n susmlb pr`po`s j`cjolcjonn(Elje`s >4). jrlnm`s p`r ïb,

 

  J`c lb lb pns` ml b`s so sodb`s, db`s, huje`s lclhod`s y sos sostlhns tlhns fnbs`s sl blvnctnr`c fulrn y mlctr` ml bn odblson ml Jrost`. Lc `tr`s jnpètub`s vnh`s n c`tnr nbduc`s ml b`s sostlhns s ostlhns qul tlclh`s qul nfr`ctnr lc lst`s p`strlr`s mèns. Lc bn Eost`ron ml bn Odblson Jrostoncn sl lcjulctrnc b`s p`rhlc`rls ml bn bujen lc j`ctrn ml b`s `p`sot`rls Bujo` (:99 (>6< M.J.). M.J.), B`s Jlbs` (>45 M.J.), Y`rforo` M.J.), y Eolrújbot` pnmrls np`stúboj`s qul(7:: bls j`ctlstnr`c p`r lsjroturns lc mlflcsn mlb jrostoncosh` fulr`c  Ndustèc, Jorob`, ]lrtubonc`, Kustoc` Hîrtor, Luslgo`, ]lúfob` ]lúfob`,, Jblhlctl, Eopúbot`, @rèdlcls y `tr`s. ]lcènc qul j`hgntor c` súb` b`s ntnquls ml nfulrn, soc` bns elrlkèns sutobls ml hnlstr`s fnbs`s ml bn odblson. B`s jrostonc`s ml e`y tolclc qul enjlr b` hosh`. Y`mlh`s c`tnr nquè uc`s elje`s njlrjn ml bn “prlsucjoúc n fnv`r ml t`mn ocstotujoúc njtunb‖ y  y bn “jnrdn ml j`hpr`gnjoúc‖. C` ls prljos` mlflcmlr ucn ocstotujoúc njtunb enstn qul sl trnodn nbdûc nrduhlct` lc j`ctrn ml lbbn1 y lb qul trnl bn njusnjoúc ls lb qul mlgl pr`gnrbn1 ïstl ls uc` ml b`s procjopo`s fucmnhlctnbls ml bn bly. Npbojncm` lstn bly n bn ocstotujoúc jrostoncn, p`mlh`s njbnrnr culstr`s plcsnholct`s j`c lb rlsuhlc qul enjl lb m`jt`r F. T. Flrrnr; “(>) Engèn ucn prlsucjoúc fulrtl lc j`ctrn mlb lvncdlbo` juncm` p`r prohlrn vlz ful ncucjonm`. \c jnhplsoc`  kumè` rljbnhú slr lb Hlsèns pr`hltom`, lc quolc t`mns bns cnjo`cls mlb hucm` ognc n slr glcmljomns. Cnmol p`mèn jubpnrsl p`r c` jrllrb`, enstn qul ïb b` pr`gnrn. Bn jnrdn ml j`hpr`gnjoúc qulmngn j`c Klsûs, y ïb bn njlptú (Kunc >?;:6). (7) Lb jns` lc lb tolhp` njtunb ls j`hpbltnhlctl `pulst`. Bn jrostoncmnm lxostl, y junbquolrn qul coldul su `rodlc movoc` mlgl trnlr rnz`cls j`cvocjlctls p`r nsodcnrbl uc `rodlc euhnc`. Bn jnrdn ml j`hpr`gnjoúc qulmn nb bnm` mlb qul rljenzn lb lvncdlbo`. Zo c` ful lstngbljom` hobndr`snhlctl, j`h` rljbnhn englrb` som`, lct`cjls sl enjl cljlsnro` uc hobndr` hny`r, ls mljor, qul fulrn ocstotuom` p`r ndlcjons l ocdlco` euhnc`, n plsnr ml t`mn rlsostlcjon. (:) Juncm` culstr`s hoso`clr`s bblvnc lb lvncdlbo` b`s pndnc`s, ls lvomlctl qulmlb`sj`hpr`gnjoúc. jrostonc`s hosh`s tolclc qul nnsuhor bn rlsp`csngobomnm B`s

 

pndnc`s c` prlductnc juîbls s`c bns njusnjo`cls lc j`ctrn mlb jrostoncosh`, soc` qul mlhncmnc rnz`cls sufojolctls pnrn enjlrbls ngncm`cnr bn rlbodoúc ml sus nctlpnsnm`s y ngrnznr bn rlbodoúc culvn.‖  culvn.‖ 

 

JNYÈ]\B@ 7

BN LUOZ]LCJON ML MO@Z Cnmol pulml npr`tldlr co mlflcmlr qullctrldnmn c` tolcl. Bn fl qul Kumnsy c`s lxe`rtn mlflcmlr j`c tlsúcb`ful n b`s snct`s, lbb`s bn enc mnm` n c`s`tr`s lc bns Znctns Lsjroturns (Kumns :).  Vnh`s puls n hornr nbducns ml bns vlrmnmls jnrmocnbls ml culstrn fl, y n c`tnr júh` lbbns enc som` mlflcmomns murnctl b`s sodb`s pnsnm`s. B`s nrduhlct`s procjopnbls pnrn pr`gnr lsns vlrmnmls s`c b`s hosh`s e`y qul lc b`s mèns ml b`s pnmrls np`stúboj`s, quolcls sl vnbolr`c ml lbb`s lc sus lsjroturns1 plr` jnmn sodb` ml lxplrolcjon nþnml hîs fulrzn y hîs jbnromnm n lbb`s. Yulml englr m`s jbnsls ml lvomlcjon, n snglr; lvomlcjon mlh`strntovn (j`h` bns prulgns hntlhîtojns) hntlhîtojns),, y lvomlcjon h`rnb. Ls jbnr` qul c` sl pulml usnr bn prohlrn jbnsl pnrn vlrmnmls lsporotunbls, puls b`s nrduhlct`s lc mlflcsn mlb lvncdlbo` s`c solhprl h`rnbls. Eny m`s jbnsls ml lstn lvomlcjon h`rnb, ls mljor, bn lxtlro`r y bn octlro`r. Bns prulgns lxtlro`rls sl gnsnc lc lb tlstoh`co` y lb rnz`cnholct`. Bns prulgns octlro`rls sl gnsnc lc bns lxplrolcjons mlb jrostonc`. Zu rlbodoúc ls ml bn jnglzn y tnhgoïc mlb j`rnzúc. Lstûmolsl W`hnc`s >;>5-7< pnrn vlr qul lc uc tolhp` b`s e`hgrls j`c`jènc n Mo`s1 plr` n jnusn ml bn lctrnmn mlb pljnm` lc lb hucm` huje`s quosolr`c cldnr su lxostlcjon y c` rltlclrb` lc su j`c`joholct`. Ne`rn vnh`s n c`tnr nbduc`s ml b`s nrduhlct`s pnrn bn lxostlcjon ml Mo`s, c` usncm` bn Gogbon soc` trntncm` ûcojnhlctl ml bn hntlron lc b` lxtlro`r y ml bn cnturnblzn euhncn lc b` octlro`r. Eny huje`s nrduhlct`s, plr` pnrn hîs grlvlmnm vnh`s n rlsuhorb`s lc b`s juntr` hîs ohp`rtnctls; (>) Lb nrduhlct` `ct`búdoj`.  Lstl ful f`rhubnm` prohlrnhlctl p`r lb `gosp` Ncslbh`, quolc mljèn; “Jrlm` ut octlbodnh‖ (_` jrl`

 

pnrn qul y` lctolcmn). Mlhulstrn qul tlclh`s ucn omln ml uc Zlr plrfljt` y suprlh`, y c` c`s ls p`sogbl ohndocnr cnmn hîs drncml qul ïb. Bn omln ml Mo`s c` p`mèn lctrnr n bn hlctl mlb e`hgrl so lsn hlctl c` tuvolrn su `rodlc lc ïb. Bn hlrn omln ml Mo`s sl c`s enjl p`sogbl p`rqul ïb hosh` lstî mltrîs ml lsn omln. Bn cnturnblzn rlsp`cml n culstr`s plcsnholct`s lbbn, mly  culstr`s plcsnholct`s rlsp`cmlc n lbbn, p`r b` tnct`ml nhg`s glc englr som` elje`s p`r ucn hlctl ocfocotn. Ls búdoj` y jrlègbl qul lstl Zlr suprlh` lxostn. (7) Lb nrduhlct` j`sh`búdoj`. Znct` ]`hîs ml Nquoc` ful lb `rodocnm`r ml lstl plcsnholct` lctrl b`s jrostonc`s1 nctls ml su tolhp` engèn som` lhpblnm` p`r lb fobús`f` drold` Nrostútlbls. Zl gnsn lc lb elje` mlb ucovlrs`  ” t`m` t`m` b` qul vlh`s lc culstr` mlrrlm`r. Lstl ucovlrs` c` sl eoz` n sè hosh`, p`rqul jnmn lfljt` rlquolrl ucn jnusn. B` rlbntov` mlhncmn b` ngs`but`. Lstnh`s j`csjolctls ml t`mns culstrns njjo`cls, y snglh`s qul s`h`s rlsp`csngbls ml lbbns. Lc `trns pnbngrns, culstr` bogrl nbglmrè` ls bn jnusn ml lbbns. Mlgl lxostor, lct`cjls, ucn jnusn ml t`m` b` qul vlh`s lc lb ucovlrs`, ocjbuylcm` b`s slrls octlbodlctls y bogrls, y nqulbbn prohlrn jnusn mlgl slr bogrl y suplro`r n lbb`s. “Bn lbljtrojomnm  lbljtrojomnm  ls dlclrnmn p`r lb jnb`r1 lb jnb`r volcl mlb jnrgúc1 lb jnrgúc ml bns nctoduns slbvns1 ïstns `gtuvolr`c sus pr`polmnmls ml b`s rny`s mlb s`b1 lb jnb`r s`bnr ls nbohlctnm` ml nbducn hnclrn hostlro`sn, pr`gngblhlctl p`r hltl`r`s, y nsè, sujlsovnhlctl enstn lb procjopo`. Ne`rn, lb jnb`r, lb jnrgúc, bns slbvns, y bn buz s`bnr ”  s`bnr ” t`m`s t`m`s b`s tïrhoc`s hlcjo`cnm`s lc bn slrol nctlro`r ”   ”   s`c pnrjonbhlctl jnusns y pnrjonbhlctl lfljt`s. Ml hnclrn qul ml jnmn uc` mlgl mnrsl julctn p`r nbducn j`sn nctlro`r. Lc cocducn pnrtl lc lb rloc` obohotnm` ml bn cnturnblzn hntlronb sl en mlsjugolrt` t`mnvèn nbducn j`sn qul sln t`tnbhlctl jnusn. B`s ît`h`s ` fulrzns fucmnhlctnbls c` enc som` mlsjugolrt`s soc` supulst`s. Zoc lhgnrd`, nuc lbb`s cljlsotnc ucn jnusn nctlro`r pnrn p`clrb`s p`clrb`s lc h`voholct`‖ (Hubbocs). C` jnusn, ls p`sogbl ohndocnr prohlrn drnc ls mljor, Mo`s.lstl ucovlrs` ocojoîcm`sl soc bn

 

(:) Lb nrduhlct` tlbl`búdoj`. Zl gnsn ïstl lc lb `rmlc y mlsodco` qul sl hncofolstnc lc t`m` lb ucovlrs`. Elh`s vost` qul cljlsotnh`s uc procjopo` jnusnctl, y ne`rn pnsnh`s nmlbnctl n c`tnr qul lb `rmlc ml t`mns bns j`sns mlhncmn ucn jnusn octlbodlctl qul b` moslþú t`m`. Lb fobús`f` Zújrntls b` obustrngn p`r ucn lstntun. Nb vlrbn snglh`s tuv` uc enjlm`r y qul ucn hlctl octlbodlctl bn moslþú nctlsqul ml lsjubporbn. Zo njlptnh`s lb `rmlc y lb moslþ` lc bns `grns euhncns j`h` prulgns ml qul eug` ucn hlctl octlbodlctl mltrîs ml lbbns, ¡juîct` hîs mlglh`s enjlrb` j`c rlspljt` n bns `grns ml Mo`s! Lb snbhostn mojl; “Lb qul eoz` lb `èm`, `èm`, °c` `orî0 Lb qul f`rhú lb `k`, °c` vlrî0‖ (Znbh` ?=;?). Juncm` vlh`s lb rny` ml ucn rulmn, c` plcsnh`s lc ïb j`h` uc foc lc sè hosh`, soc` lc rlbnjoúc j`c bn rulmn lctlrn. Lsl rny` ful elje` pnrn bblcnr uc mltlrhocnm` budnr, y ful nmnptnm` pnrn lbb` lxjbusovnhlctl. C` tolcl vnb`r lc sè hosh` soc` j`h` ucn pnrtl cljlsnron ml bn rulmn. Lb `rmlc plrfljt` qul `gslrvnh`s lc t`mn bn cnturnblzn c`s engbn mlb mlsodco` mlb Jrlnm`r, y soc lsl `rmlc y mlsodco` lb ucovlrs` slrèn uc jn`s. ]`mns bns j`sns fulr`c mlsodcnmns pnrn nbdûc foc lspljonb, y jnmn ucn bblcn su pr`pon lsflrn ` jèrjub` ml njjoúc soc je`jnr j`c `trns co plrkumojnrbns n lbbns. Y`mlh`s rlsuhor lstl nrduhlct` mojolcm` qul c`tnh`s lc t`m` lb ucovlrs` lb `rmlc, lb mlsodco`, bn octlcjoúc, y lb nkustl plrfljt` ml t`mn bn jrlnjoúc, rlvlbncm` bn hlctl moslþnm`rn mlb Nrquotljt`. ]lstofojnh`s j`c Yngb` Yngb` qul “bns j`sns ocvosogbls ml ïb, su ltlrc` p`mlr y mlomnm, sl enjlc jbnrnhlctl vosogbls vosogbls mlsml bn jrlnjoúc mlb hucm`, solcm` lctlcmomns p`r hlmo` ml bns bns j`sns eljens‖ (W`(W`hnc`s >;79). (=) Lb nrduhlct` h`rnb. Lstl sl gnsn lc bn j`cjolcjon mlb e`hgrl y su j`c`joholct` ml bn bly h`rnb, ` *bn mostocjoúc lctrl b` gulc` y b` hnb`. J`c lstl nrduhlct` ocjbuoh`s b`s qul sl enc bbnhnm` nrduhlct`s euhnc`s, y tnhgoïc b`s ml bn lxplrolcjon  ” lc lc foc, t`m`s b`s nrduhlct`s qul p`mlh`s snjnr mlb slr euhnc` y sus lxplrolcjons. nrduhlct` e`hgrl sngl Lstl b` qul tolcl h`rnb nmlctr`ls orrlfrndngbl, ml su slr, p`rqul rlj`c`jljnmn bn

 

suprlhnjèn ml bn j`cjolcjon lctrl sus fnjubtnmls, y solctl bn rlsp`csngobomnmm h`rnb ml t`mns sus njjo`cls. rlsp`csngobomn Lstl slctom` mlb mlglr ohpbojn ucn rlbnjoúc plrs`cnb n uc d`glrcnm`r ` bldosbnm`r. Zo su j`cjolcjon bl rlhulrml nb e`hgrl p`r englr elje` hnb ` qulgrnctnm` nbducn bly, ls jbnr` qul nbduolc eoz` nbdûc Juncm` slr suprlh` qul lb tlcdn nut`romnm s`grl t`mn bn lsn rnznbly, euhncn. enjl golc, e`hgrl solctl ucn pnz y trncquobomnm lc su nbhn1 y juncm` enjl hnb t`m` ls j`cfusoúc, vlrdòlczn y tlh`r tlh`r lc su slr. “H`strncm` bn `grn ml bn bly lsjrotn lc sus j`rnz`cls, mncm` tlstoh`co` su j`cjolcjon, y njusîcm`bls ` mlflcmoïcm`bls sus rnz`cnholct`s‖ (W`hnc`s 7;>) Lb pnctlèsh`. Lb pnmrl mlb pnctlèsh` h`mlrc` ful Glcot` ml Lspoc`sn, quolc cnjoú lc E`bncmn lc >6:7. Lb lcslþngn qul c` eny hîs qul ucn s`bn sugstncjon ucovlrsnb l ohplrs`cnb, y qul bn hntlron y lb lspèrotu s`c ntrogut`s ml lbbn. J`ctolclc t`m`s b`s ntrogut`s ml bn plrfljjoúc, plr` solcm` c`s`tr`s ohplrfljt`s y bohotnm`s, c` p`mlh`s vlr soc` m`s ml lbb`s, qul s`c lb plcsnholct` y bn lxtlcsoúc1 lb prohlr tïrhoc` sodcofojncm` lb hucm` octlro`r, y lb slducm` lb hucm` lxtlro`r. Zoc lhgnrd`, mojl lb pnctlèsh`, c` s`c m`s soc` ucn s`bn j`sn. Mojl qul bn hntlron (` bn lxtlcsoúc) pulml lxostor lc mostoct`s h`m`s, ls mljor, lc rlp`s` ` lc h`voholct`. Lb lspèrotu ` plcsnholct` tnhgoïc tolcl sus m`s h`m`s; lb octlbljt` y bn v`buctnm. Ynrn lb pnctlèstn, Mo`s c` ls ucn Ylrs`cn, p`rqul bn plrs`cnbomnm ohpbojn bohotnjoúc1 soc` qul ïb ls bn gnsl ml t`mns bns j`sns, y jnmn j`sn qul lxostl ls s`bnhlctl uc h`m` ` uc ntrogut` ïb. bn Lbjnusn, c` jrlúp`rqul lb hucm`, y lb ucovlrs` uc lfljt` mlb junb ïbmlsln lslcjonbhlctl ïb lsc`  lb ls hucm`.

 

  Nbduolc en moje` qu qull pnrn lb pnctl pnctlèstn èstn so sl bbn bbnhn hn n Mo`s bn jnusn mlb ucovlrs`, ls súb` “j`h` bn hnczncn ls bn jnusn ml su j`b`r r`k`1 j`h` bn bljel ls bn jnusn ml bn gbncjurn, bn mubzurn y bn boquomlz1 y c` j`h` lb pnmrl ls bn jnusn ml bn lxostlcjon ml su eok`, ` j`h` lb s`b ls bn jnusn ml su jnb`r‖ (Tlglr). p`mlh`s njlptnr pnctlèsh`, p`rqul su jrllcjon rnmojnb c`C` ls búdojn. Juncm` mojllb qul c` eny hîs ml ucn s`bn sugstncjon lc t`m` lb ucovlrs`, sl nblkn ml b`s elje`s j`c`jom`s. C` p`mlh`s j`c`jlr uc plcsnholct` soc ucn plrs`cn, y lb pnctlèsh` coldn bn plrs`cnbomnm. Coldn bn rlbnjoúc ml bn jnusn y lb lfljt`, y tnhgoïc `trn bly ml bn jolcjon qul lcslþn qul mlglh`s mlknr b`s elje`s j`h` b`s lcj`ctrnh`s. C` p`mlh`s vlr bn plrs`cnbomnm lc c`s`tr`s hosh`s y nb hosh` tolhp` cldnrbn lc bn drnc sugstncjon ucofojnm`rn ucofojnm`rn.. Lb pnctlèstn c` pulml rlj`c`jlr bn moflrlcjon lctrl b` gulc` y b` hnb`, p`rqul so uc e`hgrl ls ucn pnrtl ml Mo`s, t`m`s sus njt`s s`c njt`s ml Mo`s. Lstn jrllcjon enjl nb e`hgrl odunb j`c bns pbnctns y b`s nstr`s, y c` eny boglrtnm co nbglmrè`, soc` qul t`m` sl hncofolstn h`tovnm` p`r lb procjopo` octlrc` ml bn drnc sugstncjon ucofojnm`rn, y ls` quotn t`m` rlfrlcnholct` ml b`s njt`s euhnc`s. Mlspuïs ml vlr lstl mlsolrt` y slqulmnm h`rnb, ¡quï rlfrodlro` c`s mn hornr lb pnosnkl qul c`s mlbocln bn Ynbngrn ml Mo`s! J`hlczncm` j`c c`s`tr`s hosh`s, p`mlh`s pr`gnr qul tlclh`s bn plrs`cnbomnm, bn j`cjolcjon h`rnb y lb bogrl nbglmrè`. J`c`jlh`s b` gulc` y b` hnb`, y snglh`s qul s`h`s rlsp`csngbls ml jnmn njt`, pnbngrn y plcsnholct`. Lc junct` n b`s elje`s mlb ucovlrs`, bn ûcojn eopútlsos qul pulml sntosfnjlr t`m`s culstr`s ncelb`s y lxpbojnr t`m`s b`s elje`s ls bn ml uc Zlr suprlh` qul c`s eoz` n c`s`tr`s y mlb hosh` h`m` n bns mlhîs j`sns, quolc ls ucn YLWZ@CN n quolc p`mlh`s j`c`jlr y j`c quolc p`mlh`s tlclr j`hucoúc. Lc culstr` lstumo` mlb pnctlèsh` elh`s vost` su lxpbojnjoúc lrrúcln ml b`s m`s hucm`s (lb lxtlro`r mlb ucovlrs`, y lb octlro`r mlb plcsnholct`), mojolcm` qulucofojnm`rn b`s m`s s`c qul lb lxtlro`r octlro`r ml ucn s`bn drnc sugstncjon ocjbuylynlbMo`s yn

 

t`m` lb ucovlrs`. Ne`rn vnh`s n c`tnr grlvlhlctl m`s tl`rèns lrrúclns qul sl gnsnr`c s`grl b`s m`s hucm`s yn hlcjo`cnm`s; bn prohlrn sl mlsodcn j`c lb c`hgrl ml omlnbosh`,  y bn slducmn hntlronbosh`.  Bn prohlrn lcslþn qul lb plcsnholct` ls t`m` l ocjbuyl t`m` b` qul lxostl, y bn slducmn mojl b` hosh` njlrjn ml bn hntlron. (7) Lb omlnbosh`.  Zl lcjulctrn lc nbducns ml bns tl`rèns ml b`s eocmûls lc bn Ocmon. Gumn lcslþngn, y huje`s ml b`s eocmûls h`mlrc`s nforhnc, qul t`mn bn moflrlcjon qul vlh`s lctrl bns j`sns lxostl s`bnhlctl lc culstr` plcsnholct`. Y`r lklhpb`, vl` lc uc rocjúc ml bn jnsn ucn julrmn nrr`bbnmn, y hl pnrljl ucn slrpolctl. Ls n jnusn ml p`jn buz, ` lc `trns pnbngrns mlgom` n ho odc`rncjon, qul pnrn hè ls ucn slrpolctl. Nb rljogor hîs buz y` sngrï qul bn slrpolctl c` lxostl. Lb puct` mïgob ml lstl rnz`cnholct` ls qul nucqul c` eny slrpolctl, bn julrmn sè lxostl. rnz`cnholct` Lbb`s c` sl foknc lc lst`. B`s eocmûls bblvnc lstn tl`rèn enstn lb puct` ml jrllr qul c` lxostl cnmn, y vlh`s nsè ml múcml snjú bn Jolcjon Jrostoncn hujens ml sus omlns. B`s eocmûls lcslþnc qul b` qul sl cljlsotn ls lb  dyîc, `  lb j`c`joholct` plrfljt`1 y lbb`s sl solctlc lc hlmotnjoúc ocnjtovn enstn bbldnr n j`c`jlr (nsè mojlc) qul c` lxostl cnmn, y ïstl ls lb lstnm` plrfljt` bbnhnm` p`r b`s gumostns corvncn; juncm` uc` sngl qul t`m` ls plcsnholct`, j`c bn lctrnmn ml hîs buz y j`c`joholct` p`mrî j`hprlcmlr qul lc rlnbomnm c` eny cnmn qul lxostn. (:) Lb hntlronbosh`. Bn tl`rèn qul lcj`ctrnh`s hîs n hlcum` lc b`s pnèsls `jjomlctnbls ls lb hntlronbosh`,  qul lc vlz ml j`hlcznr j`c lb plcsnholct`, j`holczn j`c bn hntlron ` lb ît`h`. Mojlc qul lstl plqulþ` drncot` ml hntlron, kuctnhlctl j`c bn fulrzn y lb h`voholct`, lmofojú t`m` lb ucovlrs`. Coldnc uc Zlr octlbodlctl qul morodoú t`m` lsl mlslcv`bvoholct`, y juncm` prlductnh`s lct`cjls júh` sngènc b`s ît`h`s nrrldbnrsl pnrn enjlr pbncltns, ncohnbls, pbnctns, e`hgrls y t`mns bns j`sns qul

 

vlh`s lc mlrrlm`r, mojlc qul t`m` sl eoz` p`r bn jnsunbomnm, p`r sulrtl, ` p`r cljlsomnm. Ls jnso ocjrlègbl qul e`hgrls octlbodlctls pumolrnc s`stlclr ucn tl`rèn tnc gnkn ml sus prlcmns lblvnmns, plr` nsè ls. \c` ml lbb`s lsjrogoú; “]`m` lstumonctl ml bn cnturnblzn mlgl, so polcsn pol csn j`csostlctlhlctl, bbldnr n gnk` bn j`cjbusoúc qul t`mns mlb bns jnpnjomnmls j`hprlcmomns lb c`hgrl ml ml njtovomnmls nbhn s`c súb` fucjo`cls ml bn sugstncjon mlb jlrlgr`, ` lxprlsîcm`hl lc tïrhoc`s hîs rum`s, qul lb plcsnholct` tolcl j`c lb jlrlgr` bn hoshn rlbnjoúc qul bn eolb j`c lb eèdnm`‖ eèdnm`‖ (V`dt).  (V`dt).  °^uï p`mlh`s mljor nb hntlronbostn0 Yrohlrnhlctl qul su puct` ml pnrtomn c` ls hntlronb soc` hlctnb. Engbn mlb ît`h`, ml fulrzn, y ml h`voholct`, qul s`c hlrns ngstrnjjo`cls ml bn hlctl, qul cnmol knhîs en vost` co j`c b`s hîs p`tlctls hojr`sj`po`s. Lstns j`cstrujjo`cls hlctnbls mlhncmnc, puls, ucn hlctl j`c lxostlcjon prlvon1 lc `trns pnbngrns, ohpbojn bn octlbodlcjon suplro`r y suprlhn ml Mo`s. Lc rlsuhlc, p`mlh`s mljor qul lstn tl`rèn enjl nb e`hgrl uc nutúhntn. Coldn b` qul golc j`c`jlh`s, j`h` bn v`buctnm, bn j`cjolcjon, lb p`mlr hlctnb ml slbljjoúc, lb octlbljt`, lb j`c`joholct`, y bn hoshn plrs`cnbomnm. J`c hob prulgns p`mlh`s mlh`strnr qul bn hlctl ls suplro`r n bn hntlron, b` qul lb hntlronbosh` coldn. Mojl qul t`mns bns j`sns vocolr`c ml bn hntlron p`r bn dlclrnjoúc lsp`ctîcln, y ïstn cucjn en som` j`hpr`gnmn. C`tlh`s qul bn hlctl usn bn hntlron1 puls, °c` ls bn hlctl suplro`r y mostoctn ml lbbn0 Vlh`s tnhgoïc lb ocstoct` rlbodo`s` lc lb e`hgrl, y j`h` solhprl bl sudolrl bn omln ml MO@Z y c` ml b`s ît`h`s. Lb hntlronbosh` c` sl pulml pr`gnr lc cocducn hnclrn, y lstî lc j`ctrn ml t`m`s b`s elje`s ml bn jolcjon. (=) Lb ndc`stojosh`.  @tr` lclhod` mlb lvncdlbo` ls bn tl`rèn mlb ndc`stojosh`, juy` c`hgrl bl ful mnm` p`r lb pr`fls`r Euxbly. Lb ndc`stojosh` sl pulml mlsjrogor j`h` ucn njtotum ml bn hlctl qul coldn bn p`sogobomnm ml j`c`jlr n Mo`s ` ml snglr bn vlrmnm njlrjn ucovlrs`. Eny mojlc drnm`squllcc`lstn odc`rncjon, p`rqul nbduc`smlb ml sus slduom`rls snglh`s y c` p`mlh`s

 

snglr cnmn. Coldnc bn vnbomlz y bn rlnbomnm ml t`m` j`c`joholct`, cldncm` bns mlhîs. Eny nbd` lc lstn jrllcjon pnrljom` n bn tl`rèn ml b`s eocmûls qul elh`s c`tnm` nctlro`rhlctl. Nhgns c`s j`cmujlc n uc mlsolrt` lsporotunb, soc vlstodo` ml vomn. Juncm` sl bls prlslctn n b`s ndcústoj`s b`s elje`s mlb hucm` octlro`r y lxtlro`r, rlsp`cmlc qul b` qul plrjoglc culstr`s slctom`s ls súb` j`c`joholct` ml bn npnrolcjon ml bns j`sns, y c` ml bn rlnbomnm mltrîs ml lbbns. J`cfolsnc qul pr`gngblhlctl enyn ucn jnusn, plr` bn bbnhnc ocj`dc`sjogbl (qul c` sl pulml j`c`jlr). Nb lxpb`rnr lb puct` j`c lbb`s hîs nmlbnctl, morîc qul c` snglc (y c` sl pulml snglr) so lsn jnusn mltrîs ml t`mns bns j`sns sln Mo`s, ` bn hntlron, ` bn sugstncjon ucovlrsnb mlb pnctlèsh`. ]olclc ucn tl`rèn lxtrnþn qul culstrn hlctl jnhgon t`mns bns j`sns qul bbldnc n lbbn, ml tnb h`m` qul c` p`mlh`s vlr cocducn j`sn j`h` lstî lc rlnbomnm, soc` qul bn vlh`s jugolrtn j`c ucn hîsjnrn eljen p`r culstr` pr`po` plcsnholc plcsnholct`. t`. Lstn ocfbulcjon vlclc`sn ml bn hlctl jugrl t`mn bn cnturnblzn, sln ml pbnctns, r`jns, îrg`bls, e`hgrls ` huklrls, y c`s enjl ohp`sogbl vlr bn rlnbomnm ml bns j`sns, b` qul b`s ndcústoj`s bbnhnc ocj`dc`sjogbl, ` ohp`sogbl ml slr j`c`jom`. °C` lstîc b`s jold`s duoncm` n b`s jold`s0  Nb trntnr j`c b`s ndcústoj`s ls gulc` plmorbls ucn prulgn ml jnmn tl`rèn qul c`s trnlc, p`rqul lc vlrmnm c` eny ucn s`bn prulgn qul lbb`s pulmnc prlslctnr, p`r junct` t`mns sus omlns s`c eopútlsos y j`cklturns soc bn hîs hècohn gnsl ml vlrmnm.  Nbduolc en moje`; “Juncm` lb ndcústoj` mojl qul lb ucovlrs` hncofolstn ucn fulrzn ocj`dc`sjogbl, sl j`ctrnmojl n sè hosh`; so lb ucovlrs` sl hncofolstn nsè, rlvlbn bn fulrzn `jubtn." °Júh` sngl ïb qul eny ucn j`sn ocj`dc`sjogbl0 Zo b` sngl, lct`cjls ls j`sn j`c`jomn. Lb ndcústoj` c` coldn bn lxostlcjon ml Mo`s, soc` qul nforhn qul c` p`mlh`s j`c`jlrbl1 y lst` lc lfljt` b` coldn, p`rqul so eny uc Mo`s `hcoprlslctl, `hcosjolctl y `hcop`tlctl ls ohp`sogbl qul sus jronturns c` bl j`c`zjnc. Ml lstl h`m` t`mns bns tl`rèns mlb

 

ndcústoj` sl pulmlc rlmujor nb ngsurm`. Lstn jrllcjon bblvn lb nbhn n ucn mls`bnjoúc t`tnb.

 

JNYO]\B@ =

LB LV@B\JO@COZH@ En engom`s`bnhlctl hujens mlfocojo`cls bn pnbngrn lv`bujoúc, jotnrlh`s bn qul eoz` lbmlpr`fls`r Elrglrt Zplcjlr,plr` qul "bn lv`bujoúc ls ucn octldrnjoúc ml bn hntlron y mosopnjoúc mlb h`voholct`‖. Lc `trns pnbngrns, ls ucn eopútlsos ` j`cklturn qul ful sudlromn p`r Jenrbls Mnrwoc, ml bn junb ïb sl rltrnjtú tlrhocnctlhlctl nctls ml su hulrtl lc >557, njlptncm` bns lcslþnczns gègbojns j`h` bn gnsl ml su fl. Lhplr`, ls trostl c`tnr qul, nucqul lb nut`r ml lstn j`cklturn bn ngncm`cú lc b`s ûbtoh`s mèns ml su vomn, bn ocfbulcjon ml b`s bogr`s qul lsjrogoú j`c nctlro`romnm en plrhncljom` enstn lb mèn ml e`y, y eny huje`s pr`fls`rls y jolctèfoj`s ocfolbls qul pr`jbnhnc lstn eopútlsos j`h` so fulrn vlrmnm, lcslþncm` lc huje`s j`bldo`s y ucovlrsomnmls qul t`mn j`sn vovn qul lxostn procjopoú j`c ucn plqulþèsohn jïbubn ` hnsn ml pr`t`pbnshn, bn junb soc cocducn `plrnjoúc ml Mo`s, sl mlsnrr`bbú lc `trns j`sns, prohlrnhlctll b`s hoclrnbls, buld` lb hucm` vldltnb, y ml lbb` b`s prohlrnhlct ncohnbls, enstn qul lc lb pns` ml b`s sodb`s b`s h`c`s sl mlsnrr`bbnr`c enstn slr e`hgrls. J`c`jlh`s jlrjn ml jolc sugstncjons qul sl bbnhnc sohpbls, y b`s lv`bujo`costns lcslþnc qul lbbns fulr`c pr`mujomns p`r `trns j`sns hîs sohpbls murnctl lb pns` ml hobb`cls ml nþ`s, enstn qul su puct` ml pnrtomn ful ucn “clgub`somnm prohotovn‖ qul sl pus` lc h`voholct` y p`j` n p`j` pr`muk` t`m` lb ucovlrs`. Lbb`s cucjn enc pr`jurnm` lxpbojnr júh` sl eoz` ucn jïbubn ` clgub`somnm prohotovn, co quoïc pr`vlyú lb h`voholct`. Ynrn mlsjugror lb pr`drls` `rmlcnm` ml bn cnturnblzn sl pulml lhpblnr bn pnbngrn lv`bujoúc, j`h` lb mlsnrr`bb` mlb p`bb` mlb eulv`, ml bn fb`r n bn slhobbn, ltj. Lstns j`sns sl enc mlrovnm` njtunbhlctl ml bns `trns. °Ylr` quoïc en vost` n uc plz mlrovnrsl ml ucn polmrn, ` n uc e`hgrl ml uc h`c`0 Bn bly ml Mo`s pnrn bns pbnctns y b`s ncohnbls lrn qul pr`muklrnc sldûc su dïclr`

 

(Dïclsos >;>>, 7=), y lc lb procjopo` nhgns jbnsls ml vomn, nsè bn ocncohnmn j`h` bn ncohnmn, vocolr`c ml bn hnc` mlb Jrlnm`r hosh`. C` eny vomn lc b`s hoclrnbls, °júh` puls vocolr`c lbb`s n slr pbnctns0 B` qul lxostl c` pulml slr lb pr`mujt` ml b` qul c` lxostl. \cn polmrn cucjn p`mrèn bbldnr n tlclr j`cjolcjon ml sè co bn ml lb plcsnr, junblsquolrn qul fulrnc sus jlrjncèns, co lc jnpnjomnm uc nþ` co lc pns` ml lmnmls octlrhocngbls. Ls gulc` j`hpnrnr lb us` qul b`s lv`bujo`costns enjlc ml su j`cklturn j`c b`s mostoctov`s qul tolcl bn jolcjon pnrn lb us` ml ucn eopútlsos; “\cn eopútlsos bldètohn (>) c` mlgl slr ocj`cocj`csostlctl j`c b`s elje`s yn nvlrodunm`s ` bns ocflrlcjons n bns junbls j`cmujl; (7) mlgl slr ml tnb jnrîjtlr qul nmhotn bn j`hpr`gnjoúc ` rlfutnjoúc, ` juncm` hlc`s qul sln j`csomlrnmn hîs ` hlc`s pr`gngbl p`r bns ocvlstodnjo`cls sugsoduolctls1 (:) mlgl slr npbojngbl n bn mlsjropjoúc ` lxpbojnjoúc ml t`m`s b`s flcúhlc`s, y so nsodcn ucn jnusn, mlgl nsodcnr ucn jnusn j`hpbltnhlctl nmljunmn qul bn enyn pr`mujom`‖ (F`wblr). Wljenznh`s bn tl`rèn ml bn lv`bujoúc p`rqul; (>) Jrln hîs mofojubtnmls y pr`gblhns qul b`s qul lxpbojn. Cucjn en lxpbojnm` júh` voc` n lxostor bn prohlrn vomn pnrn j`hlcznr su pr`jls` ml mlsnrr`bb`. ]nhp`j` en pr`vost` lb lcdncjel lctrl bn vomn ocncohnmn y bn ncohnmn, co mlh`strnm` juîcm` tuv` procjopo` lb j`c`joholct` ml sè hosh`. Nsè b`s lv`bujo`costns fnbbnc p`r j`hpblt` lc lxpbojnr bn lxostlcjon ml bn hntlron, bn fulrzn, bn jnpnjomnm ml plcsnr, y bn cnturnblzn lsporotunb mlb e`hgrl. (7) Y`rqul b`s jolctèfoj`s hîs jïblgrls enc cldnm` lstn tl`rèn, mlsml Mnrwoc enstn b`s pr`fls`rls Ndnssoz, Mnws`c, Gntls`c y huje`s hîs. Lb m`jt`r Ltelromdl, ocspljt`r mlb Husl` Grotîcoj`, mok`; ——Lc t`m` lstl drnc husl` c` eny uc ît`h` ml lvomlcjon ml bn trnshutnjoúc ml bns lspljols. Lstl husl` lstî bblc` ml prulgns ml bn j`hpbltn fnbslmnm ml lstns omlns.‖  omlns.‖   (:) Y`rqul nbduc`s elje`s njlrjn mlb e`hgrl y lb ngosh` ohpnsngbl lctrl ïb y lb grut` bn coldnc; (n) Bn nuslcjon ml polb pr`tljt`rn bn ml b`snbncohnbls1 (g) Lb tnhnþ` mlb(j)jlrlgr` e`hgrl lc j`h` j`hpnrnjoúc ml b`s h`c`s hîs drncml1 Lb us`mlb ml

 

ocstruhlct`s y lb enjlr fuld`, b` qul cocdûc ncohnb enjl. Lb h`c` hîs octlbodlctl ls s`bnhlctl uc ncohnb1 lb snbvnkl hîs mldrnmnm` ls jolrtnhlctl uc e`hgrl. (=) Y`rqul en jnusnm` j nusnm` ucn mldrnmnjoúc tlrrogbl lc b`s e`hgrls y bns cnjo`cls qul bn enc nmnptnm`. Hlc`sprljon lb vnb`r ml bn vomn euhncn, mldrnmncm` nb e`hgrl nb covlb ml b`s grut`s, hubtopbojn b`s jrohocnbls y hntn bn vomn lsporotunb. (?=:, nmhotl qul eny hujens j`sns qul bn tl`rèn ml bn lv`bujoúc c` pulml lxpbojnr. ]lxtunbhlctl ]lxtunbhlctl mojl; “Enjl p`j` lstuvl lstumoncm` uc drup` ml plklsnp`s ` rncns plsjnm`rns1 pljls ml bns nduns pr`fucmns lc b`s junbls lb prohlr lblhlct` ml bn nbltn m`rsnb sl en j`cvlrtom` lc ucn lspljol ml jnþn ml plsjnr. Lc g`jn nbduc`s nbltn ml h`vlrsl frlctl n bn mlblsnplz1 lclslbjnpnz lxtrlh` ml bn enstn rnyn sotunrsl bblvn plqulþ`s

 

fobnhlct`s h`vogbls qul sl rltulrjlc j`h` dusnc`s lc uc nczulb`, j`c lb `gklt` ml lcdnþnr n b`s pljls plqulþ`s y bblvnrb`s enstn bn g`jn mlb plklsnp` ... Jot` lb jns` lxtrn`rmocnro` ... qul prlslctnc lst`s pljls p`rqul hl rlsubtn ngs`butnhlctl ohp`sogbl j`hprlcmlr júh` sl rlnbozú lb prohlr pns`1 c` ls p`sogbl lxpbojnrb` b`s hlmo`s nbjncjl. Lc lfljt`, bn jnþn p`r ml plsjnr tlcènqul qultlclh`s slr hîsn`culstr` hlc`s plrfljtn mlsml lb procjopo` pnrn qul lb plz bn pumolrn usnr.‖ Nsè ls j`h` moje` lsjrot`r rljenzn jnso p`r j`hpblt` bn tl`rèn ml bn lv`bujoúc juncm` mljbnrn nb foc mlb hosh` nrtèjub`; "Eny hujens pnrtls `sjurns lc bn tl`rèn mlb lv`bujo`cosh`. Lc junct` n hè, b`s hostlro`s qul c`s r`mlnc sl hl rlprlslctnc lc f`rhn tnc vovomn, qul b`s ntl`s j`c su lxpbojnjoúc hljncèstojn ml bn vomn hl ocspornc jolrtn orrotnjoúc. orrotnjoúc.‖‖  Lc j`ctrnstl j`c lstn tl`rèn fnbsn ml bn lv`bujoúc, c`tnrlh`s ne`rn b` qul c`s lcslþn bn Gogbon njlrjn ml bn jrlnjoúc; Bn jrlnjoúc ls lb elje` bogrl ml Mo`s p`r lb junb lc lb procjopo` y pnrn p nrn su pr`pon db`ron ïb eoz` lb ucovlrs` vosogbl l ocvosogbl soc usnr hntlronb prllxostlctl.  Yrulgns morljtns,  (n) Dïclsos >;>. Bn pnbngrn elgrln qul sodcofojn jrlnr sl usn nquè trls vljls; lc lb v. > j`c rlspljt` n bn hntlron, lc lb v. 7> j`c rlspljt` n bn vomn ncohnb, y lc lb v. 74 j`c rlspljt` n bn vomn euhncn. Lst` ocmojn qul eny ucn sohn octrncsodogbl lctrl bn vomn vldltnb y bn vomn ncohnb, y tnhgoïc `trn sohn lctrl bn vomn ncohnb y bn vomn euhncn. Lxjbuyl bn p`sogobomnm ml bn lv`bujoúc j`h` sl lcslþn e`y mèn. (g) Elgrl`s >>;:. Nquè vlh`s qul lb ucovlrs` c` ful elje` ml hntlron prllxostlctl, soc` p`r hncmnt` mlb @hcop`tlctl.  Yrulgns ocmorljtns.  Hnrj`s >:;>?1 Znbh` ::;6, ?1 Kunc >4;;=1 Znbh` ?9;71 Yr`vlrgo`s 5;7:1 Kunc >;>1 J`b`slcsls >;>41 Elgrl`s ?;>=. Vlh`s nquè qul bns trls Ylrs`cns ml bn Znctn ]rocomnm lxostènc nctls ml qul lb hucm` fulsl. Lb nut`r ml bn jrlnjoúc ful Mo`s lb Ynmrl, `grncm` p`r su Ynbngrn (Klsujrost`, su Eok` ucodïcot`) y su Lspèrotu. Bns trls Ylrs`cns sl hlcjo`cnc lc lb Znbh` ::;61 lb Ynmrl lc Dïclsos >;>1 > J`rocto`s 5;61 Lflso`s

 

:;?1 lb Eok` lc Kunc >;:1 > J`rocto`s 5;61 Elgrl`s >;71 >>;:1 J`b`slcsls >;>61 y lb Lspèrotu lc Dïclsos >;71 K`g 76;>:1 ::;=. Lb e`hgrl ful lb rlsubtnm` ml uc njt` ml jrlnjoúc movocn l ochlmontn (Dïclsos 7;41 [njnrèns >7;>). ]`mn bn rnzn euhncn mlsjlcmoú ml sus prohlr`s pnmrls Nmîc y Lvn (Dïclsos >;74, 751 7;4, 771ml:;79). B`s soduolctls elje`s(g)j`cforhnc cnrrnjoúc gègbojn bn jrlnjoúc; (n) Bn eost`ron1 bns blcdunsbnmlb hucm`1 (j) bn psoj`b`dèn1 y (m) bn foso`b`dèn. Lstns jolcjons prulgnc qul t`mns bns cnjo`cls y sus omo`hns tuvolr`c uc `rodlc j`hûc1 qul rltolclc jnrnjtlrèstojns j`hucls, nsè hlctnbls j`h` h`rnbls1 qul t`mns bns cnjo`cls s`c jnpnjls ml hlzjbnrsl p`r hntroh`co`s1 qul bn tlhplrnturn mlb julrp` ls solhprl bn hoshn1 y qul bn sncdrl euhncn sl pulml mostocduor p`r hlmo` mlb hojr`sj`po` ml bn ml junbquolr ncohnb. B`s julrp`s ml t`mns bns rnzns lstîc suklt`s n bns hoshns lcflrhlmnmls1 y bn hulrtl volcl n t`mns ml bn hoshn hnclrn. Lb `rodlc ml bn rnzn euhncn ml ucn s`bn pnrlkn lcvulbvl m`s drncmls vlrmnmls; (>) Bn ucomnm `rdîcojn ml bn euhncomnm lc bn prohlrn trncsdrlsoúc y tnhgoïc lc bn snbvnjoúc pr`vostn pnrn bn rnzn lc Jrost` (W`hnc`s 71 > J`rocto`s >, 771 Elgrl`s 7;>4). (7) Bn elrhncmnm cnturnb mlb dïclr` euhnc`, y nsè bn `gbodnjoúc ml bblvnr lb j`c`joholct` ml Jrost` n jnmn holhgr` ml bn rnzn (Elje`s >4;761 Elgrl`s 7;>>1 Bujns >9;75-7?1 W`hnc`s >; >=->6).

 

JNYO]\B@ <

LB ZOBLCJO@ ML MO@Z Lxostlc coldnc bn lxostlcjon ml “Zo Mo`seugolrn n jnusnMo`s ml c` su soblcjo` quolcls lc hujens `jnso`cls, y mojlc; plrhotorèn ls` y ls` `tr`.‖ N b`s tnbls sl bls bbnhn ocfolbls, pnbngrn qul sodcofojn "soc fl‖. Ynrn j`ctlstnr n lbb`s ls ohp`rtnctl oh p`rtnctl mlh`strnr qul lb soblcjo` ml Mo`s c` prulgn co ohp`tlcjon co cldbodlcjon ml su pnrtl. Y`r lklhpb`, lc lb jns` ml bn jrujofoxoúc ml su Eok` nhnm`, Mo`s dunrmú soblcjo` holctrns su Eok` ucodïcot` lrn hulrt`, p`rqul sngèn qul ûcojnhlctl ml lsn hnclrn sl p`mèn lfljtunr bn snbvnjoúc mlb hucm` pljnm`r. Lc t`mn `jnsoúc lc qul b`s e`hgrls enc jrotojnm` lb soblcjo` ml Mo`s, p`mlh`s vlr qul eug` ucn jnusn, uc h`tov` sufojolctl pnrn lbb`. (Lstûmolcsl K`g 7:;>->91 Znbh` 75;>1 :.) Lb jns` ml K`g pulml t`hnrsl j`h` tèpoj` ml bn njtotum ml t`m`s b`s snct`s ml su ïp`jn; b`s 7.< enstn bn lcjnrcnjoúc sl rlsuhl lc bns pnbngrns ml Knj`g; “]u snbvnjoúc lsplrï, `e Kle`vî‖ (Dïclsos

 

=?;>5). _ juncm` Jrost` cnjoú, su vlcomn ful ncucjonmn n t`m`s b`s qul lsplrngnc bn rlmlcjoúc  lc Klrusnbïc (Bujns 7;:5). Lb jbnh`r mlb nbhn lc vostn mlb soblcjo` ml Mo`s sl rlbnjo`cn j`c lb juhpboholct` ml nbducns ml sus pr`hlsns. Murnctl b`s juntr` hoblco`s nctls ml bn lcjnrcnjoúc, Mo`s sl engèn n b`s nþ`s e`hgrls lc Ynbngrn voso`cls, lsjrotn lc sulþ`s, lc v`z numogbl,rlvlbnm` y p`r >.> hlrljl hlcjoúc lspljonb, p`rqul c`s lxpbojn júh` b`s e`hgrls octlrprltnc hnb lb soblcjo` ml Mo`s. “Y`r junct` c` sl lkljutn buld` slctlcjon s`grl bn hnbn `grn, lb j`rnzúc ml b`s eok`s ml b`s e`hgrls lstî lc lbb`s mospulst` pnrn enjlr lb hnb.‖ Lbb`s snglc qul  qul  b` qul enjlc ls hnb`, snglc qul lstîc pljncm`, y qul lb kuojo` ml Mo`s bls jnlrî lcjohn, plr` j`h` c` jnl huy pr`ct`, j`grnc îcoh` lc su jnhoc` hnb` y mojlc; “C` slrï h`vom` knhîs‖, “slrî lb mèn ml hnþncn j`h` ïstl, ` huje` hîs lxjlblctl‖ (Znbh` >9;61 Osnèns Osnèns 7). °Ls búdoj` jubpnr n Mo`s p`r b`s njjomlctls qul s`c jnusnm`s s`bnhlctl p`r bn cldbodlcjon, mlsjuom`, ` hnbmnm ml b`s e`hgrls0 °Njns` j`cvolcl nb eok` jrotojnr n su pnmrl, ` n bn jronturn jubpnr n su Jrlnm`r0 (Osnèns 7?;>61 =5;61 W`hnc`s ?;79, 7>). K`g, lc su h`rtnb ncduston, engèn moje` nbducns j`sns murns, n rnèz ml bns junbls Lboû bl rlprlcmoú slvlrnhlctl. Ylr` ful bn rlvlbnjoúc ml Mo`s hosh` b` qul bl euhobbú n enjlrbl jbnhnr; "_` engbngn b` qul c` lctlcmèn1 j`sns mlhnsonm` hnrnvobb`sns pnrn hè, qul y` c` j`hprlcmèn ... p`r tnct` hl ng`rrlzj`, y hl nrrlpolct` lc p`bv` y jlcozn" (K`g =7;>-61 Znbh` 4:;>>-761 Kunc ?;:1 >:;41 > Ylmr` >;4). Eny `tr` plcsnholct` hîs pr`fucm` qul rlbnjo`cn lb soblcjo` ml Mo`s j`c lb bogrl nbglmrè` mlb e`hgrl. Bn boglrtnm h`rnb mlb slr euhnc` c` bohotnjoúc tnc súb` ocjbuyl su rlsp`csngobomnm h`rnb soc` ml bn octlrvlcjoúc movocn. Mo`s eoz` nb tnhgoïc bn

 

e`hgrl n su pr`pon ohndlc j`c bogrl nbglmrè`, y mlkn qul sus jronturns lklrznc bogrlhlctl lsn v`buctnm. Lst` enjl nb e`hgrl rlsp`csngbl ml t`mns sus njjo`cls. Bn Gogbon c`s lcslþn qul Mo`s juomn y d`golrcn t`m` lb ucovlrs`, y qul su d`golrc` sl lxtolcml enstn n bns njjo`cls bogrls ml b`s e`hgrls. “_` @slns tnhgoïc7;6). tl Ylr` mltuvlp`rmlb`pljnr j`ctrn j`ctrn  (Dïclsos 79;61 :>;7=1 dlclrnb Mo`s  hè‖ c` ohpoml qul lb e`hgrl plqul, soc` qul dunrmn soblcjo`. "Lc b` rlflrlctl n b`s hlcsnklr`s ... Mo`s b` mlkú, pnrn pr`gnrbl, pnrn enjlr j`c`jlr t`m` b` qul lstngn lc su j`rnzúc" (7 Jrúcojns :7;:>1 Znbh` 5>;>>->=1 @slns =;>41 Elje`s >=; >61 W`hnc`s >;7=, 76, 75). M`s frnsls lc lb Znbh` 6-7>). Bns m`s frnsls sodcofojnctls s`c; ——Vlcmrî culstr` Mo`s y c` jnbbnrî‘, y “Lstns j`sns eojostl, eojostl, y y` el jnbbnm`‖ (vs. :, 7>).  7>).  Ls lvomlctl, puls, qul murnctl lstn mosplcsnjoúc ml drnjon Mo`s lstî dunrmncm` soblcjo`, y qul lstl soblcjo` tlrhocnrî juncm` Jrost` vlcdn `trn vlz. “Buld` engbnrî n lbb`s lc su fur`r, y b`s turgnrî j`c su orn‖ (Znbh` 7;91 Kunc >:;41 > Ylmr` >;41 Znctond` -51 Elgrl`s >7;=->>). @tr` plcsnholct` octlrlsnctl pulml hlcjo`cnrsl nquè, y ls qul lc t`mn bn Gogbon vlh`s qul Mo`s lkljutn kuojo` suhnro` ucn vlz pnrn mlh`strnr su njtotum enjon tnbYlr` ` junb pljnm`, y mlspuïs dunrmn pnrn j`c lb e`hgrl. nb foc su kuojo` jnlrî, so c` lc soblcjo` lstn vomn, b`

 

slrî lct`cjls mlspuïs ml bn slducmn vlcomn ml Jrost` (Cûhlr`s > ]oh`tl` ) Bnsjovon, Dïclsos >7;41 (7) Nh`r nb hucm`, Dïclsos >?;761 (:)(91 (=) 5->91 Om`bntrèn, Ïx`m` :7;76-7?1 G`rrnjelrn, Blvètoj` >9;>-:, (6) Gbnsflhon, Blvètoj` 7=;>>->61 (4) Hnblmojlcjon, Cûhlr`s >7;>->91 (5) Fnbtn ml fl, Cûhlr`s >=;:?1 (?) Wlglboúc, Cûhlr`s >6;:91 (>9) Hurhurnjoúc, Cûhlr`s >6; =>-=?1 (>>) F`rcojnjoúc, Cûhlr`s 7-51 (>7) W`g` n Mo`s, K`suï 4;77-761 (>:) Fnbtn ml rlvlrlcjon, > Znhulb 6;>?1 (>=) Yrlsucjoúc, 7 Znhulb 6;6, 41 (> Wlyls >:;7>-7=1 (>6) J`mojon, 7 Wlyls 4) Ocjrlmubomnm, 7 Wlyls 4;>5-7>1 (>5) Yr`fljèns fnbsn, Klrlhèns 75;>->41 7?;77, :71 (>?) @rdubb`, Mncolb =;7?-:41 (79) Hlctorn, Elje`s ->>.

 

JNYO]\B@ 6

BN WLVLBNJO@C ML MO@Z  NB E@HGWL °Y`r quï ucn rlvlbnjoúc0

Elh`s vost` júh` lb e`hgrl lc su pr`po` slr, soc j`c`jlr bn Gogbon, pulml rnz`cnr y bbldnr n bn jlrtomuhgrl ml qul lxostl uc Zlr suprlh`, lb Jrlnm`r ml t`m` lb ucovlrs`, y ml qul ïb ls snct`, gulc` y ]`m`p`mlr`s`. “Y`rqul bns j`sns ocvosogbls ocvosogbls ml ïb, su ltlrc` p`mlr y mlomnm, sl enjlc jbnrnhlctl vosogbls mlsml bn jrlnjoúc mlb hucm`, solcm` lctlcmomns p`r hlmo` ml bns j`sns eljens‖ (W`hnc`s >;79). Lst` elh`s pr`gnm` p`r hlmo` ml b`s vnro`s nrduhlct`s tl`búdoj`s qul c`s enc j`cmujom` enstn lstl puct`. Zoc lhgnrd`, lst`s nrduhlct`s c` sntosfnjlc co npndnc bn slm mlb nbhn. ^ulrlh`s c` súb` snglr qul lxostl uc Mo`s soc` tnhgoïc j`c`jlrbl.  Lc bns pnbngrns ml Znc Ndustèc; “]û c`s ens elje` pnrn to hosh`, y culstr` j`rnzúc c` tolcl s`sold` enstn qul mlsjncsl mlsjncsl lc to.‖  to.‖  Bn ohndlc ml Mo`s lc lb e`hgrl bl enjl jnpnz ml j`c`jlr n Mo`s, plr` °júh` pulml enbbnr n su Jrlnm`r0 “¡^uoïc hl molrn lb snglr múcml enbbnr n Mo`s!‖ en som` lb jbnh`r nhnrd` mlb nbhn slslmolctn qul tolcl qul rlsp`cmlr “¡C`!‖ n bn prlductn; prlductn; "°Mlsjugrorîs tû b`s sljrlt`s ml Mo`s0‖ (K`g >>;4). Juîc nhnrdnhlctl sl qulkn K`g ml bn ohp`sogobomnm ml nbjncznr n Mo`s, y ml bn fnbtn ml uc Hlmonm`r. “C` eny lctrl c`s`tr`s îrgotr` qul p`cdn su hnc` s`grl c`s`tr`s m`s‖ (K`g ?; ::). Lstl ncelb` snct` c` súb` mlslngn ucn rlvlbnjoúc ml Mo`s, soc` ucn rlvlbnjoúc  p`r lcjnrcnjoúc,  y ls` ls b` qul Mo`s `t`rdú n sus jronturns p`r hlmo` ml su Eok` ucodïcot` Klsujrost`. qul c` eny lxplrolcjon ml Mo`s soc ucn rlvlbnjoúc mlLs ïb.vlrmnm Lb Jrlnm`r hosh` tolcl qul lxtlcmlr su hnc` ml nh`r

 

enjon bn jronturn, ïb hosh` tolcl qul enjlr p`sogbl lb j`ctnjt`. Lb pljnm` en elje` ucn slpnrnjoúc lctrl Mo`s y lb e`hgrl1 plr` ml tnb hnclrn nhú Mo`s nb hucm` qul mo` n su Eok` ucodïcot` pnrn slr bn lsjnblrn qul ucolrn n bn tolrrn j`c lb jolb` (Kunc >;1 Dïclsos 75;>7). Mo`s ïb quolrl qul sus (@slnsn 6;6). Lc lstl nsuct` en t`hnm` bn jronturns ocojontovn,bly j`c`zjnc sl en rlvlbnm` b`s e`hgrls. “_ cnmol j`c`jl nb Eok`, soc` lb Ynmrl, co nb Ynmrl j`c`jl nbduc`, soc` lb Eok`, y nqulb n quolc lb Eok` b` quolrn rlvlbnr‖ (Hntl` >>;741 vïnsl tnhgoïc Znbh` 74;5). Y`mlh`s c`tnr nquè nbducns ml bns v`jls qul bl pr`jbnhnc; (>) Bn v`z ml bn jrlnjoúc. ]`mn bn cnturnblzn c`s engbn ml su Jrlnm`r (Znbh` >?;>-=1 Osnèns =9;76). (7) Bn v`z ml bn j`cjolcjon (W`hnc`s >;>?). Lstl ocstrujt`r octlro`r solhprl c`s nh`clstn ml bn lxostlcjon ml Mo`s. (:) Bn v`z ml bn eost`ron (K`g :7;4). Cucjn en engom` cnjoúc soc nbducn omln ml uc Zlr Zuprlh`. (=) Bn v`z ml bn fob`s`fèn. B`s e`hgrls ml mlsplknmn octlbodlcjon octlbodlcjon lc t`mns bns lmnmls enc gusjnm` n Mo`s lc sus rnz`cnholct`s, y huje`s ml b`s fobús`f`s hîs drncmls y b`s hîs lrumot`s enc som` mlv`t`s nm`rnm`rls ml ïb, p`rqul bl lcj`ctrnr`c lc su Eok`, Klsujrost`. (=;9). Lb c` súb` c`s lcslþú bn lxostlcjon ml Mo`s, soc` qul bn rlvlbú lc su pr`pon vomn, hlmonctl pnbngrns y elje`s. Bn rlvlbnjoúc ls bn j`hucojnjoúc morljtn ml bn v`buctnm ml Mo`s nb e`hgrl. Y`mlh`s tlclr p`r bn cnturnblzn hoshn uc jolrt` j`c`joholct` ml uc Zlr suprlh` (W`hnc`s >;>?, 79), plr` ls` sl bbnhn hîs golc ocmujjoúc (rnz`cncm` ml bns pnrtls nb t`m`, ` nb j`ckuct`). Bns Znctns Lsjroturns rljbnhnc slr lb j`ckuct` ml bn vlrmnm qul Mo`s en mnm` nb e`hgrl hobndr`snhlctl.  Vlrlh`s júh` sl prulgn lst`. Y`mlh`s puls mlfocor bn rlvlbnjoúc j`h` ucn j`hucojnjoúc s`grlcnturnb ml Mo`s nb e`hgrl. M`s hït`m`s s`c p`sogbls; (>) Wlvlbnjoúc ochlmontn, juncm` Mo`s engbn n uc ocmovomu`1 y (7) Wlvlbnjoúc lsjrotn.  Zl `gkltn nb prohlr hït`m`, mojolcm` qul;

 

(n) Zl lctrlhltl j`c lb bogrl nbglmrè` mlb e`hgrl, p`rqul nbduc`s tlcmrènc qul rljogorbn p`r fulrzn. (g) ]olcl qul slr rlpltomn n jnmn uc`. (j) Ngrl lb jnhoc` pnrn bn j`ctrnmojjoúc l ohp`sturn. tolcl lstns vlctnkns; (n)Bn Lsrlvlbnjoúc hîs jbnrn lsjrotn y ngolrtn. (g) Ls hîs jlrtlrn. (j) Ls hîs plrhnclctl. Ml h`m` qul sl vl qul bn ohp`rtncjon mlb nsuct` mlhncmn ucn rlblvnjoúc lsjrotn. Y`mlh`s c`tnr vnro`s hït`m`s qul Mo`s usú pnrn rlvlbnr su v`buctnm fulrn ml bn rlvlbnjoúc lsjrotn; (>) Zlþnbls, j`h` bn vnrn ml H`osïs (Ïx`m` =;>-:;7>, 771 Cûhlr`s ?;>). (=) J`hucojnjo`cls jnrn n jnrn (Cûhlr`s >7;5). (). (6) Zulrtls (K`cîs >;4). (4) Voso`cls (Osnèns 6;>). (5) Hobndr`s (7 Wlyls =;:). (>9) Lcjnhnjoúc (Kunc >;>=1 Elgrl`s >;>, 7). (>>) J`ctlstnjoúc n bn `rnjoúc (Osnèns :5;7) Nj`ctljoholct`s pr`vomlcjonbls (7 Wlyls 5;:-6). (>:) Zu v`z lc lb j`rnzúc (Osnèns 75;77, 7:1 :9;7>). C` j`c`jlh`s n Mo`s j`h` ls lc sè hosh`, soc` s`bnhlctl lc su njjoúc y lfljt` lc c`s`tr`s (W`hnc`s >>;::-:6). Ls su ocojontovn b` qul enjl p`sogbl culstrn rlspulstn n ïb. Bl nhnh`s p`rqul ïb c`s nhú prohlr` (> Kunc =;>?). Culstrn fl hoshn ls

 

m`c ml ïb (Lflso`s 7;51 Hntl` >6;>4). Juncm` mojl; “Lb qul tolcl `èm`, `odn‖, ls ucn ucn mlhncmn morodomn n culstr` bogrl nbglmrè`, n culstrn v`buctnm, p`r bn drnjon ocfocotn ml Mo`s. Bn fl ls bn gnsl ml t`m` mlsjugroholct` y ml t`m` pr`drls` lc lb j`c`joholct` ml Mo`s. Jrostúgnb J`búc jrlyú qul lxostèn uc hucm` `jjomlctl, yCulstrns su fl blj`cvojjo`cls eoz` pnjolctl pnrn ndunctnr, lsplrnr nb y plrslvlrnr. fucmnhlctnbls (p`r lklhpb`, bn fl qul lxostoh`s ` qul lb hucm` lc mlrrlm`r culstr` ls ucn rlnbomnm y c` hlrnhlctl uc sulþ`) mlplcmlc ml culstrns lxplrolcjons. Y`mlh`s mlflcmlr lstns j`cvojjo`cls p`r hlmo` ml nrduhlct`s, plr` bn gnsl ls solhprl bn lxplrolcjon hoshn. Y`r tnct`, c` tlcdnh`s vlrdòlczn lc culstrn prlmojnjoúc ml nplbnr n bn lxplrolcjon culstrn co n bn ml `tr`s. Ls uc nrduhlct` qul cucjn pulml slr j`ctrnmoje`. C`tlh`s ne`rn uc`s rlsubtnm`s ml bn rlvlbnjoúc ml Mo`s n sus jronturns; (>) J`cfonczn (Znbh` ?;>9). (7) Vomn (Kunc >4;:). (:) Nh`r (Kunc >4;7>;:7). ( Ylmr` >;7, :). Lstn ocjbuyl t`mns bns glcmojo`cls ml bn vomn jrostoncn. Bn njtotum ml Mo`s enjon sus jronturns ncelb`sns ml j`c`jlrbl sl pulml j`hprlcmlr p`r bns pnbngrns ml Ïx`m` 7;7:-75;=->?). Lb mlsl` ml Mo`s ml rlvlbnrsl n sus jronturns sl juhpborî pblcnhlctl lc lb hoblco`, juncm` bn tolrrn lstnrî bblcn mlb j`c`joholct` ml bn db`ron ml Kle`vî, j`h` bns nduns jugrlc lb hnr (Znbh` 47;>?1 Engnjuj 7;>=).

 

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BN WN[@C MLB E@HGWL  _ BN WLVLBNJO@C WLVLBNJO@C Holctrns lstnh`s lstumoncm` lb elje` ml bn rlvlbnjoúc ml Mo`s nb e`hgrl, ls ohp`rtnctl hlmotnr lc bn pnrtl qul tolcl lb e`hgrl hosh` lc lbbn, y gnk` quï j`cmojo`cls Mo`s sl rlvlbn n ïb, Lb e`hgrl, elje` n bn ohndlc ml Mo`s, tolcl bn fnjubtnm ml rnz`cnr, b` qul bl mostocdul ml b`s ncohnbls y bl njlrjn n su Ynmrl jlblstonb (Dïclsos >;76-751 Mlutlr`c`ho` :;?). Lb Jrlnm`r trntn n sus jronturns j`cf`rhl n bn rnzúc, y quolrl qul lbbns solhprl uslc bns fnjubtnmls qul ïb bls mo`.  Vlh`s qul nuc j`c b`s pljnm`rls Mo`s nplbn n su fnjubtnm ml rnz`cnr. Ïb bls bbnhn; “¡ Vlcom  Vlcom puls, y rnz`clh`s kuct`s, mojl lb Zlþ`r!" (Osnèns >;>5, Vlrsoúc ocdblsn Aocd Knhls). Lb pljnm` c` ls rnz`cngbl, soc` qul ls ucn b`jurn, uc lxtrnvè` hlctnb. Lb eok` prúmod` lstngn  fulrn ml sè   enstn qul v`bvoú n su pnmrl (Bujns >4). Juncm` lb snbhostn j`csomlrú  sus jnhoc`s, ïb tnhgoïc v`bvoú n Mo`s (Znbh` >>?;