Estudio para Mejorar La Vida Útil Del Revestimiento Refractario en Los Convertidores Peirce Smith de La Fundición de Caletones

 

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B[]RMJN XCWC DBINWCW LC VJMC Ù]JL MBL WBVB[]JDJB@]N WBFWCK]CWJN B@ LN[ KN@VBW]JMNWB[ XBJWKB [DJ]E MB LC FR@MJKJÛ@ MB KCLB]N@B[   “

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MJVJ[JÛ@ BL ]B@JB@]B-KNMBLKN KEJLB

Jvã` Mäcz Vclb`zublc Xrnfbsnr Ouäc9 Clvcrn Crckb`c Kcjpc

783=

 

COWCMBKJDJB@]N[ C Mjns pnr bstcr sjbdprb prbsb`tb b` dj vjmc y sbr dj mbskc`sn b` lns dndb`tns mjfäkjlbs. C dj fcdjljc, b` bspbkjcl c djs pcmrbs pnr cpnycrdb b` tnmn dndb`tn sj` jdpnrtcr lc kjrku`stc`kjc y b`sbócrdb qub lns ljdjtbs lns pn`b u`n. C tnmcs lcs pbrsn`cs qub ec` pcrtjkjpcmn b` dj mbscrrnlln pbrsn`cl mjrbktcdb`tb n j`mjrbktcdb`tb, bspbkjcldb`tb c On`zcln, [bgcstjã`, Krjstjã`, Inrob y Xcnln, pnr b`trbocrdb su kcrjón y cdjstcm. C Vjvjc`c pnr b`trbocrdb su cdnr y eckbr djs mäcs dãs fbljkbs. C ]nmns lns prnfbsnrbs mb lc Bskublc mb J`ob`jbräc Suädjkc mb lc Xn`tjfjkjc R`jvbrsjmcm Kctûljkc mb Vclpcrcäsn, pnr lc b`trboc mb lcs ebrrcdjb`tcs `bkbscrjcs pcrc supbrcr dj btcpc u`jvbrsjtcrjc y pnmbr mbscrrnllcrdb b` bl ãdgjtn lcgnrcl mb dc`brc sctjsfcktnrjc. C KNMBLKN mjvjsjû` bl ]b`jb`tb, pnr pbrdjtjrdb rbcljzcr dj dbdnrjc b` lc u`jmcm mb Wbfrcktcrjns. Corcmbkjdjb`tns tcdgjê` c tnmns lns trcgcicmnrbs mb lc mjvjsjû`, bspbkjcldb`tb c Insê, Iuljã`, Xbmrn y dj tutnr @blsn`, pnr lc b`trboc mb kn`nkjdjb`tns b` npbrckjû` y vclnrbs eudc`ns b`sbócmns. Fj`cldb`tb pbrn `n db`ns jdpnrtc`tb corcmbkbr c dj prnfbsnr Ouäc Clvcrn Crckb`c, pnr lc kn`fjc`zc mbpnsjtcmc b` dä, pnr su mjspnsjkjû` cl b`trbocr kn`nkjdjb`tns y pnr oujcrdb knrrbktcdb`tb b` bl mbscrrnlln mb bstb trcgcin.

Djs dãs sj`kbrns COWCMBKJDJB@]N[.

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WB[RDB@ KNMBLKN pnsbb u` orc` kn`sudn mb lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn, cprnxjdcmcdb`tb mb ?;:725 Ao. trcmukjmns b` u` ocstn mb R[M :=2.2:2. Bl cltn kn`sudn sb  prnmukb pnr lc j`fjltrckjû`, mjsnlukjû` y prj`kjpcldb`tb fctjoc têrdjkc mbl lcmrjlln murc`tb bl  prnkbsn mb kn`vbrsjû` c kngrb glästbr. Bl ngibtjvn mb bstb bstumjn kn`sjstb b` c`cljzcr lcs vcrjcglbs qub j`fluyb` b` bl rãpjmn mbtbrjnrn mb lns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns mb lns Kn`vbrtjmnrbs Xbjrkb [djte mb fu`mjkjû` Kclbtn`bs. Lns c`ãljsjs pnr djkrnsknpjc ûptjkc, djkrnsknpjc blbktrû`jkc mb gcrrjmn y bspbktrndbträc mb flunrbskb`kjc mb Wcyns-U sngrb dubstrcs mb lcmrjllns pnst-dnrtbd mbtbrdj`crn` qub lns  prj`kjpclbs kndpubstns j`fjltrcmns b` lns rbfrcktcrjns knrrbspn`mb` c lcs mjfbrb`tbs fcsbs mb Kngrb (Ku7[-Ku-Ku7N-KuN) y b` db`nr oorcmn rcmn lns ûxjmns mb fjbrrn prnvb`jb`tb mb lc bsknrjc. ]cdgjê` sb rbcljzcrn` c`ãljsjs bstãtjkns mb knrrnsjû` pnr bsknrjcs b` mjstj`tcs kcljmcmbs mb lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns gãsjkns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn, mn`mb sb mbtbrdj`û qub lc j`fjltrckjû` y knrrnsjû` mbl lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn bs db`nr kuc`mn mjsdj`uyb lc pbrdbcgjljmcm mb êstb. Fj`cldb`tb sb rbcljzcrn` mns prubgcs npbrckjn`clbs, kn` bl fj` mb cudb`tcr lc vjmc ùtjl mbl rbvbstjdjb`tn rbfrcktcrjn mb lns Kn`vbrtjmnrbs Xbjrkb [djte. Lc prjdbrc kn`sjstjû b` bl cudb`tn mbl fluin mb cjrb j`ybktcmn pnr lcs tngbrcs bljdj`c`mn sbjs mb êstcs c kn`mjkjn`bs `nrdclbs mb npbrckjû`, mn`mb sb ngsbrvû u` db`nr mbsocstb b` lc ùltjdcs dbmjkjn`bs, pbrn mbgjmn c prnglbdcs kn` bl pu`zcmn y lns tjbdpns mb snplcmn, bstc prubgc sb mbtuvn c`tbs mb ln  prbvjstn. Lc sbou`mc prubgc kn knrrbspn`mjb`tb rrbspn`mjb`tb cl cudb`tn mb tcdcón mbl lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn mb mb 35 pulocmcs c 73 pulocmcs prbsb`tû bl dbinr kndpnrtcdjb`tn frb`tb c sus sjdjlcrbs, yc qub bl mbsocstb mb lcs tngbrcs fub db`nr, bl trctcdjb`tn mb kcrocs fub dcynr cl joucl qub lns mäcs mb murckjû`. Mb bstc dc`brc sb prnpusn u`c `ubvc fnrdc mb kn`strujr bl rbvbstjdjb`tn rbfrcktcrjn b` lns KX[, cudb`tc`mn bl tcdcón mbl lcmrjlln mb 35 pulocs c 73 pulocmcs b` lc dcynräc mb lc zn`c mb`ndj`cmc bspclmc y utjljzc`mn bl lcmrjlln mb db`nr pbrdbcgjljmcm (pnrns dãs pbqubóns) b` lc lä`bc mb tngbrcs.

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Ä@MJKB OB@BWCL KCXÄ]RLN J. J@]WNMRKKJÛ@ OB@BWCL ...................................................................... 3  3.3 

NGIB]JVN OB@BWCL ............................................................................................... 3 

3.7  NGIB]JVN[ B[XBKÄFJKN[ ................................................. ....................................................................................... ...................................... 3   KCXÄ]RLN JJ. DCWKN ]BÛWJKN ...................................................................................... 7  7.3 

J@]WNMRKKJÛ@ ....................................................................................................... 7 

7.7 

DC]BWJCLB[ WBFWCK]CWJN[ ............................................................................. ; 

7.7.3 

Mbfj`jkjû` mb dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns rbfr cktcrjns .................................................................... ................................................. ................... ; 

7.7.7 

Klcsjfjkckjû` ......................................................................................................... = 

7.; 

XWNXJBMCMB[ FÄ[JKC[ ..................................................... ........................................................................................... ...................................... 2  

7.;.3 

Xnrnsjmcm .............................................................................................................. 2 

7.;.7 

Mb`sjmcm rbcl y cpcrb`tb cpc rb`tb ................................................. ....................................................................................... ...................................... 6 

7.;.; 

Xbrdbcgjljmcm ....................................................................................................... ? 

7.= 

XWNXJBMCMB[ ]ÊWDJKC[ ..................................................................................... ? 

7.=.3 

Bxpc`sjû` ]êrdjkc Wbvbrsjglb ............................................................................. ? 

7.=.7 

Bxpc`sjû` têrdjkc jrrbvbrsjglb ........................................................................... 38 

7.=.; 

Kn`muktjvjmcm têrdjkc b` lns dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns ......................................... 33  

7.2 

XWNXJBMCMB[ DBKÃ@JKC[ ................................................................................ 3= 

7.2.3 

Dûmuln mb blcstjkjmcm mb Znu`o ........................................................................ 3= 

7.2.7 

Dûmuln mb rupturc, DNW ................................................................................... 36 

7.6 

LCMWJLLN[ R]JLJYCMN[ B@ BL KN@VBW]JMNW XBJWKB [DJ]E ............... 3? 

7.6.3 

Fcsbs prbsb`tbs b` u` lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn mb ljoc mjrbktc. . 35  

7.6.7 

Lcmrjllns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn mb ljoc mb sjljkctn ............................................... 73 

7.6.; 

Lcmrjllns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn Dc o`bsjc-Krndn mb ljoc mjrbktc ..................................................... .................................................... . 77 

7.6.= 

Lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn mb orc`n fu`mjmn ............................. 7;  JJJ

 

7.? 

KN@[JMBWCKJN@B[

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KN@VBW[JÛ@ ............................................. .................................................................................................. ........................................................................ ................... 7;  

KCXÄ]RLN JJJ. KN@[JMBWCKJN@B[ MBL XWNKB[N MB KN@VBW[JÛ@ B@ FR@MJKJÛ@ KCLB]N@B[ ................................................................................................... .................................................... ............................................. 75  ;.3 

BSRJXN[ R]JLJYCMN[ .......................................................................................... 75 

;.3.3 

Kn`vbrtjmnr Xbjrkb [djte.................................................................................... ................................................ .................................... 75  

;.3.7 

Dãquj`c pu`zcmnrc OC[XÊ ............................................................................... .................................................... ........................... 7: 

;.7 

B]CXC[ MBL XWNKB[N ..................................................... ......................................................................................... .................................... ;8  

;.7.3 

Btcpc mb kcroc ..................................................................................................... ;8 

;.7.7 

Btcpc mb [nplcmn ................................................................................................ ;7 

;.7.; 

Btcpc mb mbskcroc mbs kcroc................................................... ................................................................................................ ............................................. ;=  

;.; 

MJ[]WJGRKJÛ@ DCDXN[]BWÄC WBFWCK]CWJC ............................................. ;2 

;.;.3 

Dbmjkjû` mbl lcron mbl lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn rbfrc ktcrjn pnr tngbrc tngb rc......................................... =8  

KCXÄ]RLN JV. DB]NMNLNOÄC BUXBWJDB@]CL ..................................................... =3  =.3 

C@ÃLJ[J[ DJKWNB[]WRK]RWCL Z KCWCK]BWJYCKJÛ@ SRÄDJKC MBL

LCMWJLLN WBFWCK]CWJN MBOWCMCMN ................................................................... =3  =.3.3 

Dubstrcs utjljzcmcs ............................................................................................. =3 

=.3.7 

Xrbpcrckjû` mb lcs dubstrcs pcrc lns c`ãljsjs mb djkrnsknpjc ûptjkc y blbktrû`jkc

y bspbktrndbträc mb flunrbskb`kjc mb rcyns-U. ................................................................. =;   =.7 

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MJ[]J@]C[ KNDXN[JKJN@B[ Z XNWN[JMCMB[. XNWN[JMCMB[ . ............................................. ....................................................... .......... =6  =.; 

XWRBGC[ NXBWCKJN@CLB[ ..................................................... ................................................................................ ........................... =?  

=.;.3 

J`trnmukkjû` ........................................................................................................ =? 

=.;.7 

Mjsdj`ukjû` mb tngbrcs ...................................................................................... =? 

=.;.; 

Cudb`tn mb tcdcón mb lcmrjlln b` lä`bc mb tngbrcs ............................................ =: 

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KCXÄ]RLN V. WB[RL]CMN[ Z MJ[KR[JN@B[ .................................  ............................................................ ........................... 23  2.3 

C@ÃLJ[J[ DJKWNB[]WRK]RWCL Z KCWCK]BWJYCKJÛ@ SRÄDJKC MBL

LCMWJLLN WBFWCK]CWJN .............................................................................................. ................................................. ............................................. 23  2.3.3 

Lcmrjlln vjrob` .................................................................................................... 23 

2.3.7 

Lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn mborcmcmn ............................................................................ 2= 

2.7 

B@[CZN[ B[]Ã]JKN[ MB KNWWN[JÛ@ ............................................................ 65 

2.7.3 

Kcrcktbrjzckjû` mb lc bsknrjc utjljzcmc................................................................ ........................................................ ........ 65 

2.7.7 

Wbsultcmns mb b`scyn bstãtjkn mb knrrnsjû` ........................................................ ?7  

2.; 

XWRBGC[ NXBWCKJN@CLB[ ..................................................... ................................................................................ ........................... ?2  

2.;.3 

Mjsdj`ukjû` mb tngbrcs ...................................................................................... ?2 

2.;.7 

Cudb`tn mbl tcdcón mbl lcmrjlln b` lc lä`bc mb tngbrcs ...................................... ?5  

KCXÄ]RLN VJ. KN@KLR[JN@B[ .....................................................................................  ....................................................................................... 5;  KCXÄ]RLN VJJ. GJGLJNOWCFÄC .........................................  ...................................................................................... ............................................. 52  C@BUN-J9 ]JXN[ MB LCMWJLLN .....................................................................................  ....................................................................................... 5?  C@BUN-JJ9 [NLJKJ]RM MB C@ÃLJ[J[ ........................................  ............................................................................ .................................... :3 

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Ä@MJKB MB FJORWC[ Fjourc 39 ]jpns mb pnrns ............................................................................................................. 2   Fjourc 79 Bxpc`sjû` lj`bcl mb lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns .................................................................... :  Fjourc ;9 Kn`muktjvjmcm têrdjkc mb mjvbrsns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns gãsjkns ............................. 37  Fjourc =9 Kn`muktjvjmcm têrdjkc mb lc Xbrjklcsc ((DoN) DoN) purc ................................................. ................................................... 3;  Fjourc 29 Kn`muktjvjmcm têrdjkc mb lcmrjllns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn, Xbrjklcsc cl 28% y 68%. 6 8%. . 3=  Fjourc 69 Vcrjckjû` mbl dnmuln dnm uln mb Znu`o b` fu fu`kjû` `kjû` mb lc pnrnsjmcm. ................................... 32  Fjourc ?9 Vcrjckjû` mbl DNW pnr bfbktn mb lc pnrnsjmcm1 g4= ................................................ 36  Fjourc 59 Mjcorcdc mb fcsb mbl tbr`crjn DoN-Kr 7N;-Fb7N; c 3;88¸K .................................... 35  Fjourc :9 Jdcob` GBJ dnstrc`mn lc fcsb Xbrjklcsc mb u` lcmrjlln Dco`bsjc-Krndn ............... 3:   Fjourc 389 Jdcob` GBJ dnstrc`mn lns tjpns mb bspj`blc mb Krndjtc b` bl lcmrjlln mb Dco`bsjcKrndn ....................................................................................................................................... 78  Fjourc 339 Jdcob` GBJ dnstrc`mn lc pnrnsjmcm mb m b u` lcmrjlln mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn Dco`bsjc -Krndn ............... 73  Fjourc 379 [jstbdc Ku-Fb-[ c 3788 ¸K. C9 Wbvbrgbrn, G9 J@KN, K9 Nutnaudpu, Djtsugjsej, Kn`vbrtjmnr ]b`jb`tb, M9 @nrc`mc ........................................................................................... 72  Fjourc 3;9 Gj`crjn Ku-Ku7[, [nplcmn c kngrb glästbr ............................................................... 76  Fjourc 3=9 Dãquj`c pu`zcmnrc npbrc`mn b` u` KX[ ............................................................... 7:   Fjourc 329 Fluins mb b`trcmc y scljmc b` u` KX[ ...................................................................... ;8  Fjourc 369 Btcpc mb snplcmn b` u` KX[ pcrc 6 tczcs mb kcroc ................................................. ;=   Fjourc 3?9 Mjstrjgukjû` mb lc dcdpnstbräc rbfrcktcrjc pnr sbktnr b` KX[ ............................... ;6   Fjourc 359 Fnrdcs mb lns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns utjljzcmns b` bl KX[ ....................................... ;?  Fjourc 3:9 Wbpcrckjû` ob`brcl mb lc dcdpnstbräc rbfrcktcrjc mbl KX[ .................................... ;5 

VJ

 

Fjourc 789 Wbpcrckjû` pcrkjcl mb lc lä`bc mb tngbrcs mbl KX[ .................................................. ;:  Fjourc 739 Lä`bc mb tngbrcs b` u` KX[, zn`c mb bxtrckkjû` mb lcs dubstrcs ........................... =7   Fjourc 779 Lcmrjllns C, G, K b`vjcmns c c`ãljsjs pnr djkrnsknpjc mb luz rbflbicmc .................. =7  Fjourc 7;9 Lcmrjlln M b`vjcmn pcrc c`ãljsjs mb djkrnsknpjc kn` luz pnlcrjzcmc y djkrnsknpjc blbktrû`jkc mb gcrrjmn ([BD) ([ BD).............................................. ................................................................................................... ....................................................... =;  Fjourc 7=9 Lcmrjlln B b`vjcmn c c`ãljsjs mb flunrbskb`kjc mb rcyns-U ..................................... =;   Fjourc 729 Knrtb mb u`c dubstrc mb lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn b` lc kcrc kcljb`tb. ............................. ==  Fjourc 769 Knrtb mbl lcmrjlln lcmr jlln n pcstjllc pcrc bl c`ãljsjs mb Flunrbskb`kjc mb rrcyns-U cyns-U ............... =2  Fjourc 7?9 Kndpcrckjû` mb lc npbrckjû` mbl KX[ kn` == tngbrcs y ;6 tngbrcs ....................... =5  Fjourc 759 Ãrbc mb rbkcdgjn (b` cdcrjlln) mb lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn murc`tb lc prubgc npbrckjn`cl  .................................................................................................................................................. 28  Fjourc 7:9 Djkrnorcfäc mb lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn vjrob`, c) 388U, g) 788U. ................................ 23   Fjourc ;89 Jdcob` GBJ mb lc dubstrc mb lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn vjrob`, c`ãljsjs BM[ 3, 7, ;. ...... 27   Fjourc ;39 Jdcob` GBJ mb lc dctrjz mb lc dubstrc mb lcmrjlln rbfr rbfrcktcrjn cktcrjn vjrob` ..................... 2;  Fjourc ;79 Djkrnorcfäc mb luz rbflbicmc mbl knrtb puljmn mbl lcmrjlln “C—, kcrc kcljb`tb  .......... 22  Fjourc ;;9 Mjcorcdc mb fcsb pcrc FbN-Fb 7N;-DoN c 3;88¸ K c mjstj`tcs prbsjn`bs mb nxäob`n  .................................................................................................................................................. 26  Fjourc ;=9 Djkrnorcfäc mb luz rbflbicmc knrtb puljmn mbl lcmrjlln “C—, kcrc fräc  ....................... ....................... 2? 

Fjourc ;29 Djkrnorcfäc mb luz rbflbicmc b` lc supbrfjkjb mb kn`tcktn lcmrjlln-fu`mjmn mb lc dubstrc ...................................................................................................................................... 25  Fjourc ;69 Djkrnorcfäc mb luz rbflbicmc c 8.2 pulocmcs mb prnfu`mjmcm mbsmb lc supbrfjkjb .... 25  Fjourc ;?9 Jdcoj`b` GBJ mb lc supbrfjkjb mb kn`tcktn lcmrjlln-fu`mjmn. .................................. 2:   Fjourc ;59 Jdcoj`b` GBJ c 6788 d mb prnfu`mjmcm prn fu`mjmcm mbsmb lc supbrfjkjb mbl lcmrjlln .............. 68 

VJJ

 

Fjourc ;:9 Vjsknsjmcm mb dctcs mb kngrb ................................................................................. 63  Fjourc =89 Mjcorcdc mb j`fjltrckjû` mb u`c lcmrjlln mb Dco`bsjc-krndn mb u` Kn`vbrtjmnr mb Kngrb ..................................................................................................... ............................................... .......................................................................................... .................................... 6;   Fjourc =39  Mjstrjgukjû` mb lc dctc mb kngrb y mbl cjrb mb`trn mbl kn`vbrtjmnr pcrc u`c vblnkjmcm mb j`ybkkjû` enrjzn`tcl mb 388 d s-3 ......................................................................... ...................................................... ................. 62  Fjourc =79 Bsqubdc mb j`fjltrckjû` b` bl lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn .................................................... 66   Fjourc =;9 Fntnorcfäc gcin lupc mb knrtb trc`svbrscl mn`mb sb mjstj`oub` cl db`ns kuctrn fcsbs  prbsb`tbs b` lc dubstrc. ............................................................................................................ ........................................................................ .................................... 6:  Fjourc ==9 Jdcob` GBJ mb lc bsknrjc b` mn`mb sb mjstj`oub` kuctrn fcsbs. .............................. ?8  Fjourc =29 c) Djkrnfntnorcfäc b` pcrtäkulc mb kngrb, sb mjstj`oub` pcrtäkulcs ctrcpcmcs mb db`nr tcdcón. g) Jdcob` GBJ kn` dcynr dco`jfjkckjû` b` u`c zn`c mb lc fjourc c`tbrjnr. k) Jdcob` mb rcyns-U pnr kngrb. m) Jdcob` mb rcyns U pnr nxäob`n. .......................................... ?3   Fjourc =69 [upbrfjkjb knrtcmc mbl lcmrjlln K= mbspuês mbl b`scyn mb knrrnsjû` ....................... ?7  Fjourc =?9 Kndpcrckjû` mb lc knrrnsjû` y pb`btrckjû` mb dctbrjcl fu`mjmn b` mjfbrb`tbs kcljmcmbs mb lcmrjllns mb ljoc mjrbktc mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn ....................................................... ?;   Fjourc =59 Mjstrjgukjû` mbl tcdcón mb lns pnrns b` u` lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn sj` trctcdjb`tn (lä`bc  

czul) y kn` trctcdjb`tn (lä`bc (l ä`bc rnic) ........................................................................................... .............................................. ............................................. ?= Fjourc =:9 Lcron prndbmjn mb tngbrcs pcrc lc [ugkcdpcóc 2-G ............................................. ?6  Fjourc 289 Kndpcrckjû` mb lc [ugkcdpcóc 2-G 2- G kn` sjdjlcrbs b` ntrcs kcdpcócs .................. ??  Fjourc 239 tjbdpns mb snplcmns mb Kcdpcóc 2......................................................................... 2 ......................................................................... ?5  Fjourc 279 Lcron prndbmjn mb tngbrcs pcrc lc [ugkcdpcóc 5-K ............................................. ?:  Fjourc 2;9 Kndpcrckjû` mb lc [ugkcdpcóc 5-K 5- K kn` sus sjdjlcrbs s jdjlcrbs b` ntrcs kcdpcócs ............ 58  Fjourc 2=9 Npkjû` mb dbinrc b` lc kn`strukkjû` mb lc dcdpnstbräc rbfrcktcrjc mbl KX[ ........ 53  

VJJJ

 

Ä@MJKB MB ]CGLC[ ]cglc 39 Klcsjfjkckjû` mb dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns ........................................................................ =  ]cglc 79 Xnrnsjmcm cpcrb`tb mb mjstj`tns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn ................. 6   ]cglc ;9 Kcrcktbrästjkcs mb lns KX[ 3-; mb fu`mjkjû` Kclbtn`bs .............................................. 75   ]cglc =9 Vcrjckjû` mbl pnrkb`tcib mb lns kndpubstns quädjkns mbl dbtcl glc`kn b` fu`kjû` mb lc lby mb kngrb ........................................................................................................................... ;3  ]cglc 29 Kndpnsjkjû` quädjkc mbl m bl Dbtcl Glc`kn prnvb`jb`tb mbl ELB E LB .................................. ;3  ]cglc 69 Bvnlukjû` mb lc btcpc mb snplcmn ssboù` boù` lcs tczcs kcr kcrocmcs ocmcs ........................................ ;;   ]cglc ?9 Ejlcmcs y dbmjmcs mb lns lcmrjllns utjljzcmns b` kcmc sbkkjû` mbl KX[ ..................... ;?   ]cglc 59 Wbsudb` c`ãljsjs rbcljzcmns ....................................................................................... =6  ]cglc :9 Kcrcktbrästjkcs mb lns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns utjljzcmns b` bl b`scyn mb knrrnsjû` ....... =6  ]cglc 389 Dbmjmcs pcrc lc tngbrc kn`vb`kjn`cl y mb prubgc ................................................... ..................................................... =:  ]cglc 339 Dbmjmcs mbl lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn cktucl y bl lcmrjlln mb prubgc .................................. 28  ]cglc 379 Wbsudb` mb lcs fcsbs prbsb`tbs b` bl lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn vjrob` .............................. 2=   ]cglc 3;9 Kndpcrckjû` mbl cudb`tn b` vnludb` (%) pcrc Ku, Ku 7N y KuN ......................... 6=  ]cglc 3=9 ]bdpbrcturcs mb snljmjfjkckjû` mb lns prj`kjpclbs kndpubstns qub j`fjltrc` b` bl lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn ..................................................................................................................... 66  ]cglc 329 Kndpnsjkjû` dj`brclûojkc mb lc dczcdnrrc b` fu`kjû` mbl [jN 7 b` bl fu`mb`tb f u`mb`tb ... ?7  ]cglc 369 Kn`mjkjn`bs mb npbrckjû` prubgc mjsdj`ukjû` mb tngbrcs KX[. .............................. ?2  ]cglc 3?9 c`tbkbmb`tbs ngtb`jmns b` lc prubgc mb mjsdj`ukjû` mb tngbrcs b` bl KX[ ............. ?2  ]cglc 359 Kcrocs y mäcs mb npbrckjû` KX[ ; ............................................................................ ?? 

]cglc 3:9 C`tbkbmb`tbs ngtb`jmns b` lc prubgc mb cudb`tn mb tcdcón mbl lcmrjlln ................ ?:   JU

 

]cglc 789 Kcrocs y mäcs mb npbrckjû` KX[ 3 ............................................................................ 58 

U

 

@NDB@KLC]RWC KX[9 Kn`vbrtjmnr Xbjrkb [djte KX[39 Kn`vbrtjmnr Xbjrkb [djte @¸ 3 KX[79 Kn`vbrtjmnr Xbjrkb [djte @¸ 7 KX[;9 Kn`vbrtjmnr Xbjrkb [djte @¸ ; K]9 Kn`vbrtjmnr ]b`jb`tb ELB9 Enr`n mb Ljdpjbzc mb Bsknrjc EC9 Enr`n C`ûmjkn BM[9 Bspbktrndbträc mb mjspbrsjû` mb b`broäc mb rcyns U (B`broy-mjspbrsjvb U-rcy spbktrnsknpy)  GBJ9 Jdcob` mb blbktrn`bs rbtrnmjspbrscmns (Gckaskcttbrbm Blbktrn` Jdcob)

UJ

 

 

KCXÄ]RLN J. J@]WNMRKKJÛ@ OB@BWCL Lc fu`mjkjû` Kclbtn`bs mb KNMBLKN mjvjsjû` Bl ]b`jb`tb pnsbb = Kn`vbrtjmnrbs Xbjrkb [djte b` mn`mb sb ngsbrvû u` orc` mbsocstb mb lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjn. Bl kn`sudn c`ucl (cón 7837) mb lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn fub mb ?;:725 Ao trcmukjmn b` cprnxjdcmcdb`tb $:=2.2:2 R[M. Lc zn`c qub pnsbb dcynr mbsocstb b` lns Kn`vbrtjmnrbs Xbjrkb [djte bs lc lä`bc mb tngbrcs, bs  pnr bstn qub sb rbcljzc u` “trcsplc`tb— n rbkcdgjn mb lcmrjllns b` mjkec ãrbc kcmc ;8 mäcs cprnxjdcmcdb`tb. Lc dcdpnstbräc rbfrcktcrjc b` bl Kn`vbrtjmnr sb mbstruyb mbgjmn qub bstã` b` kn`tcktn kn` bsknrjcs cltcdb`tb knrrnsjvcs, sudcmn c lcs tb`sjn`bs dbkã`jkcs y c lcs cltcs tbdpbrcturcs mb npbrckjû`. Mb`trn mb lns dbkc`jsdns mb mbsocstb dãs kndu`bs pnmbdns b`kn`trcr9 lc knrrnsjû`, brnsjû` y mjvbrscs fnrdcs mb mbsprb`mjdjb`tn (spcllj`o) j`kluyb`mn lc bxfnljckjû` dbkã`jkc, bstrukturcl y têrdjkc. Bs jdpnrtc`tb mbstckcr qub lns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn sn` kn`nkjmns tcdgjê` kn` bl `ndgrb mb Dco`bsjtc-Krndn y Xbrjklcsc-Krndn, pbrn pnr rczn`bs mb kndnmjmcm `ns rbfbrjrbdns c êstns kn` bl `ndgrb mb “ Dco`bsjc-Krndn—. Mb joucl dnmn bl ûxjmn mb Dco`bsjn rbkjgb bl `ndgrb mb Dco`bsjc y Xbrjklcsc, pbrn c ln lcron mb bstb trcgcin utjljzcrbdns bl têrdj`n “Xbrjklcsc—  pcrc rbfbrjr`ns cl prj`kjpcl kndpn`b`tb mb lns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjn mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn.

3.3  NGIB]JVN OB@BWCL  

Bstumjn mb vcrjcglbs qub j`fluyb` b` bl mbsocstb prnorbsjvn mb lc dcdpnstbräc rbfrcktcrjc mb lns Kn`vbrtjmnrbs Xjbrkb [djte mb Fu`mjkjû` Kclbtn`bs.

3.7  NGIB]JVN[ B[XBKÄFJKN[  

Bstumjn Fäsjkn-Suädjkn mb lc mjsnlukjû` mb lns kndpn`b`tbs mbl lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn.

 

Jmb`tjfjkckjû` sngrb bl kn`sudn mb lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns b` Kn`vbrtjmnrbs Xjbrkb

[djte mb fu`mjkjû` Kclbtn`bs.   Npkjû` mb dbinrc mb lcs kcdpcócs mb lns Kn`vbrtjmnrbs Xbjrkb [djte. 3

 

 

KCXÄ]RLN JJ. DCWKN ]BÛWJKN 7.3  J@]WNMRKKJÛ@ Lc prj`kjpcl kcrcktbrästjkc mb lns dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns bs qub pnsbb` u`c orc` rbsjstb`kjc c lc ckkjû` mbl kclnr, kn` cltns pu`tns mb fusjû` (dcynrbs qub 3288 ¸K), sjb`mn j`mjspb`scglbs b` lns prnkbsns c cltcs tbdpbrcturcs. Êstns dctbrjclbs prbsb`tc` lcs prnpjbmcmbs `bkbscrjcs pcrc rbvbstjr lns enr`ns mb dc`ufckturc mbl kngrb, ejbrrn, ckbrn, vjmrjn, kbdb`tn, btk. J`jkjcldb`tb, lcs fu`mjkjn`bs mb kngrb utjljzcrn` lcmrjllns mb säljkb b` lns enr`ns mb fusjû`, kn`vbrsjû` y rbfj`ckjû`, sj` bdgcron, mbgjmn c lc `cturclbzc knrrnsjvc mb lcs bsknrjcs ob`brcmcs b` bstns prnkbsns y c lc pêrmjmc mb sus prnpjbmcmbs c cltcs tbdpbrcturcs, lns lcmrjllns mb [äljkb fubrn` rbbdplczcmns pnr lns lcmrjllns gãsjkns. B` lc mêkcmc mb 3:;8 sb prnmuibrn` jdpnrtc`tbs mbskugrjdjb`tns kn` rbspbktn c lcs kndgj`ckjn`bs mbl dj`brcl mb Krndn y Xbrjklcsc. B` lc mêkcmc mb 3:28 y 3:68 lns rbfrcktcrjns Dco`bsjc-Krndn sb vnlvjbrn` mndj`c`tbs b` lc pjrndbtclurojc mbl kngrb, y mbsmb b`tn`kbs lns kcdgjns qub sb ec` ob`brcmn b` bstns rbfrcktcrjns sn`, b` orc` pcrtb, b` lc kndpnsjkjû` y b` lns dêtnmns mb fcgrjkckjû`. Lns lcmrjllns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn pnsbb` dcynr rbsjstb`kjc cl kclnr, dbinr bstcgjljmcm vnludêtrjkc, dcynr rbsjstb`kjc cl kenqub têrdjkn y sn` quädjkcdb`tb dãs bstcglbs c`tb lc knrrnsjû` mb lcs bsknrjcs qub lns lcmrjllns mb säljkb. Lns orc`ns mb Xbrjklcsc y lns orc`ns mb Krndjtc sb pubmb` u`jr n “ljocr— mb mjvbrscs fnrdcs, b`trb lcs kuclbs pnmbdns b`kn`trcr9  

Lcmrjllns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn mb ljoc mb sjljkctn.

 

Lcmrjllns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn mb ljoc mjrbktc.

 

Lcmrjllns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn mb ljoc mjrbktc kn` cmjkjû` mb orc`n blbktrnfu`mjmn.

[b mbfj`b kndn ljoc c lc fnrdc b` kûdn lns orc`ns mbl rbfrcktcrjn sb u` b` pcrc fnrdcr su bstrukturc, pnr ln tc`tn lc “ljoc mjrbktc— knrrbspn`mb lc fcsb mb u`jû` mjrbktc fnrdcmc b`trb lc

Xbrjklcsc y lns ûxjmns W 7N;  c cltcs tbdpbrcturcs, mn`mb W bs u` dbtcl (Kr, Cl, Fb). Lc cltc 7

 

   prnpnrkjû` qub ssbb ngtb`oc mb bstc ljoc mjrbktc b` lc dctrjz mbpb`mb mbl m bl orcmn mb purbzc pur bzc mb lc Xbrjklcsc y Krndjtc c utjljzcr. Lc [äljkb bs u`c jdpurbzc qub pubmb ob`brcr sjljkctns mb gcin  pu`tn mb fusjû` qub mbgjljtcrã` lc djkrnbstrukturc mbl lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn c lcs cltcs tbdpbrcturcs mb npbrckjû` mb lns Kn`vbrtjmnrbs.

7.7  DC]BWJCLB[ WBFWCK]CWJN[ 7.7.3  Mbfj`jkjû` mb dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns rbfrcktcrjns Lns dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns sb pubmb` klcsjfjkcr b` mns tjpns, lns mb ä`mnlb dbtãljkc y lns `n dbtãljkns, bs mbkjr, lns kn`muktnrbs, sbdjkn`muktnrbs y `n kn`muktnrbs mb blbktrjkjmcm. Lns dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns fnrdc` pcrtb mbl orupn mb lns “kbrãdjkns—, b`trb lns kuclbs sb

 pubmb b`kn`trcr9 b` kn`trcr9 Kc Kcrgn`n rgn`n (orcfjtn, mjcdc`tb) mjcdc`tb),, kcrgurns, kcr gurns, `jtrurns, ` jtrurns, ggnrurns, nrurns, pnrkblc`cs, vjmrjns, djkc, csgbstn y tjtc`jcs, kbdb`tns, sbdjkn`muktnrbs, dctbrjclbs pêtrbns n mb kn`strukkjû`. R`c mb lcs kcrcktbrästjkcs jdpnrtc`tb mb lns dctbrjclbs kbrãdjkns bs qub bstã` fnrdcmns pnr lc kndgj`ckjû` mb u`n n dãs dbtclbs kn` u` `n-dbtcl, ob`brcldb`tb u` ûxjmn. R` kcsn bspbkjcl ln kn`stjtuyb bl Kcrgn`n, qub bs u` blbdb`tn, dctbrjcl kbrãdjkn y rbfrcktcrjn c lc vbz. Bs bl blbdb`tn quädjkn kn` lc dãs cltc tbdpbrcturc mb fusjû` (;?88 ¸K). Bl dctbrjcl kn` bl pu`tn mb fusjû` dãs cltn b` lns kbrãdjkns ln kn`stjtuyb bl kcrgurn mnglb mb Ecf`jn y ]c`tcljn, kuyc tbdpbrcturc mb fusjû` bs mb ;:=8 ¸K. Lns dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns murc`tb su vjmc npbrctjvc sb vb` sndbtjmns c mjstj`tcs tjpns mb fubrzcs mbstruktjvcs, qub tjb`b` kndn kndù` mb`ndj`cmnr lc tbdpbrcturc, pnr ln qub sb rbqujbrb qub pnsbc` u`c bstcgjljmcm tc`tn quädjkc kndn fäsjkc b` tnmn dndb`tn. Xcrc rbcljzcr u`c knrrbktc blbkkjû` mbl dctbrjcl rbfrcktcrjn bs `bkbscrjn tb`br u` kn`nkjdjb`tn rczn`cglb mb lcs kcrcktbrästjkcs mb êstb y bl sbrvjkjn cl qub sb vc c sndbtbr.

;

 

 

7.7.7  Klcsjfjkckjû` Lns dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns sb klcsjfjkc` pnr su prbsb`tckjû` y kndpnsjkjû` quädjkc. Xnr su prbsb`tckjû` lns dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns sb mjvjmb` b`9  

Lcmrjllns9 pjbzcs prbfnrdcmcs ljstcs pcrc uscrsb.

 

Dnrtbrns9 dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns fj`cdb`tb dnljmns, b` pcstc n b` pnlvn, qub sb utjljzc`  pcrc pbocr lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns.

 

Kn`krbtns9 dbzklcs mb dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns y colutj`c`tbs ejmrãuljkns qub pbrdjtb` bfbktucr rbvbstjdjb`tns dn`nlätjkns b` bl luocr mb usn pnr knlcmn mbl kn`krbtn.

 

Xlãstjkns y cpjsn`cglbs9 dctbrjclbs bspbkjcldb`tb prbpcrcmns pcrc pnmbr bfbktucr su j`stclckjû` pnr prbsjû` n onlpb, qubmc`mn u` rbvbstjdjb`tn dn`nlätjkn.

Bstcs prbsb`tckjn`bs pubmb` sbr kndgj`cmcs kn` mjfbrb`tbs kndpnsjkjn`bs quädjkcs, tclbs kndn9 Crkjllcs rbfrcktcrjcs, cltc Clùdj`c, Dco`bsjc, Krndjtc, Krndjtc, Krndjtc-Dco`bsjc, Dco`bsjc-Krndjtc, [äljkb, Yjrkn`jn, kcrgurn mb [jljkjn, Orcfjtn y tnmcs sus dbzklcs. Lc ]cglc 3 dubstrc lns tjpns y klcsbs mb lns dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns. ]cglc 39 Klcsjfjkckjû` mb dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns ]jpn

mb

Lcmrjlln Crkjllc

Klcsb Kcljmcm [upbrjnr, Cltc Kcljmcm, Kcljmcm J`tbrdbmjc, [bdj-[äljkc, Ãkjmn Wbsjstb`tbs

Cltc Clùdj`c

28, 68, ?8,58, 52 y :8% mb Cl7N;, Duljtc y Knru`mud

[äljkb

Kcljmcm [upbrjnr, Wboulcr

Gãsjkns Cjslc`tbs

Xbrjklcsc, Dco`bsjc, Krndjtc, Krndn-Dco`bsjc, Dco`bsjc-Krndjtc, Fnstbrjtc, Dco`bsjc Clqujtrc`cmc, Dco`bsjc Mnlndjtc 5?8 ¸, 3388 ¸, 3768¸, 3=;8¸, 32=8¸, 3628 ¸ y 3532 ¸K, [äljkc, Dco`bsjc, Lcmrjllns Bspbkjclbs

Ntrns

Kcrgurn mb [jljkjn, Kcrgû`, Orcfjtn, Yjrkû`, Nxjmn mb Yjrkn`jn, BlbktrnFu`mjmns

=

 

 

7.;  XWNXJBMCM XWNXJBMCMB[ B[ FÄ[JKC[ 7.;.3  Xnrnsjmcm Lns pnrns rbprbsb`tc` b` lns dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns u` kndpn`b`tb bsb`kjcl mb lc djkrnbstrukturc. Lc pnrnsjmcm y mjstrjgukjû` mb lns tcdcóns mb pnrns kn`stjtuyb` lcs bxpljkckjn`bs fu`mcdb`tclbs mb tnmcs lcs prnpjbmcmbs dbkã`jkcs y têrdjkcs tclbs kndn kn`sjstb`kjc, rbsjstb`kjc, bstcgjljmcm c kcdgjns mb tbdpbrcturc, kn`muktjvjmcm kclûrjkc, rbdnin y pb`btrckjû` b` lns prnkbsns mb bsknrjfjkckjû` Q3T. Lns pnrns b` kuclqujbr dctbrjcl knrrbspn`mb` c lns bspckjns vckjns nkupcmns pnr lcs fcsbs ocsbnscs y mb`trn mb u`c bstrukturc pubmb` cmnptcr kuclqujbr fnrdc, tcdcón, nrjb`tckjû` n u`jû` b`trb bllns. Lc Fjo. 3 dubstrc lns tjpns mb pnrns qub sb pubmb` b`kn`trcr b` lc djkrnbstrukturc mb lns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns9

Xnrns cgjbrtns `n vjcglbs Xnrns kbrrcmns

Xnrns cgjbrtns vjcglbs

Fjourc 39 ]jpns mb pnrns

Kndn sb pubmb cprbkjcr b` lc Fjo. 3, lns pnrns kbrrcmns pubmb` tb`br fnrdc mb nvcl y gurguics sjb`mn j`ckkbsjglbs pnr ocsbs y läqujmns. Lns pnrns cgjbrtns `n vjcglbs prbsb`tc` fnrdcs mb sckns y pnsbb` ckkbsn cl j`tbrjnr mbl lcmrjlln, pbrn `n sb kndu`jkc` kn` ntrns pnrns. Xnr 2

 

  ùltjdn lns pnrns cgjbrtns vjcglbs sb prbsb`tc` b` fnrdc mb kc`clbs y sb kndu`jkc` kn` ntrns  pnrns. Lns dctbrjclbs qub prbsb`tc` bl djsdn mjãdbtrn mb pnrns sb llcdc` dn`nmjspbrsns (dbzklc jmbcl). Djb`trcs qub cqubllns qub prbsb`tc` pnrns kn` mjfbrb`tbs tcdcóns y frbkub`kjcs sb mb`ndj`c` pnljmjspbrsns (Dbzklcs rbclbs)  Q3T. Lns dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns pbrtb`bkb` cl ùltjdn kcsn. Lc ]cglc 7 dubstrc u`c rbknpjlckjû` mb lc pnrnsjmcm cpcrb`tb (pnrnsjmcm cgjbrtc) mb mjvbrsns lcmrjllns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn qub sn` utjljzcmns b` bl prnkbsn mb kn`vbrsjû` mb kngrb, êstns fubrn` fckjljtcmns pnr prnvbbmnrbs. ]cglc 79 Xnrnsjmcm cpcrb`tb mb mjstj`tns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn Lcmrjlln Wbfrcktcrjn ]C]C KWV V (]C]C

Xnrnsjmcm cpcrb`tb (% vnl.) 3=.=

AWN[CAJ) WCMBU MG682-3 (WEJ)

36.2

]A^YEDOb-36 (]KAZ)

3?.8

Kndn sb pubmb cprbkjcr b` lc ]cglc 7, lc pnrnsjmcm cpcrb`tb mb lns lcmrjllns mb Dco`bsjcKrndn utjljzcmns pnr KNMBLKN mjvjsjû` Bl ]b`jb`tb b` bl prnkbsn mb kn`vbrsjû` mb kngrb vcräc b` bl rc`on mb 3=%-3?% b` vnludb`.

7.;.7  Mb`sjmcm rbcl y cpcrb`tb Lns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns sb kndpn`b` mb u`c pcrtb snljmc y ntrc vckäc (pnrns), bs mbkjr pnsbb` mb`sjmcm rbcl y cpcrb`tb. Lc mb`sjmcm cpcrb`tb kndprb`mb cl vnludb` mbl sûljmn y lns bspckjns vckjns b` lc djkrnbstrukturc n pnrns cgjbrtns. Lc mb`sjmcm rbcl kndprb`mb snlcdb`tb

bl vnludb` mbl sûljmn sj` tndcr b` kub`tc lc pnrnsjmcm.

6

 

  Lcs fjkecs têk`jkcs mb lns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn utjljzcmns b` bl Kn`vbrtjmnr Xbjrkb [djte fu`mjkjû` Kclbtn`bs b`trboc` sûln j`fnrdckjû` sngrb lc mb`sjmcm cpcrb`tb, lc kucl vcräc b`trb ; c ;.7 o/kd ;.

7.;.;  Xbrdbcgjljmcm [b mbfj`b kndn lc prnpjbmcm mb lns dctbrjclbs pnrnsns pcrc pbrdjtjr bl pcsn mb ocsbs y läqujmns gcin u`c prbsjû`. Lc pbrdbcgjljmcm mb u` kubrpn mbpb`mb b` orc` dbmjmc mbl `ùdbrn, mbl tcdcón y lc fnrdc mb lns pnrns kn`bktcmns (pnrns cgjbrtns vjcglbs). Lc  pbrdbcgjljmcm sb djmb pnr lc tcsc mb flujmn bstã`mcr gcin prbsjû` mbfj`jmc Q7T. Lc dbmjkjû` mb lc pbrdbcgjljmcm b` lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns mb`sns b`trbocrã u`c j`mjkckjû` mb kûdn sb kndpnrtcrã bl lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn frb`tb c lc pb`btrckjû` mb lc bsknrjc, fu`mjmn y ocsbs murc`tb bl tjbdpn mb sbrvjkjn. R` lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn kn` gcic pbrdbcgjljmcm tb`mrã dcynr rbsjstb`kjc c lc j`fjltrckjû` mb lns kndpubstns db`kjn`cmns. Bl fcktnr qub prbsb`tc dcynr j`flub`kjc sngrb lc pnrnsjmcm bs bl tcdcón mb orc`n. Djb`trcs db`nr sbc bl tcdcón mb bstns, dcynr sbrã lc supbrfjkjb mb kn`tcktn kn` bl flujmn kn`tb`jmn mb`trn mb lns pnrns, prnvnkc`mn u` j`krbdb`tn mb lc frjkkjû` sngrb mbl fluin y mjsdj`uyb`mn lc pbrdbcgjljmcm.

7.=  XWNXJBMCMB[ ]ÊWDJKC[ 7.=.3  Bxpc`sjû` ]êrdjkc Wbvbrsjglb Q7T  Lns rbfrcktcrjns, cl joucl qub prãktjkcdb`tb tnmns lns dctbrjclbs bstrukturclbs, sb bxpc`mjrã` cl kclb`tcrsb y sb kn`trcbrã` cl b`frjcrsb. Xcrc mjsbócr rbvbstjdjb`tns rbfrcktcrjns bs krukjcl tb`br u` kn`nkjdjb`tn sngrb mb lc bxpc`sjû` têrdjkc mb lns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns utjljzcmns. [j bl rbvbstjdjb`tn sb vb ljdjtcmn pnr lc bstrukturc mbl enr`n sb ob`brcrã` fubrzcs mbstruktjvcs kndn rbsultcmn mb lc bxpc`sjû` mbl rbvbstjdjb`tn murc`tb bl kclb`tcdjb`tn mbl enr`n. B` bstns

kcsns, bl rbvbstjdjb`tn mbgb bstcr mjsbócmn pcrc pbrdjtjr kjbrtc bxpc`sjû` ljgrb. Lc kc`tjmcm mb bxpc`sjû`, sj` bdgcron, `n mbgb sbr tc`tc kndn pcrc prnvnkcr j`bstcgjljmcm mbl rbvbstjdjb`tn. Bs jdpnrtc`tb tcdgjê` u` kn`nkjdjb`tn mb lcs kcrcktbrästjkcs mb lc bxpc`sjû` têrdjkc pcrc bvclucr lc rbsjstb`kjc cl kenqub têrdjkn mb u` dctbrjcl. Bl kenqub têrdjkn sb prnmukb kuc`mn ?

 

  orcmjb`tbs mb tbdpbrcturcs sbvbrcs b` u` dctbrjcl prnvnkc` tb`sjn`bs j`tbr`cs mbgjmn c lc bxpc`sjû` têrdjkc mjfbrb`kjcl. Lc dbmjkjû` mb lc bxpc`sjû` têrdjkc lj`bcl mb u` dctbrjcl rbfrcktcrjn ob`brcldb`tb sb eckb dbmjc`tb lc mbtbrdj`ckjû` mbl kcdgjn mb ln`ojtum mb u`c dubstrc b` fnrdc mb gcrrc kclb`tcmc mb dc`brc u`jfnrdb c u`c vblnkjmcm kn`stc`tb. Xcr bstb tjpn mb dbmjkjn`bs sb utjljzc u` mjlctûdbtrn. [j `n sb prnmukb` kcdgjns mb kcrãktbr pbrdc`b`tb murc`tb bl kclb`tcdjb`tn mbl enr`n, lns rbfrcktcrjns qubdcmns vnlvbrã` c sus mjdb`sjn`bs nrjoj`clbs cl b`frjcrsb. Bstc kcrcktbrästjkc sb kn`nkb kndn “bxpc`sjû` têrdjkc rbvbrsjglb—. Xnr ln ob`brcl, lns rbfrcktcrjns qub sb kcljb`tc` c

tbdpbrcturcs pnr mbgcin mb su tbdpbrcturc mb fusjû` dubstrc` bstb kndpnrtcdjb`tn. Lc Fjo. 7 knrrbspn`mb c u`c kndpjlckjû` mb lc bxpc`sjû` lj`bcl mb vcrjns tjpns mb lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns. Lcs bxpc`sjn`bs têrdjkcs mb mjfbrb`tbs dcrkcs b` kcmc klcsb mb rbfrcktcrjn mjfjbrb` u` pnkn b`trb sä, y pnr ln tc`tn lns mctns rbprbsb`tc` vclnrbs dbmjns

Q;T

.

5

 

 

. Fjourc 79 Bxpc`sjû` lj`bcl mb lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns Q;T 

Kndn sb pubmb vbr b` lc kurvc 3 mb lc Fjo. 7, lns lcmrjllns mb [äljkb prbsb`tc` u` kndpnrtcdjb`tn mjstj`tn mbgjmn c lc fnrdckjû` mb `ubvcs fcsbs qub prnvnkc` vcrjckjn`bs b` lc bxpc`sjû` têrdjkc mbl lcmrjlln (vbr sbkkjû` 7.=.7 bxpc`sjû` têrdjkc jrrbvbrsjglb). Lns lcmrjllns mb Dco`bsjtc y Fnrstbrjtc tjb`b` tcscs rblctjvcdb`tb cltcs mb bxpc`sjû` têrdjkc, djb`trcs qub

:

 

  lns lcmrjllns mb crkjllc rbfrcktcrjc, kcrgurn mb [jljkjn, Kjrkû` y lns rbfrcktcrjns cjslc`tbs  prbsb`tc` tcscs mb bxpc`sjû` têrdjkc gcics. gcics . B` lc Fjo. 7 bs bvjmb`tb lc rblckjû` b`trb lc kndpnsjkjû` mb lns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns y su bxpc`sjû` têrdjkc, lcs kurvcs 7-5 bxkbptuc`mn lc 6 knrrbspn`mb` c lcmrjllns gãsjkns rbfrcktcrjns b` mn`mb bl kn`tb`jmn mb Xbrjklcsc vc mjsdj`uyb`mn y lcs kurvcs :-32 bxkbptuc`mn lc kurvc 37 knrrbspn`mb` c lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjns mb clùdj`c-[äljkb mn`mb bl kn`tb`jmn mb Cl7N; vc mjsdj`uyb`mn Q;T.

7.=.7  Bxpc`sjû` têrdjkc jrrbvbrsjglb Q3T  Lcs bstrukturcs rbfrcktcrjcs b` lc prãktjkc sb mbstruyb` c db`umn pnr prnkbsns mb mjlctckjû`. ]clbs prnkbsns pubmb` sbr9 c)  ]rc`sfnrdckjn`bs pnljdûrfjkcs.  g)  Fnrdckjn`bs mb `ubvcs fcsbs. k)  Xrnkbsns mb krjstcljzckjû` y rbkrjstcljzckjû`. m)  Cgsnrkjû`/cmsnrkjû` mb sustc`kjcs mb lc ctdûsfbrc. b)  Cgsnrkjû`/ cmsnrkjû` mb sustc`kjcs läqujmcs. f)  Xrnkbsn mb ûxjmn ‛  rbmukkjû`.  rbmukkjû`. Bl bibdpln dãs kndù` pcrc bl kcsn c) bs lc mbstrukkjû` mb bstrukturcs mb säljkb kuc`mn b` lns lcmrjllns qubmc` frckkjn`bs cltcs mb kucrzn b` lns lcmrjllns. Lc trc`sfnrdckjû` mbl kucrzn c Krjstngcljtc n ]rjdjmjtc prbsb`tc u` cudb`tn mb vnludb` mbl nrmb` mbl 32% qub `n pubmb sbr csjdjlcmn pnr bl lcmrjlln. Lc fnrdckjû` mb u`c fcsb `ubvc mb Duljtc y Krjstngcljtc b` lc trc`sfnrdckjû` mb lc kjc`jtc b` bl rc`on sngrb 3;88 ¸K kn` cudb`tn mb vnludb` bs u` bibdpln pcrc bl kcsn g). Bstb bfbktn sb

utjljzc tbk`nlûojkcdb`tb pcrc csjdjlcr, pnr bibdpln, u`c kn`trckkjû` duy fubrtb mb lcs dcscs b` lc knkkjû`. Lns prnkbsns mb krjstcljzckjû` kn`mukb` c mjlctckjn`bs jrrbvbrsjglbs sj bl bspckjn bxjstb`tb b` lc djkrnbstrukturc `n bs sufjkjb`tb.

38

 

  Xcrc bl kcsn m), sj lc ctdnsfbrc mbl enr`n kn`tjb`b KN n KE=, bl Fb7N;  ljgrb b` bl dctbrjcl rbfrcktcrjn kn`mukb c u`c prbkjpjtckjû` prbfbrb`kjcl mb K. Bspbkjcldb`tb pubmb prbsb`tcrsb u`c mbpnsjkjû` mb K b` lns pnrns. C kcusc mb bstb kcrgn`n prbkjpjtcmn sb pubmb` prbsb`tcr tb`sjn`bs duy blbvcmcs b` lc bstrukturc mb lns lcmrjllns llboc`mn c rndpbrsb. Cgsnrkjû`/cmsnrkjû` mb ûxjmns clkclj`ns mb lc fcsb vcpnr m) n mb lc bsknrjc b) kn`mukb` c lns lcmrjllns c lc fnrdckjû` mb mjvbrsns kndpubstns. Bl bstcmn mb nxjmckjû` mbl dj`brcl mb Krndn bs mb jdpnrtc`kjc pcrc bl kcsn f).

7.=.;  Kn`muktjvjmcm têrdjkc b` lns dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns Q7T  Kuc`mn u` enr`n bs kclb`tcmn, lc b`broäc têrdjkc fluyb c trcvês mb lc bstrukturc têrdjkc, kcusc`mn u`c mjfbrb`kjc mb tbdpbrcturc qub sb mbscrrnllc b`trb lc supbrfjkjb mb lcs pcrbmbs j`tbrjnrbs, bxtbrjnrbs y tbkens. R`c pcrtb mb bstc b`broäc qubmc cldckb`cmc b` lc bstrukturc rbfrcktcrjc y lc ntrc pcrtb fluyb c trcvês mb lcs pcrbmbs, tbkens y kejdb`bcs, djb`trcs qub b` bl cjrb bxtbrjnr sb pjbrmb pnr rcmjckjû` y kn`vbkkjû`. Lc kc`tjmcm mb kclnr qub sb pjbrmb mb bstc dc`brc bs mb kn`sjmbrcglb jdpnrtc`kjc bkn`ûdjkc pcrc bl prnkbsn. B` lc bstjdckjû` mb lc kc`tjmcm mb kclnr qub fluyb c trcvês mb lcs pcrtbs mbl enr`n, sb eckb usn mb u` knbfjkjb`tb kn`nkjmn kndn kn`muktjvjmcm têrdjkc, A, mb kcmc dctbrjcl j`vnlukrcmn b` lc kn`strukkjû`. Lc kn`muktjvjmcm têrdjkc `n sûln mjfjbrb b` kcmc dctbrjcl, sj`n qub tcdgjê` ln eckb pcrc bl djsdn dctbrjcl c mjfbrb`tbs tbdpbrcturcs. Lns fcktnrbs qub cfbktc` lc kn`muktjvjmcm têrdjkc mb u` dctbrjcl sn`, lc kndpnsjkjû` dj`brcl, lc kc`tjmcm mb dctbrjcl cdnrfn (vjmrjn n läqujmn) qub kn`tjb`b, su pnrnsjmcm y su tbdpbrcturc. Xcrc dctbrjclbs qub tjb`b` kndpnsjkjn`bs dj`brclûojkcs sjdjlcrbs, lc prnpnrkjû` mbl bspckjn nkupcmn pnr pnrns bs, j`kubstjn`cglbdb`tb, bl fcktnr dãs jdpnrtc`tb qub cfbktc c lc kc`tjmcm mb kclnr qub flujrã c trcvês mb êstns c u`c tbdpbrcturc mcmc. Lc kn`muktjvjmcm têrdjkc

mjsdj`uyb kn` lc pnrnsjmcm mb`trn mb u`c cdpljc ocdc mb tbdpbrcturcs. Lc Fjo. ; dubstrc lc kn`muktjvjmcm têrdjkc c mjstj`tcs tbdpbrcturcs mb clou`ns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns gãsjkns.

33

 

 

Fjourc ;9 Kn`muktjvjmcm têrdjkc mb mjvbrsns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns gãsjkns Q;T  Lns pnrkb`tcibs qub sb dubstrcs lcs kurvcs 7 c 6 b` lc Fjo. ; knrrbspn`mb` cl kn`tb`jmn mb Xbrjklcsc b` bl lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn. Lc Fjo. = dubstrc lc kn`muktjvjmcm têrdjkc mb lc Xbrjklcsc purc b` _ctts d-3¸A -3.

37

 

  ?8

   3      A    3   - 68   d    t   s    t 28   c   w  ,    a =8   c   k    j   d   r ;8    ê    ]    m   c    m 78    j   v    j    t   k   u 38    m   `   n    K 8

           ¸

Xbrjklcsc (DoN)

8

=88

588

3788

3688

]bdpbrcturc, K

7888

7=88

¸

Fjourc =9 Kn`muktjvjmcm têrdjkc mb lc Xbrjklcsc (DoN) purc Lc Fjo. = y lc kurvc dãs cltc mb lc Fjo. ; knrrbspn`mb` c lc kurvc mb rbfbrb`kjc pcrc lc Xbrjklcsc purc. Lc kurvc ;-? bstã` duy pnr mbgcin mb lc prjdbrc y b` tnmns lns kcsns bxkbptn b` mns (kurvc ;,6) ec` pbrmjmn su kn`kcvjmcm eckjc crrjgc. Lc kurvc 7 `n mbgb kn`sjmbrcrsb  pnr lc c`tjoübmcm b` lc qub fub dbmjmc. Lc kurvc ? knrrbspn`mb c lcmrjlln mb dj`brcl mb Krndn y ec sjmn kn`sjmbrcmc mbgjmn c qub lns rbfrcktcrjns mb Krndjtc sn`, kndù`db`tb, klcsjfjkcmns kndn gãsjkns. Lc Fjo. 2 dubstrc lc kn`muktjvjmcm têrdjkc, c mjfbrb`tbs tbdpbrcturcs, mb mns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn kn` 28% y 68% b` pbsn mb Xbrjklcsc, bstns mctns fubrn` fckjljtcmns pnr prnvbbmnrbs mb WEJ.

3;

 

  =

   3      A    3     d;   s    t    t   c   w  ,    a  ,   c   k    j 7   d   r    ê    ]    m   c    m    j   v 3    j    t   k   u    m   `   n    K

           ¸

68% Xbrjklcsc (DoN), WEJ 28% pbrjklcsc (DoN), WEJ

8 8

288

3888

3288

7888

]bdpbrcturc cgsnlutc, K ¸

Fjourc 29 Kn`muktjvjmcm têrdjkc mb lcmrjllns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn, Xbrjklcsc cl 28% y 68%. B` lc Fjo. 2 bs vjsjglb bl bfbktn mb lc Xbrjklcsc kndn fcsb kn`muktnrc, yc qub bl cudb`tn mb 28% c 68% mb êstc b` bl lcmrjlln prnvnkû u` kcdgjn b` lc kn`kcvjmcm mb lc kurvc vnlvjê`mnlc eckjc cgcin. C lc tbdpbrcturc mb npbrckjû` mbl Kn`vbrtjmnr Xbjrkb [djte (3;88 ¸K) lc kn`muktjvjmcm têrdjkc bs prãktjkcdb`tb lc djsdc pcrc cdgns kcsns, y knrrbspn`mb cprnxjdcmcdb`tb c 7.? _cttsd-3¸A -3.

7.2  XWNXJBMCMB[ DBKÃ@JKC[  7.2.3  Dûmuln mb blcstjkjmcm mb Znu`o Q=T 

Bl dnmuln mb Znu`o, B, bs u`c dbmjmc mb lc rbsjstb`kjc c pbqubóns kcdgjns b` lc sbpcrckjû` mb lns ãtndns cmyckb`tbs dbmjc`tb lc cpljkckjû` mb u`c fubrzc. Bs bl djsdn tc`tn pcrc lc tb`sjû` kndn pcrc lc kndprbsjû`. B` bl kcsn mb lns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns, bxjstb u`c sbou`mc fcsb knrrbspn`mjb`tb c lc pnrnsjmcm (3=%-36%), ln qub prnvnkcrã u`c mjsdj`ukjû` b` bl dnmuln mb Znu`o. Kcgb mbstckcr qub u`  pnrn tjb`b kbrn rjojmbz. Vcrjcs rblckjn`bs ec` sjmn mbscrrnllcmcs pnr j`vbstjocmnrbs pcrc 3=

 

  bxpljkcr bl kcdgjn b` bl dnmuln mb Znu`o kn` lc pnrnsjmcm, X. Lc fûrdulc qub rbprbsb`tc mb dbinr dc`brc bl dnmuln mb Znu`o pcrc bl kcsn mb lns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns bs lc bkuckjû` mb I. A. DckAb`zjb n bkuckjû` (3)                 

(3)

Lcs kn`stc`tbs c y g sublb` mbtbrdj`crsb bdpärjkcdb`tb. Xcrc u`c kn`kb`trckjû` gcic mb pnrns bsfêrjkns, c3.:, g8.:. B8 knrrbspn`mb cl dnmuln mb Znu`o mb u` dctbrjcl mb`sn Lc Fjo. 6 dubstrc lc knrrbkkjû` mbl dnmuln mb Znu`o, B 8, pcrc u` dctbrjcl mb`sn c u`n kn`  pnrnsjmcm, B, kndn bl kcsn mb lns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns rbf rcktcrjns mb Dco`bsjc Krndn. 3,7

3

8,5    8

   B8,6    /    B 8,=

8,7

8

8

8,7

8,=

8,6

8,5

3

Frckkjû` Xnrnsc, X

Fjourc 69 Vcrjckjû` mbl dnmuln mb Znu`o b` fu`kjû` mb lc pnrnsjmcm.

3,7

Rtjljzc`mn lc bkuckjû` (3), sb pubmb mbtbrdj`cr qub bl dnmuln mb blcstjkjmcm mb Znu`o pcrc u` lcmrjlln pnrnsn (36%) utjljzcmn b` bl Kn`vbrtjmnr Xbjrkb [djte knrrbspn`mbrã c u` ?7% mb u` lcmrjlln mb`sn (sj` pnrnsjmcm).

         

32

 

 

7.2.7  Dûmuln mb rupturc, DNW Q;T  Bl dnmuln mb rupturc knrrbspn`mb c lc tb`sjû` dãxjdc qub snpnrtc u` dctbrjcl c`tbs mb rndpbrsb bxprbscmn b` @/dd7 n DXc. Mbgjmn qub lns dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns pnsbb` pnrnsjmcm, bs mbkjr sn` mb `cturclbzc ebtbrnoê`bc, bl dnmuln mb rupturc sb vb dnmjfjkcmn pnr lc sjoujb`tb bkuckjû`9

       

(7)

Mn`mb DNW 8  knrrbspn`mb cl dûmuln mb rupturc mb u` dctbrjcl mb`sn. Lns vclnrbs mb lc kn`stc`tb bxpbrjdb`tcl g, sb ec` corupcmn clrbmbmnr mb ; n = pcrc DNW c ]¸ cdgjb`tb. Lc Fjo. ? dubstrc lc knrrbkkjû` mbl dûmuln mb rupturc, DNW 88,, pcrc u` dctbrjcl mb`sn c u`n kn` pnrnsjmcm, DNW, kndn bl kcsn mb lns lcmrjllns rbfrcktcrjns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn. 3,7 3    8

   W8,5    N    D 8,6    /    W    N 8,=    D 8,7 8 8

8,7

8,=

8,6

Frckkjû` Xnrnsc

8,5

3

3,7

Fjourc ?9 Vcrjckjû` mbl DNW pnr bfbktn mb lc pnrnsjmcm1 g4= Rtjljzc`mn lc bkuckjû` (7), sb pubmb mbtbrdj`cr qub bl dûmuln mb rupturc pcrc u` lcmrjlln  pnrnsn (36%), utjljzcmn b` bl Kn`vbrtjmnr Xbjrkb [djte, knrrbspn`mb c u` 2;% mb m b uu`` llcmrjlln cmrjlln mb`sn (sj` pnrnsjmcm).

           36

 

 

7.6  LCMWJLLN[ R]JLJYCMN[ B@ BL KN@VBW]JMNW XBJWKB [DJ]EQ2T Bl dcynr mbscfän pcrc lns dctbrjclbs rbfrcktcrjns ln prbsb`tc bl Kn`vbrtjmnr Xbjrkb [djte, mbgjmn c lcs bsknrjcs cltcdb`tb corbsjvcs, sudcmn c lcs tb`sjn`bs dbkã`jkcs y c lcs cltcs tbdpbrcturcs mb npbrckjû`. B`trb lns dbkc`jsdns mb mbsocstb dãs kndu`bs sb b`kub`trc` lc mjsnlukjû` mb lns kndpn`b`tbs mbl rbfrcktcrjn b` lc fcsb bsknrjc, lc fnrdckjû` mb `ubvcs fcsbs mêgjldb`tb u`jmcs mb`trn mbl lcmrjlln y mjvbrscs fnrdcs mb spcllj`o (mbsprb`mjdjb`tn) j`kluyb`mn dbkã`jkc, bstrukturcl y têrdjkc. J`jkjcldb`tb b` lns enr`ns mb fusjû` y rbfj`ckjû` prjdcrjc mb kngrb sb utjljzcgc` lcmrjllns mb [äljkb, pbrn fubrn` rbbdplczcmns pnr lns lcmrjllns mb Dco`bsjtc-Krndn mbgjmn c qub bstns ùltjdns pnsbb` u`c dcynr rbsjstb`kjc têrdjkc, dbinr bstcgjljmcm b` vnludb`, dcynr rbsjstb`kjc c lns kenqubs têrdjkns y u`c dbinr rbsjstb`kjc c lc knrrnsjû` pnr lc bsknrjc. Lns lcmrjllns gãsjkns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn sb fcgrjkc` mb mns jdpnrtc`tbs dctbrjcs prjdcs, Xbrjklcsc y dj`brcl mb Krndn. Lns rbfrcktcrjns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn sb vnlvjbrn` mndj`c`tbs b`trb lns cóns 3:28 y 3:68, mbsmb ceä b` cmblc`tb lns kcdgjns qub sb ec` prnmukjmn sn`, b` orc` pcrtb, b` lcs têk`jkcs mb fcgrjkckjû` y vcrjckjn`bs b` lc kndpnsjkjû` quädjkc. Lns lcmrjllns mb Dco`bsjc kclkj`cmc c dubrtb sn` kn`nkjmns kn` mjvbrsns `ndgrbs b` lc j`mustrjc rbfrcktcrjc. Ûxjmn mb dco`bsjn y DoN sn` têrdj`ns quädjkns, Xbrjklcsc y Dco`bsjtc sn` `ndgrbs dj`brclbs y Dco`bsjc bs bl têrdj`n kndù`db`tb utjljzcmn pnr lns têk`jkns rbfrcktcrjns.

Lc Xbrjklcsc sb prnmukb dbmjc`tb lc kclkj`ckjû` y sj`tbrjzckjû` mbl ejmrûxjmn mb Dco`bsjn  prnvb`jb`tb mbl couc mb dcr n mbl kcrgn`ctn mb Dco`bsjn prnvb`jb`tb mbl dj`brcl mb Dco`bsjtc. Lcs jdpurbzcs csnkjcmcs kndù`db`tb c lc Xbrjklcsc sn` Fb 7N;, Cl7N;, KcN y [jN7. Lns dj`brclbs mb Krndjtc sb pubmb` ngtb`br prj`kjpcldb`tb mb [umãfrjkc, Orbkjc, Lcs Fjljpj`cs, Grcsjl y ]urquäc. Bl dj`brcl mb Krndn pnsbb u`c fcsb prj`kjpcl rbfrcktcrjc y ntrc db`nr csnkjcmc c dj`brclbs oc`oc, prj`kjpcldb`tb sjljkctns. Lc fcsb prj`kjpcl bs u`c snlukjû`

3?

 

  snljmc kndplbic mb u`c bspj`blc mb Dco`bsjn y Fjbrrn. Cmbdãs mb Kr 7N; y DoN, bl dj`brcl mb Krndn kn`tjb`b kc`tjmcmbs sjo`jfjkctjvcs mb Fb 7N;, Cl7N;, KcN y [jN7.

7.6.3  Fcsbs prbsb`tbs b` u` lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn mb ljoc mjrbktc Q2T. Bstns lcmrjllns kn`tjb`b` dãs mb u` 28% mb Xbrjklcsc, clrbmbmnr mb 32% c ;8% mb Krndn y bl rbstn ln kn`stjtuyb` jdpurbzcs kndn Fb7N;, Cl7N;, KcN y [jN7. B` lc Fjo. 5 sb dubstrc bl mjcorcdc mb Kr 7N;-Fb7N;-DoN c 3;88 ¸K. B` bstb mjcorcdc mb fcsbs sb pubmb ngsbrvcr qub c u`c kndpnsjkjû` mb DoN supbrjnr cl =% b` pbsn cprnxjdcmcdb`tb, bxjstb` mns fcsbs mb u`c snlukjû` snljmc jdpurc mb Xbrjklcsc y u`c snlukjû` snljmc mb bspj`blc mb Krndjtc (Q(Do, Fb) N(Cl, Fb, Kr) 7N;T).

Fjourc 59 Mjcorcdc mb fcsb mbl tbr`crjn DoN-Kr 7N;-Fb7N; c 3;88¸K Q6T  35

 

  Fceby  Q?T bstumjû lc djkrnbstrukturc mb lns lcmrjllns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn utjljzc`mn bl DBG (Djkrnsknpjn Blbktrû`jkn mb Gcrrjmn) y cpnyû lc prbsb`kjc mb lcs fcsbs mb Xbrjklcsc y bspj`blc mb Krndjtc mb`trn mbl lcmrjlln. Lc Fjo. : dubstrc lc djkrnbstrukturc rbvblcmc pnr Fceby (mn`mb [pj`bl Kerndjtb9 Bspj`blc mb Krndjtc, Xbrjklcsb9 Xbrjklcsc, Vnjm9 Xnrn).

Fjourc :9 Jdcob` GBJ dnstrc`mn lc fcsb Xbrjklcsc mb u` lcmrjlln Dco`bsjc-Krndn Q?T  Fceby Q?T, ngsbrvû lc prbsb`kjc mb trbs tjpns mb orc`ns mb bspj`blc mb Krndjtc (knlnr orjs klcrn) mb`trn mb lc djkrnbstrukturc mb lcmrjlln9  

Bspj`blc mb Krndjtc prjdcrjc, orc`ns orc`mbs mb 788-288 d cprnxjdcmcdb`tb.

 

Bspj`blc mb Krndjtc sbku`mcrjc, orc`ns clcrocmns mb tcdcón dbmjn mb 78-388 d

cprnxjdcmcdb`tb.  

Bspj`blc mb Krndjtc bxsubltc mb`trn mb lc fcsb Xbrjklcsc, pbqubóns orc`ns qub ec`  prbkjpjtcmn b` lc fcsb Xbrjklcsc.

B` lc Fjo. 38 lc Bspj`blc mb Krndjtc cpcrbkb mb knlnr orjs klcrn gcin u` djkrnsknpjn blbktrû`jkn mb gcrrjmn, cmbdãs sb pubmb ngsbrvcr lcs trbs fnrdcs b` lc qub sb prbsb`tc bstc bspj`blc9 lc prjdcrjc (Xrjdcry Kerndjtb [pj`bl), sbku`mcrjc ([bku`mcry Kerndjtb [pj`bl) y bxsubltc (Bxsnlvbm Kerndjtb [pj`bl).

3:

 

 

Fjourc 389 Jdcob` GBJ dnstrc`mn lns tjpns mb bspj`blc mb Krndjtc b` bl lcmrjlln mb Dco`bsjcKrndn Q?T  Lcs bspj`blcs sbku`mcrjc y bxsubltc sb mjsublvb` b` lc Xbrjklcsc c cltc tbdpbrcturc y prbkjpjtc` cl b`frjcr. Bxjstb u`c prbmndj`c`kjc mb lc bspj`blc sbku`mcrjc pnr sngrb lc bspj`blc bxsubltc yc qub bl sjtjn prbfbrjmn pcrc lc prbkjpjtckjû` bs bl lädjtb mb orc`n mb lc Xbrjklcsc. Lc fnrdckjû` mb bspj`blcs sbku`mcrjcs sb vb fcvnrbkjmc kn` u`c vblnkjmcm mb b`frjcdjb`tn lb`tc, pnr bl kn`trcrjn, sj lc vblnkjmcm mb b`frjcdjb`tn bs rãpjmc sb vbrã fcvnrbkjmc lc fnrdckjû` mb bspj`blc bxsubltc. @n bxjstb mjfbrb`kjc b` lc kndpnsjkjû` quädjkc mb lns trbs tjpns mb Bspj`blcs mb Krndjtc. Xnr ntrn lcmn, b` lc Fjo. : cpcrbkb lc Xbrjklcsc kndn u`c fcsb mb knlnr orjs nskurn gcin bl djkrnsknpjn blbktrû`jkn mb gcrrjmn. Lc fcsb Xbrjklcsc b` lns lcmrjllns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn sb

b`kub`trc duy kbrkc cl DoN purn kn` pbqubócs j`klusjn`bs mb Fb7N;  y Kr 7N;. Mb`trn mbl krjstcl mb Xbrjklcsc, sb pubmb jmb`tjfjkcr u`c fcsb mb knlnr orjs klcrn mjstrjgujmc u`jfnrdbdb`tb, knrrbspn`mjb`tb c lc bspj`blc bxsubltc mb Krndjtc. Lns orc`ns mb Xbrjklcsc sb  pubmb b`kn`trcr b` kn`tcktn mjrbktn b`trb sä n ljocmns pnr lcs fcsbs mb bspj`blc prjdcrjc y sbku`mcrjc. [j` bdgcron bxjstb u`c dcynr u`jû` b`trb lcs fcsbs mb Krndjtc y Xbrjklcsc b` kndpcrckjû` kn` lc u`jû` b`trb bl b`lckb Xbrjklcsc-Xbrjklcsc, bstn j`mjkc qub lc Krndjtc y Xbrjklcsc sb mjfu`mb` y ljoc` dãs fãkjldb`tb qub lns orc`ns mb Xbrjklcsc-Xbrjklcsc.

78

 

  Kn` rbspbktn c lns pnrns (Vnjms), nkupc` b`trb u` 36% c 35% b` vnludb` mbl lcmrjlln rbfrcktcrjn mb ljoc mjrbktc. B` lc Fjo. 33 sb ngsbrvc qub lc bstrukturc mb lns pnrns mb`trn mbl lcmrjlln bs cgjbrtc b j`tbrkn`bktcmc, lc kucl pubmb sbr pb`btrcmc pnr dctbrjcl fu`mjmn.

Fjourc 339 Jdcob` GBJ dnstrc`mn lc pnrnsjmcm mb u` lcmrjlln mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn

Q?T

 

7.6.7  Lcmrjllns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn Dco`bsjc-Krndn mb ljoc mb sjljkctn Q2T  Bstb tjpn mb lcmrjllns fubrn` lns prjdbrns rbfrcktcrjns mb Dco`bsjc-Krndn krbcmns. Kuc`mn bl dj`brcl mb Krndn trjturcmn sb kubkb c gcics tbdpbrcturcs (