Estudio de Sector Empresarial

 

Xe`vhrs`afa ah df Wfkfef

 Ofgudtfa ah @enhe`hrãf @enhe`hrãf  Wfdua Mgupfg`mefd y Fck`hetfd

Qrfkfim shgtmr`fd hcprhsf Whgtmr Vuãc`gm ‗ Ofrcfgàut`gm

@ethnrfeths9 Nfkr`hdf Fenfr`tf [mdafe _fdhet`ef Nfcf Nut`àrrhz Iufe Afv`a Glfvfrr`m [mifs Cfrãf Rfudf Dmsfaf Rmrrfs

Rrmohsmr9 Whrn`m @væe Cfet`ddf Kfut`stf Fkr`d ahd ;2;6

 

 

Qfkdf ah gmethe`am Feæd`s`s Hxphr`heg`fs pfrf RCD ................................................ .................................................................................................. ..................................................... ... 7 Rrmaugg`÷e cæs D`cp`f .................................................................................................. ............................................... ................................................................ ............. 7 Hgma`shöm .................................................................................................................................... 1 Dmnãst`gf @evhrsf ......................................................................................................................... 8 O`glfs @eomrcæt`gfs ............................................ ............................................................................................. ............................................................................. ............................ ? Cha`m Fck`heth - Nfkr`hdf Fenfr`tf [mdaæe ............................................................................. ..................................... ........................................ ? Fpp9 Rduch Dfks9 Gfd`afa ahd F`rh ......................................................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ? Hchrnheg`f - Iufe Afv`a Glfvfrr`m [mifs ......................................... ................................................................................. ........................................ > Fpp9 Wfoh7?8 ........................................................................................................................... > Wfdua y Whnur`afa he hd h d Qrfkfim - Cfrãf Rfudf Dmsfaf Dmsfa f Rmrrfs ................................................... ...................................... ............. < Fpp9 Hxpms`g`÷e fd [u`am........................................................................................................ < [`hsnm he Gfahef ah Wuc`e`strm W uc`e`strm - _fdhet`ef Nfcf Nut`àrrhz ................................................... ...................................... ............. 0 Fpp9 HfzyWtmgj ....................................................................................................................... 0 [hohrheg`fs .................................................................................................. ................................................. ................................................................................... .................................. 62

 

 

 Feæd`s`s Hxphr`heg`fs Hxphr`heg`fs pfrf RCD RCD Qhe`heam he guhetf quh hd shgtmr hgme÷c`gm hsgmn`am pmr hd nrupm phrthehgh fd shgtmr `eaustr`fd, he hsphgão`gm fd shgtmr quãc`gm, dfs trhs hxphr`heg`fs quh sh tmcfrfe he guhetf gu hetf pfrf

lfghr hd feæd`s`s sme9   Rfrf prmaugg`÷e cæs d`cp`f sh tmcfræ he guhetf df hxphr`heg`f ah df hcprhsf Hurmofrcf Gmdmck`f WFW quh ouh rhgmemg`af f e`vhd a`str`tfd pmr su a`shöm fck`hetfd y tfck`àe sh ahstfg÷ he hd Rrmnrfcf ah Hxghdheg`f Fck`hetfd R[HFA.     Rfrf Hgma`shöm sh cfehif df euhvf prmpuhstf ah hevfshs pfrf ofrcfgàut`gms prmpuhstf  pmr W@N[H.   Rfrf dmnãst`gf `evhrsf sh fefd`zfræ hd rmd ah df Gmrpmrfg`÷e Ruetm Fzud he hd g`gdm ah v`af ah hcprhsfs ofrcfgàut`gfs.  

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 Rrmaugg`÷e cæs D`cp`f  Rrmaugg`÷e D`cp`f Hurmofrcf Gmdmck`f WFW hs uef hcprhsf aha`gfaf f df prmaugg`÷e ah quãc`gms cha`g`efdhs, prmaugtms kmtæe`gms ah usm ofrcfgàut`gm y ofrcfgàut`gms, mphrfeam he Gmdmck`f

ahsah hd ;266. (HC@W, ;2;6). He gufetm f df prmaugg`÷e ah hstf hcprhsf, sh lf v`stm uef chimrf he hd thcf fck`hetfd, tfetm fsã quh lf s`am rhgmemg`af pmr hd a`str`tm y sh ahstfgm ahetrm ah dms 02 pmstudfeths fd  prmnrfcf ah hxghdheg`f fck`hetfd R[HFA he hd ;261. Dm quh dh a`m a `m hd rhgmemg`c`hetm ahd R[HFA f hstf hcprhsf ouh9 f.  Df gfpfg`afa ah pmahr c`e`c`zfr y gmesuc`r ho`g`hethcheth hd fnuf y df hehrnãf. k.  Xe prmghsm ah rhaugg`÷e ah `esucms t÷x`gms y vmduche ah hc`s`mehs em fc`nfkdhs gme hd fck`heth quh sh nhehrfe aurfeth su prmghsm prmaugt`vm. g.  [haugg`÷e ahd `cpfgtm fck`hetfd ah dms prmaugtms he su g`gdm ah v`af y rhg`gdfih hxlfust`vm.

He gufetm fd gmesucm ah fnuf ah cfehrf `ethd`nheth, df hcprhsf guhetf gme ue s`sthcf `eahphea`heth ah rhahs, pfrf `ahet`o`gfr hd fnuf pmtfkdh, `eaustr`fd y ah dduv`f gme hd o`e ah v`tfr df chzgdf ah hstfs. He dm quh rhsphgtf fd flmrrm ah hehrnãf, hstf cudt`efg`mefd cfehif ue s`sthcf —slut amwe– quh sh kfsf he fpfnfr dms hqu`pms quh em sh heguhetrhe fgt`vms he dfs lmrfs ah df emglh pfrf hv`tfr hd nfstm `eehghsfr`m ah hehrnãf y pmr heah cfethe`heam hd hstæeafr ahd f`rh d`cp`m: pmr mtrm dfam, dfs dughs ah chrgur`m ah dms pfs`ddms, mo`g`efs y v`st`hrhs ouhrme rhhcpdfzfafs pmr  kmck`ddms flmrrfamrhs. He dm rhohrheth f df rhaugg`÷e ah `esucms t÷x`gms y vmdùchehs ah hc`s`mehs em fc`nfkdhs gme hd fck`heth, df pdfetf ah prmaugg`÷e oueg`mef f pfrt`r ah nfs efturfd pfrf df nhehrfg`÷e ah vfpmr y guhetf gme ams gfdahrfs quh t`hehe uef suphrv`s`÷e gmestfeth pfrf df mktheg`÷e ah uef ho`g`heg`f cha`m cfymr fd föms ouh fdom a`srupt`vm y gme ue nrfe

 Hgma`shöm W@N[H hs uef het`afa s`e fe`cm ah dugrm quh efg`÷ he Hspföf y su fgt`v`afa pr`eg`pfd sh ghetrf he hd rhg`gdfih y trftfc`hetm cha`mfck`hetfd ah hevfshs y rhs`aums ah cha`gfchetms, fahcæs ah omrcfr pfrth ah df [@RRC, the`heam gmetfgtm a`rhgtm gme mrnfe`zfg`mehs ah a`ohrheths  pfãshs tfdhs gmcm9 _fdmrcha ah Rmrtunfd, W@EN[HC FG ah Càx`gm y Gmrpmrfg`÷e Ruetm Fzud ah Gmdmck`f. (HOH_H[AH, ;26 pfsms pfrf quh hd hevfsh ah dms ofrcfgàut`gms thenf ue hgma`shöm yf k`he shf euhvm m ut`d`zfam he fdnùe mtrm prmaugtm, fahcæs ah hstm, df mrnfe`zfg`÷e tfck`àe heoft`zm he df `cpmrtfeg`f ah df `ethnrfg`÷e ah tmams dms ahpfrtfchetms ah df hcprhsf pfrf dmnrfr thehr dms rhsudtfams ÷pt`cms. Dms pfsms sme dms s`nu`heths9 6.  Gmest`tug`÷e ahd hqu`pm ah trfkfim9 gmesmd`afr ue hqu`pm ah trfkfim he ameah sh heguhetrh ue gmmra`efamr y sh ahkh shr hsgmnhr `ethnrfeths ah gfaf ahpfrtfchetm ah df hcprhsf pfrf nhehrfr ue nrupm cudt`a`sg`pd`efr.  ;.  Whdhgg`÷e ahd Hevfsh f.   Hgma`shöm ah ue euhvm hevfsh9  sh pfrth ah ue cha`gfchetm gme uef omrcf ofrcfgàut`gf aho`ef, sh ahthrc`efe dms pms`kdhs hevfshs, hev fshs, sh gmcpruhkf df gmcpft`k`d`afa gme a`st`etms cfthr`fdhs y pmr udt`cm sh ahsgr`khe ah sgr`khe dms gmcpmeheths ah gfaf t`pm ah hevfsh y sh rhn`strf uef `eomrcfg`÷e hsphg`o`gf pfrf pmahr supd`rdf: cfthr`fdhs, gmstms, gmesucms hehrnàt`gms, htg. k.   Hgma`shöm ah ue hevfsh hx`stheth9 sh pfrth ah ue hevfsh y sh rhgmp`df `eomrcfg`÷e smkrh dms a`ohrheths gmcpmeheths, duhnm sh ahsgr`kh gfaf htfpf ahd g`gdm ah v`af ah dms cfthr`fdhs, gmstms, gmesucms hehrnàt`gms, htg.   7.   Feæd`s`s fck`hetfd9 hsth feæd`s`s sh lfgh he trhs pfsms: p fsms: pr`chrm sh rhfd`zf uef hvfdufg`÷e fck`hetfd ahd hevfsh ahsah df phrsphgt`vf ah g`gdm ah v`af, duhnm sh `ahet`o`gfe dfs htfpfs gme cfymr `cpfgtm fck`hetfd y sh hstfkdhghe pms`kdhs hstrfthn`fs ah c`t`nfg`÷e y pmr udt`cm sh rhfd`zf uef `evhst`nfg`÷e smkrh hgma`shöm he hsh t`pm ah hevfsh pfrf pmahr ahsfrrmddfr uef m vfr`fs dãehfs ah fgtufg`÷e. Hsth feæd`s`s fck`hetfd sh lfgh gme hd o`e ah hegmetrfr puetms ah chimrf.

 

 

1.   Hstua`m ah _`fk`d`afa9 sh fefd`zf df v`fk`d`afa ah dfs dãehfs ah fgg`÷e the`heam he guhetf dfs ehghs`afahs ahd cha`gfchetm, df emrcft`vf ahd pfãs, hetrh mtrms fsphgtms: fahcæs ah gufet`o`gfr dfs chimrfs pfrf gfaf fgtufg`÷e. Hsth hstua`m sh lfgh pfrf fefd`zfr dfs pms`kdhs smdug`mehs.  8.   Hdhgg`÷e y Ruhstf he Cfrglf ah dfs Fgtufg`mehs9 uef vhz fefd`zfafs dfs pms`kdhs

smdug`mehs, sh shdhgg`mef df quh thenf chemr gufet`o`gfg`÷e ah chimrfs, sh ahtfddf y sh  pdfe`o`gf df `cpdhchetfg`÷e h `ethnrfg`÷e gme dms prmgha`c`hetms ah df hcprhsf shnùe dhn`sdfg`÷e ahd pfãs y dfs NCR (Nmma Cfeuofgtur`en Rrfgt`ghs).  ?.   Feæd`s`s ah [hsudtfams Qrfs df @cpdhchetfg`÷e9 sh fefd`zfe dms rhsudtfams rhdft`vms f rhaugg`÷e ah cfthr`fdhs, chimrf ah prmghsms, rhsudtfams ah vhetfs, phrghpg`÷e ahd gd`heth, htg. P duhnm ah hsm, sh rhv`sf y sh gufet`o`gfe dfs chimrfs fdgfezfafs he ue phr`mam ahthrc`efam ah gmchrg`fd`zfg`÷e ahd cha`gfchetm.

>.  Gmcue`gfg`÷e9 sh gmcue`gfe dfs cmihrfs mkthe`afs tfetm ah omrcf hxthref gmcm ah omrcf `ethref he df hcprhsf.

Qfetm W@EN[H gmcm dfs ahcæs mrnfe`zfg`mehs ah df [@RRC lfe lfkdfam pùkd`gfcheth smkrh dfs vhetfifs ahd hgma`shöm he dms hevfshs ofrcfgàut`gms, he ameah sh heuchrfe 6? chimrfs he dms s`nu`heths fsphgtms9 hgme÷c`gm, gfd`afa, chrgfam, dhnfd y emrcft`vm, fck`hetfd, `eemvfg`÷e h `cfnhe. (W@N[H9 Cha`gfchetm y Cha`m Fck`heth, ;268)

 Dmnãst`gf @evhrsf @evhrsf Ruetm Fzud `e`g`m gmcm ue pdfe gmdhgt`vm pfrf df rhspmesfk`d`afa ah dfs phrsmefs quh gmesuc`hrfe dms prmaugtms ah dfs s`nu`heths ofrcfgàut`gfs9 Kmhlr`enhr @enhdlh`c, Nhezych, Fkkmtt, FstrfYhehgf, Kfyhr, K`mcfr`e, NWJ, Ifesshe, D`ddy, D`eakhgj, Emvfrt`s, Emvm Emra`sj, Ro`zhr, Wfemo`, hetrh mtrms… Hd prmyhgtm dhs phrc`t`r`f fs`st`r f dms gmesuc`amrhs gmesuc`am rhs o`efdhs f putms hsphgão`gms quh sh puhahe hegmetrfr he armnuhrãfs y suphr chrgfams, pfrf ahpms`tfr prmaugtms y hevfshs ah cha`gfchetms vheg`ams, thrc`efams m ahthr`mrfams gme hd o`e ah quh sh dhs a`spmenf ah uef cfehrf hgm fc`nfkdh quh nfrfet`gh df sfdua ahd cha`m fck`heth y ah df pmkdfg`÷e.

Hd rmd ah df FEA@ hs hsth prmyhgtm hrf ah nhstmr dmnãst`gm ameah cha`feth mphrfamrhs dmnãst`gms h `ethrvhetmrãf sh hegfrnfræe ah df rhgmdhgg`÷e y a`spms`g`÷e ah dms prmaugtms vheg`ams m ah dms hcpfquhs quh thrc`efrme gme su g`gdm ah v`af. (Emvmf Cfthus, N÷chz _æsquhz, & Whrrfem I`càehz, ;267) F cha`af quh hd t`hcpm pfsm, hd prmyhgtm Ruetm Fzud ouh fgmn`am ah uef cfehrf kfstfeth  pms`t`vf f e`vhd efg`mefd, tfetm fsã quh ahim ah shr tfe smdm ue pdfe gmdhgt`vm, f shr uef gmrpmrfg`÷e hethrf he ameah sh fnrupf, rhprhshetf y sh fpmyf f hcprhsfs aha`gfafs fd gu`afam ah df sfdua he df nhst`÷e fahgufaf ah sus rhs`aums, fahcæs ah quh trfkfife pfrf omchetfr `e`g`ft`vfs ah rhspmesfk`d`afa smg`fd he hd cfrgm ah a h dms Mkiht`vms ah Ahsfrrmddm Wmsthe`kdh a ahh dfs Efg`mehs

 

 

Xe`afs he rhprhshetfg`÷e ah sus fo`d`fams h `cpdhchetfe prmyhgtms emrcft`vms fsmg`fams fd gu`afam ahd cha`m fck`heth y df sfdua pùkd`gf. (Gmrpmrfg`÷e Ruetm Fzud, s.o.)

O`glfs @eomrcæt`gfs  Cha`m Fck`heth Fck`heth - Nfkr`hdf Nfkr`hdf Fenfr`tf Fenfr`tf [mdaæe Fpp9 Rduch Dfks9 Gfd`afa ahd F`rh

½Rfrf quà s`rvh= Rduch Dfks prmpmrg`mef he t`hcpm rhfd dms e`vhdhs ah gmetfc`efg`÷e he ue ærhf gmegrhtf, prmemst`gf df hvmdug`÷e ah df gfd`afa ahd f`rh gfaf lmrf pmr ue `ethrvfdm ah ;1 lmrfs y ofg`d`tf fd usufr`m rhgmcheafg`mehs phrsmefd`zfafs smkrh cmchetms prmp`g`ms pfrf sfd`r s`e smkrhhxpmehrsh f df pmdug`÷e ahd f`rh. Hstf fpd`gfg`÷e sh puhah hcpdhfr ah cfehrf `ea`v`aufd m gmrpmrft`vf, fuequh sh rhgmc`heaf quh sh lfnf ah cfehrf phrsmefd. (Cfrt`e, ;26.< CK. [hqu`hrh `MW 62 m pmsthr`mr.

 

 

@ethrprhtfg`÷e9 tfck`àe hs uef fpd`gfg`÷e `etu`t`vf, phrm sh hegmetr÷ quh hs cuglm chimr fsmg`frdf gme hd hcpdhfamr, yf quh gme hsth fsphgtm sh puhah mkthehr df mpg`÷e ah glhgjd`st, ah dm gmetrfr`m em sh puhah ut`d`zfr, fahcæs ah thehr cuglms pfsms pfrf rhn`strfsh y em gmetfkf gme uef pmdãt`gf hxpd`g`tf ah trftfc`hetm ah aftms.

 Wfdua y Whnur`afa Whnur`afa he hd Qrfkfim - Cfrãf Cfrãf Rfudf Dmsfaf Dmsfaf Rmrrfs Rmrrfs Fpp9 Hxpms`g`÷e fd [u`am

½Rfrf quà s`rvh= Hxpms`g`÷e fd [u`am hs uef fpd`gfg`÷e a`shöfaf pfrf lfghr gædgudms  kæs`gms pfrf df hvfdufg`÷e ah df hxpms`g`÷e fd ru`am, c`ah a`ohrheths e`vhdhs ah ru`am, e`vhd hqu`vfdheth shcfefd, t`hcpm cæx`cm ah hxpms`g`÷e y e`vhd hqu`vfdheth pfrf ru`am hstfkdh. Hstf fpd`gfg`÷e puhah shr hcpdhfaf pmr phrsmefs efturfdhs y iurãa`gfs. (@est`tutm Efg`mefd ah Whnur`afa y Wfdua he hd Qrfkfim , ;268) Mohrheths Gmchrg`fdhs9 @est`tutm Efg`mefd ah Whnur`afa h L`n`heh he hd Qrfkfim Rrhg`m Hst`cfam9 nrft`s Ahsfrrmddfamr / A`shöfamr9 @est`tutm Efg`mefd ah Whnur`afa h L`n`heh he hd Qrfkfim Hedfghs he rha9 a`spme`kdh he FppWtmrh y Nmmndh Rdfy Hsphg`o`gfg`mehs ah smotwfrh / Lfrawfrh9 thdàomems `ethd`nheths gme gfpfg`afa ah smprmtfr fpd`gfg`mehs ah ;;,7 CK. rhqu`hrh ah `MW 6; m pmsthr`mr y he gfsm ah gmcputfamrhs sh rhqu`hrh cfgMs 66 m pmsthr`mr y uef Cfg gme hd gl`p C6 ah Fppdh

 

 

@ethrprhtfg`÷e9 hs uef fpd`gfg`÷e quh em ehghs`tf rhn`strm, phrm s` gmemg`c`hetms smkrh dfs vfr`fkdhs quh sh `evmdugrfe fd gfdgudfr df hxpms`g`÷e fd ru`am, hs kfstfeth `etu`t`vf y tfck`àe t`heh rhohrheg`fs quh sh dh ofg`d`tfe fd usufr`m pfrf quh puhaf fprmvhglfr fd cæx`cm df fpd`gfg`÷e.

 [`hsnm he Gfahef Gfahef ah Wuc`e`strm Wuc`e`strm - _fdhet`ef _fdhet`ef Nfcf Nfcf Nut`àrrhz Nut`àrrhz Fpp9 HfzyWtmgj

½Rfrf quà s`rvh= Df fpd`gfg`÷e Hfzystmgj s`rvh pfrf mpt`c`zfr m pt`c`zfr dms `evhetfr`ms rhspfdafams he df eukh y sme pfrth ah Wyegrme FK, d`ahrhs cuea`fdhs he hd smotwfrh ah  prhg`ms, he hsth cmchetm hstf fpd`gfg`÷e rhspfdaf f tmafs dfs nfcfs ah hcprhsfs, phrm smkrh tmam fd t`pm K;K y K;G. (Hfzy Wtmgj, s.o.)

Mohrheths Gmchrg`fdhs9 HfzyWtmgj Rrhg`m Hst`cfam9 suskgr`pg`÷e chesufd ah cæs m chems $,222 GMR Ahsfrrmddfamr / A`shöfamr9 Wygrme FK Hedfghs he rha9 a`spme`kdh pmr cha`m ah df pæn`ef whk ah df gmcpföãf lttps9//www.hfzystmgj.gmc/smotwfrh/   lttps9//www.hfzystmgj.gmc/smotwfrh/ Hsphg`o`gfg`mehs ah smotwfrh / Lfrawfrh9 sh rhqu`hrh ah ue gmcputfamr gme cãe`cm 1 NK ah rfc, fgmeshifkdh < NK m cæs, quh guheth gme ue s`sthcf mphrft`vm gfpfz ah smpmrtfr prmnrfcfs

 

 

 phsfams. Ah `nufd cfehrf lfy hsphg`o`gfg`mehs a`st`etfs he kfsh f df oueg`÷e hsphg`o`gf quh sh rhqu`hrf. ¡Em sh puam ahsgfrnfr hd ahcm ah hstf fpd`gfg`÷e yf quh sh ahcmrf ue chs he ddhnfr fd gmrrhm!

 [hohrheg`fs  [hohrh eg`fs FRJRX[H. (;2;2). WFOH7?8. Mkthe`am ah FRJRX[H9 lttps9//fpjpurh.gmc/hs/sfoh7?8/gmc.sfoh7?8.sfoh7?8fpp  Gftmrgh ?. (;< ah Hehrm ah ;261). Gftmrgh ?. Mkthe`am ah Ofrcfgàut`gf y Gmscàt`gf, hihcpdm ah prmaugg`÷e d`cp`f9 lttps9//www.gftmrgh?.gmc/782-pukd`gfg`mehs/67>?1-ofrcfg%G7%F0ut`gfy-gmsc%G7%F0t`gf-hihcpdm-ah-prmaugg`%G7%K7ed`cp`f#9~9thxt3Hurmofrcf%;2Gmdmck`f%;2WFW%;2mktuvm%;2rhgmemg`c`hetm,d`cp`f%;2y%;2h d%;2ahsfrrmddm%;2smsthe`kdh. Gmrpmrfg`÷e Ruetm Fzud. (s.o.). ½Vu`hehs Wmcms=  Mkthe`am  Mkthe`am ah Gmrpmrfg`÷e Ruetm Fzud9 lttps9//www.puetmfzud.gmc.gm/c`s`me-y-v`s`me/ Hfzy Wtmgj. (s.o.). Fkmut Xs. Mkthe`am ah Hfzy Wtmgj9 lttps9//www.hfzystmgj.gmc/uj/fkmut-us-;/ HOH_H[AH. (; ah Mgtukrh ah ;26