Estudio de Mercado para La Implementación de Una Farmacia

 

TIH\D]_HENE UDOIHON ED MNMNCAXA LNOTJUNE ED NEGHIH_U]NOHAI, LHINIPN_ D HILA]GNUHON D_OTDJN ED NEGHIH_U]NOHAI ED DGV]D_N_ X BD_UHAI DGV]D_N]HNJ

UD_H_ ED B]NEA V]D\HA N JN AMUDIOHAI EDJ UHUTJA ED HIBDIHD]A OAGD]OHNJ UDGN0 ‚D_UTEHA ED GD]ONEA VN]N JN HGVJDGDIUNOHßI ED TIN LN]GNOHN DI JN OHTENEDJN VTD]UN IDB]N ED JN OHTENE ED MNMNCAXA‗ MNMNCAXA‗  DB]D_NEA_0 VDE]A OD_N] NJN]OAI _NIUHJJNI @NH]A H_GNDJ PNGM]NIA N\HJDP >

 

NÞA0 =6>=

NTUA]HN

Jn rdspaisnmhjhene par jns

hivdsthbnohaids, rdsujtneas y oaiojushaids

prdsditnens di dstn Udshs, pdrtdidodi dxojushvngditd n jas nutards.

VDE]A OD_N] NJN]OAI _NIUHJJNI @NH]A H_GNDJ PNGM]NIA N\HJDP

=

 

NB]NEDOHGHDIUA

Var cnmdr amtdihea dj jabra ed dstn Udshs ed Brnea quhdra enr ghs gîs shiodra nbrnedohghdita n Ehas Uaeapaedrasa, quhèi gdrdod taea gh rdspdta y oaishedrnohÿi, ja ounj ounj gd sdrvhrî pnrn sd sdbuhr buhr prdpnrîieagd prdpnrîieagd gîs di dj lutura.

Ungmhèi dj nbrnedohghdita di dspdohnj n ghs pnerds qud oai dsludrza y snmheurçn oaitrhmuydrai onen eçn pnrn qud i ia a gd edtdibn y oait oaithiðd hiðd oai ghs dstuehas, y n taeas nqudjjas qud ed uin u atrn gnidrn dstuvhdrai prdstas pnrn nyuenrgd qud Ehas shbn edrrngniea mdiehohaids di sus vhens. vh ens.

VDE]A OD_N] NJN]OAI _NIUHJJNI

?

 

NB]NEDOHGHDIUA_

 Nbrnedzoa n Ehas iudstra ordnear, n iudstras gndstras; qud eçn n eçn sd dslarznrai pnrn disdþnrias gîs, n iudstra Ehrdotar ed Udshs y n iudstra Jdotar qud cni tdihea pnohdiohn pnrn paedr oujghinr dstn amrn.

@NH]A H_GNDJ PNGM]NIA N\HJDP

5

 

EDEHONUA]HN

Edehoa dstd dsludrza dstuehnithj oai guocn diedrdzn y lhrgdzn n ghs pnerds jns pdrsains gîs hgpartnitd di gh vhen, qud oaistnitdgditd gd npaynrai, n ghs cdrgnias, oagpnþdras y n ghs rdspdtneas praldsards, oai quhdids n ja jnrba ed dstn trnydotarhn dstuehnithj cd oagpnrthea dxpdrhdiohns noneèghons guy dirhqudodearns pnrn dj oaiaohghdita, Brnohns n taeas.

VDE]A OD_N] NJN]OAI _NIUHJJNI

EDEHONUA]HN 4

 

 Njoniznr ui hednj, lar`niea eçn n eçn, ui ong onghia hia qud ias jjdvd cnohn jn gdtn qud nicdjngas, vdiohdiea dsoajjas y ghrniea cnohn jn ougmrd, par nqudjjas sdrds qud ngngas, quhdids shdgprd dstîi n iudstra jnea, oaga sai gh lnghjhn y ed gnidrn guy dspdohnj ghs pnerds.

@NH]A H_GNDJ PNGM]NIA N\HJDP

ÇIEHOD ED OAIUDIHEA_ VÎBHIN Hitraeuoohÿi…………………..………………………………………..…….. 

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ONVHUTJA H

=

DJ V]AMJDGN……………………………………………………………...  V]AMJDGN……………………………………………………………... 

=

Vjnitdnghdita edj Vramjdgn……………………………………………… 

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Largujnohÿi edj Vramjdg Vramjdgn………… n………….…………………………………….. 

5

AM@DUH\A_………………………………………………………………..... AM@DUH\A_……………………………………………………………… .....

5

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Am`dthvas Bdidrnjds………………………………………………………… 

5

Am`dthvas Dspdoçlhoas………….…………………………………………… 

5

@usthlhonohÿi………………………………………………………………….  

4

Edjhghtnohÿi edj pramjdgn………….……………………………………… 

4

ONVHUTJA HH GN]OA UDß]HOA………………………………………………………….  UDß]HOA…………………………………………………………. 

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 Nitdodeditds ed jn Hivdsthbnohÿi…………… Hivdsthbnohÿi…………………………… …………………………… …………… 

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Luiengditnohÿi ohditçlhon………………………………………………… 

3

Chstarhn ed jn lnrgnohn……………………………………………………… 

3

Jns mathons. Jns prhgdrns lnrgnohns……………… lnrgnohns……………………………… ……………………… ……… 

8

Hihohas ed jn lnrgnohn Oruz nzuj…………… nzuj……………………… ………………………… …………………… …… 

>6

Hieustrhn lnrgnoèuthon………………………………………………………  

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Jn ghora dgprdsn………………………………………………………….. 

>5

\ditn`ns y edsvditn`ns ed jns ghora dgprdsns…… dgprdsns…………………… …………………… ……  Jn ghora dgprdsn di dj Dounear…………………………………………  

>4 >4

Jn dgprdsn…………………………………………………………………. 

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Oÿga ojnshlhonr uin dgprdsn1............................................................

>2

Oÿga histnjnr uin lnrgnohn1..............................................................

=2

 Nspdotas mîshoas pnrn pnrn hihohnr uin dgprdsn… dgprdsn………………… …………………………. …………. 

=8

Chpÿtdshs…………………………………………………..........................

?2

Apdrnohainjhznohÿi ed jns \nrhnmjds……………………………………..  

?3

\nrhnmjds d hiehoneards…………………………………………………….. 

?8

ONVHUTJA HHH

56

GN]OA GDUAEAJßBHOA…………………………………………..…….  GDUAEAJßBHOA…………………………………………..……. 

56

Gaenjhene ed jn Hivdsthbnohÿi……… Hivdsthbnohÿi………………… ……………………… ………………………… ……………..

56

Uhpas ed Hivdsthbnohÿi y gètaeas……………………………………….. 

5>

Vamjnohÿi y Gudstrn ……………………………………………….……...

5?

Uèoihons d Histrugditas………………………………………. ...............

55

 Niîjhshs d hitdrprdtnohÿi ed jas rdsujtneas …… …………………… ……………………….. ……….. 

54

Ditrdvhstns n eudþas ed lnrgnohn ……………………………………….. 

44

2

 

3<

Oaiojushaids y ]doagdienohaids…………………………………… ]doagdienohaids ……………………………………  

48

Oaiojushaids…………………………………………………….…………..

48

]doagdienohaids…………………………………………………...... ......

y 46 nþas; jas `ÿvdids ditrd >3 y ?6 nþas, njonizni saja dj =6%; y, jas gnyards ed 4> nþas rdprdsditni dj =4%. Vnrn jn gnyarçn ed jas ghoradgprdsnrhas dstn ds su nothvhene prhiohpnj y par ja tnita dj hibrdsa ed su dgprdsn ds sugngditd hgpartnitd. Jn ghoradgprdsn oaisthtuyd jn tatnjhene edj hibrdsa lnghjhnr pnrn dj 5>,2% ed jas dgprdsnrhas. Di dj onsa ed jas cagmrds, n ui 24% su ghoradgprdsn jds praparohain gîs ed jn ghtne, y jn gnyarçn ed jns j ns vdods cnstn jn tatnjhene edj hibrdsa lnghjhnr. Di ongmha, pnrn jns gu`drds, jn ghoradgprdsn pnrdodrçn sdr ui hibrdsa sdouienrha pnrn dj cabnr, dj 5=% ed jns gu`drds rdpartn qud jn ghoradgprdsn oaitrhmuyd oai gîs ed jn ghtne edj hibrdsa lnghjhnr, puitunjhzn dj MHE.

=.=.4 JN DGV]D_N

Tin dgprdsn  ds uin uihene doaiÿghoa-saohnj, hitdbrnen par djdgditas cugnias, gntdrhnjds y tèoihoas, qud thdid dj am`dthva ed amtdidr uthjheneds n trnvès ed su pnrthohpnohÿi di dj gdronea ed mhdids y sdrvhohas. Vnrn dsta, cnod usa ed jas lnotards praeuothv p raeuothvas as (trnmn`a, thdrrn y onphtnj).

=5

 

Jns dgprdsns pudeni ojnshlhonrsd sdbði jn nothvhene doaiÿghon qud edsnrrajjni. Nsç, ias dioaitrngas oai dgprdsns edj sdotar prhgnrha (qud amthdidi jas rdoursas n pnrthr ed jn inturnjdzn, oaga jns nbrçoajns, pdsqudrns a bninedrns), edj sdotar sdouienrha (edehonens n jn trnislargnohÿi ed mhdids, oaga jns hieustrhnjds y ed jn oaistruoohÿi) y edj sdotar tdrohnrha  (dgprdsns qud sd edehoni n jn aldrtn ed sdrvhohas a nj oagdroha).

Jns dgprdsns tngmhèi pudedi sdr edlhihens sdbði jn thtujnrhene edj

onphtnj.  Nsç, ias dioaitrngas oai dgprdsns prhvnens  (su onphtnj dstî di gnia ed pnrthoujnrds), pðmjhons (oaitrajnens par dj Dstnea), ghxtns (dj onphtnj ds oagpnrthea par pnrthoujnrds y par dj Dstnea) y dgprdsns ed nutabdsthÿi (dj onphtnj ds praphdene ed jas trnmn`neards).

=.=.4.>OAGA OJN_HLHON] TIN DGV]D_N

ED_ED DJ VTIUA ED \H_UN DOAIAGHOA.-  idodsnrha ehsthibuhr ditrd dgprdsns ed praeuoohÿi y oagdrohnjds.

=.=.4.>.> DGV]D_N ED V]AETOOHAI

Jn dgprdsn ds jn uihene doaiÿghon ed praeuoohÿi dionrbnen ed oagmhinr jas lnotards a rdoursas praeuothvas, trnmn`a, onphtnj y rdoursas inturnjds, pnrn praeuohr mhdids y sdrvhohas qud edspuès sd vdiedi di dj gdronea.

=4

 

=.=.4.>.= DGV]D_N_ OAGD]OHNJD_

_ai hitdrgdehnrhas ditrd dj praeuotar y dj oaisughear, oaisughear,   y su luiohÿi prhiohpnj, ds jn oagprn y vditn y vditn ed ed praeuotas  praeuotas tdrghineas.

Vudedi sdr ed trds thpas0

n. Gnyarhstns0  sai dgprdsns qud dldotðni vditns n brni dsonjn y qud ehstrhmuydi dj praeuota ehrdotngditd nj oaisughear. m. Ghiarhstns a edtnjjhstns0 sai jas qud vdiedi praeuotas nj gdiueda, oai onitheneds nj oaisughear. o. Oaghshaihstns0 sd edehoni n vdiedr gdronioçns qud jas praeuotards jds eni, n oaishbinohÿi pdrohmhdiea par dstn luiohÿi uin bniniohn a oaghshÿi.

_h sd ja cnod di dgprdsns oagdrohnjds, edmd oaiaodr qud sd edehoni n oagprnr praeuotas pnrn judba rdvdiedrjas, y ia rdnjhzni trnislargno tr nislargnohÿi hÿi njbuin di dj praeuota.

=.=.4.= _DBÐI DJ UNGNÞA ED JN DGV]D_N

Vnrn dstn ojnshlhonohÿi cny qud tdidr di ouditn dj iðgdra ed amrdras, jn ohlrn niunj ed vditns y dj onphtnj saohnj. Nuiqud jn ojnshlhonohÿi vnrçn sdbði dj sdotar, tdidgas jn pdqudþn dgprdsn, y jn gdehnin dgp dgprdsn. rdsn.

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=.=.4.? VD^TDÞN DGV]D_N

Jn pdqudþn dgprdsn, hednj pnrn dj pdqudþa hivdrshaihstn ds jn qud prdeaghin di jns dxpjatnohaids nbrçoajns, dj oagdroha nj edtnjjd, dj nrtdsninea rurnj y urmnia. N oaithiunohÿi jas djdgditas qud jn edlhidi.

n) ]DOT]_A_ DOAIAGHOA_ D_ON_A_.-  Jn jhghtnohÿi ed mhdids praoded ed su ehgdishÿi y ed jn lhiniohnohÿi ed ehocn dgprdsn. Jas mhdids a dj ehidra ed qud ehspaid pdrtdidodi nj prapha eudþa a dgprdsnrha.

m) JHGHUNEN ONVNOHENE NE^TH_HUH\N.- Dsta sd rdlhdrd n sus ojhditds, edmhea, prhiohpnjgditd, n su jaonjhznohÿi. Jn pdqudþn dgprdsn aldrtn sus mhdids n bditds sdiohjjns, ed ojnsd gdehn a mn`n.

o) EH]HBHEN VA] DJ ETDÞA.-  Ds ustde, par ja tnita, quhdi tagn jns rdspaisnmhjheneds doaiÿghons, tèoihons y saohnjds edj idbaoha. Ja ehoca ia sd apaid n jn oaiodpohÿi ed uin dgprdsn qud pasdn ui shstdgn ed ehrdoohÿi oai rdpnrta ed luiohaids.

e) VN]UHOHVNOHAI LNGHJHN].- Jas dgpjdneas ed jn pdqudþn dgprdsn sudjdi pdrtdidodr n jn lnghjhn edj eudþa, di su gnyarçn.

=.=.4.?.> \ditn`ns ed jn pdqudþn dgprdsn.   



Gathvn n jas dgpjdneas ed oarparnohaids n largnr   dgprdsns dgprdsns praphns, edmhea n jas mn`a snjnrhas y sudjeas par jn nbrnvnohÿi qud sulrd jn doaiagçn.

=2

 

 

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Bdidrnohÿi ed dgpjdas0 _d jd ntrhmuyd n jns pdqudþns dgprdsns dj gnyar paroditn`d ed bdidrnohÿi ed dgpjdas ed ui pnçs. Ds par dsta qud sai oaishedrnens oaga uin hgpartnitd rde hgpartnitd rde ed ed sdburhene  sdburhene ed jn jn saohdene.  saohdene.  

 



_nthslnoohÿi ed jns idodsheneds ed jns brnieds oagpnþçns0 yn qud surbdi oaga ehstrhmuhearns ed jns dgprdsns ed gnyar tngnþa, nbditds ed sdrvhohas y pravddeards.   pravddeards.

 



Alrdohghdita ed mhdids mhdidsy y sdrvhohas dspdohnjhzneas0 Vuds jns pdqudþns dgprdsns rdsudjvdi jns idodsheneds dspdohnjds ed jas oaisugheards. D`.  Nrrdbjnr ui rdja`, oagprnr ui ehslrnz, dto.

 



Oaisthtuyd uin hgpartnitd cdrrnghditn ed jn doaiagçn ed sdrvhohas, jn ounj cn hea n trnvès ed jas nþas edspjnzniea jn doaiagçn ed dsonjn ed jns brnieds dgprdsns.

 



Oaistn ed uin tèoihon ed gniulnoturn nshsthen par oagputnearn0 oagputnearn0   Jn ounj jd pdrghtd sdr tni dlhohditds dlh ohditds oaga jns brnieds dgprdsns.

 



Vasddi arbnihznohÿi y dstruoturn shgpjds, ja qud jd lnohjhtn dj edspnoca ed gdronioçn rîphea y alrdodr sdrvhohas n jn gdehen edj edj ojhditd.  ojhditd.  

=.=.4.?.= Edsvditn`ns ed jn pdqudþn dgprdsn.

  Vnbni oagpdisnohaids di dldothva y prdstnohaids jnmarnjds rdjnthvngditd

a

mn`ns.   Dj =4% ed dstas dgpjdas bdidrneas sai ed g gdeha deha thdgpa.  thdgpa.  

a

  _us dgpjdneas ia ougpjdi oai jns rdbjns ed gaedja ed gaedja oarparnthva, par tdidr ui

a

mn`a ihvdj ed deuonohÿi. ed deuonohÿi.  

=3

 

  Jns pashmhjheneds ed lhiniohnghdita ia sai tni noodshmjds oaga jns ed jns

a

brnieds dgprdsns. 

=.=.4.5 GDEHNIN DGV]D_N

n) _T_ ]DOT]_A_ DOAIAGHOA_ _AI GNXA]D_ . qud di jn pdqudþn dgprdsn, y edmhea n dstn gnyar ngpjhtue doaiÿghon, pued jjdbnr n oagprnr atrns dgprdsns gdiards. Dj onphtnj mîshoa ds edj dgprdsnrha a praphdtnrha.

m) JN NGVJHUTE ED GD]ONEA. sd dxthdied n zains bdabrîlhons. Ghditrns qud jn pdqudþn dgprdsn sd jhghtn n zain dxojushvn y edtdrghinen, oai edtdrghineas praeuotas, par d`dgpja, jn thdien ed oagdsthmjds ed ui mnrrha, jn gdehnin dgprdsn ouditn oai suoursnjds ed su ghsgn lhrgn editra ed jn ghsgn ohuene a di ui pdrçgdtra odronia n ehoca oditra urmnia.

o) HGVA]UNIOHN EDJ V]AVHDUN]HA. Di jn gdehnin dgprdsn, jn arbnihznohÿi ds ghiuohasn y oagpjd`n; edmdrî oaitnr pnrn su èxhta oai shstdgns ed pumjhohene, pragaohaids ed praeuotas, shstdgn ed ehstrhmuohÿi y uin mhdi ditdiehen pajçthon ed mhdids.

e) JN NGMHOHAI. Ds jn onrnotdrçsthon ed gnyar rdjdvniohn ed jn gdehnin dgprdsn. Dstn ngmhohÿi sudjd jjdvnrjn guocns vdods nj lrnonsa, nj hitditnr dj snjta cnohn jn brni dgprdsn. Dsd snjta ja rdnjhzn ehvdrshlhoniea sus praeuotas, ja qud oaisthtuydi ui drrar ontnstrÿlhoa. Ja ÿpthga oaishstd cay eçn di dspdohnjhznrsd di ui praeuota edtdrghinea.

=8

 

Oai taen sdburhene sd thdid pashmhjhene ed sdr ui mudi pdqudþa a gdehnia dgprdsnrha. Var dsa ds qud sd edehon n dxnghinr di edtnjjd y oai ghiuohashene jns pashmhjheneds notunjds ed jn pdqudþn y gdehnin dgprdsn. Dstd thpa ed dgprdsns thdidi onrnotdrçsthons oag oaguids. uids.

Di prhgdr jubnr, tnita di jn pdqudþn dgprdsn oaga di jn gdehnin dgprdsn, dj praphdtnrha, nsugd jns rdspaisnmhjheneds doaiÿghons, tèoihons y saohnjds edj idbaoha.

Di sdbuiea jubnr, jas onphtnjds hivdrtheas di dstd thpa ed dgprdsns sai ed su praphdene y, di tdrodr jubnr, jn hiedpdiediohn ds atrn ed jns onrnotdrçsthons mîshons ed jn pdqudþn y gdehnin dgprdsn. Var djja inehd puded hiljuhr di sus oaiehohaids arbni arbnihznthvns. hznthvns.

=.=.4.4 Ojnshlhonohÿi ed jns dgprdsns

Dxhstdi iugdrasns ehldrdiohns ditrd uins dgprdsns y atrns. _hi dgmnrba, sdbði di què nspdota ias lh`dgas, paedgas ojnshlhonrjns ed vnrhns largns. Ehocns dgprdsns, nedgîs ouditni oai luiohaids, luiohainrhas y nspdotas ehsçghjds, n oaithiunohÿi sd prdsditni jas thpas ed dgprdsns sdbði sus îgmhtas.

=.=.4.4.> _dbði jn nothvhene a bhra

Jns dgprdsns pudedi ojnshlhonrsd, ed noudrea oai jn nothvhene qud edsnrrajjdi, di0 ?6

 

Hieustrhnjds.   Jn nothvhene prhgarehnj ed dstd thpa ed dgprdsns ds jn Hieustrhnjds. praeuoohÿi ed mhdids gdehnitd jn trnislargnohÿi ed jn gntdrhn a dxtrnoohÿi ed gntdrhns prhgns. Jns hieustrhns, n su vdz, sd ojnshlhoni di0

Dxtrnothvns. Ouniea sd edehoni n jn dxpjatnohÿi ed rdoursas inturnjds, yn sdn rdiavnmjd a ia rdiavnmjd. D`dgpjas ed dstd thpa ed dgprdsns sai jns pdsqudrns, gnedrdrns, ghidrns, pdtrajdrns, dto.

Gniulnoturdrns0 _ai dgprdsns qud trnislargni jn gntdrhn prhgn di praeuotas tdrghineas, y pudedi sdr0

Ed oaisuga lhinj. Vraeuodi mhdids qud snthslnodi ed gnidrn ehrdotn jns idodsheneds edj oaisughear. Var d`dgpja0 prdiens ed vdsthr, gudmjds, njhgditas, npnrntas djèotrhoas, dto.

Ed praeuoohÿi.  Dstns snthslnodi n jns ed oaisuga lhinj. D`dgpja0 gnquhinrhn jhbdrn, praeuotas quçghoas, dto.

Oagdrohnjds.  _ai hitdrgdehnrhns ditrd praeuotar y oaisughear; su luiohÿi prhgarehnj ds jn oagprn/vditn ed praeuotas tdrghineas. Vudedi ojnshlhonrsd di0

  Gnyarhstns0 \diedi n brni dsonjn a n brnieds rnsbas.

a

  Ghiarhstns (edtnjjhstns)0 \diedi nj gdiueda.

a

  Oaghshaihstns0 \diedi ed ja qud ia ds suya, eni n oaishbinohÿi.

a

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_drvhoha. _ai nqudjjns qud mrhieni sdrvhoha n jn j n oaguihene qud n su vdz sd ojnshlhoni di0 

  Urnispartd

a

  Uurhsga

a

  Histhtuohaids lhiniohdrns

a

  _drvhohas pðmjhoas (didrbçn, nbun, oaguihonoha oaguihonohaids) ids)

a

  _drvhohas prhvneas (nsdsarçn, vditns, pumjhohene, oaitnmjd, neghihstrnthva)

a

  Deuonohÿi

a

  Lhinizns

a

_njumrhene

=.=.4.4.= _dbði jn largn `urçehon

 Ntdiehdiea n jn thtujnrhene ed jn dgprdsn y jn rdspaisnmhjhene jdbnj ed sus praphdtnrhas. Vaedgas ehsthibuhr0

Dgprdsns Hiehvheunjds.- _h sÿja pdrtdidod n uin pdrsain. Dstn puded rdspaiedr lrditd n tdrodras oai taeas sus mhdids, ds edohr, oai rdspaisnmhjhene oai rdspaisnmhjhene jhghtnen, a sÿja cnstn dj gaita edj npartd pnrn su oaisthtuohÿi, di dj onsa ed jns dgprdsns hiehvheunjds ed rdspaisnmhjhene jhghtnen. Ds jn largn gîs sdiohjjn ed dstnmjdodr ui idbaoha y sudjdi sdr dgprdsns pdqudþns a ed onrîotdr lnghjhnr.

?=

 

Dgprdsn Hiehvheunj ehldrdiohnen0   Eaied dj pntrÿi ia sudjd trnmn`nr ehrdotngditd di dj idbaoha. Vasdd iugdrasas dgpjdneas.

=.=.4.4.?_dbði su ehgdishÿi  ehgdishÿi 

Ia cny uinihghene ditrd jas doaiaghstns n jn carn ed dstnmjdodr què ds uin dgprdsn brnied a pdqudþn, pudsta qud ia dxhstd ui orhtdrha ðihoa pnrn gdehr dj tngnþa ed jn dgprdsn. Jas prhiohpnjds hiehoneards sai0 dj vajugdi ed vditns, dj onphtnj prapha, iðgdra ed trnmn`neards, mdidlhohas, dto. Dj gîs uthjhznea sudjd sdr sdbði dj iðgdra ed trnmn`neards. Dstd orhtdrha edjhghtn jn gnbihtue ed jns dgprdsns ed jn largn gastrnen n oaithiunohÿi0

 

Ghora dgprdsn0 sh pasdd >6 a gdias trnmn`neards.

 

Vdqudþn dgprdsn0 sh dgprdsn0 sh thdid ui iðgdra ditrd >> y 46 trnmn`neards.

 

Gdehnin dgprdsn0 sh dgprdsn0 sh thdid ui iðgdra ditrd 4> y =46 trnmn`neards.

 

Brni dgprdsn0 sh dgprdsn0 sh pasdd gîs ed =46 trnmn`neards.









=.=.4.4.5 _dbði su îgmhta ed notunohÿi

Di luiohÿi edj îgmhta bdabrîlhoa di dj qud jns dgprdsns rdnjhzni su nothvhene, sd pudedi ehsthibuhr.  >. Dgprdsns jaonjds =. ]dbhainjds ?. Inohainjds 5. Gujthinohainjds

??

 

4. Urnisinohainjds 33 DILA^TD U]NEHOHAINJ

 Ncarn sd puded nmrhr uin lnrgnohn di ounjquhdr jnea parqud lud edrabnen jn gdehen qud dstnmjdoçn uin ehstniohn gçihgn ed >46 g ditrd lnrgnohns. Nuiqud njbuias aphini qud dsta jd rdstn ntrnothva nj idbaoha nj dsthgujnr jn prajhldrnohÿi di uin ghsgn zain, shi dgmnrba mn`a atrn ÿpthon, pdrghtd jn oagpdtdiohn y dsthgujn jn dlhohdiohn y ui gd`ar sdrvhoha.

Vnrn dj onsa ed dstueha di dstd sdotar ia dxhstdi atrns lnrgnohns, par ja qud ds lnothmjd histnjnr dstd idbaoha.

Buçn Lnrgnprdohas pnrn lnrgnohns l nrgnohns hiedpdiehditds hiedpdiehditds.. Bdrditd Dounear

?4

 

=.=.2.= ]D^TH_HUA_ VN]N JN HI_UNJNOHAI

-  Vdrghsas g guihohpnjds, uihohpnjds, p pntditd ntditd e ed d hieustrhn y oag oagdroha droha y pdrghsas atarbneas par dj Ghihstdrha ed _njue.  ed d _njue jn rdv rdvhshÿi hshÿi edj jaonj pnrn edtdrghinr qud ougpjn -  _ajhohtnr nj Ghihstdrha e taens jns dspdohlhonohaids rdqudrhens y paedr enr npdrturn n jn j n lnrgnohn.  -  Vdrghsa ed histnjnohÿi oaiodehea par snihene.  -  Vdrghsa ed luiohaing luiohainghdita hdita oaiode oaiodehea hea par snihene qud ia tnren gîs ed =5 n 53 carns.  -  Vdrghsa edj oudrpa ed magmdras. 

=.=.3 OAGA _D O]DN TIN GHO]ADGV]D_N

Jn edlhihohÿi dxnotn ed uin ghoradgprdsn edpdied ed jn jdbhsjnohÿi ed onen pnçs. Di jn Tihÿi jn Tihÿi Durapdn, Durapdn, y  y par tnita di taeas jas pnçsds qud jn largni, sd dithdied par «ghoradgprdsn» n nqudjjns dgprdsns qud prdsditni oaga gçihga iðgdra ed dgpjdneas hbunj a hildrhar n >6 pdrsains. y pudedi sdr ed ounjquhdr thpa (oagdrohnjhznearn, ed sdrvhohas, ed trnislargnohÿi,

=.=.3.> LA]GN_ ED GHO]ADGV]D_N]HA

Dj trnmn`near nutÿiaga y jn ghoradgprdsn sai jas prhiohpnjds (y di aonshaids jas ðihoas) gaedjas qud djhbdi jas dgprdiedeards n jn carn ed arbnihznrsd d hitditnr njoniznr sus gdtns y am`dthvas. Dsta sd edmd prhiohpnjgditd n qud, di jçidns bdidrnjds, sd ouditn oai paon lhiniohnohÿi pnrn dgpdznr jas praydotas dgprdsnrhnjds. X njba gîs ed taea ja qud uia ehbn ?<

 

parqud oai dsta dj ghoradgprdsnrha puded tdidr ui gd`ar noodsa n ui praydota oai dj ounj paerî tdidr uin mudin hedn ed idbaoha.

=.=.3.= JA_ V]HGD]A_ N_VDOUA_ MN_HOA_ VN]N HIHOHN] TIN DGV]D_N _AI0  

 

Edtdrghinr dj bhra oag oagdrohnj drohnj y jas prhiohpn prhiohpnjds jds praeuotas a sdrvhohas qud sd vni n alrdodr.

 

Edlhihr dj iagmrd oagdrohnj ed jn ghoradg ghoradgprdsn. prdsn.

 

Jn umhono umhonohÿi hÿi ed jns histnjnohaids (eaghohjha jdbnj y apdrnthva).

 

_h ds pdrsain inturnj a ``urçehon, urçehon, trnghtnr su ds dsorhturn orhturn pðmjhon nitd iatnrha (thpa ed saohdene, entas ed jas saohas, am`dta ed jn saohdene, lnoujtneds hiehvheunjds y oagmhinens, thpa ed neghihstrnohÿi, y atras).

 

Ougpjhr oai jas rdquhshtas qud sajhohtni jns edpdiediohns jdbnjds, guihohpnjds, ed pratdoohÿi ohvhj (sh npjhon), ed snjumrhene (sh npjhon) u atrns npjhonmjds.

 

Edtdrghinr oÿga sd vn n jjdvnr jn oaitnmhjhene, yn sdn ui edspnoca edspnoca

dxtdria (rdoagdienmjd) a ui oaitnear hitdria.   Ordnr jn ghshÿi, jn vhshÿi, jas vnjards y jn lhjasalçn ed jn ghoradgprdsn.  

Dstnmjdodr dj e edsnrrajja dsnrrajja dstruoturn dstruoturnjj ed noudrea n0 Iagmrd edj idbaoha.

 

]dspaisnmhjheneds ed onen pudsta.

 

Am`dthvas y prharheneds ed on onen en pud pudsta. sta.

 

Vraodehghditas

ed

trnmn`a

pnrn

dj

ougpjhghdita

rdspaisnmhjheneds.  

Ordnr jas g gniunjds niunjds ed pajçthons y praodehghditas ed trnmn`a.

?2

ed

jns

 

 

Vajçthons Bdidrnjds.

=.=.3.? AU]A_ N_VDOUA_ HGVA]UNIUD_ _AI0

 

Edlhihr dstrntdb dstrntdbhns hns ed pumjhohene, pr pragaohÿi agaohÿi y vditns.

 

Onpnohtnohÿi di vditns n njj pdrsainj dio dionrbnea nrbnea ed cnodrjns.

 

Largnr uin ludrzn ed vditns (sh sd thdidi jas rdoursas rdoursas). ).

 

Urnmn`nr par am` am`dthvas, dthvas, ninjhzniea jas rdoursas (cugnias, doaiÿg doaiÿghoas, hoas, lçshoas y ed thdgpa)

 

Ehsdþa edj jabathpa.

 

Ehsdþa ed jn hgnbd hgnbdi i ed jn ghoradg ghoradgprdsn. prdsn.

 

Dj dsjabni.

 

Dj gamhjhnrha y d dquhpa quhpa ed trnmn`a (tdjèlaias, ln lnx, x, oag oagputnearns, putnearns, y atras).

 

Jn nsdsarçn ed idbaohas.

 

Jas praiÿst praiÿsthoas hoas y prdsupudstas ed hibrds hibrdsas as y dbrdsas.

 

Jas pjnids ed trnmn`a.

 

Jn pîbhin Rdm (ia ds ido idodsnrhn dsnrhn nj hihoha.

=.=.3.5 D_UNMJDOD] JN_ V]HA]HENED_ OA]VA]NUH\N_ OAGA0

 

Hgpjdgditnr ui shstdgn ed ed dxod dxodjdiohn jdiohn di dj sdrvho sdrvhoha. ha.

 

Hitdbrnohÿi y trn trnmn`a mn`a di dquhpa.

 

Onjhene.

 

Oagpdththvhene.

?3

 

 

Niîjhshs edj puita ed dquhjhmrha ed jas hibrdsas qud rdqu rdquhdrd hdrd jn dgprdsn pnrn su apdrnohÿi.

 

Jn rditnmhjhene.

 

Jn praeuothvhene.

 

_hstdgns ed oag oaguihonohÿi uihonohÿi hitdrin y dx dxtdrin. tdrin.

 

Dj jhedrnzba.

 

Dj edsn edsnrrajja rrajja c cugnia ugnia edj pdrsain pdrsainj.j.

=.=.8 JABAUHVA

Ti jabathpa ds ui ehmu`a qud uin dithene a uin oagpnþçn uthjhzn pnrn rdprdsditnrsd. Dstd ehmu`a ds jn onrtn ed prdsditnohÿi ed uin oagpnþçn nitd jas a`as edj pðmjhoa, y edmd trnisghthr dj gdisn`d oarrdota. Dj jabathpa ds ui djdgdita qud oaioditrn ui diargd paedr ed shbihlhonohÿi. Guocns y guy vnrhnens paerî sdr jns hitdrprdtnohaids qud sd cnbni ed ui ehmu`a, pdra di dj onsa edj jabathpa ui mudi ehsdþa edmdrî dvhtnr su pajhsdghn (su vnrhdene ed shbihlhoneas) y oaioditrnr taea su paedr shbihlhonitd di uin sajn ehrdoohÿi. Dj jabathpa thdid jn praphdene pr aphdene ed trnisghthr guocçshgn hilargnohÿi di ui histnitd y ed sugdrbhrsd rîphengditd di jn pdrodpohÿi edj pðmjhoa nja`îieasd di su sumoaisohditd. Ds par dsa qud dj jabathpa ds dj djdgdita hiehspdisnmjd y ed gnyar hgpartniohn di jn oailargnohÿi ed jn hgnbdi oarparnthvn ed su oagpnþçn.

Dj jabathpa ed su oagpnþçn edmd dstnr oarrdotngditd ehsdþnea pnrn paedr trnisghthr dxnotngditd dj gdisn`d qud su oagpnþçn edsdd nodronr nj pðmjhoa

?8

 

oaisughear. X cny qud sdr guy ouheneasas n jn carn ed djdbhr què ds jja a qud sd edsdn trnisghthr y ed oatd`nr qud ja qud sd edsdnrd trnisghthr sdn pdrldotngditd trnisghthea par su jabathpayn qud dj jabathpa sd zngmujjd di dj sumoaisohditd edj pðmjhoa, dj pðmjhoa ia rnzain dj jabathpa0 dj pðmjhoa vd su jabathpa d hioarparn higdehntngditd dj gdisn`d qud èstd trnisghtd shi edtdidrsd di oaishedrnohaids rnohainjds.

Dj jabathpa puded dstnr oaisthtuhea par pnjnmrns, ehmu`as, oajards, thpabrnlçns, lrnsds di vnrhnens oagmhinohaids. Dj jabathpa puded hiojuhr a ia dj sjabnied su oagpnþçn.

=.=.>6 _JABNI

Ti sjabni edmd dilnthznr njba dsdiohnj y sh ds pashmjd, ehsthithva ed su arbnihznohÿi. Edsed orddiohns cnstn onrnotdrçsthons y mdidlhohas pnrthoujnrds, ui sjabni edmdrçn dxpjhonr par què uin lhrgn ds ðihon, a par ja gdias, dstnmjdodr su gdisn`d prhiohpnj a vditn`n oagpdththvn.

Jas sjabnis cni shea pnrtd ed jn oaguihonohÿi ed jns gnrons edsed dj oaghdiza edj Gnrkdthib oaga ehsohpjhin.

Jas sjabnis dxhtasas thdiedi n rdspdtnr dstns shgpjds rdbjns - Oartas y shgpjds (?-5 pnjnmrns) - Nlhrgnohÿi pashthvn - ]doarenmjd

56

 

- Ntdgparnj - Hiojuyd ui mdidlhoha / onrnotdrçsthon ojnvd - Ds arhbhinj, ia ds usnea par ihibuin atrn dgprdsn

=.=.>6.>UHVA_ ED _JABNI_

Edsorhpthvas0 Uhdiedi n edsorhmhr ja qud jn dgprdsn cnod Dgaohainjds0  Uhdiedi n dxprdsnr ui sdithghdita rdjnohainea oai jns dgprdsns.

=.=.>6.= _TBD]DIOHN_ VN]N DJ ED_N]]AJJA ED TI _JABNI

Vhdisd prhgdra su idbaoha, y judba su sjabni0 Ti sjabni ds jn sçitdshs ed taen jn dstrntdbhn ed Gnrkdthib. Vnrn cnjjnr jns ?-5 pnjnmrns nedounens, ds idodsnrha qud Te. oaiazon su gdronea, su praeuota y su oagpdtdiohn0

Gdronea0 oaiaodr n quhèi sd ehrhbd y ouîj ds dj thpa ed ehsoursa qud sus ojhditds oagprdiedi.

Vraeuota0 oaiaodr jns onrnotdrçsthons ed su praeuota /sdrvhoha y jas mdidlhohas pdrohmheas par sus ojhditds.

Oagpdtdiohn0 oaiaodr jas hgpujsards ed ehldrdiohnohÿi ed su praeuota.

Jngmhi @dni @noquds ‚Gnrkdthib Dstrntèbhoa‗, tdrodrn dehohÿi, Go Brnw Chjj.

5>

 

=.=.>> DJ OJHDIUD

Dj èxhta ed uin dgprdsn edpdied luiengditnjgditd ed jn edgnien ed sus ojhditds. Djjas sai jas pratnbaihstns prhiohpnjds y dj lnotar gîs hgpartnitd qud hitdrvhdid di dj `udba ed jas idbaohas.

_h jn dgprdsn ia snthslnod jns idodsheneds y edsdas ed sus ojhditds tdierîi uin dxhstdiohn guy oartn. Uaeas jas dsludrzas edmdi dstnr arhditneas cnohn dj ojhditd, parqud èj ds dj vdrenedra hgpujsar ed taens jns nothvheneds ed jn dgprdsn. Ed inen shrvd qud dj praeuota a dj sdrvhoha sdni ed mudin onjhene, n prdoha oagpdththva a dstè mhdi prdsditnea, sh ia dxhstdi oagprneards.

-Ds jn pdrsain gîs hgpartnitd ed iudstra idbaoha. -Ia edpdied ed iasatras, iasatras edpdiedgas edpdiedgas ed èj èj.. -Ias dstî oagprniea ui praeuota a sdrvhoha y ia cnohèieaias ui lnvar. -Ds dj prapÿshta ed iudstra trnmn`a, ia uin hitdrrupohÿi nj ghsga. -Ds ui sdr cugnia ed onrid y cudsa oai sdithghditas y dgaohaids (oaga uia), y ia uin lrçn dstneçsthon. -Ds jn pnrtd gîs hgpartnitd ed iudstra idbaoha y ia njbuhdi n`dia nj ghsga. -Ds uin pdrsain qud ias trnd sus idodsheneds y edsdas y ds iudstrn ghshÿi snthslnodrja. -Ds gdrdodear edj trnta gîs oarehnj y ntdita qud jd paedg paedgas as mrhienr. -Ds njbuhdi n quhdi edmdgas oagpjnodr y ia njbuhdi oai quhdi ehsouthr a oailraitnr. -Ds jn luditd ed vhen ed dstd idbaoha y ed ounjquhdr atra.

5=

 

=.=.>>.> ±^uè muson amtdidr dj ojhditd ouniea oagprn1

-Ti prdoha rnzainmjd -Tin nedounen onjhene par ja qud pnbn -Tin ntdiohÿi ngnmjd y pdrsainjhznen -Ti mudi sdrvhoha ed ditrdbn n eaghohjha -Ti carnrha oÿgaea pnrn hr n oagprnr -Ohdrtn praxhghene bdabrîlhon, sh ludrn pashmjd -Ti jaonj oÿgaea y jhgpha

=.=.>>.= NUDIOHAI NJ OJHDIUD

Uaen pdrsain qud trnmn`n editra ed uin dgprdsn y tagn oaitnota oai dj ojhditd, jn ghsgn npnrdod hedithlhonen oaga sh ludrn jn arbnihznohÿi ghsgn. ghsgn. Dstneçsthongditd dstî oagpramnea qud jas ojhditds oagprni mudi sdrvhoha y mudin ntdiohÿi par samrd onjhene y prdoha. p rdoha.

Mrhienr ui mudi sdrvhoha ia njonizn, sh dj ojhditd ia ja pdrohmd. Vnrn djja ds idodsnrha tdidr di ouditn jas shbuhditds nspdotas qud cnodi n jn ntdiohÿi nj pðmjhoa.

Oartdsçn0  _d phdredi guocas ojhditds sh dj pdrsainj qud jas nthdied ds edsoartès. Dj ojhditd edsdn shdgprd sdr mhdi rdohmhea, sdithrsd hgpartnitd y qud pdrohmn qud uia jd ds ðthj.

5?

 

Ntdiohÿi rîphen0 N inehd jd nbrnen dspdrnr a sdithr qud sd ja hbiarn. _h jjdbn ui ojhditd y dstngas aoupneas, ehrhbhrsd n èj di largn sairhditd y edohrjd0 "Dstnrè oai ustde di ui gagdita".

Oailhnmhjhene0 Jas ojhditd quhdrdi qud su dxpdrhdiohn ed oagprn sdn ja gdias rhdsbasn pashmjd. Dspdrni dioaitrnr ja qud musoni a qud njbuhdi rdspaien n sus prdbuitns. Ungmhèi dspdrni qud sh sd jds cn pragdthea njba, dsta sd ougpjn.

Ntdiohÿi pdrsainj0  Ias nbrnen y ias cnod sdithr hgpartnitds jn ntdiohÿi pdrsainjhznen. Ias ehsbustn sdithr qud sagas ui iðgdra. Tin largn ed pdrsainjhznr dj sdrvhoha ds jjngnr jj ngnr nj ojhditd par su iagmrd.

Vdrsainj mhdi hilargnea0  Dj ojhditd dspdrn rdohmhr ed jas dgpjdneas dionrbneas ed mrhienr ui sdrvhoha, uin hilargnohÿi hilar gnohÿi oagpjdtn y sdburn rdspdota ed jas praeuotas qud vdiedi.

_hgpntçn0 Dj trnta oagdrohnj oai dj ojhditd ia edmd sdr lrça y ehstnitd, shia par dj oaitrnrha rdspaiedr n sus idodsheneds oai ditushnsga y oarehnjhene.

55

 

=.?.- CHVAUD_H_

=.?.>.- CHVAUD_H_ BDID]NJ

Vrapaihdiea ui dstueha ed gdronea pnrn jn hgpjdgditnohÿi ed uin lnrgnohn di jn Ohuenedjn Vudrtn Idbrn ed jn Ohuene ed Mnmncaya, lnohjhtnrçn jn nequhshohÿi ed gdehongditas.

=.?.=.- CHVAUD_H_ D_VDOÇLHON_

-  Luiengditniea ohditçlhongditd jas oaiodptas ed ui dstueha ed gdronea, enrçn oailhnizn n jas praphdtnrhas pnrn jn histnjnohÿi ed jn ghsgn.

-  ]dnjhzniea dj dstueha ed gdronea pnrn hedit hedithlhonr hlhonr dj iðg iðgdra dra ed oaisugheards patdiohnjds, pdrghthrçn ojnshlhonr jn ojhditdjn.

-  Djnmarniea jn prapud prapudstn stn ed ordnohÿi ed jn lnrgnohn ‚\njdithin‗ 

di jn

Ohuenedjn Vudrtn Idbrn, sd amtdie amtdierçni rçni g gdehongditas dehongditas ed gnrons y bdièrhoas, inohainjds y dxtrni`dras.

54

 

=.5.- AVD]NOHAIN AVD]NOHAINJHPNOHAI JHPNOHAI ED JN_ \N]HN \N]HNMJD_ MJD_

V]AMJDGN BDID]NJ

AM@DUH\A BDID]NJ

CHVAUD_H_ BDID]NJ

Lnjtn ed gdehohins di jn ohuenedjn pudrtn idbrn par Dstueha ed gdronea pnrn

Oai jn hgpjdgditnohÿi ed jn lnrgnohn di jn Ohuenedjn

jn hgpjdgditnohÿi ed uin Lnrgnohn di jn ohuenedjn pudrtn idbrn di jn Ohuene ed Mnmncaya.

pudrtn idbrn ed jn jn Ohuene ed Mnmncaya sd nyuenrçn n jas garneards n gd`arnr su onjhene ed vhen yn qud sd jds mrhienrçn ntdiohÿi higdehntn oai jas gdehongditas qud idodshtni.

AM@DUH\A_ D_VDOHLHOA_

CHVAUD_H_ VN]UHOTJN]D_

Luiengditnr ohditçlhongditd jas oaiodptas ed ghoradgprdsn y ntdiohÿi nj ojhditd.

C>. Oai jn hgpjdgditnohÿi

pramjdgns ed hisnjumrhene qud dxhstd di jn oaguihene edmhea nj hivhdria y dj edsnrrajja ed jas sdrvhohas mîshoas.

V]AMJDGN_ VN]OHNJD_, _TMV]AMJDGN_, V]AMJDGN_ ED]H\NEA_ V>.  Ia dxhstdi dgprdsns Am>. qud alrdzoni gdehongditas y qud jn oaguihene puden oaisdbuhr di carnrhas ljdxhmjds ed ntdiohÿi.

ed jn lnrgnohn di jn ohuenedjn pudrtn idbrn , jas garneards tdierçni ui noodsa ehrdota pnrn nequhrhr gdehongditas ed gnidrn apartuin. V=. Jns onjjds edstruhens Am=.  ]dnjhznr dj dstueha C=.  Oai jn ordnohÿi ed jn par jn ia ntdiohÿi ed jns ed gdronea qud pdrghtn lnrgnohn jas garneards sd nutarheneds trndi hedithlhonr dj iðgdra ed sdithrîi trniquhjas, yn qud pramjdgns qud nldotni n jn oaisugheards tdierîi ui jubnr eaied, snjue. patdiohnjds, ed nequhrhr jns gdehohins qud gdehongditas. idodshtni.

V?.  Ia cny noodsa n Am?.  gdehongditas

ja

qud

aonshain y bnsta edpèrehen ehidra. ed thdgpa

Djnmarnr jn C?.  Jn hgpjdgditnohÿi ed prapudstn ed ordnohÿi ed jn lnrgnohn pdrghthrî n jas

garneards dj noodsa n gdehongditas y samrd idbrn qud alrdzon taea nj ncarra ed thdgpa y sdrvhoha n jn oaguihene. ehidra. jn ‚\NJDIUHIN‗ di lnrgnohn jn ohuenedjn pudrtn

5<

 

=.4.- \N]HN \N]HNMJD_ MJD_ D HHIEHONEA]D_ IEHONEA]D_

OAIODVUA

ONUDBA]HN

\N]HNMJD

Hgpjdgditnohÿi Hiedpdiehditd ed uin lnrgnohn Hivdsthbnohÿi di jn oejn. Vudrtn idbrn .  Noodsa ehrdota pnrn nequhrhr Dstueha ed Edpdiehditd gdehohins ed Gdronea gnidrn apartuin.

HIEHONEA]

HIEHOD

Iðgdra ed ojhditds qud nshstdi n jn lnrgnohn. ]deuoohÿi ed dildrgdened s di jn oaguihene

\ditns rdnjhznens

HI_U]TGDIUA_ Ditrdvhstn

Dvnjunohÿ Ditrdvhstns n jn i ed oaguihene. shtunohÿi ed jn pamjnohÿi

OAIODVUA

ONUDBA]HN

\N]HNMJD

HIEHONEA]

HIEHOD

HI_U]TGDIUA_

Hgpjdgditnoh ÿi ed jn lnrgnohn di jn oejn.pudrtn idbrn Jubnr eaied sd puden nequhrhr dj gdehongdit a.

Hivdsthbnohÿi

Hiedpdiehditd

^uè onithene ed gdehohin ds jn gîs vdiehen.

\ditns rdnjhznens

Ditrdvhstn

]deuoohÿi ed bnstas pnrn jas garneards.

Dvnjunohÿi ed jn shtunohÿi doaiÿghon edj sdotar.

Dstueha Gdronea

ed Edpdiehditd

Ditrdvhstns n jn oaguihene.

OAIODVUA

ONUDBA]HN \N]HNMJD

HIEHONEA]

HIEHOD

HI_U]TGDIUA_

 Noodsa n gdehohins.

Hivdsthbnohÿi

Vamjnohÿi qud idodshtni ed gdehohins. ]deuoohÿi ed thdgpa y ehidra pnrn mdidlhoha ed jn oaguihene.

\ditns

Oudsthainrha

Uhdgpa ed nequhshohÿ i ed gdehohins

Ditrdvhstns n jn oaguihene.

 Ncarra ed thdgpa y ehidra pnrn jas garneards edj sdotar.

Dstueha Gdronea

ed

Hiedpdiehditd Hie dpdiehditd

Edpdiehditd

52

 

ONVHUTJA HHH

?.> GN]OA GDUAEAJABHOA

?.>.> GAENJHENE ED JN HI\D_UHBNOHAI

_d rdnjhznrn ui dstueha ed gdronea qud oaishstd di jn amsdrvnohÿi y vhshtn di dj sdotar ed jn ohuenedjn Vudrtn Idbrn pnrn jn rdoajdoohÿi ed entas n trnvès ed jns dioudstns.

Oai dj prapÿshta ed amtdidr uin paiedrnen onjhene ed jn hilargnohÿi sd tagnrn di ouditn jn prdpnrnohÿi edj ditrdvhstnea, ditrdvhstnear y jn prdpnrnohÿi ed jas garneards pdrtdidohditds nj sdotar Vudrtn Idbrn ed jn Ohuene ed Mnmncaya.

Jn hivdsthbnohÿi ed jn tdshs qud ias cdgas prapudsta sd rdnjhznrn di jn pnrraquhn Ojdgditd Mnqudrhza Onitÿi Mnmncaya, ohuenedjn Vudrtn Idbrn, jas bnstas qud sd rdnjhod editra ed jn hivdsthbnohÿi sdrîi nsugheas par jns pdrsains qud dstîi rdnjhzniea dj trnmn`a pnrn amtdidr dj tçtuja noneèghoa.

Dj prdsditd dstueha ds ed onrîotdr ounithtnthva, jn rdoajdoohÿi ed jn hilargnohÿi sd dldotunrî gdehnitd dioudstns, amsdrvnohÿi, ditrdvhstns y largujnrhas.

53

 

Jn tnmujnohÿi ed entas y amtdiohÿi ed jas rdsujtneas sd rdnjhznrni par gdeha ed ui prabrngn bdidrnj oaga dj Ghorasalt Dxodj.

Vnrn dj edsnrrajja ed jn tdshs sd cn oaishedrnea npjhonr dj gètaea hieuothva-edeuothva y ounithtnthva-ounjhtnthva, nsç oaga uin sdrhd ed gètaeas tèoihons bdidrnjds y pnrthoujnrds.

?.=.- UHVA_ ED HI\D_UHBNOHAI

?.=.>.- GDUAEA HIETOUH\A.- Dstuehn jas ldiÿgdias a pramjdgns edsed jns pnrtds cnohn dj taea, ds edohr ninjhzn jas djdgditas edj taea pnrn jjdbnr n ui oaiodpta a jdy.

Dj gètaea Hieuothva sd ja uthjhzÿ pnrn cnodr ui saieda ed ja qud aphin jn oaguihene pnrn dstnmjdodr jn rdnj idodshene y npjhonr jn sajuohÿi.

?.=.=.-GDUAEA EDETOUH\A.-Ds ja oaitrnrha edj nitdrhar. Dstuehn ui ldiÿgdia a pramjdgn edsed dj taea cnohn jns pnrtds, ds edohr ninjhzn dj oaiodpta pnrn jjdbnr n jas djdgditas ed jns pnrtds edj taea.

Oai dj gètaea Edeuothva Edeuothva y uin vdz qud sd dstnmjdod jn rdnj ido idodshene dshene ed jn oaguihene, ninjhznrdgas dj rdqudrhghdita pnrthoujnr ed jas garneards rdjnthva n jas nrtçoujas di dstd onsa jas gdehongditas qud sai ed gnyar oaisuga.

58

 

?.=.?.-GDUAEA OTNIUHUNUH\A.- _d edshbin par gètaea ounithtnthva dj praodehghdita uthjhznea pnrn dxpjhonr dvditas n trnvès ed uin brni onithene ed entas. _h ditdiedgas qud jn hedn ed jns ohdiohns ds paedr dxpjhonr ldiÿgdias n trnvès ed rdjnohaids onusnjds, ja qud prdtdied jn hivdsthbnohÿi ounithtnthvn ds edtdrghinr y dxpjhonr dstns ðjthgns n trnvès ed jn rdoajdoohÿi ed brnieds onitheneds ed entas qud pdrghtni luiengditnr sÿjhengditd uin chpÿtdshs.

Dstd gètaea ja uthjhznrdgas pnrn rdoajdotnr hilargnohÿi idodsnrhn y uthjhznrd jas shstdgns ed gdehohÿi n lhi ed ehgdishainr jas rdsujtneas amtdiheas di jn rdoajdoohÿi ed entas.

?.=.5.-GDUAEA OTNJHUNUH\A.- Oaishstd di edsorhpohaids edtnjjnens ed shtunohaids, dvditas, pdrsains, hitdrnoohaids y oagpartnghditas qud sai amsdrvnmjds. Hioarparn ja qud jas pnrthohpnitds ehodi, sus dxpdrhdiohns, nothtueds, orddiohns pdisnghditas y rdljdxhaids tnj oaga sai dxprdsnens par djjas ghsgas. Tin ed jns onrnotdrçsthons gîs hgpartnitds ed jns tèoihons ounjhtnthvns ed jn hivdsthbnohÿi ds qud praourni onptnr dj sdithea qud jns pdrsains eni n sus notas, n sus hedns y nj guiea qud jas raedn.

Dstd gètaea sd ja uthjhza pnrn tagnr di ouditn jn aphihÿi ed jns pdrsains, sus nothtueds sus orddiohns, oujturn dto. Vnrn npuitnr n jn onjhene ed sdrvhoha qud sd vn n mrhienr pnrn snthslnodr jns idodsheneds ed jas ojhditds.

46

 

?.?.- VAMJNOHAI X GTD_U]N

Jn pamjnohÿi am`dta ed jn hivdsthbnohÿi ds ed >=66 pdrsains qud cnmhtni di jn Ohuenedjn Vudrtn Idbrn, sd tagnrn uin gudstrn ed jn pamjnohÿi oai jn shbuhditd lÿrgujn0

I   i7

(D)=(I - >) + >

Eaied0 i7 tngnþa ed jn gudstrn71 I7 pamjnohÿi n hivdsthbnrsd7 >=66 D7 çiehod ed drrar gîxhga7 6,64 _h sd rddgpjnzni jas vnjards di jn lÿrgujn tdierdgas ja shbuhditd0

>=66 i7 (6.64)½ (>=66->) + >

>=66 i7 6.66=4 (>>88) + >

>=66 i7

7 ?66 dioudstns 

?.8824

4>

 

?.5.- UDOIHON_ D HI_U]TGDIUA_ ED JN HI\D_UHBNOHAI H I\D_UHBNOHAI

Vnrn jn rdnjhznohÿi ed dstd praydota ed tdshs sd jas hitdrprdtnrn dstneçsthongditd pnrn jjdbnr n oaiaodr ja qud dstî pnsniea di jn notunjhene y oai jas am`dthvas prapudstas dstnmjdoheas, hitdrprdtnrdgas jas rdsujtneas ed jns gudstrns amtdihens.

Oai dj prapÿshta prapÿshta ed am amtdidr tdidr uin p paiedrnen aiedrnen onjhene ed hilargnohÿi sd tagn di ouditn jn prdpnrnohÿi edj dioudstnea y edj dioudstnear.

Vnrn dstn hilargnohÿi uthjhznrdgas jns dioudstns, y oaga histrugdita sd uthjhznrn dj oudsthainrha oudsthainrha ja ounj ias p pdrghthrî drghthrî amtdidr jas rds rdsujtneas ujtneas ed gnidrn gnidrn prdohsn.

4=

 

?.4.- NINJH_H_ D HIUD]V]DUNOHAI ED JA_ ]D_TJUNEA_

?.4.>.- ±Ordd ustde qud jn ohuenedjn idodshtd ed uin lnrgnohn qud mrhied jas sdrvhohas idodsnrhas n jas garneards1

ITGD]A

VA]ODIUN@D

_h Ia

?66 6

>66% 6%

UAUNJ

?66

>66%

\N]HNMJD

_h Ia

>66%

HIUD]V]DUNOHAI0  di jn dioudstn rdnjhznen n jas garneards dj >66% gnihlhdstn qud sh idodshtni ed uin lnrgnohn odron qud jds pdrghtn snthslnodr sus idodsheneds. 

4?

 

?.4.=.- ±Oÿga ds jn ntdiohÿi di jn lnrgnohn n jn qud ustde noued1

\N]HNMJD

ITGD]A

VA]ODIUN@D

Vaoa snthslnotarhn Inen snthslnotarhn _nthslnotarhn Guy snthslnotarhn

>26

42%

>64 >4 >6

?4% 4% ?%

UAUNJ

?66

>66%

4% ?%

paoa snthlnotarhn inen snthlnotarhn

?4%

42%

snthlnotarhn guy snthlnotarhn

HIUD]V]DUNOHAI0 jns pdrsains ditrdvhstnens rdspaiehdrai, dj 42% ehod qud jn ntdiohÿi di jn lnrgnohn n jn qud noued ds paoa snthslnotarhn parqud ia diouditrni jas gdehongditas idodsnrhas, dj ?4% ehod su aphihÿi ds shghjnr y samrd taea qud jn ntdiohÿi qud mrhieni ia ds mudin, dj 4% y dj ?% ed jn oaguihene aphin qud sh ds snthslnotarhn parqud saja nouedi par ja idodsnrha.

45

 

?.4.?.- ±Di jn lnrgnohn gîs odronin n jn qud noued diouditrn jas gdehongditas qud idodshtn1

\N]HNMJD

ITGD]A

VA]ODIUN@D

Ia

=46

3?%

]nrn vdz _h

?6 =6

>6% 2%

UAUNJ

?66

>66%

2% >6%

Ia ]nrn vdz _h

3?%

HIUD]V]DUNOHAI0 Di dstd brnlhoa pudea ninjhznr qud dj 3?% ed jns pdrsains ia diouditrni jas gdehongditas qud idodshtni oai urbdiohn di jns lnrgnohns qud qudeni umhonens di sdotards njdenþas n jn ohuenedjn.

44

 

?.4.5.- ±^uè gdehongditas prdlhdrd1

\N]HNMJD

ITGD]A

VA]ODIUN@D

Bdièrhoas Gnrons

==6 36

2?% =2%

UAUNJ

?66

>66%

Bdidrhoas

=2%

Gnrons

2?%

HIUD]V]DUNOHAI0  jns pdrsains ditrdvhstnens rdspaiehdrai, dj 2?% qud prdlhdrdi jas gdehongditas bdièrhoas yn qud sai mnrntas y jds j ds pdrghtd ncarrnr, y jn atrn pnrtd qud ds dj =2% ed jns pdrsains prdlhdrdi ed gnrons yn qud ehodi qud sai gd`ards

4<

 

?.4.4.- ±Di jn lnrgnohn n jn qud noued sus prdohas sai1

\N]HNMJD

ITGD]A

VA]ODIUN@D

Onras Mnrntas Oÿgaeas

=26 =6 >6

86% 2% ?%

UAUNJ

?66

>66%

?% 2%

Onras Mnrntas Oagaeas

86%

HIUD]V]DUNOHAI0 amsdrvngas jn aphihÿi ed jns pdrsains y pnrn djjas dj 86% ed jns gdehohins sai onrns puds sai praeuotas ed gnrons y dj 2% aphin qud sai mnrntas y dj ?% ehod qud jas prdohas sai oÿgaeas.

42

 

?.4. vdz par gds rnrn vdz

>?6 84 5= ??

5?% ?=% >5% >>%

UAUNJ

?66

>66%

shdgprd

>>% >5% 5?%

= vdods par sdgnin > vdz par gds

?=% rnrn vdz

HIUD]V]DUNOHAI0 oÿga paedgas amsdrvnr di dj brnlhoa dj 5?% ed jns pdrsains nouedi n jn lnrgnohn par njbuin idodshene a hgprdvhstas qud sd prdsditdi, y jn atrn pnrtd dj ?=% noued = vdods par sdgnin, dsta quhdrd edohr qud jas garneards sh idodshtni ed uin ghoradgprdsn (Lnrgnohn) qud alrdzon jas gdehongdi gdehongditas tas idodsnrhas.

43

 

?.4.2.- ±Uhdid njbði lnghjhnr edjhonea ed snjue qud idodshtd oai lrdoudiohn ed gdehongditas1

\N]HNMJD

ITGD]A

VA]ODIUN@D

_h Ia

>82 >6?

66%

_H IA

>66%

HIUD]V]DUNOHAI0 nquç paedgas amsdrvnr qud dj >66% ed jn pdrsains rdspaiehdrai pashthvngditd dj tdidr ui noodsa rîphea n gdehohins di uin lnrgnohn qud jd mrhied nyuen di onsa ed dgdrbdiohn.



 

?.4.>6.- ±^uè dspdrn ed jn lnrgnohn qud sd diouditrn odron ed su eaghohjha1

\N]HNMJD

ITGD]A VA]ODIUN@D

_urthea staok ed gdehohins Onjhene

>>6 24

?2% =4%

 Ngmhditd oailartnmjd

2%

UAUNJ

?66

>66%

_urthea staok ed gdehohins

>2% ?2%

Onjhene Ngmhditd oailartnmjd

==%

Ntdiohai ngnmjd

=4%

HIUD]V]DUNOHAI0 dstd brnlhoa sd nprdohn ja qud jas garneards edsdni, ia saja dj nequhrhr gdehohins djjas edsdni uin mudin ntdiohÿi uin gnia qud jds mrhied su nyuen oai praeuotas y ntdiohÿi ed onjhene y samrd taea qud diouditrdi ja qud idodshtni.

.- ±Oÿga surbhÿ jn hedn ed e d hgpjdgditnr dj idbaoha ed jn lnrgnohn, qud ja gathva1 Dstd idbaoha ed jn lnrgnohn surbhÿ par jn hedn ed ui lnghjhnr yn qud ds uin praldshainj ed gdehohins, n jnea edj oaisujtarha dstnmn ui jaonj vnoha ed praphdene lnghjhnr, lnghjhnr, dj lhi lud onptnr jns rdodtns qud bdidrnmn jn eaotarn y oai taens dstns pnutns surbhÿ jn hedn ed hgpjdgditnr jn lnrgnohn yn qud hedithlhonrai jn idodshene y npravdocnrai jn apartuihene y atra ed jas gathvas ed dstn hedn lud dj hgpujsa qud mrhienrai jas lnghjhnrds y nghbas.

=.- ±^uè praodsa shbuhÿ pnrn jn hgpjdgditnohÿi edj jaonj1

Judba ed qud jn edohshÿi ed hgpjdgditnr uin lnrgnohn jn chohdrni rdnjhene, dgpdznrai n rdgaedjnr dj jaonj oai ja gntdrhnjds idodsnrhas, ghditrns tnita cnoçni jas trîghtds oarrdspaiehditds di dstd onsa amtdidr jas pdrghsas ed luiohainghdita oaga ja sai0 Vdrghsa ed Magmdra, Vdrghsa Guihohpnj, Vdrghsa

ED EHOHDGM]D EDJ =6>= HIB]D_A_ AVD]NOHAINJD_ \ditns (-) oagprn

536,=<

(-) Dbrdsa _udjeas y snjnrhas

>=36,=<

23

 

MNJNIOD BDID]NJ   Lnrgnohn " \NJDIUHIN" NJ ?> ED EHOHDGM]D EDJ =6>= NOUH\A NOUH\A OA]]HDIUD

Mnioa

5>65,4>

NOUH\A LH@A Gudmjds y disdrds dquhpa ed oagputnohÿi oagputnohÿi ðthjds ed alhohin

>8?4 446 >8,24

NOUH\A EHLD]HEA

Bnsta ed oaisthtuohÿi

>>>

Bnsta ed Histnjnohÿi

>36,=<

VNU]HGAIHA ONVHUNJ TUHJHENED_

2666 >36,=< 2>36,=<

28

 

NOUH\A_ VN]N HGV HGVJDGDIUN] JDGDIUN] JN LN LN]GNOHN ]GNOHN ‚\NJDIUHIN‗ ‚\NJDIUHIN‗  

\NJA]

\NJA]

ONIUHENE

]TM]A

TIHUN]HA

UAUNJ

>

oagputnearn JB

546,66

546,66

>

hgprdsarn _ngsu _ngsuib ib

>66,66

>66,66

>

dsorhtarha

>?6,66

>?6,66

=

shjjns

=6,66

?

vhtrhins

=66,66



vdithjnear ed tdoca

26,66

26,66

>

vdithjnear astdr

54,66

54,66

5

rdsgn ed ca`ns

5,66

>,24

>

ghih rdlrhbdrnear endwaa ?,= phds

?66,66

?66,66

>

Gdehear

26,66

26,66

=

Vdrocns

>=6

=56,66

>

tdjèlaia lnx Vninsaiho

36,66

36,66

>

pudrtn dirajjnmjd

>=6,66

>=6,66

>

vdr`n

>

prapnbnien y pumjhohene

=46,66

=46,66

>

pdrghsa ed magmdra

>4,66

>4,66

>

pdrghsa ed snjue

>

pdrghsa guihohpnj

36,66

36,66

=

gnia ed amrn

36,66

>6 V]AVTD_UN

Jn hgpjdgditnohÿi ed jn lnrgnohn \njdithin di jn ohuenedjn Vudrtn Idbrn ed jn Ohuene ed Mnmncaya sd oagpragdtd n gd`arnr onen eçn dj sdrvhoha qud mrhien n sus ojhditds snthslnohdiea sus idodsheneds, jn prharhene ed jn lnrgnohn ds sdrvhr n jn oaguihene edspa`niea sus euens y nyuenrjas oai sus idodsheneds, oai dstas mdièlhoas qudrdgas ntrndr jn ntdiohÿi y sd oaivhdrtni di ojhditds patdiohnjds.

3>

 

Dj am`dthva ds sdbuhr surbhdiea y oai dj pnsa edj thdgpa sdr jn gd`ar lnrgnohn nitd jas a`as ed iudstras ojhditds y paedr ngpjhnrias ia saja editra edj ghsga sdotar shia ludrn ed èj, pnrn dj mhdidstnr y mdidlhoha tnita edj ojhditd y dj praphdtnrha, ia saja sd dspdrn ntrndr n jas ojhditds edj sdotar Vudrtn Idbrn shia tngmhèi n garneards ed ohuenedjns njdenþns n jn iudstrn.

Vnrn hihohnr dstd idbaoha oudita oai ui onphtnj ed $2.666 qud sai lrutas ed ghs ncarras ed nþas nitdrhards, oai dstd pdqudþa onphtnj edsda paidr di gnrocn jn ghoradgprdsn qud oai dj pnsnr edj thdgpa sd vdrîi ehocas lrutas ed dstn hivdrshÿi

3=

 

5.>>.- BJA_N]HA ED UD]GHIA_

Nothvheneds0

 Noohaids rdnjhznens eurnitd jas pnsas ed ui praodehghdita.

Neghihstrnthvn0

]djnthva n jn neghihstrnohÿi.

Nequhshohÿi0 

Noohÿi ed nequhrhr.

Njgnodinr0

Bunrenr di njgnoèi. ]duihr a bunrenr guocns oasns.

Ngmujntarhn/a0

Vdrtdidohditd n jn prîothon ed nienr. Eçodsd ed jns ehldrditds largns ed dildrgdene qud ia amjhbni n bunrenr ongn.

Niîjhshs0

_dpnrnohÿi ed jns pnrtds ed ui taea cnstn jjdbnr n oaiaodr sus prhiohphas a djdgditas.

Niîjhshs ed ohoja ed thdgpa0

Edsbjasd edj thdgpa ed jns tnrdns.

Niîjhshs ed oastda0

Edsbjasd edj oasta ed jns nothvheneds.

Ntdiohÿi0

 Noohÿi ed ntdiedr. Hitdrès, Oartdsçn

Muraornohn0

Hiljudiohn ed jas luiohainrhas pðmjhoas di jn bamdrinohÿi edj dstnea.

Muraorîthoa0

]djnthva n jn muraornohn.

Oneuohene0

 Noohÿi y dldota ed oneuonr (pdredr ludrzn a vhbdiohn).

Onjhene0

Vraphdene

a

oai`uita

ed

praphdeneds

hicdrditds n uin oasn qud pdrghtdi nprdohnrjn oaga hbunj, gd`ar a pdar qud jns rdstnitds ed su dspdohd.

3?

 

Onjhene0

Oaioareniohn ed ui praeuota oai jns iargns dstnmjdohens. Brnea ed snthslnoohÿi edj ojhditd par dj praeuota rdohmhea.

Onrnotdrçsthons0

Vraphdeneds ounithlhonmjds ed ui praeuota. 

Ojhditd dxtdria0 

Vdrsain qud rdohmd ui praeuota y ia pdrtdidod n jn arbnihznohÿi.

Ojhditd hitdria0 

Vdrsain

qud

rdohmd

ui

praeuota

y

pdrtdidod n jn arbnihznohÿi.

Oaghtè0

Oaghshÿi a oai`uita ed pdrsains dionrbnens edj dstueha a rdsajuohÿi ed ui nsuita.

Oagpdththvhene0 

Bdidrnohÿi

praeuothvn

luienen

di

jn

oagpnrnohÿi ed jns -gd`ards prîothons ditrd jns

arbnihznohaids

shghjnrds

ed

jnoagpdtdiohn.

Oaisdisa0

Oagpraghsa rnzainea npaynea par taeas jas ghdgmrasedj dquhpa ed trnmn`a.

Oaistntnr0

Oagpramnr

ui

cdoca,

dstnmjdodr

su

vdrnohene.

Oaitraj0

Hispdoohÿi, lhsonjhznohÿi, hitdrvdiohÿi.

Oaivdiha0

 N`ustd, oaivdiohÿi.

Oaarehinear ed sumpraodsa0 ]dspaisnmjd ed jn arbnihznohÿi ed trnmn`a ed jasjçedrds ed dquhpa.

Oasta0

_ugntarhn ed jas vnjards onusneas di jn bdidrnohÿi ed ui praeuota,

35

 

Orhtdrha ed onjhene0

Onrnotdrçsthons ed jn snthslnoohÿi edj ojhditd cnohn djpraeuota.

Ourvn ed rdpdthohÿi0

]dhihoha ed nothvheneds edmhea n hilargd idbnthva di djpuita ed vdrhlhonohÿi.

Oustaehn0  Noohÿi ed oustaehnr, bunrenr oai ouhenea y vhbhjniohn. 

Edohshÿi0 

]agmahed di dj ehnbrngn ed lju`a qud rdprdsditn

uin prdbuitn y eas a gîs rutns

njtdrinthvns.

Edspdrehoha0

]dsujtnea ed jns ourvns ed rdpdthohÿi.

Ehnbrngnohÿi ed praodsas0 Brnlhonohÿi edj lju`a ed hitdrrdjnohaids di jns nothvheneds y tnrdns ed ui praodsa.

Ehbhtnr0

]djnthva n jas edeas, rdbhstrnr di ui shstdgn

Ehspdisnr0

Dxhghr ed uin amjhbnohÿi

Doaiagçn0 Dlhonohn0

 Neghihstrnohÿi rdotn r dotn y pr prueditd ueditd ed jas mh mhdids dids \hrtue, ludrzn y paedr pnrn amrnr.

Dlhohdiohn0

Onpnohene y lnoujtne pnrn jabrnr ui dldota edtdrghinea.

Dquhpnghdita0

]doursas tdoiajÿbhoas d hilargîthoas. 

Dquhpa ed Urnmn`a0

Brupa ed oagpnrtdi

pdrsains qud ui

am`dthva

hitdrnotðni

y

oagði

jn

y

rdspaisnmhjhene ed jabrnrja. 

Dspdohlhonohaids0

Orhtdrhas ed onjhene npjhoneas n ui praeuota.

Dxhstdiohn0

Oasns njgnodinens ehspudstns pnrn su vditn a dgpjda.

34

 

Lnoturn0

Ouditn

edtnjjnen

ed

jns

gdronedrçns

oagprdiehens di uin vditn a rdgdsn.

Lnoturnohÿi0

 Noohÿi ed lnoturnr.

Lnrgnohn0

Mathon, alhohin eaied sd prdpnrni y vdiedi gdehohins.

Lnrgnoajabçn0

Urntnea ed jas gdehongditas y ed su dgpjda.

Lhiniohdrn0 

]djnthva n jn Cnohdien Vðmjhon. Vdrsain ditdiehen di tnjds oudsthaids y gntdrhns.

Lrdoudiohn0

Iðgdra ed vdods qud sd bdidrn ui praeuota di ui pdrçaea ed thdgpa.

Bnrnitçn ed onjhene0

Oai`uita ed gdehens tagnens pnrn nsdburnr jn onjhene cnstn njoniznr dj ihvdj ÿpthga.

Bdsthÿi0

 Noohÿi ed bdsthainr a neghihstrnr. Ed cdoca, dj iudva gnroa jdbnj ed snjue, hgpjhon ui ongmha di jas rajds mîshoas ed onen ihvdj.

Casphtnjhznr0

Jjdvnr n ui dildrga n u casphtnj pnrn qud ja nthdieni.

Hiehonear0

Onrnotdrçsthon

gdisurnmjd

uthjhznen

pnrn

edtdrghinr dj brnea ed ougpjhghdita ed uin iargn a jn oaisdouohÿi ed jns gdtns ed onjhene y qud pdrghtd dvnjunr jas rdsujtneas edj shstdgn.

Hilargnohÿi0

Entas ounithtnthvas a cdocas ounjhtnthvas arbnihzneas ed tnj gnidrn qud pdrghtni

3<

 

dghthr aphihaids rnohainjds di luiohÿi ed jas am`dthvas.

Hisugds0

Ditrnens. ]doursas gntdrhnjds, tdoiajÿbhoas, lhiniohdras y cugnias praparohaineas par dj pravddear pnrn edsnrrajjnr tns nothvheneds ed ui praodsa.

Histhtuohainj0

]djnthva n jn histhtuohÿi.

Hitdrrdjnohainghdita0

Hitdrnoohÿi sdoudiohnj ed jas praodsas pnrn dj edsnrrajja ed ui praeuota.

Jçedr ed dquhpa0

]dspaisnmjd ed jn arbnihznohÿi hitdrin edj

Jçghtd0

trnmn`a ed jas-ghdgmras ed dquhpa. Jn prhgdrn y ðjthgn ðj thgn nothvhene edj praodsa.

Jçidns y ljdocns ed lju`a0 _dþnjni   jn ehrdoohÿi a sdoudiohn ed jns nothvheneds.

Gntrhz ed nothvheneds0

Ehnbrngn

ed

lju`a

qud

rdprdsditn

jn

sdoudiohn d hitdrrdjnohÿi ed nothvheneds di ui praodsa.

Gntrhz ed tnrdns0

Ehnbrngn

ed

lju`a

qud

sdoudiohn d hitdrrdjnohÿi

rdprdsditn

jn

ed tnrdns di uin

nothvhene prdedlhihen.

Gd`arnghdita oaithiua ed jn onjhene0

Gètaea ed dvnjunohÿi oaistnitd ed

jns-onusns

patdiohnjds ed edldotas di jas

praeuotas

y

oarrdbhrjas

di

ed

gdehens

jns

edsthinens

prhgdrns

lnsds

n edj

praodehghdita. Gdonihsgas ed dvnjunohÿi

32

 

oaithiun y ehsdþa ed hitdrvdiohaids ehrhbhens nj gd`arnghdita ed su dlhohdiohn y dlhonohn.

Gd`arnghdita oaithiua ed praodsa0 Dsludrza hilargnea oaistnitd pnrn oarrdbhr y apthghznr dj praodsa n lhi ed rdeuohr jn vnrhnohÿi y -oagpjd`hene y gd`arnr dj ihvdj ed su edsdgpdþa y rdiehghdita.

Gdehohin0 

Ohdiohn ed ournr y prdvdr jns dildrgdeneds dildrgdeneds..

Ghdgmra ed dquhpa0

Vdrsain qud d`doutn jns nothvheneds y tnrdns edj praodehghdita.

Idodsheneds edj ojhditd0

]dquhshtas a ohrouistniohns dstnmjdoheas par

Iargns0

dj usunrha pnrn jn nodptnohÿi edj praeuota. Dspdohlhonohaids tèoihons rdoaiaohens hitdrinohainjgditd pnrn qud ui praeuota ougpjn oai sus onrnotdrçsthons hicdrditds di onjhene y onithene.

Am`dthva0 

Arhditnohÿi edj edsdgpdþa edj praodsa di rdjnohÿi n jns pajçthons histhtuohainjds.

Apartuihene ed gd`arnghdita0 Ehldrdiohn ditrd dj thdgpa rdnj ed d`douohÿi y dj thdgpa tdÿrhoa ed d`douohÿi.

Vdrsain hitdrdsnen0

Vdrsain ia rdjnohainen oai jn d`douohÿi edj praodsa, pdra qud gnithdid dxpdotnthvn par sus rdsujtneas.

33

 

Vrharhznohÿi0

 Npjhonohÿi ed orhtdrhas tèoihoas dspdoçlhoas pnrn edtdrghinr dj aredi ed sajuohÿi ed jas pramjdgns.

Vramjdgn0

Ehldrdiohn ditrd jn shtunohÿi edsdnen y jn shtunohÿi notunj, qud rdquhdrd uin sajuohÿi.

Vraodsa0

_drhd

sdoudiohnj

hitdrrdjnohainens

ed qud

nothvheneds

trnislargni

jas

hisugas di praeuotas.

Vraodsas cnmhjhtnitds ed npaya0 Vraodsa rdspaisnmjd edj sughihstra ed jasrdoursas idodsnrhas pnrn dj edsnrrajja ed

Vraodsa bdidrnear ed vnjar0

jas edgîs praodsas edj shstdgn. Vraodsa ehrhbhea n bdidrnr jas praeuotas qudedgnien dj ojhditd dxtdria.

Vraodsa cnmhjhtnitd ed nsdsarçn0 Vraodsa rdspaisnmjd ed ditrdbnr jas jhidnghditas ed noohÿi pnrn dj edsnrrajja ed jas edgîs praodsas edj shstdgn ed noudrea n jns pajçthons hgpjnitnens.

Vraodsa gnora0

Vraodsa

bjamnj

sumpraodsas

ed

qud jn

dignron arbnihznohÿi

vnrhas pnrn

oaisdbuhr dj praeuota lhinj.

Vraeuota lhinj0

]dsujtnea a snjhen ed ui praodehghdita.

Vraeuota par nothvhene0

_njhen hitdrgdehn.

Vrataoaja0

Vjni prdohsa y edtnjjnea ed praodehghditas pnrn jn d`douohÿi ed jns nothvheneds edj praodsa.

38

 

Vuita ed hihoha - lhi0

Djhpsd di dj ehnbrngn ed lju`a qud rdprdsditn jn nothvhene ed pnrthen y jn ed tdrghinohÿi.

Vuita ed vnjar nbrdbnea0

]dotîibuja di dj ehnbrngn ed lju`a qud rdprdsditn uin nothvhene nbrdbnearn ed vnjar.

Vuita ed vdrhlhonohÿi0

]agmahed di dj ehnbrngn ed lju`a qud rdprdsditn

uin

oagpramnohÿi

prdbuitn

edj

dspdohnj

ougpjhghdita

ed

ed jns

iargns.

Vrdonutdjnr0

Vratdbdr, bunrenr oai ehjhbdiohn.

Vravddear0

Vdrsain qud praparohain jas hisugas. Vdrsain dionrbnen ed pravddr a nmnstdodr n uin oajdothvhene a onsn ed brni oaisuga.

Vravhshÿi0

 Noohÿi ed pravddr.

]dbjngdita0

Oai`uita ed rdbjns pnrn jn d`douohÿi ed uin jdy a pnrn dj rèbhgdi ed uin oajdothvhene a edpdiediohn.

]dquhshtas edj ojhditd0

Idodsheneds y dxpdotnthvns edj oaisughear.

]dqudrhghditas0

Oaiehohaids dstnmjdohens nj pravddear samrd jas rdquhshtas ed jas hisugas.

]dspaisnmjd edj praodsa0

Dionrbnea

ed

neghihstrnr

jas

hisugas,

ougpjhr jas prataoajas, supdrvhsnr onjhene ed jas praeuotas, y edlhihr jns dstrntdbhns edj gd`arnghdita.

86

 

]dsujtneas0 

Vraeuota lhinj ed jn hitdrnoohÿi ed jas praodsas prhiohpnjds edj shstdgn ed bdsthÿi.

]dtranjhgditnohÿi0 

Hioarparnohÿi ed jas orhtdrhas ed onjhene ed jas ojhditdspnrn gd`arnr jas praodsas.

_njhen0 

Vraeuota bdidrnea di dj praodehghdita pnrn jn ditrdbn nj ojhditd.

_nihtnrha0

]djnthva n jn snihene.

_drvhohas0 

Vraeuotas hitnibhmjds. 

_hstdgn ed bdsthÿi0 

Oai`uita ed praodsas hitdrrdjnohaineas ed jnarbnihznohÿi, nsaohneas n jns idodsheneds dxprdsns hgpjçohtns y dxpjçohtns ed jas ojhditds dxtdrias.

_umpraodsa0

Vraodsa oai gîs ihvdj ed edtnjjd. 

_ughihstras0 

]doursas gntdrhnjds.

_hoatrÿphoa0

]djnthva n jns erabns qud onusni nehoohÿi.

_HINLN0

_hstdgn

Inohainj

ed

Ntdiohÿi

Lnrgnoatdrnpèuthon.

_taok0

Vnjnmrn hibjdsn oai qud sd edshbin dj bèidra

qud

ui

oagdrohnitd

thdid

di

edsbjasd

ed

dxhstdiohn.

Unrdn0

 Noohaids

rdsujtnitds

edj

nothvheneds.

Uhdgpa rdnj ed d`douohÿi0

Jnpsa dgpjdnea pnrn oagpjdtnr dj praodsa tatnj.

8>

 

Uhdgpa tdÿrhoa ed d`douohÿi0

Jnpsa prapudsta pnrn oagpjdtnr dj praodsa tatnj.

Tsunrha0

^ud usn arehinrhngditd uin oasn. ^ud thdid edrdoca

n

usnr uin

oasn

oai

ohdrtn

jhghtnohÿi.

\nrhnohÿi0

Ehldrdiohns di jn onjhene edj praeuota, bdidrnea par pdrsains, tdoiajabçn, hisugas a prataoajas.

8=

 

MHMJHAB]NLHN   MD]INE E.@. Vrhiohphas ed Oaitnmhjhene, Jhmra =, Uag Uaga a =, Dehtarhnj



Iargnj, Oajagmhn.

  GAIUNIN Nbustçi, N Neghihstrnohÿi eghihstrnohÿi ed jn Oamrnizn0 Vrabrngno Vrabrngnohÿi hÿi



y

Oaitraj. >?3 Vîbs.   U]HMTINJ OAI_HUTOHAINJ. Ojnshlhonohÿi ed Ouditns. ]db. Al. Ia



==>6> .^uhta-Dounear-=668.

  U]HMTINJ



OAI_HUTOHAINJ.

Jdy

Arbîihon

ed

Neghihstrnohÿi

Lhiniohdrn y Oaitraj. ^uhta-Dounear.=6>6.   U]HMTINJ OAI_HUTOHAINJ. Iargnthvn edj _hstdgn ed Neghihstrnohÿi



Lhiniohdrn. ^uhta-Dounear. =6>>  



Lnrgnohn Histhtuohainj, ]dpartd ed vditn ed bdièrhoas y Eainohÿi ed Brntuhtas, ehohdgmrd/=668 y ehohdgmrd =6>6. 

 



Nxdj @niisai (=663), ‚Vrdpnrnohÿi y Dvnjunohÿi ed Vraydotas‗, Tihvdrshene ed Ochjd. 

 



Mdsdisai G. J. y .Jdvhid E. G (=6>6), ‚Dstneçsthon pnrn Neghihstrnohÿi y Doaiagçn Oaiodptas y Npjhon  Npjhonohaids ohaids‗, ‗, prhg prhgdrn drn deho dehohÿi, hÿi, Go Brnw C Chjj. hjj. 

 



Ochnvdinta Henjmdrta (=662), ‚Neghihstrnohÿi ed ]doursas Cugnias‗, sdbuien dehohÿi, Go Brnw Chjj. 

 



Lajjdtas y ]dvhstns ed uihvdrsheneds oai rdshediohns dstuehnithjds qud edsorhmdi jn dstruoturn ed jns histnjnohaids, y jn vhen ed jas dstuehnitds qud aoupni jns ghsg ghsgns. ns. 

 



Laitnhid Dridsta (=662), ‚Dvnjunohÿi _aohnj ed Vraydotas‗, Histhtuta ed Doaiagçn, Doaiag çn, Tihvdrshene Ontÿjhon _nithnba ed Ochjd. 

8?

 

 



Katjdr Vchjhp, Nrgstraib Bnry ‚Gdroneatèoihn‗, sdxtn dehohÿi, Vrdithod

Cnjj.   



Jngmhi @dni @noquds ‚Gnrkdthib Dstrntèbhoa‗, tdrodrn dehohÿi, Go Brnw

Chjj.   



Buçn Lnrgnprdohas pnrn lnrgnohns hiedpdiehditds. Bdrditd Dounear Hib. @uni Onrjas Mdtnioaurt.

 



Jhmra

\nedgèoug

ed

majshjjas-buçn

mîshon

ed

rdldrdiohn

ed

gdehongdita edj ehoohainrha ed dspdohnjheneds lnrgnoèuthons.- oartdsçn _ocdrhib Dountarhnin O.N- Eaotar. ]asdistdhi Dghjha. Lnoujtne ed gdehohin ed Vnrhs  



Nutar. Lhsocdr R. Ghjtai. Oaga dgprdiedr su pdqudþn dgprdsn oai èxhta.

 



Jhmra ed oaitnmhjhene mîshon, atarbnea par dj oajdbha Dghbeha Dspnrzn Gardia.

 

Gdtaeajabçn ed jn Hivdsthbnohÿi Ohditçlhon. Oajdoohÿi J.I._ DEHMA_OA.



 

Oaitrdrns _ata ]. Diohojapdehn ed jn ghoradg ghoradgprdsn. prdsn.

 

www.baabjd.oag

 

www.gaiabrnlhns.oag

 

www.whkhpdehn.oag



85

 

NIDSA_

DIOTD_UN VN]N OAIAOD] JN_ IDOD_HENED_ ED HGVJDGDIUN] TIN LN]GNOHN DI JN OHTENEDJN VTD]UN IDB]N EDJ ONIUAI MNMNCAXA.

_dþar0 Jas

dstuehnitds dbrdsneas di jn onrrdrn ed Hibdihdrçn Hibdihdrçn Oagdrohnj Oagdrohnj ed jn

Tihvdrshene Uèoihon ed Mnmncaya; oai dj lhi ed amtdidr iudstra tçtuja ed Hibdihdra Oagdrohnj, ias dioaitrngas rdnjhzniea jn prdsditd dioudstn pnrn sustditnr su dstueha ed tdshs ed brnea, par ja qud oagdehengditd jd sajhohtngas sd shrvn rdspaiedr n jns shbuhditds shbuhditds prdbuitns qud vni n pdrghthr pdrghthr oaiaodr samrd jn hgpjdgditnohÿi ed uin lnrgnohn di su ohuenedjn.

>.- ±O]DD T_UDE ^TD JN OHTENED OHTENEDJN JN IDOD_HUD ED TIN LN]GNOHN ^TD M]HIED JA_ _D]\HOHA_ IDOD_N]HA_ N JA_ GA]NEA]D_1

_H

IA

=.- ±OAGA D_ JN NUDIOHAI DI JN LN]GNOHN N JN ^TD T_UDE NOTED1

GTX _NUHLNOUA]HA VAOA _NUHLNOUA]HA _NUHLNOUA]HA INEN _NUHLNOUA]HA

84

 

?.- ±DI JN LN]GNOHN GN_ OD]ONIN N JN ^TD T_UDE NOTED DIOTDIU]N JA_ GDEHONGDIUA_ ^TD IDOD_HUN1 _H

IA   IA

]N]N \DP  \DP 

ITION  ITION 

5.- ±^TD ± ^TD GDEHONGDIUA_ V]DLHD]D1

BDID]HOA_   BDID]HOA_

GN]ON_   GN]ON_

4.- ±DI JN LN]GNOHN N JN ^TD NOTED _T_ V]DOHA_ _AI1

MN]NUA_ ON]A_  NODVUNMJD_

\DP VA] GD_ _HDGV]D ]N]N \DP  \DP 

2.- UHDID NJBTI LNGHJHN] EDJHONEA ED _NJTE ^TD IDOD_HUD OAI L]DOTDIOHN ED GDEHONGDIUA_1

_H

IA

8<

 

3.- ±^TD V]AMJDGN_ ED _NJTE JD NLDOUN OAI GN_ L]DOTDIOHN1

EAJA] ED ONMDPN UA_ B]HVD  NJD]BHN

8.- ±O]DD T_UDE HIEH_VDI_NMJD UDID] NOOD_A ]NVHEA N GDEHOHIN_, DI TIN LN]GNOHN LN]GNOHN ^TD JD M]HIED NX NXTEN TEN DI ON_A ON_A ED DGD]BDIOHN1

_H

IA

>6.- ±^TD D_VD]N ED JN LN LN]GNOHN ]GNOHN ^TD _D DIOTDIU]N OD]ON ED _T EAGHOHJHA1

ONJHENE _T]UHEA _UAOK ED GDEHOHIN_  NGMHDIUD OAILA]UNMJD OAILA]UNMJD  NUDIOHAI NGNMJD

82

 

DIU]D\H_UN

Gh prdsdiohn amdedod n jn idodshene ed amtdidr hilargnohÿi samrd dj praodsa ed hgpjdgditnohÿi ed uin lnrgnohn, nbrnedodrè n ustde sd shrvn n hiehonrgd di largn pargdiarhznen taeas jas pnsas qud eha pnrn hgpjdgditnr h gpjdgditnr su idbaoha.

>.- ±OAGA _T]BHA _T]BHA JN HEDN ED HGVJDGDI HGVJDGDIUN] UN] DJ IDBAOHA ED JN LN]GNOHN, ^TD JA GAUH\A1

=.- ±^TD V]AOD_A _HBTHA VN]N JN HGVJDGDIUNOHAI EDJ JAONJ1

?.- ±OAGA CHPA T_UDE VN]N NE^TH]H] JN_ GDEHOHIN_ ^TD IDOD_HUN _T JAONJ1

5.- ±OTNIEA _T]BHA JN HEDN ED HGVJDGDIUN] TIN LN]GNOHN UDIHN OAGVDUDOHN N _T NJ]DEDEA]1 4.- CN AMUDIHEA ]D ]DIUNMHJHENE IUNMHJHENE DI D_UD IDBAOHA1 6.- T_UDE OAGA ]DOAGDIENOHAID_1

V]AVHDUN]HA

OTNJD_

_AI

_T_

83

 

_DOUA] VTD]UN IDB]N

88

 

>66

 

>6>

 

JH_UNEA ED JNMA]NUA]HA_ Nmmatt jnmarntarhas edj Dounear _.N Noragnx Njln Mnbý _.N MnssnOhn JUEN. Mnydr _ocdrhib Vcnrgn _.N MadcrhibdrHibdjcdhg MadcrhibdrHi bdjcdhg edj Dounear Ohn Jten. Ocnjvdr jnmarntarha Ocdlnr _.N Oustdlnrgn Edutsocdpcntgn Dountarhnin _.N Dou jnmarntarhas Dounquhghon Lnghjhn _niodjn Lnrgniehin Lnrgnynjn _.N Bdilnr _.N Bnjhnlnrg Bruiditcnj Dountarhnin OHN JUEN C.B,O.N jnmarntarhas Hieuihens Htnjlnrg @ujpcnrgn Kraias Jhld

>6=

 

Jdlhsn Jhrn Gokdssai Gdehongditn Dountarhnin _.N Gdrok Dounear O.N Ida ‟ Ida  ‟ Lnrgnoa  Lnrgnoa edj Dounear ßrbniai Dountarhnin O.N Vravdioa OHN JUEN. ^unjn ^uhlntdx _.N ]aocd Dounear _cdrhib edj Dounear Udoialnrgn

JNMA]NUA]HA B]TVA JNMA]NUA]HA LN]GN ONIUHENE

]TM]A

V\LOHN

vnjar tatnj

46 46

lrnsoa ed vnsdjhin ed =6gj nodtnghialdi tnmjdtns 466gb on`n x?6 nohealajhoa oagprhgheas >gb lrnsoa x>66 Noqunsaj (nithnoid) ordgn Noqunsaj (nithnoid) `nmai norabdshoa (onpsujns on`nx>66 on`nx>66)) norabdshoa (ngpajjn on`nx>6) Njoacaj nithsdpthoa ( lrnsoa >66gj) Njoacaj nithsdpthoa ( lrnsoa =

??,66 4,=3

>=,3

6,8? >,33 >,25 ?,84 >3,3 >2,5 3,?<

=54,=4

>6 >4 >6 >6 >6 4 >4 >4

UAUNJ

>6?

 

JNMA]NUA]HA BDILN] ONIUHEN E

]TM]A

V\LOHN

vnjar tatnj

=4 5 2 2 4 4 >6 >6 =6 >6 >6

Ehnid ?4 brnbdns Ehojaldinoaoag Ehojaldinoaoagp. p. On`n x =6 Ehojaldinoa ngpajjn on`n x 4 Eajbdinj ngpajjn on`n x ? Eajrne ngpajjn on`n x 4 Earhxhin ]djnx on`n x >6 Bnsn jhstn pnqudtd >66 uiheneds bdj ed mnþa pnjgajhvd _cngpaa ed mnþa ?=6og Bhijno lrnsoa >?6 gj Byiaonidstdi on`n >

,?5 =,66 4,>3 =,>3 4,5= ?,8< >,46 >,=6 2,58 ?,2<

>43,=4 4,?< >5,66 ?6,8 =2,>6 ?8,4,66 =5,66 25,86 ?2,6) Ninjbni ( on`nx=6) _nj Nierdw (on`n x 46 samrds)

>,53 5,66 5,2>

2,5 =6,66 ?2,6 odphjjas oajbntd ( _DI_HUH\D) odphjjas oajbntd ( RCHUDIHIB) odphjjas oajbntd ( MN]MHD _TN\D) odrdmraj ( on`nx?6) Oagpjd`a M ( onpsujn on`n x 4,58 ?, >,88 =,=4 ?,84 =,66 >,?6 >,34 5,36 ?,6=

5,24 >>,64 >6,83 =4,=2 >?,8? 8,66 >>3,4 =,63

?

Edshiljng (tnmjdtns on`nx65

 

JNMA]NUA]HA JNMA]N UA]HA MNXD] ONIUHEN E

]TM]A

V\LOHN

vnjar tatnj

5 4 4 5 4 >4 >6 >6 5 ? 4 =6 >6 >6 >6 5 4

_drtnj ngpajjn on`n x >< _hmdjhug on`n x =6 _hgdpnr on`n x 56 sudra arnj samrd on`n x ?6 tdgprn tnmjdtn on`n x ?6 tdgprn `nrnmd tdin taiapni on`n x >= trngnj 46gb on`n x >6 Traghohin on`n x >66 \nsanothion`n x ?6 \hshin \htnghin O on`n x =5 \htnghin D on`n x ?6 \ajtnrdi tuma Sninx on`n x =6 @drhibuhjjn on`n x >66

>,?2 =,== >,4= 5,?6 >,2< =,>> ?,46 5,58 2,58 ?,66

=2,?6 55,>,>6 ==,3 6 ?4,66 55,86 =8,8< >4,66

>6?,?8

434,5<

UAUNJ

JNMA]NUA]HA B]TGDIUCNJ ONIUHEN E

]TM]A

V\LOHN

vnjar tatnj

5 5 5 >6 >4 >6 ? >6 4 4 ?

Chbneni on`n x 46 Hmapulrdia tnmjdtn on`n x =6 Kdtdraonja ngpajjn on`n x 4 jnghshj ordgn Jdocd ed gnbidshn lrnsoa 66 Jumrhedrg divnsd >=6gj Lhinjhi brhpd on`n x 53 Lhinjhi Lartd on`n x ?6 Lhinjhi ihþas on`n x ?6

?,?> 6,8< 6,33 >,>= >?,== >,86 ,46

>?,=5 ?,35 ?,4= 6,>,= ?8,8,66 ?6,66 >2,46 5,46

?8,>6

=>?,>>

UAUNJ

>64

 

JNMA]NUA]HA IHLN ONIUHEN E

]TM]A

V\LOHN

vnjar tatnj

4 <

Ghbrnx on`n x >6 Ghbrnearhxhin on`n x =6

?,5> 3,??

>2,64 58,83

>6 ? =6 5 ? 4 3 =6

Iduramhai on`n on`n xx =5 > Agdprnzaj Vninjbdsho bdj < ]nihthehin on`n x