Download Estudio de Mecanica de Suelos Sra. Veronica Aparicio Bahena 2021....
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
FKFCRG@ C K^][MGC MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^< K^]R[N][R@< N@^@ O@BG]@NGCE@A [EGI@FGAG@R. XRCXGK]@RG@< ^R@. YKRCEGN@ @X@RGNGC B@OKE@. A@BCR@]CRG^]@< ]KN. KE NCE^]R[NNGCE NRG^]G@E NR G^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^. NKM[A@ XRCIK^GCE@A< =8;>9?9. MGR. RK^XCE^@BAK MK CBR@< GED. N@RAC^ NK^@R NKA@M@ \@Y@A@. RKDG^]RC MK CBR@^ XÜBAGN@^< M.R.C. 00>. NKM[A@ XRCIK^GCE@A< 290;4=0. MGRKNNGCE< @Y. AC^ XGEC^ Ec. =>, NCA. ACF@ IACRGM@ 2M@. ^KNNGCE, N.X. 78>;9, F[EGNGXGC MK @XG\@NC ]A@_N@A@. ]A@_N@A@. [BGN@NGÞE MKA K^][MGC< N@AAK ; MK F@WC K^P[GE@ NCE N@AAK FGD[KA OGM@ADC ^/E. ACN@AGM@M RC^@RGC CNC]C_NC, N.X. 78=;9, F[EGNGXGC MK W@[OP[KFKON@E ]A@_N@A@. IKNO@< W@[OP[KFKON@E ]A@_: @ 2? MK L[EGC MKA 2820. KFXRK^@ MK^@RRCAA@MCR@ @RP. KMTGE R@FGRK\ ]AKN[G]A NKM. XRCI< 08;7>4?=, (RKXRK^KE]@E]K AKD@A). RKDG^]RC @E]K KA R[Y8888>=908.
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
K^][MGC MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^.
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
GEMGNK N@XG][AC 0. @E]KNKMKE]K^. 0.0 GE]RCM[NNGCE. 0.2 M@]C^ DKEKR@AK^ MK A@ \CE@. 0.> DKCACDG@ MK A@ \CE@. 0.= RKDGCE@AG\@NGCE ^G^FGN@ MK A@ \CE@. N@XG][AC 2. ]R@B@LC^ MK N@FXC W A@BCR@]CRGC. 2.0 ]R@B@LC^ MK N@FXC. 2.2 ]R@B@LC^ MK A@BCR@]CRGC.
N@XG][AC >. K^]R@]GDR@IG@ MKA ^[KAC. >.0 K^]@]GDR@IG@ KE XN@-0.
N@XG][AC =. NGFKE]@NGCEK^. =.0 @E@AG^G^ MK A@ NGFKE]@NGCE. =.2 N@X@NGM@M MK N@RD@ @MFG^GBAK. =.> @E@AG^G^ MK @^KE]@FGKE]C^ KA@^]GNC^.
N@XG][AC ; NCENA[^GCEK^ W RKNCFKEM@NGCEK^.
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
RKIKRKENG@^< @EK_C 0.- RKXCR]K MK IGD[R@^. @EK_C 2.- RKXCR]K^ IC]CDR@IGNC^. @EK_C 0.-RKA@NGCE MK IGD[R@^. IGD[R@ 0< ACN@AG\@NGCE MKA ^G]GC KE K^][MGC. IGD[R@ >< 2< XA@E]@ NRCP[G^ ACN@AG\@NGCE MKA @RK@ KE K^][MGC. W MK ACN@AG\@NGCE MK ^CEMKC. IGD[R@ =< ACN@AG\@NGCE DKCACDGN@ MKA ^G]GC KE K^][MGC. IGD[R@ ;< XKRIGA K^]R@]GDR@I K^]R@]GDR@IGNC GNC MKA ^CEMKC XN@-0. IGD[R@ 9< KE^@WK ]RG@_G@A MKA ^CEMKC XN@-0. IGD[R@ 4< DR@E[ACFK]RG@ MKA ^CEMKC XN@-0. IGD[R@ ?< NA@^GIGN@NGCE ^[N^ MK A@ F[K^]R@ MKA ^CEMKC XN@-0. IGD[R@ 7< K^][MGC MK N@AGM@M MK ]KRR@NKRG@^ MKA ^CEMKC XN@-0.
@EK_C 2.-RKXCR]K^ IC]CDR@IGNC^. IC]C 0.- ACN@AG\@NGCE W KLKN[NGCE MKA ^CEMKC XN@-0. IC]C 2.- ACN@AG\@NGCE W KLKN[NGCE MKA ^CEMKC XN@-0. IC]C >.- ACN@AG\@NGCE W KLKN[NGCE MKA ^CEMKC XN@-0. BGBAGCDR@IG@.
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
N@R]@ MK D@R@E]G@ MKA K^][MGC MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^< @ qugke ncrrkspcem`< Xcr kstk fkmgc, sk o`nk s`bkr `a mgrkntcr mk cbr` mka fuegngpgc u/c geice`vgt, mcemk sk tr`fgtke acs pkrfgscs mk ncestrunngþe, `a gestruntcr y `a supkrvgscr mk cbr`, ktn. Gemgn`mc, quk nu`aqugkr rksuat`mc m`tc ke ka a`bcr`tcrgc mk sukacs, ka prcnksc mksnrgptgvc ` kstk kstumgc, qukmc agbrk mk tcm` rkspces`bgagm`m ` qugke susnrgbk.
Xcr ac `etkrgcr, sk aks scagngt`, rkspkt`r t`aks kspkngign`ngceks quk fkengcec y quk pcr rkda`fket`ngþ rkda`fket`ngþe, e, sk gemgn`r`e a`s cbskrv`ngceks y rksuat`mc p`r` a` cptgfgz`ngþe mk a` ngfket`ngþe ` utgagz`r, t`a y ncfc ac f`egigkst` ka rkda`fketc mk ncestrunngceks vgdketk ke ka kst`mc c ke su mkikntc ka rkda`fketc mk ncestrunngþe quk gemgquk a` `utcrgm`m ncrrkspcemgketk (Rkda`fketc mk Ncestrunngþe mka Kst`mc mk ]a`xn`a`). ^ge fàs pcr ka fcfketc, sk mkspgmk su skrvgmcr y qukmc ` su skrvgngc p`r` iuturcs tr`b`lcs. W`uoqukfkon`e W`uoqukfkon` e ]a`xn`a` ` 2? mk Luegc mka 2820.
@tket`fketk< SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSS ]KN. KE NCE^]. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ GED. N@RAC^ NK^@R NKA@M@ RKXRK^KE]@E]K ]@E]K AKD@A MK IACRK^. \@Y@A@. RKXRK^KE NKM[A@ XRCIK^GCE@A< =8;>9?9. A@ NCE^]R[N]CR@ NN\. A@BCR@]CRGC MK FKN@EGN@ MK NKM[A@ XRCIK^GCE@A< 290;4=0. ^[KAC^. MGRKN]CR RK^XCE^@BAK MK CBR@< M.R.C. 00>.
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
N@XG][AC 0. @E]KNKMKE]K^. 0.0 GE]RCM[NNGCE<
A` ^r`. Ykrþegn` @p`rgngc B`oke`, prcpgkt`rg` mk kstk prkmgc, sk ak rk`agzþ ue kstumgc mk fknàegn` mk sukacs p`r` a` ncestrunngþe mk ue` n`s` o`bgt`ngþe tgpc uegi`fgag`r, ka nu`a kst`rà ubgn`mc ke N`aak ; mk F`yc ksquge` nce N`aak Fgduka Ogm`adc s/e., Acn`agm`m Rcs`rgc Cnctcxnc, N. X. 78=;9, Fuegngpgc mk W`uoqukfkon`e ]a`xn`a`. Ka tkrrkec ke kstumgc tgkek ue` supkrigngk mk tkrrkec mk 244.2?8 F2, sk prksket` ue` tcpcdr`iæ` p`rng`afketk pa`e` y ocrgzcet`a, t`fbgçe prkskeng` ue akvk mksegvka ke a` p`rtk geikrgcr mka prkmgc. Ke a` pkrgikrg` sk cbskrv`e mgstget`s ncagem`eng`s y ke dkekr`a sk cbskrv` ue ncfpcrt`fgketc kst`bak mk a` zce` `sæ ncfc acs prgengp`aks skrvgngcs pübagncs (vkr igdur` 2). Mk `nukrmc nce a` geicrf`ngþe prcpcrngce`m` pcr ka nagketk sk prktkemk a` ncestrunngþe mk ue` n`s` o`bgt`ngþe. A` kxpacr`ngþe mk n`fpc sk rk`agzþ ka mæ` 2= ncesgstgkemc ke a` klknungþe mk ue (0) scemkc ` prciuemgm`m mk 8.48 fts. Rkspkntgv`fketk cbtuvgkrce fukstr`s `atkr`m`s p`r` su kstumgc igdur` >).
mk Luegc mka 2820, ngkac `bgkrtc ` ue` mk acs nu`aks sk ke a`bcr`tcrgc (vkr
Xcr ac `etkrgcr, sk kfgtk ka sgdugketk kstumgc mk fknàegn` mk sukacs nuycs cblktgvcs prgengp`aks sce< kfgtgr a`s pkrtgeketks rkncfkem`ngceks rkncfkem`n gceks dkctçnegn`s p`r` ka mkspa`etk mk a`s kstruntur`s.
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
0.2 M@]C^ DKEKR@AK^ MK A@ \CE@< F[EGNGXGC MK W@[OP[KFKON@E. @) ACN@AG\@NGCE< [bgn`mc ke ka @atgpa`ec nketr`a fkxgn`ec ` 2,=28 fktrcs scbrk ka egvka mka f`r, ka fuegngpgc mk W`uoqukfkn`e sk sgtü` ke ue klk mk nccrmke`m`s dkcdràign`s ketrk acs 07 dr`mcs 2= fgeutcs a`tgtum ecrtk y 7? dr`mcs 00 fgeutcs acedgtum ckstk. Acn`agz`mc ke a` p`rtk nketr`a mka kst`mc, ka fuegngpgc mk W`uoqukfkn`e ncagem` `a ecrtk nce @pgz`nc, `a sur nce @f`x`n mk Dukrrkrc, `a crgketk t`fbgçe nce ka fuegngpgc mk @pgz`nc y `a pcegketk nce ka fuegngpgc mk _`atcn`e.
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
B) ^[XKRIGNGK< Mk `nukrmc nce a` geicrf`ngþe mka Gestgtutc E`ngce`a mk Kst`mæstgn`, Dkcdr`iæ` k Geicrfàtgn` (GEKDG), ka fuegngpgc mk W`uoqukfkn`e ncfprkemk ue` supkrigngk mk >9.9? jgaþfktrcs nu`mr`mcs, ac quk rkprksket` ka 8.78 pcr ngketc mka tct`a mka tkrrgtcrgc kst`t`a, ka nu`a `sngkemk ` >,770.0= jgaþfktrcs nu`mr`mcs.
N) NAGF@< Ke a` f`ycr p`rtk mka fuegngpgc prkv`aknk ka nagf` tkfpa`mc suboüfkmc nce aauvg`s ke vkr`ec. Gdu`afketk a` tkfpkr`tur` prcfkmg` fàxgf` `eu`a rkdgstr`m` ks mk 22.98 dr`mcs nketædr`mcs. Mur`etk ka `ðc sk cbskrv`e v`rg`ngceks ke a` tkfpkr`tur` quk v`e mksmk acs 8.=8 dr`mcs nketædr`mcs ncfc fæegf`, o`st` acs 2;.>8 dr`mcs nketædr`mcs ncfc fàxgf`. A` prkngpgt`ngþe fkmg` `eu`a mur`etk ka pkrgcmc ke ka fuegngpgc, ks mk ?04.98 fgaæfktrcs. A` prkngpgt`ngþe prcfkmgc fæegf` rkdgstr`m` ks mk ?.08 fgaæfktrcs y a` fàxgf` mk 0;9.;8 fgaæfktrcs.
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
M) CRCDR@IG@< Ka fuegngpgc nuket` nce mcs icrf`s n`r`ntkræstgn`s mk rkagkvk< \ce`s ^kfgpa`e`s, `b`rn`e ka 4; pcr ngketc mk a` supkrigngk y sk ubgn`e ke a` p`rtk crgketk y pcegketk mka fuegngpgc. \ce`s `nngmket`m`s< ncfprkemke ka rkst`etk 2; pcr ngketc mk a` kxtkesgþe tct`a y, sk acn`agz`e `a sur y ecrtk mka fuegngpgc.
K) OGMRCDR@IG@< Ncfprkemgmc ke a` rkdgþe mka ræc B`as`s y a` nuken` mka ræc @tcy`n, ka ræc \`ou`p`e, ke su rkncrrgmc `prcxgf`mc mk 7.48 jf., `tr`vgks` ka tkrrgtcrgc mka fuegngpgc mk W`uoqukfkn`e mksmk a` p`rtk ecrtk o`st` ka sur mka fgsfc. I) ^[KAC< Kxgstke ke ka tkrrgtcrgc mka kst`mc mk ]a`xn`a` acs sukacs tgpc n`fbgscaks, agtcscaks, `emcscaks, rkdcscaks, dakyscaks, iauvgscaks, vkrtgscaks, scaceno`js, r`ejkr, rkemzge`s, skrcscaks k ogstcscaks. Ke ka fuegngpgc mk W`uoqukfkn`e kxgstke trks dr`emks tgpcs mk sukacs< acs n`fbgscaks, iauvgscaks, y agtcscaks. Ncrrkspcemke ` acs n`fbgscaks `qukaacs sukacs mk skmgfketcs pgrcna`stgncs tr`esacn`mcs, ` fkeumc nce ocrgzcetks murgp`e c tkpkt`tk. Acs iauvgscaks, sk mgstgeduke pcr skr sukacs mk skmgfketcs `auvg`aks, pcnc mks`rrcaa`mcs y prciuemcs. Acs sukacs agtcscaks sk n`r`ntkrgz`e pcr skr pcnc mks`rrcaa`mcs, kxtrkf`m`fketk mkad`mcs, a` rcn` sk kenuketr` ` fkecs mk 08 nfs., mk prciuemgm`m.
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
Ke ka fuegngpgc a`s uegm`mks mk prcmunngþe rur`a cnup`e ue` supkrigngk mk 0,;07 okntàrk`s, àrk` quk rkprksket` ka 8.98 pcr ngketc mk a` supkrigngk tct`a mka kst`mc. Mk kstk tct`a, 0,==9 okntàrk`s, ka 7;.28 pcr ngketc ncestgtuyke a` supkrigngk mk a`bcr, c sk`, a`s tgkrr`s mkmgn`m`s ` nuatgvcs `eu`aks c mk ngnac ncrtc, irut`aks y pa`et`ngceks. Ke p`stcs e`tur`aks, kxgstæ`e ue tct`a mk 9; okntàrk`s quk sce mkmgn`m`s ` a` d`e`mkræ` y ? okntàrk`s sge vkdkt`ngþe.
Kstk fuegngpgc prksket` ke a` rgvkr` mka \`ou`p`e, vkdkt`ngþe `rbþrk` prkmcfge`etkfketk mk d`akræ`, mcfge`emc ka `gak (@aeus `nufge`t`), `scng`mc nce ctr`s kspkngks ncfc ka s`unk (^`agx bcepa`emg`e`), ka s`unk aacrþe (^`agx b`bgaþegn`), ka irksec (Ir`xgeus uomkg) y ka tkpczàe (Bummakg`ncrm`t`). Ke a`s p`rtks fàs `at`s mk su tkrrgtcrgc, sk kenuketr`e gemgvgmucs `gsa`mcs mk cnctk nogec (Xgeus akgcpoyaa`), s`bgec (Luegpkrus mkppk`e`), àa`fc ba`enc (Xcpuaus `ab`) y `rbustcs gfpcrt`etks ncfc ka ta`xgstak (@fka`enogkr mketgnua`t`).
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
Ke acs aæfgtks p`rnka`rgcs mk acs tkrrkecs mk nuatgvc, ks irknuketk kencetr`r àrbcaks mk n`puaæe (Xrueus skrctge`), tklcnctk (Nr`t`kdus pubksnkes), z`pctk ba`enc (N`sgfgrc` kmuags), nkmrc ba`enc (Nuprkssus bketo`fgg), ka pgrua (^nogeus fcaak), f`dukyks (@d`vk s`afg`e`) y ecp`aks (Cpuetg` sp.). Ke a` iacr` urb`e` y suburb`e` `buem`e a`s kspkngks getrcmungm`s ncfc ka trukec, ka ngprçs, a` n`su`rge` y ka kun`agptc. Acs ncfpceke sus tgkrr`s mk nuatgvc `drænca` y p`stcs p`r` a` nræ` mk d`e`mc.
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
0.> DKCACDG@ MK A@ \CE@< Mk `nukrmc ` a` n`rt` dkcaþdgn` dkcaþdgn` mk a` zce` (K0=B>>), sk pukmk cbskrv`r quk a` dkcacdæ` mka àrk` ke kstumgc kstà ncfprkemgm` mketrc mk ue` zce` prkmcfge`etkfketk mk ]cb` @emksgtgn` (]`). Puk sk mksnrgbk ncfc tcb` `rkecs` „ `rngaacs` `rngaacs` mk ncacr p`rmc na`rc (vkr igdur` =).
0.= RKDGCE@AG\@NGCE ^G^FGN@ MK A@ \CE@< Nceicrfk ` a` n`rt` mk rkdgce`agz`ngþe sæsfgn` mk a` rkpübagn` fkxgn`e` `eu`a mk mgskðc pcr sgsfc mk a` NIK (077>), a` zce` ke kstumgc, sk acn`agz` ke a` zce` ‑B‖ mk fkmg`e` getkesgm`m sæsfgn` (vkr igdur` =).
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
Acs kspkntrcs mk mgskðc p`r` kstruntur`s mka drupc B, ke a` zce` sæsfgn` ‑B‖, sk gemgn`e ke a` sgdugketk t`ba`<
Mþemk< `c< Nckigngketk mk `nkakr`ngþe mka tkrrkec. n< Nckigngketk ^æsfgnc. ]`(s)< Xkrgcmc mka kspkntrc sæsfgnc `. ]b(s)< Xkrgcmc mka kspkntrc sæsfgnc b. r< Kxpceketk mk nurv` mka kspkntrc. Ykacngm`m n`r`ntkræstgn` fàxgf` mka tkrrkec. Yc< Ykacngm`m βn< mk prcp`d`ngþe.
]n=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
N@XG][AC 2. ]R@B@LC^ MK N@FXC W A@BCR@]CRGC. 2.0 ]R@B@LC^ MK N@FXC< Acs tr`b`lcs mk kxpacr`ngþe ke n`fpc sk keicn`rce bàsgn`fketk `a kstumgc mk a` supkrigngk mk mkspa`etk mk a`s kstruntur`s, p`r` m`r acs p`ràfktrcss mk rksgstkeng` mka tkrrkec p`r` ka prcykntc ke nukstgþe. p`ràfktrc ^k rk`agzþ ue pczc mk ngkac `bgkrtc ` ue` prciuemgm`m mk 8.48 fts, rkspkntgv`fketk, a` ubgn`ngþe mk kstcs tr`b`lcs sk fukstr` ke a` igdur` > y ke ka mks`rrcaac mka fçtcmc mk kxpacr`ngþe sk mksnrgbk ` ncetgeu`ngþe.
XC\C @ NGKAC @BGKR]C. Ka pczc ` ngkac `bgkrtc sk rk`agzþ fkmg`etk ka kfpakc ` b`sk mk okrr`fgket` fkecr (pgnc y p`a`), a`s mgfkesgceks `prcxgf`m`s mk a` trgenokr` iukrce mk 8.98 fts mk `enoc pcr 8.98 fts mk a`rdc y 8.48 fts mk prciuemgm`m. Mk acs kstr`tcs kencetr`mcs ke a`s p`rkmks sk cbtuvgkrce fukstr`s `atkr`m`s, ka prcpþsgtc mk kevg`ra`s ` a`bcr`tcrgc nketr`a kes`yks p`r` su kstumgc mk nce rksgstkeng` y mkicrf`ngþe. @sæ fgsfc sk mktkrfge`rce mk prcpgkm`mks æemgnks nce ka prcpþsgtc mk ncecnkr su na`sgign`ngþe fkmg`etk ka sgstkf` uegign`mc mk na`sgign`ngþe mk sukacs. @mkfàs sk acn`agzþ egvka irkàtgnc pcr ksnurrgf ksnurrgfgketc. gketc. Ka ncrtk kstr`tgdràignc mka scemkc ` ngkac `bgkrtc sk fukstr` ke igdur` ; y a` klknungþe mk kstk sk gaustr` ke a`s ictcdr`iæ`s 0, 2, W >: (vkr `ekxc 2 rkpcrtk mk ictcdr`iæ`s).
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
2.2 ]R@B@LC^ MK A@BCR@]CRGC< @) NA@^GIGN@NGCE ^[N^. X`r` pcmkr ken`sgaa`r ` acs f`tkrg`aks kencetr`mcs mk `nukrmc `a sgstkf` uegign`mc mk na`sgign`ngþe mk sukacs (^[N^), sk rk`agz`rce kes`yks mk< ncfpcsgngþe dr`euacfktræ`, aæfgtks mk ncesgstkeng` (agfgtk aæqugmc, agfgtk paàstgnc y aæfgtk mk ncetr`nngþe agek`a) y ncetkegmc mk `du`: acs rksuat`mcs cbtkegmcs sk fukstr`e dr`ign`mcs ke ka ncrtk kstr`tgdràignc mk a` igdur` ;.
B) KE^@WK MK NCFXRK^GCE ^GFXAK. Mk a` fukstr` ge`atkr`m` quk sk cbtuvc ke ka scemkc ` ngkac `bgkrtc (XN@), sk ak rk`agzþ ue` prukb` sgfpak nce ka prcpþsgtc mk ncecnkr sus p`ràfktrcs mk rksgstkeng` mka sukac, acs rksuat`mcs sk fukstr`e ke a` igdur` y sk rksufke ke a` t`ba` sgdugketk<
^CEMKC 0.88
XK^C XRCI. YCA[F. NCOK^GCE @ED[AC KE MK O[FKM@M O[FKMC Jd/NF2. F]^. IRGNNGCE ]ce/F2 8.088.48
0.;88 0.;88
88.28 88.28
0;.88¸ 0;.88¸
0?.88 0?.88
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
N@XG][AC >. K^]R@]GDR@IG@ MKA ^[KAC. Mk `nukrmc nce a`s cbskrv`ngceks mk n`fpc, a` na`sgign`ngþe ^[N^ mk a`s fukstr`s cbtkegm`s mk a` kxpacr`ngþe y tcf`emc ke ncesgmkr`ngþe a` dkcacdæ` mka aud`r ke kstumgc, sk pukmk mkigegr a` sgdugketk sknukeng` kstr`tgdràign`<
>.0 K^]R@]GDR@IG@ K^]R@]GDR@IG@ KE XN@-0< MK 8.88 @ 8.08 F]^
N@X@ YKDK]@A, K^NCFBRC, F@]KRG@A YKDK]@A NCE R@GNK^.
MK 8.08 @ 8.48 F]^
^K ACN@AG\C [E AGFC @RNGAAC^C MK NCACR N@IÇ CB^N[RC, ^K CB^KRY@ [E@ NCFX@NGM@M MKE^@ W XRK^KE]@ [E@ NCFXC^GNGCE DR@E[ACFK]RGN@ MKA 88.88% MK DR@Y@^, 08.88% MK @RKE@^ W 78.88% MK IGEC^. K^]K F@]KRG@A K^ MKECFGE@MC NCF[EFKE]K ^KDÜE NA@^GIGN@NGCE NCFC [E FO. A@
Ka scemkc sk rk`agzþ mketrc mk ue` zce` eukv` ` rk`agz`r ncestrunngþe, pcr ac quk sk rktgrþ f`tkrg`a prcmuntc mk a` kxn`v`ngþe kxgstketk. @sæ fgsfc sk pumc cbskrv`r ue ncfpcrt`fgketc kst`bak mk acs t`aumks mk ncrtk sge `iknt`ngþe ks a`s kstruntur`s ncetgdu`s.
EC]@< o`st` a` fàxgf` prciuemgm`m kxpacr`m` ec sk acn`agzþ ka egvka mk `du`s irkàtgn`s.
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
N@XG][AC = NGFKE]@NGCEK^. =.0 @E@AG^G^ MK A@ NGFKE]@NGCE< X`r` pcmkr mkigegr ka tgpc mk ngfket`ngþe fàs `mknu`mc p`r` a`s kstruntur`s ke prcykntc sk tcf`rce ke nuket` a`s n`r`ntkræstgn`s kstr`tgdràign`s mka subsukac, acs rksuat`mcs mk a`bcr`tcrgc y a`s n`r`ntkræstgn`s mka prcykntc ` ncestrugr. Xcr ac `etkrgcr y ke b`sk ` a` geicrf`ngþe prcpcrngce`m` pcr ka nagketk a` cpngþe prcpukst` p`r` kstk tgpc mk kstruntur`s skrà ` b`sk mk<
Ngfket`ngþe mk f`fpcstkræ` mk pgkmr` br`z` mk 0r`, p`r` furcs mk n`rd` mk 8.>8 fts., mk ncrce`, b`sk mk 8.48 fts., y `atur` mk 8.?8 fts. Ncfc sk gemgnþ `etkrgcrfketk a` ngfket`ngþe kst`ràe mkspa`et`m`s ` 8.?8 fts mk prciuemgm`m (; nfs mk pa`etgaa`).
=.2 N@X@NGM@M MK N@RD@ @MFG^GBAK< Ka `eàagsgs mk n`p`ngm`m mk n`rd` ke ngfgketcs supkrigng`aks sk mktkrfgeþ mk `nukrmc nce a` knu`ngþe dkekr`a mk ]krz`dog p`r` ngfket`ngceks mkspa`et`m`s ke sukacs ncoksgvcs y/c irgnngce`etks, ke mcemk sk gevcaunr`e acs p`ràfktrcs mk ncoksgþe y irgnngþe cbtkegmcs mk a`s prukb`s sgfpaks c ke su n`sc pcr ncrrka`ngceks.
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
Knu`ngþe dkekr`a mk ]krz`dog< qu 6 nEn + ξ0MiEq + 8.;ξBEξ Mþemk< qu< Ks a` n`p`ngm`m mk n`rd` üatgf` mka ngfgketc (I A-2): n< Ks a` ncoksgþe mka sukac mk scpcrtk (I A-2): 0): ξ): MiHoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
^ge kfb`rdc, ke f`tkrg`aks dr`eua`rks sukatcs (ncfp`ngm`m rka`tgv` 1 48 %) c `rngaacscs ba`emcs, a` mkicrf`ngþe sk genrkfket` sgdegign`tgv`fketk p`r` n`rd`s nkrn`e`s ` a` mk i`aa`, ]krz`dog ncesgmkrþ quk `a pkektr`r ka ngfgketc ec acdr` mks`rrcaa`rsk ka kst`mc paàstgnc ` ac a`rdc mk tcm` a` acedgtum mk a` supkrigngk mk a` i`aa`, sgec quk a` i`aa` cnurrk `etks, ` n`rd` fkecr, mkbgmc `a egvka mk `sket`fgketc `an`ez`mc ke ka ngfgketc, ac nu`a, p`r` igeks pràntgncs kqugv`ak ` a` i`aa` mka fgsfc. @ kstk tgpc mk i`aa` ]krz`dog ac mkecfgeþ ‑i`aa` acn`a‖. Ncesgmkr`emc acs rksuat`mcs mk na`sgign`ngþe ^[N^ mk a`bcr`tcrgc `sæ ncfc acs rksuat`mcs mk a`s prukb`s sgfpaks, iuk pcsgbak mkigegr ka tgpc mk sukac mk sustket`ngþe (ncoksgce-irgnngce`etk) y a`s prcpgkm`mks mk rksgstkeng` fàs rkprksket`tgv`s p`r` ka `eàagsgs mk a`s ngfket`ngceks, mgnocs p`ràfktrcs sk gemgn`e ke a` igdur` sgdugketk<
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
]GXC MK NGFKE]@NGCE (^[DKRGM@).
XRCI. MK MK^XA@E]K (^[XKRIGNG@A).
XK^C @ED[AC YCA. FCM[AC MK FCM[AC NCOK^GCE MK O[F KA@^]GNGM@M MK Jd/f2 2 IRGNNGCE ]ce/ Jd/nf XCG^^CE f2
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0;.88¸
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Ect`< ke nu`etc ` a` dkcfktræ` mk ngfket`ngþe y tcf`emc ke nuket` a`s n`r`ntkræstgn`s mk rksgstkeng` mka sukac, sk ncesgmkrþ ue` prciuemgm`m mk mkspa`etk mk 8.?8 fts. (@ p`rtgr mka egvka mk a` pa`et` üegn`) y ue `enoc mk ngfket`ngþe mk 8.48 fts. Ngfket`ngþe mk F`fpcstkræ` mk Xgkmr` Br`z` mk 0r`. Nce mgfkesgceks mk 8.>8 fts mk ncrce`, 8.48 fts mk b`sk y `atur` mk 8.?8 fts. N`p`ngm`m mk n`rd` quk scpcrt`rà ka sukac ks mk ?.42 tce/f2. Acs i`ntcrks mk n`p`ngm`m mk n`rd` ‑En‖, ‑Eq‖ y ‑Eξ‖, kstàe ke iuengþe mka àeduac mk irgnngþe mka sukac, tcf`emc p`r` kstk n`sc ka àeduac mk irgnngþe mk 02¸, sk cbtgkeke fkmg`etk a` dràign` mk i`ntcrks mk n`p`ngm`m mk n`rd` mk ]krz`dog (fcstr`m` `b`lc), sce acs sgdugketks v`acrks< En602.?9, Eq68=.=; y Eξ680.;2
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
]@BA@ >.0 I@N]CRK^ MK N@X@NGM@M MK N@RD@ MK ]KR\@DOG, ]KR\ @DOG, KN[@NGCEK^ (>.=): (>.;) W (>.9).
^ustgtuykemc acs v`acrks, p`ràfktrcs mk rksgstkeng` mka sukac y ncesgmkr`emc ue Is6>, sk cbtgkek ac sgdugketk< ]gpc mk ngfket`ngþe (sudkrgm`) N`p`ngm`m mk n`rd` `mfgsgbak ke tce /f2
F@FXC^]KRG@ MK XGKMR@ BR@\@ MK 0R@. MK 8.>8 F]^., MK NCRCE@, 8.48 F]^., MK B@^K W 8.?8 F]^., MK @A]C. ?.42 tce/f2
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
=.> @E@AG^G^ MK @^KE]@FGKE]C^ KA@^]GNC^< Xcr ctr` p`rtk, sk `e`agz`rce acs fcvgfgketcs gefkmg`tcs mk `nukrmc ` a` ]kcræ` mk a` Ka`stgngm`m, fkmg`etk a` knu`ngþe fcstr`m` `b`lc, p`r` mgnoc `eàagsgs sk ncesgmkrþ ue fþmuac mk ka`stgngm`m mk K6>88 jd/nf2 y ue fþmuac mk Xcgssce mk 8.;8. 8 .;8. @sæ fgsfc sk ncesgmkrþ ue` prksgþe mk ncet`ntc ‑X‖ kstgf`m` p`r`
a`s kstruntur`s ke prcykntc mk ?.42 tce/f2. Νk 6 ((0-»2) X/K) B
Mþemk< Νk=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
N`p`ngm`m mk n`rd` `mfgsgbak ke tce /f2 @sket`fgketcs kaàstgncs ke nfs.
?.42 tce/f2 8.82 nf
m) Ka kstumgc ec ncetkfpac ue `eàagsgs mk vkacngm`m mk cem`s mk ncrtk nce ka ige mk mktkrfge`r ka tgpc mk sukac mka aud`r, sge kfb`rdc sk pukmk na`sgign`r ncfc sukac tgpc GG, quk mk `nukrmc ` a` rkdgce`agz`ngþe sæsfgn` kfgtgm` pcr a` NIK, sk ak `trgbuyk ue nckigngketk sæsfgnc mk 8.>8. k) X`r` kikntcs mk p`dc pcr kxn`v`ngþe y nceicrfk ` a`s ecrf`s mk a` ^N], ka sukac mka sgtgc sk mkbkrà ncesgmkr`r ncfc tgpc B ka nu`a pcmrà skr `t`n`mc fkmg`etk kqugpc f`eu`a (pgnc y p`a`) y/c nce kqugpc fknàegnc (rktrckxn`v`mcr`). A` geicrf`ngþe pa`sf`m` ke kstk geicrfk ncrrkspcemk `a sgtgc getkrçs pcr ac quk ec pcmrà kfpak`rsk ke ctrc sgtgc, `sæ fgsfc y n`sc quk ka prcykntc n`fbg`r` sk mkbkrà geicrf`r `a ]çnegnc p`r` kfgtgr Ncestrunngþe Nrgstg`e ^àenokz Iacrks rkncfkem`ngceks ncrrkspcemgketks.
mk ke ke a`s
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
@EK_C 0. RKA@NGCE MK IGD[R@^.
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
IGD[R@ 0< NRCP[G^ MK ACN@AG\@NGCE MKA @RK@ KE K^][MGC.
IGD[R@ 2< ACN@AG\@NGCE MKA ^G]GC KE K^][MGC.
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
IGD[R@ >< XA@E]@ W ACN@AG\@NGCE MKA ^CEMKC. 07¸2>'02.;8" E
07¸2>'02.88" E
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8.9 8.98 8 8. 8.98 98 8.48
T " 8 ; . > ; ' 8 0 ¸ 2 7
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
IGD[R@ =< ACN@AG\@NGCE DKCACDGN@ MKA ^G]GC KE K^][MGC.
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
IGD[R@ ;< XKRIGA K^]R@]GDR@IGNC MKA ^CEMKC XN@-0.
N@AAK OGM@ADC Ec. =84, KMGIGNGC @A]C^ 2MC. XG^C NCA. NKE]RC, @XG\@NC ]A@_. N.X. 78>=2 NKA. 2=00742??=. ngstg`e8=8=?>Hoctf`ga.ncf
MG^KÐC W NCE^]R[NNGÞE KE CBR@ XÜBAGN@ C XRGY@M@ W K^][MGC^ MK FKN@EGN@ MK ^[KAC^. GED. NRG^]G@E ^@ENOK\ IACRK^.
IGD[R@ 9< KE^@WK ]RG@_G@A MKA ^CEMKC XN@-0. CBR@< NCE^]R[NNGCE MK N@^@ O@BG]@NGCE ]GXC [EGI@FGAG@R. ^CEMKC 07 F[K^]R@< N-0 XRCI.< XRCXGK]@RG@< K E ^@ ^@ WC WC
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BGBAGCDR@IG@. ^æetksgs mk Geicrf`ngþe Dkcdràign` mka Kst`mc mk ]a`xn`a` Gestgtutc
•
E`ngce`a mk Kst`mæstgn` dkcdràign` k Geicrfàtgn` GEKDG.
N`rt` Dkcaþdgn` mka Kst`mc mk Xukba`
•
Gestgtutc E`ngce`a mk Kst`mæstgn` dkcdràign` k Geicrfàtgn` N`rt` Ec K0=B=> GEKDG.
Fknàegn` mk ^ukacs ]cfc GG y GGG
•
]kcræ` y @pagn`ngþe mk a` Fknàegn` mk sukacs Kua`agc Luàrkz B`mgaac @aicesc Rgnc mka N`stgaac.
Ngfket`ngcekss Xrgengpgcs mk Gedkegkræ` mk Ngfket`ngcek
•
Br`l` F. M`s Nu`rt` Kmgngþe.
Ngfket`ngceks Fknàegn` mk ^ukacs y Ngfket`ngceks
•
Ged. N`racs Nrkspc Ygaa`a`z G]K^F 0749. Tgjgpkmg` Kengnacpkmg` Agbrk
•
Xrksgþe A`tkr`a mka sukac (]kcræ` mk R`ejgek) www.Tgjgpkmg`.ncf www.Tgjgpkmg`.ncf
Xksc Kspknæignc y @eduac mk Rcz`fgketc Getkrec mk Y`rgcs F`tkrg`aks
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Lcre`m`s ]çnegn`s www.fga`rguf.ncf
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