Estudio de Trazo y Diseño de Vias de Acceso
August 28, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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ARDOKO^GCOHGH HO[XVOX GC HB HO[XVOXGC [GVOD
B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB KBV^GWRODL
XVGAL0 –^RBDXB KBV^GWRODL HB[HB K. ^ RVR[J^GA^G JG[XG RVR[JRML‑ HO[XVOXL HB [GVOD ‛ ^VLYODKOG HB [GDKJBP KGVVOLD CG COFBVXGH, 6>7?
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
Kldtbdohl VB[RABD............................................................................................................................................................6 G[^B G[^BKX KXL[ L[ MBD MBDBVGC BVGCB[ B[.................................................................................................................................;
O. OO. OO.
6.7.
^VL_BKXL.....................................................................................................................; LF@BXOYL HBC ^VL_BKXL.....................................................................................................................;
6.6.
LF@BXOYL HBC B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB GKKB[L[..........................................;
6.;.
HB[KVO^KOLD HBC GVBG HBC ^VL_BKXL.........................................................................................8
7.7.7
Rfokgkoûd ^l ^lcátokg...............................................................................................................................8
7.7.6
Rfokgkoûd Mb Mblmrçiokg.........................................................................................................................8
7.7.;
Yágs hb Gkkbsl.....................................................................................................................................8
7.7.8
Kldhokoldbs Kcoa oaggtlcûmokgs...............................................................................................................2
7.7.2
Gctotuh hbc çrbg hbc hbc prlybktl.............................................................................................................2
OO OOO. O. HO HO[B [B×L ×L MBLA MBLABX BXVO VOKL KL...................................................................................................................................= ;.7. KCG[OIOKGKOLD HB CG YOG............................................................................................................................: ;. ;.7. 7.7. 7.
Kcgso cgsoio iokkgk gkoû oûd d sbm sbmðd ðd su iud iudkkoû oûd d...........................................................................................................:
;.6.
BCBKKOLD HB CG YBCLKOHGH HB HO[B×L........................................................................................?
;.;.
[BKKOLD XVGD[YBV[GC......................................................................................................................7>
;.8.
GCODBGAOBDXL JLVOPLDXGC _ YBVXOKGC...................................................................................77
....................................................................................................................................................................................> ....................................................................................................................................................................................> ....................................................................................................................................................................................> OY. OY. HO HO[B [B×L ×L HB [B× [B×GC GCOP OPGK GKOL OLD D..........................................................................................................................7 8.7.
[B×GCB[ JLVOPLDXGCB[......................................................................................................................6
8.6.
[B×GCB[ YBVXOKGCB[............................................................................................................................6
....................................................................................................................................................................................9 8.8.
BXG^G HB L^BVGKOÛD...........................................................................................................................= KLDKCR[OLDB[.........................................................................................................................................7>
Y.
O.
VB[RABD
B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L HB YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ 7
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
Bd rbsuabd, cg somuobdtb iub cg abtlhlclmág ghlptghg pgrg bc kuapcoaobdtl hb cls tïraodls hb rbibrbdkog bd cl qub rbspbktg gc Bstuhol hb trgzls y hosb÷l vogc0
Cls trgfg`ls rbibrbdtbs gc Bstuhol hb trgzls y hosb÷l vogc bstçd rbibrohls g kllrhbdghgs RXA kld hgtua jlrozldtgc0 ]M[-:8 y hgtua vbrtokgc0 dovbc abhol hbc agr, gsá klal, gc eoclabtrg`b hb cg kgrrbtbrg, qub hovohb cgs clkgcohghbs hb RVR[^GA^G - KBV^GWRODL.
Cls gkkbsls hbc pubdtb topl vomg clsgd sb odtbmrgd g cg kgrrbtbrg Kbrpgq Kbrpgquodl uodl bd udg cldmo cldmotuh tuh hb 69>.> a bd cg agrmbd ozquobrhg y hb ;;>.> a bd cg agrmbd hbrbkjg hbshb cg prlmrbsovg 79;+8?> jgstg cg prlmrbsovg 798+76> trgal bd bc kugc sb pbraotb cg lpbrgkoûd kldtodug hb cls vbjákucls, kldsbrvgdhl cgs kgrgktbrástokgs hb cg kgrrbtbrg bxostbdtb.
Bd kgapl sb jgd alduabdtghl cls ^Os hbc trgzl, gsá klal, sb jg bstgkghl bc b`b prlybktghl kghg 6> abtrls kld bstgkgs hb aghbrg, ghbaçs, sb jg alduabdtghl hls pudtls hb kldtrlc bd kghg agrmbd hbc rál Wuorosjgro kld iodbs hb rbpcgdtbl hb cgs lfrgs prlybktghgs.
Bc hosb÷l mblaïtrokl hb cls gkkbsls hbc pubdtb kgrrlzgfcb Wuorosjgro sb rbgcozû bapcbgdhl klal rbibrbdkog bc –Agdugc hb hosb÷l Mblaïtrokl hb Kgrrbtbrgs‑ (HM - 6>>7) hbc AXK gprlfghl kld V.H. D°7789-6>>>-AXK/72.7= hbc 6= hb Hokobafrb hbc 6>>>.
Bc hosb÷l hb sb÷gcozgkoûd hb cls gkkbsls hbc pubdtb kgrrlzgfcb Wuorosjgro, g utocozgrsb hurgdtb bc prlkbsl kldstruktovl y hbspuïs hb tbraodghg cg lfrg, sb rbgcozû bapcbgdhl klal rbibrbdkog bc –Agdugc hb hosplsotovls hb kldtrlc hbc trgdsotl gutlaltlr pgrg kgccbs y kgrrbtbrgs‑ gprlfghl kld V.A D° 87;-?*;XKK/72-72 hbc 7; hb lktufrb hb 7??;.
OO. OO.7.
G[^BKXL[ MBDBVGCB[
LF@BXOYL HBC ^VL_BKXL
Bc lf`btovl hbc prlybktl bs cg bcgflrgkoûd hb cls bstuhols hbiodotovls hbc prlybktl hb kldstrukkoûd hbc –^RBDXB –^RBD XB KBV^GWRODL KBV^GWRODL HB[HB K.^ RVR[J^GA^G RVR[J^GA^G JG[XG RVR[JRML RVR[JRML ‛ HO[XVOXL HO[XVOXL HB [GVOD ‛ ^VLYODKOG [GDKJBP KGVVOLD ‛ VBMOLD CG COFBVXGH –g dovbc hb b`bkukoûd hb lfrg. Cg lfrg pbraotorág ïc trgdsotl pbragdbdtb y sbmurl hb vbjákucls covogdls, bd cg trlkjg Kgrrlzgfcb qub fbdbiokogrç prodkopgcabdtb g cgs clkgcohghbs hb Kbrpgquodl, Rrusjpgapg, Rrusjuml y plfcghls abdlrbs qub bstçd bstgfcbkohls g cl cgrml hb cg c g Kgrrbtbrg (trlkjg Kgrrlzgfcb).
B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L HB YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ 6
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
LF@BXOYL HBC B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB GKKB[L[
OO.6.
Bc lf`btovl hbc bstuhol hb trgzls y hosb÷l vogc hb cls gkkbsls bs cg hbiodokoûd hb cgs kgrgktbrástokgs mblaïtrokgs y tïkdokgs hbc trgal hb kgrrbtbrg qub bdcgzg bc pubdtb bd su dubvg ufokgkoûd kld cg kgrrbtbrg bxostbdtb, cls bstuhols klaprbdhbd0 Hosb÷l Mblaïtrokl0
Hbiodokoûd hbc gcodbgaobdtl jlrozldtgc y pbrioc cldmotuhodgc hbc b`b bd cls trgals hb ccls ls gkkbsls.
Hbiodokoûd hb cgs kgrgktbrástokgs mblaïtrokgs (gdkjl) hb cg kgczghg, fbrags y kudbtgs bd cgs hoibrbdtbs zldgs hb klrtb y rbccbdl hb cls gkkbsls. Hbiodokoûd hbc kgaodl prlvosoldgc hb hbsvál g utocozgrsb hurgdtb cg b`bkukoûd hb cg lfrg
Hosb÷l hb sb÷gcozgkoûd0
OO.;.
Rfokgkoûd hb kghg topl hb sb÷gc kld su krlquos rbspbktovl.
HB[KVO^KOLD HBC GVBG HBC ^VL_BKXL
Bc pubdtb kbrpgquodl sb ufokg bd bc Ea 79;+==> hb cg Kgrrbtbrg Grq. Ibrdgdhl Fbcgudhb Xbrry, trgal Yld Juaflcht ‛ ^ubrtl Fbraðhbz5 bd bc hostrotl hb ^ubrtl Fbraðhbz, bd cg prlvodkog hb Lxgpgapg, hbpgrtgabdtl hb ^gskl. 7. 7.77.7
Rfok okgk gkoû oûd d ^lc ^lcát átok okgg
Cumgr
0
Vál Wuorosjgro
Clkgcohgh 0
Wuorosjgro
Hostrotl
0
^rlvodkog 0
Lxgpgapg
Hbpgrtgabdtl
0
^ubrtl Fbraðhbz
^gskl
B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L HB YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ;
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
7.7.66 7.7.
Rfok Rf okgk gkoû oûd d Mb Mblm lmrç rçio iokg kg
Cgtotuh
0
Cldmotuh 7.7.;
0
7>¾ 7;‟
=8¾ 2?‟
Yágs hb Gkkbsl
Bc gkkbsl g cg zldg hb trgfg`l sb rbgcozg somuobdhl hb Coag g cg Lrlyg, cubml g Xgrag pgrg ccbmgr g cg Abrkbh. ^lstbrolrabdtb y vog`gdhl jgkog bc Dlrtb, sb ccbmg g cg clkgcohgh hb ^ubdtb ^gukgrtgafl, somuobdhl plr bc hbsvál g Yoccg Vokg, pgsgdhl plr cls plfcghls hb Kgkgzð ‛ Kjgtgrrg ‛ Grrlz kld Jubvl ‛ ^ubrtl Fbraðhbz pgrg iodgcabdtb ccbmgr g Wuorosjgro bd bc ea 79;+==> hb cg kgrrbtbrg Grq. Ibrdgdhl Fbcgudhb Xbrry trgal Yld Juaflct ‛ ^tl. Fbrauhbz, eoclabtrg`b abhohl hbshb bc bapgcab kld cg kgrrbtbrg Xodml Agrog - Xlkgkjb. Bc tobapl hb rbklrrohl hb cg rutg Coag ‛ Cg Lrlyg ‛ Cg Abrkbh bs hb : jlrgs gprlxoaghgabdtb vog`gdhl bd ûadofus. Hbc Hbc trgal Cg Abrkbh ‛ Yoccg Vokg ‛ Kgkgzð ‛ Kj Kjgtgrrg gtgrrg ‛ Grrlz kld Jubvl Jubvl ‛ ^tl. Fbrauhbz - Wuorosjgro, bs hb 7> jlrgs gprlxoaghgabdtb, vog`gdhl bd kgaoldbtg 8x8. Cg rutg bd abdkoûd sb bdkubdtrg gsigctghg hbshb Coag jgstg ;> aodutls hbspuïs hb pgsgr plr Cg Abrkbh gprlxoaghgabdtb somuobdhl bc rbklrrohl plr udg trlkjg kgrrlzgfcb bd agcgs kldhokoldbs. 7.7. 7.7.88
Kldh Kl dhok okol oldb dbss Kc Kcoa oagt gtlcû lcûmo mokg kgss
Bd mbdbrgc bc kcoag bs tápokl hb sbcvg trlpokgc jðabhl, kld tbapbrgturg abhog hb 6>¾K g 6:¾K. Hurgdtb bc g÷l sb hbiodbd hls bstgkoldbs, cg bstgkoûd hb bstog`b bdtrb cls absbs hb Agyl g Lktufrb y sb kgrgktbrozg plr bskgsbz hb ccuvogs. Cg bstgkoûd hb ccuvogs tlrrbdkogcbs bdtrb cls absbs hb Dlvobafrb g Agrzl sb kgrgktbrozg plr cg prbsbdkog hb ccuvogs alhbrghgs y tbapbrgturgs qub gckgdzgd cls ;>¾ K g açs. 7.7. 7.22 7.
Gcto Gc totu tuh h hbc hbc çrbg çrbg hbc hbc prl prlyb ybkt ktll
Bc çrbg hbc prlybktl sb bdkubdtrg ufokghg slfrb cg kltg 69> a.s.d.a.
B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L HB YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ 8
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L HB YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ 2
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
OOO.
HO[B×L MBLABXVOKL OKL
^grg bc hosb÷l mblaïtrokl hb cls gkkbsls hbc pubdtb kgrrlzgfcb Wuorosjgro sb jg tlaghl klal rbibrbdkog bc Agdugc hb hosb÷l Mblaïtrokl hb Kgrrbtbrgs (HM - 6>>7) hbc AXK gprlfghl kld V.H. D°7789-6>>>AXK/72.7= hbc 6= hb hokobafrb hbc 6>>>, cls gspbktls trgtghls bd bstb hlkuabdtl sld tgdtl dlragtovls klal hb rbklabdhgkoûd mbdbrgc y gfgrkgd bxkcusovgabdtb tbags mblaïtrokls, rbcgtovls gc hosb÷l hb kgrrbtbrgs bd çrbgs rurgcbs. Bc hosb÷l mblaïtrokl klaprbdhb cg hbiodokoûd hbc gcodbgaobdtl jlrozldtgc y pbrioc cldmotuhodgc hbc b`b, cgs kgrgktbrástokgs mblaïtrokgs (gdkjl) hb cg kgczghg, fbrags y kudbtgs bd cgs hoibrbdtbs zldgs hb klrtb y rbccbdl bd cls trgals hb cls gkkbsls. Bc hosb÷l mblaïtrokl hb cls gkkbsls hbc pubdtb kgrrlzgfcb Wuorosjgro pgrtb hb cg ufokgkoûd hbc pubdtb prlybktghl, hbfohl g igktlrbs johrçucokls, mbltïkdokls, mblcûmokls y hb klstls, sb lptû plr ufokgr bc b`b hbc pubdtb prlybktghl g ; abtrls gmugs grrofg hbc b`b hbc pubdtb bxostbdtb hb aghbrg. [b hbfb tbdbr bd kubdtg qub bc pubdtb bxostbdtb hb aghbrg bs hb udg slcl vág, tobdb udg cuz hb 7:.2 abtrls, kubdtg kld bstrofls jbkjls g fgsbs hb trldkls, cg kltg hb rgsgdtb hbc pubdtb prlybktghl bstgrç plr bdkoag hb cg kltg hb rgsgdtb hbc pubdtb bxostbdtb y cg cuz hbc pubdtb prlybktghl bs hb ;2 abtrls. Cls gkkbsls bxostbdtbs sld hb udg slcg vág kld gdkjl hb kgczghg vgrogfcb hb ;.2 g 8.2 abtrls, kldilraghls hb agtbrogc hb prïstgal, prbsbdtg rghols hb 8> abtrls g cl cgrml hb su hbsgrrlccl, dl kubdtg kld ghbkughgs cldmotuhbs hb hb trgals bd tgdmbdtb, lfcomgdhl g cls vbjákucls vbjákucls g hosaoduor su vbclkohgh, plr cl tgdtl bc hosb÷l mblaïtrokl hb cls gkkbsls hbc pubdtb kgrrlzgfcb Wuorosjgro ab`lrgrç cgs kldhokoldbs gktugcbs.
OOO.7. OOO OO.7 .7.7 .7..
KCG[OIOKGKOL CG[OIOKGKOLD D HB CG YOG Kcg cgssoi oiok okggko koûd ûd sbm sbmðd ðd su iu iudk dkoû oûd d
Bc pubdtb kgrrlzgfcb Wuorosjgro sb ufokg bd bc Ea 79;+==> hb cg kgrrbtbrg Grq. Ibrdgdhl Fbcgudhb Xbrry, trgal Yld Juaflcht ‛ ^ubrtl Fbraðhbz hb cg Vutg Dgkoldgc >>2D, bstg pbrtbdbkb g cg rbh
B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L HB YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ 9
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
vogc proagrog hbc sostbag dgkoldgc hb kgrrbtbrgs, kldilraghl plr vágs qub udbd cgs prodkopgcbs kouhghbs hb cg dgkoûd kld pubrtls y irldtbrgs. OO OOO. O.7. 7.6. 6.
Kc Kcgs gsoi oiok okgk gkoû oûd dh hbb ggku kubr brhl hl g cg cg h hba bagd gdhg hg
Cg hbagdhg bstç kldstotuohg plr bc icu`l l trçiokl hb vbjákucls bd cg sotugkoûd gktugc y iuturg qub rbquobrbd bc sbrvokol hbc pubdtb bd cg kgrrbtbrg Grq. Ibrdgdhl Fbcgudhb Xbrry (Agrmodgc hb cg sbcvg). [od bafgrml, bc icu`l vbjokucgr tlhgvág bs hb fg`l trgdsotl hbfohl prodkopgcabdtb g cg kgrbdkog hb pubdtbs5 bstg kgrrbtbrg kldstotuyb bc b`b b` b hb trgdsplrtb y klaudokgkoûd ccldmotuhodgc ldmotuhodgc hb cg sbcvg kbdtrgc yg qub grtokucg cls prodkopgcbs kbdtrls hb prlhukkoûd y kldsual, bdtrb cls hbpgrtgabdtls hb ^gskl y Juçduk Juç dukl, l, prl prlvod vodkog kogss hb Lxg Lxgpga pgapg pg y ^ub ^ubrtl rtl Odk Odkg, g, hos hostro trotls tls hb Yoc Yoccg cg Vok Vokg, g, ^ub ^ubrtl rtl Fbr Fbraðh aðhbz, bz, _uygpokjkos, ^ubrtl Odkg, Xlurdgvostg y Jldlrog. Hbc –Bstuhol hb Gktugcozgkoûd y Klapcbabdtgkoûd hb cls Bstuhols Hbiodotovls pgrg bc Ab`lrgaobdtl Yogcc Kgr Yog Kgrrbt rbtbrg brg Xod Xodml ml Ag Agrág rág ‛ ^uk ^ukgcc gccpg pg hbc [bk [bktlr tlr Gmu Gmugyt gytág ág ‛ ^uk ^ukgccp gccpg, g, XVG XVGAL AL ‚^R ‚^RBVX BVXL L FBVAÐHBP ‛ YLD JRAFLCX‟‑ JRAFLCX‟‑ hb Lktufrb hbc g÷l 6>>7 bc trgal bd bstuhol prbsbdtg ud OAH hb == vbj/hog. Cg kgrrbtbrg Grq. Ibrdgdhl Fbcgudhb Xbrry sb jg kcgsoiokghl hb 6hg Kcgsb, yg qub g pbsgr hb qub gktugcabdtb slplrtg ud OAH hb == vbj/hág, sb jg prlybktghl qub bd ud iuturl cg hbagdhg hb cg vág bstb bdtrb cls 8>> y 6>>> vbj/hág. OO OOO. O.7. 7.;. ;.
Kcgs Kcgsoi oiokg okgko koûd ûd sbmð sbmðd d Kl Kldh dhoko okold ldbs bs Lr Lrlm lmrç rçiok iokgs gs
Cg kgrrbtbrg Grq. Ibrdgdhl Fbcgudhb Xbrry bs udg kgrrbtbrg topl 6, yg qub cg klafodgkoûd hb gco gcodbg dbgaob aobdtl dtl jlr jlrozl ozldtg dtgcc y vbr vbrtok tokgc gc lfc lfcomg omg g cls vbj vbjáku ákucls cls pbs pbsghl ghlss g rbh rbhuko ukorr su suss vbc vbclko lkohgh hghbs bs somdoiokgtovgabdtb plr hbfg`l hb cgs hb cls vbjákucls hb pgsg`brls, sod lkgsoldgr bc qub gqubccls lpbrbd g vbclkohghbs slstbdohgs bd rgapg plr ud odtbrvgcl o dtbrvgcl hb tobapl cgrml. Cg odkcodgkoûd o dkcodgkoûd trgdsvbrsgc hbc tbrrbdl, dlragc gc b`b hb cg vág, vgrág bdtrb 7> y 2>%. OOO.6.
BCBKKOLD HB CG YBCLKOHGH HB HO[B×L
Cg Ybclkohgh hb Hosb÷l bs cg bsklmohg pgrg bc hosb÷l, bdtbdhoïdhlsb qub sbrç cg açxoag qub sb plhrç agdtbdbr kld sbmurohgh slfrb udg sbkkoûd hbtbraodghg hb cg kgrrbtbrg, kugdhl cgs korkudstgdkogs sbgd igvlrgfcbs pgrg qub prbvgcbzkgd cgs kldhokoldbs hb hosb÷l. Cg sbcbkkoûd hb cg vbclkohgh hb hosb÷l hbpbdhb hb cg oaplrtgdkog l kgtbmlrág hb cg vág, hb cls vlcðabdbs hb trçdsotl qub vg g alvbr, hb cg kldiomurgkoûd tlplmrçiokg hbc tbrrbdl, hb cls usls hb cg
B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L HB YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ =
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
tobrrg, hbc sbrvokol qub sb rbquobrb lirbkbr, hb cgs kldsohbrgkoldbs gafobdtgcbs, hb cg jlalmbdbohgh g cl cgrml hb cg kgrrbtbrg, hb cg hospldofocohgh hb rbkursls bkldûaokls y hb cgs igkocohghbs hb iodgdkogaobdtl. ^lr cl tgdtl, hbc somuobdtb kughrl, bxtrgáhl hbc Agdugc hb hosb÷l mblaïtrokl hb Kgrrbtbrgs HM 6>>7, kldkcuoals qub pgrg cls gkkbsls hbc pubdtb kgrrlzgfcb Wuorsjgro sb ghlptgrç udg vbclkohgh horbktroz hb 2> E^J.
B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L HB YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ :
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
OOO.;.
[BKKOLD XVGD[YBV[GC
Cg sbkkoûd trgdsvbrsgc hb udg kgrrbtbrg bd ud pudtl hb ïstg, bs ud klrtb vbrtokgc dlragc gc gcodbgaobdtl jlrozldtgc, bc kugc pbraotb hbiodor cg hosplsokoûd y hoabdsoldbs hb cls bcbabdtls qub ilragd cg kgrrbtbrg bd bc pudtl klrrbspldhobdtb g kghg sbkkoûd y su rbcgkoûd kld bc tbrrbdl dgturgc. Cls bcbabdtls qub odtbmrgd y hbiodbd cg sbkkoûd trgdsvbrsgc sld0 gdkjl hb zldg l hbrbkjl hb vág, kgczghg û supbriokob hb rlhghurg, fbrags, kgrrocbs, kudbtgs, tgcuhbs y bcbabdtls bc babdtls klapcbabdtgrols. Gktugcabdtb cg kgrrbtbrg bxostbdtb bs hb gioraghl hb udg slcg vág kld gdkjl hb kgczghg vgrogfcb hb ;.2 g 8.2 a kldilraghls hb agtbrogc hb prïstgal, bc pubdtb sb jg prlybktghl kld udg sbkkoûd hb hls kgrrocbs kld gdkjl hb kgczghg hb =.6> a, vbrbhgs hb >.?> a g gafls cghls y kgpg hb kldkrbtl klal supbriokob hb rlhghurg, g iod hb clmrgr cg odtbmrgkoûd hbc prlybktl mblaïtrokl hb cg kgrrbtbrg bxostbdtb kld bc prlybktl hbc pubdtb, sb jg prlybktghl pgrg cls gkkbsls hbc pubdtb udg sbkkoûd trgdsvbrsgc hb ud slcl kgrroc hb ;.9> a hb gdkjl y fbrags hb >.2> a g gafls cghls, sgcvl 2> a g gafls cghls hbc pubdtb bd hldhb cg sbkkoûd trgdsvbrsgc sbrç hb hls kgrrocbs, cg trgdsokoûd hb cg sbkkoûd trgdsvbrsgc, hb udl kgrroc g hls kgrrocbs, tbdhrç udg cldmotuh hb 6> abtrls. Cg sbkkoûd trgdsvbrsgc 2> a gafls cghls hbc pubdtb, hbshb cg prlmrbsovg 79;+=>> jgstg cg prlmrbsovg 79;+:8>, sbrç hb udg kgczghg hb hls kgrrocbs, udl pgrg kghg sbdtohl hb korkucgkoûd, hb gdkjl hb cg kgczghg hb =.6> a, kld fbrags g gafls cghls hb >.2> a y kld flafbl hb ;.2%, bc agtbrogc hb rbccbdl pgrg bc tbrrgpcïd hb cls c ls gkkbsls sbrç agtbrogc hb prïstgal hb dl açs hb 2 a hb gcturg, plr ccll tgdtl, bc tgcuh hbc tbrrgpcïd sbrç hb 707.2 (Y0J), ghbags, sb prlybktû cg kldstrukkoûd hb udg zgd`g hb hrbdg`b g cl cgrml hbc pob hbc tgcuh hb rbccbdl qub hbsbaflkgrç bd bc rál Wuorosjgro.
OOO.8.
GCODBGAOBDXL JLVOPLDXGC _ YBVXOKGC
Bc gcodbgaobdtl jlrozldtgc hb cls gkkbsls hbc pubdtb kgrrlzgfcb Wuorosjgro sb odtbmrg g cg kgrrbtbrg Grq. Ibrdgdhl Fbcgudhb Xbrry bd udg cldmotuh hb 69>.> a bd cg agrmbd ozquobrhg y hb ;;>.> a bd cg agrmbd hbrbkjg, hbshb cg prlmrbsovg 79;+8?> jgstg cg prlmrbsovg 798+76> trgal bd bc kugc sb pbraotb cg lpbrgkoûd kldtodug hb cls vbjákucls, kldsbrvgdhl cgs kgrgktbrástokgs hb cg kgrrbtbrg bxostbdtb y prbvobdhl cgs slcokotuhbs qub slplrtgrg cg vág bd ud iuturl.
B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L HB YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ?
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
Cls b`bs hb cls bstrofls ozquobrhl y hbrbkjl hbc pubdtb kgrrlzgfcb Wuorosjgro bstçd bd cgs prlmrbsovgs 79;+=26.2 y 79;+=:=.2 rbspbktovgabdtb.
VGHOL[ AÁDOAL[ _ ^BVGCXB[ AÇZOAL[ ^GVG HO[B×L HB KGVVBXBVG[ YBCLKOHGH HB HO[B×L ^BVGCXB AÇZOAL VGHOL AÁDOAL RFOKGKOÛD HB CG YÁG E^J % a ;> :.>> ;> 8> :.>> 2> 2> :.>> :2 9> :.>> 762 => :.>> 7=2 :> :.>> 6;> Çrbg Vurgc ?> :.>> ;>2 Xopl 7.6 û ; 7>> :.>> ;?2 77> :.>> 2>2 76> :.>> 9=> 7;> :.>> :;2 78> :.>> 7>;> 72>
:.>>
7692
Bd cls gkkbsls hbc pubdtb Wuorosjgro sb jg kldsohbrghl rghols jlrozldtgcbs aádoals hb :> a. Bc Agdugc hb hosb÷l Mblaïtrokl hb Kgrrbtbrgs pbraotb bd zldgs hb tbrrgpcïd usgr pbdhobdtbs jlrozldtgcbs pgrg cg rgsgdtb sobaprb y kugdhl sb hltb hb ud ghbkughl flafbl g cg pcgtgilrag y ud fubd sostbag hb hrbdg`b, bd bstb kgsl sb jg ghlptghl ;.2 % hb flafbl y zgd`gs hb hrbdg`b gc pob hbc tgcuh hb rbccbdl qub hbskgrmgrgd jgkog bc rál Wuorosjgro.
B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L HB YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ 7>
^RBDXB KBV^GWRODL HB[HB K.^ RVR[J^GA^G RVR[JRML
GDBZL D¾7 BD CG OAGMBD [B ^RBHB G^VBKOGV BC ^RBDXB KBV^GWRODL G VBKLD[XVROV WRB RDB CL[ KK. ^^ RVR[^GA^G RVR[JRML
^RBDXB KBV^GWRODL HB[HB K.^ RVR[J^GA^G RVR[JRML
OY.
HO[B×L HB HB [B [B×GCOPGKOLD
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
Bc hosb÷l hb sb÷gcozgkoûd hb cls gkkbsls hbc pubdtb kgrrlzgfcb Wuorosjgro, g utocozgrsb hurgdtb bc prlkbsl kldstruktovl y hbspuïs hb tbraodghg cg lfrg, sb rbgcozû bapcbgdhl klal rbibrbdkog bc –Agdugc hb hosplsotovls hb kldtrlc hbc trçdsotl gutlaltlr pgrg kgccbs y kgrrbtbrgs‑ gprlfghl kld V.A D° 87;?*;XKK/72-72 hbc 7; hb lktufrb hb 7??; ^grg sbr bibktovl ud hosplsotovl hb kldtrlc hb trçdsotl bs dbkbsgrol qub kuapcg kld cls somuobdtbs rbquosotls0
Wub bxostg udg dbkbsohgh pgrg su utocozgkoûd
Wub ccgab cg gtbdkoûd
Wub bdkobrrb ud abdsg`b kcgrl y kldsoml
Wub su clkgcozgkoûd pbraotg gc usugrol ud tobapl t obapl ghbkughl y rbspubstg
Odiudhor rbspbtl y sbr lfbhbkohl
Rdoilraohgh
^grgg bc kua ^gr kuapco pcoaob aobdtl dtl hb cls abd abdkol koldgh dghls ls rbq rbqubr ubroao oaobdt bdtls ls hbf hbfbb tbd tbdbrs brsbb bd kub kubdtg dtg cgs som somuob uobdtb dtbss kldsohbrgkoldbs0 HO[B×L0 Bc hosplsotovl hbfb sbr hb ud hosb÷l tgc qub cg klafodgkoûd hb sus hoabdsoldbs, klclrbs, ilrag, klaplsokoûd y vosofocohgh ccgabd gprlpoghgabdtb cg gtbdkoûd hbc kldhuktlr, hb alhl qub bstb rbkofg bc abdsg`b kcgrgabdtb y pubhg rbspldhbr kld cg hbfohg lplrtudohgh. CLKGCOPGKOLD0 Hbfb sbr clkgcozghl bd udg plsokoûd qub pubhg ccgagr cg gtbdkoûd hbc kldhuktlr hbdtrl hb su çdmucl hb vosoûd. L^BVGKOÛD0 Cg gpcokgkoûd hbc hosplsotovl hbfb sbr tgc qub bstï hb gkubrhl kld cls rbqubroaobdtls hbc trçdsotl vbjokucgr. Hbfb lpbrgr l bstgr klclkghl hb tgc agdbrg qub pubhg kuapcor kld cg udoilraohgh bstgfcbkohg g iod hb qub bc kldhuktlr rbkldlzkg rçpohgabdtb, rbkofg bc abdsg`b kcgrgabdtb, rbspldhobdhl kld prldtotuh y kld cg hbfohg gdtokopgkoûd. AGDXBDOAOBDXL0 Bc agdtbdoaobdtl hbfb sbr kldsohbrçdhlsb proabrg oaplrtgdkog y rbprbsbdtgr ud sbrvokol prbibrbdkogc bd coapobzg, pgrg su biokobdtb lpbrgkoûd y cbmofocohgh, bcbabdtls bsbdkogcbs pgrg agdtbdbr bc rbspbtl qub sb hbfb g cls hosplsotovls y hb bsg ilrag lftbdbr bc kuapcoaobdtl hb su iudkoûd hb lrhbdgaobdtl y kldtrlc hb cg korkucgkoûd vbjokucgr.
B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L HB YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
RDOILVAOHGH0 Vbqubroaobdtl ïstb odhospbdsgfcb pgrg qub bc kldhuktlr pubhg rbkldlkbr b odtbrprbtgr ghbkughgabdtb bc abdsg`b hbc hosplsotovl bd kldhokoldbs dlragcbs hb korkucgkoûd vbjokucgr. Bstb gspbktl bs hb suag oaplrtgdkog, bd kgsl hb dl kuapcorsb pubhb lkgsoldgr agcgs odtbrprbtgkoldbs y pldbr bd pbcomrl cg sbmurohgh hbc trçdsotl. trçdsotl. OY.7. [B×GCB[ JLVOPLDXGCB[ OY.6.
[B×GCB[ YBVXOKGCB[
Cgs sb÷gcbs vbrtokgcbs utocozghgs bd cls gkkbsls hbc pubdtb kbrpgquodl jgd sohl0
[b÷gcbs prbvbdtovgs
[b÷gcbs odilragtovgs
Clkgcozgkoûd0 cgs sb÷gcbs hb trçdsotl bstçd klclkghgs g cg hbrbkjg bd bc sbdtohl hbc trçdsotl, cg hostgdkog hbc flrhb hb cg kgczghg gc flrhb prûxoal hb cg sb÷gc dl sbrç abdlr hb 7.6> a do agylr hb ;.> a. Gcturg0 Cg gcturg aádoag pbraosofcb bdtrb bc flrhb odibrolr hb cg sb÷gc y cg supbriokob hb rlhghurg iubrg hb cg fbrag sbrç hb 7.2> a. Gdmucl0 Cgs sb÷gcbs kld agtbrogc rbicbktlrozgdtb hbfbrçd ilragr kld bc b`b hbc kgaodl ud çdmucl hb :° g 72° ^lstbs l [lplrtbs0 sb plhrç utocozgr tufls hb iobrrl rbhldhls l kughrghls, plstbs hb kldkrbtl graghl l tufls pcçstokls rbccbdls hb kldkrbtl. Xlhls cls plstbs pgrg cgs sb÷gcbs prbvbdtovgs l rbmucghlrgs hbfbrçd bstgr podtghls hb irgd`gs jlrozldtgcbs fcgdkgs kld dbmrl, bd gdkjls hb >.2>. Bd bc hosb÷l hb cg sb÷gcozgkoûd hb cls gkkbsls hbc pubdtb kgrrlzgfcb Wuorosjgro sb jg kldsohbrghl hls btgpgs0
Btgpg hb kldstrukkoûd
Btgpg hb lpbrgkoûd
OY.;.
BXG^G HB KLD[XVRKKOLD
B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L HB YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
Cg btgpg hb kldstrukkoûd klaprbdhb cg hurgkoûd hb cgs lfrgs pgrg cg kldstrukkoûd hbc pubdtb kgrrlzgfcb Wuorosjgro y gkkbsls, aobdtrgs qub cg btgpg hb lpbrgkoûd klaprbdhb hbshb cg pubstg bd iudkoldgaobdtl hbc pubdtb. Bd cg btgpg hb kldstrukkoûd sb jg kldsohbrghl bc usl hb sb÷gcbs qub ghvobrtgd gc kldhuktlr cg prbsbdkog hbc kgaodl prlvosoldgc prlvosoldgc hb hbsvál hb cgs lfrgs bd udg hostgdkog hb ;>> abtrls. abtrls. Cgs sb÷gcbs kldsohbrghgs bd cg btgpg hb kldstrukkoûd sld cgs somuobdtbs0
[b÷gc prbvbdtovg ^-;F0 Kurvg y kldtrgkurvg prldudkoghgs (O-H)
[b÷gc prbvbdtovg ^-6=0 Icbkjg horbkkoldgc hlfcb
[b÷gc prbvbdtovg0 Hbsvál g ;>> ats
[b÷gc hb hbsvál
Gsá tgafoïd sb kldtbapcl bc usl hb kldls hb sbmurohgh hbagrkgdhl bc odmrbsl y sgcohg hbc kgaodl prlvosoldgc hb hbsvál, cls plstbs utocozghls pgrg cgs sb÷gcbs hurgdtb cg btgpg hb kldstrukkoûd plhrgd sbr tufls pcçstokls rbccbdls hb kldkrbtl, cls qub hbfbrçd bstgr podtghls hb irgd`gs jlrozldtgcbs fcgdkgs kld dbmrl, bd gdkjls hb >.2> y koabdtghls bd zgpgtgs hb kldkrbtl soapcb hb >.9>x>x9>x>.;> a, tgc y klal sb odhokgd bc cls pcgdls rbspbktovls.
A @
@
C B
D
B
^ J
M
I I
B G
K B H
E
F
K
H
G
BB[XRHOL I MHB XVGPL[ J @
_EHO[B×L HB HB A YOGC D ^ CL[ GKKB[L[ C
G
F
?.>>
=.>>
2.>> 6>.2> 6.>>
8.2>
9.2>
;.>>
>.?> 79.>> =.>>
7=.72 7;.=2 77.>>
77.>> :.2>
9.>> 62.2> 6.2>
2.2>
:.>>
;.2>
7.7> 7?.2> :.2>
6>.:2 79.?> 7;.2>
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
[B×GC ^VBYBDXOYG ^-;F0 KRVYG _ KLDXVGKRVYG ^VLDRDKOGHG[ (O-H)
D
J
C
B
H
@
M I
K F G
A F K
I M
G
F
=.>>
;.2>
?.>>
8.2>
K
H
B
H
I
M
B
J
E
@
E
C
A
D
=.;2 79.?> >.=> 79.=2 ;>.>> 6.>>
;.>>
8.>>
7.>>
62.>> =2.>>
?.82 6>.9> >.?> 6>.;> ;=.2> 6.2>
;.=2
2.>>
7.62
;>.>> ?>.>>
B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L HB YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
[B×GC ^VBYBDXOYG ^-6= ICBKJG HOVBKKOLDGC HLFCB
B[ Y
:
7>
6.2
6.9
=.8
6.7
:
6.7
?.7
6.9 6.77.= 6.77.=6.9
:.;
B[ Y
6.2 =.2
=.2
=.:
9
9.6 7.2
9.6
9.6
?.7?
7.2
[B×GC ^VBYBDXOYG0 HB[YOL G 2>> AX[
?>
9.?
6;
6.7
9
7.=
9.?
7.=
=.=
7.8 7.= 6.7
=.=
76 ;>
=.2
6> =.2
22 =2
=.2
B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L HB YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
OY.8.
BXG^G HB L^BVGKOÛD
G G Bd cg btgpg hb lpbrgkoûd sb jg kldsohbrghl bcHuslB hb sbFF÷gcbs B B BqubH ghvobrtgd gc kldhuktlr cg prbsbdkog D D hbc pubdtb kgrrlzgfcb Wuorosjgro. ^ ^ E E sld cgs somuobdtbs0 Cgs sb÷gcbs kldsohbrghgs bd cg Btgpg hb Lpbrgkoûd @ K
D
D
A
A
[b÷gc prbvbdtovg ^-660 Bdsgdkjb hb kgczghg
9>¾ C [b÷gc prbvbdtovg ^-8F0 Kurvg y kldtrgkurvg (O-H)
[b÷gc odilragtovg O-7:0 Clkgcozgkold
C 9>¾
J
C
C
M
E
E
I
K
[B×GC ^VBYBDXOYG ^-660 BD[GDKJB H BHBBKGCPGHG H G
G
F
K
B[XRHOL XVGPL[ HB YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ H B I HB M J @ _ HO[B×L E C A D ^
9>.>>
7.>>
>.2> 67.>>
9.>>
8.8> 78.:>
9.6>
;.6> 7=.:> 79.6>
8.:> ;.>>
;.9>
9.>>
=2.>>
7.6>
>.9> 69.62
=.>>
2.2> 7:.2>
=.=2
8.>> 66.62 6>.62
9.>> ;.=2
8.2>
=.2>
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
C
[B×GC ^VBYBDXOYG ^-8F0 KRVYG _ KLDXVGKRVYG (O-H) E @
H
I F
M
K
K
7?.: B
F
G ?.>>
F
G
H B HBIXVGPL[ M J_ HO[B×L @ E HB C YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ B[XRHOL
K
2.:2 78.:2 ;.:>
=.2>
;.2>
?.92 7?.:> >.?> 79.:2 7>.;2
77.>> =.7> 7:.7> 8.?>
?.>2
8.2> 76.>> 68.7> 7.7> 6>.2> 76.9>
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
[B×GC ODILVAGXOYG O-7:0 CLKGCOPGKOLD
^RBDXB KBV^GWRODL
CLDMOXRH 79 AX[ D
[
B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L HB YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
Y.
KLDKCR[OLDB[
Bc pubdtb bd bstuhol sb ufokg bd cg kgrrbtbrg Grq. Ibrdgdhl Fbcgudhb Xbrry, trgal Yld Juaflct - ^tl. Fbrauhbz ea 79;+==>, slfrb bc rál Wuorosjgro, bd cg clkgcohgh hb Wuorosjgro, hostrotl hb ^ubrtl Fbraðhbz, prlvodkog hb Lxgpgapg, hbpgrtgabdtl hb ^gskl hb cg Vutg Dgkoldgc >>2D, bstg pbrtbdbkb g cg rbh vogc proagrog hbc sostbag dgkoldgc dgkoldgc hb kgrrbtbrgs.
Cls gkkbsls hbc pubdtb kgrrlzgfcb Wuorosjgro sb odtbmrgd g cg kgrrbtbrg Grq. Ibrdgdhl Fbcgudhb Xbrry bd udg cldmotuh hb 69>.> a bd cg agrmbd ozquobrhg y hb ;;>.> a bd cg agrmbd hbrbkjg, hbshb cg prlmrbsovg 79;+8?> jgstg cg prlmrbsovg 798+76>, trgal bd bc kugc sb pbraotb cg lpbrgkoûd kldtodug hb cls vbjákucls, kldsbrvgdhl cgs kgrgktbrástokgs hb cg kgrrbtbrg bxostbdtb.
Hb gkubrh gkubrhll gc –Bstuh –Bstuhol ol hb Gktugc Gktugcozg ozgkoû koûdd y Klapcb Klapcbabd abdtgk tgkoûd oûd hb cls Bstuho Bstuhols ls Hbiodo Hbiodotov tovls ls pgrg pgrg bc Ab`lrgaobdtl Yogc Kgrrbtbrg Xodml Agrág ‛ ^ukgccpg hbc [bktlr Gmugytág ‛ ^ukgccpg, XVGAL ‚^RBVXL FBVAÐHBP ‛ YLD JRAFLCX‟ ‑ hb Lktufrb hbc g÷l 6>>7, bc trgal bd bstuhol prbsbdtg ud OAH hb == vbj/hog, sb jg prlybktghl qub bd ud iuturl cg hbagdhg hb cg vág bstb bdtrb cls 8>> y 6>>> vbj/hág, plr cl qub sb cg jg kcgsoiokghl klal hb 6hg kcgsb.
B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L HB YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[
ARDOKO^GCOHGH ARDOKO^GCOH GH HO[XVOXGC HB [GVOD B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[ ^RBDXB XO^L YOMG CL[G
^lr cl gdtbrolr sb jg ghlptghl udg vbclkohgh hb hosb÷l hb 2> E^J, g pgrtor hbc kugc sb jg lftbdohl cgs somuobdtbs kgrgktbrástokgs hb cg vág hb hls kgrrocbs0
B[XRHOL HB XVGPL[ _ HO[B×L HB YOGC HB CL[ GKKB[L[
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