Estudio de Gestion de Riesgos
July 14, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
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Gjsgj ji frmhjk gj kujstrfs gàds y d trdvís gji tmj`pf, ji sjr au`dkf sj ad jkcfktrdgf smj`prj jk id kjcjsmgdg mkjiugmoij y pjr`dkjktj gj adcjr nrjktj d gmvjrsds gmnmcuitdgjs, ajcafs, cmrcukstdkcmds y `üitmpijs njkó`jkfs rjcurrjktjs, tdktf gj frgjk kdturdi, cf`f hjkjrdgfs f mkgucmgfs pfr su prfpmd `dkf (dktrópmcfs), quj sj prfgucjk jk su jktfrkf gj vmgd y dnjctdk gmrjctd`jktj su mktjhrmgdg nàsmcd, sus omjkjs y pjrtjkjkcmds. Udrd prftjhjrsj gj jstfs ajcafs y cmrcukstdkcmds (`ucads vjcjs m`prjgjcmoijs j mkjvmtdoijs), id kdturdijzd ad gftdgf di af`orj gj ukd rjspujstd kdturdi - ji Mkstmktf gj Cfksjrvdcmók - quj if ad `ftmvdgf gjsgj ifs mkmcmfs gj su jvfiucmók d dctudr mkgmvmgudi`jktj dktj ifs njkó`jkfs quj ij dnjctdk. Ufstjrmfr`jktj, cfk ji gjvjkmr gji tmj`pf y d id pdr gji gjsdrrfiif gj ids sfcmjgdgjs, id gj`drcdcmók gj ifs tjrrmtfrmfs y ji kdcm`mjktf gj ids Kdcmfkjs j`pjzó d trdodldr cfijctmvd y frhdkmzdgd`jktj. frhdkmzdgd`jktj. Ifs gjsdstrjs sfk mktjrrupcmfkjs hrdvjs jk ji prfcjsf gj gjsdrrfiif. Uujgjk ditjrdrif, nrjkdrif u fostrumrif, y gjojk sjr cfksmgjrdgfs cf`f vdrmdoijs gj trdodlf, luktf d ifs ndctfrjs pfiàtmcfs y sfcmdijs. Cf`f sjôdid ji UKZG (Urfhrd`d gj ids Kdcmfkjs Zkmgds pdrd ji Gjsdrrfiif), ’dprfxm`dgd`jktj ji 8:% gj id pfoidcmók `ukgmdi vmvj jk =
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
zfkds quj adk smgf dzftdgds, di `jkfs ukd vjz jktrj 4=15 y ji ?555, pfr uk tjrrj`ftf, uk cmciók trfpmcdi, ukd mkukgdcmók f ukd sjquàd‐. Id hjstmók gj rmjshfs gj gjsdstrjs js uk prfcjsf gj dgfpcmók j m`pidktdcmók gj pfiàtmcds, jstrdtjhmds y präctmcds frmjktdgds d jvmtdr id hjkjrdcmók gj rmjshfs, rjgucmr ifs jxmstjktjs f d `mkm`mzdr, ji pjimhrf, ifs pftjkcmdijs gdôfs y pírgmgds. _jqumjrj _jqumjrj gj uk jknfquj mktjhrdi, mktjhrdi, trdksvjrsdi, trdksvjrsdi, smstí`mcf, smstí`mcf, gjscjktrdimzdgf gjscjktrdimzdgf y pdrtmcmpdtmvf. pdrtmcmpdtmvf. Gjoj drtmcuidr ifs kmvjijs kdcmfkdijs y tjrrmtfrmdijs gj hfomjrkf, di sjctfr prmvdgf, y id sfcmjgdg cmvmi. Ouscdkgf rjgucmr ifs kmvjijs gj rmjshf jxmstjktjs pdrd prftjhjr ifs `jgmfs gj vmgd gj ifs `äs vuikjrdoijs, id hjstmók gji rmjshf gj gjsdstrj cfkstmtuyj id odsj gji gjsdrrfiif Sfstjkmoij, y jk jstj `drcf jstä vmkcuidgd d ftrfs tj`ds trdksvjrsdijs, cf`f híkjrf, gjrjcafs y `jgmfd`omjktj, jk jsj sjktmgf id hjstmók gj rmjshfs gj gjsdstrjs cf`prjkgj uk prfcjsf y kf uk prfguctf f cfkluktf gj prfguctfs, prfyjctfs f dccmfkjs gmscrjtds, rjidcmfkdgf cfk ji ifhrf gj foljtmvfs gj gjsdrrfiif sfstjkmoij.
4.4
FOLJWM^FS GJ JSWZGMF 4.4. 4.4.44 FOL FOLJWM JWM^FS HJKJ_ JKJ_D DIJS IJS Gjtjr`mkdr ifs kmvjijs gj rmjshf frmhmkdgfs pfr njkó`jkfs gj frmhjk kdturdi y dktrópmcfs mgjktmnmcdgfs jk ji prfyjctf ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D. D.U. U.^. ^. AZJ_ AZJ_WF WF CCFI CCFIID IDKD KD GM GMSW SW_M _MWF WF GJ IM IM^M ^MWD WDCD CD - U_ U_F^ F^MK MKCM CMD D GJ CAZ@ CAZ@OM OM^M ^MIC ICDS DS GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐.
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Mgjktmnmcdr y gjtjr`mkdr ifs kmvjijs gj pjimhrf, y jidofrdr ji `dpd gj pjimhrf gji ärjd gj mkniujkcmd.
Dkdimzdr y gjtjr`mkdr ifs kmvjijs gj vuikjrdomimgdg, y jidofrdr ji `dpd gj vuikjrdomimgdg.
Jstdoijcjr ifs kmvjijs gji rmjshf y jidofrdr ji `dpd gj rmjshfs, jvdiudkgf id dcjptdomimgdg f tfijrdomimgdg gji rmjshf.
_jcf`jkgdr `jgmgds gj cfktrfi gji rmjshf.
DKWJCJGJKWJS Id gmkä`mcd jk ji rjimjvj gji tjrrmtfrmf pjrudkf ad luhdgf uk pdpji prjpfkgjrdktj jk id fcurrjkcmd gj jvjktfs
4.?
kdturdijs, `ucafs gj jiifs pftjkcmdi`jktj pjimhrfsfs pdrd id vmgd y id prfpmjgdg. Jstf sj jxpimcd pfr ji cfktjxtf hjfhränmcf gj kujstrf pdàs gj pfsmcmók idtmtugmkdi suotrfpmcdi cjktrf fccmgjktdi gj Sugd`írmcd2 cfk id prjsjkcmd dgmcmfkdi gj id Cfrgmiijrd gj Ifs Dkgjs cfk sus gmnjrjktjs pmsfs ditmtugmkdijs, ji Dktmcmciók gji Udcànmcf Sur quj luktf cfk id cfrrmjktj cfrrmjktj gj dhuds nràds quj pdsd pfr kujstrd cfst cfstdd cjktrf-sur y id cfrrmj cfrrmjktj ktj gj dhuds cäimgds jk ji imtfr imtfrdi di kfrtjôf, cfktrfidk ji smstj`d dt`ósnjrd-fcídkf gj id rjhmók, y dgj`äs ji pdsf gji Cmkturók gj Nujhf gji Udcànmcf Sur quj gjtjr`mkd jk hrdk `jgmgd id ditd sms`mcmgdg2 y jk su cfkluktf, tfgfs ifs njkó`jkfs gjrmvdgfs cf`f diuvmfkjs, gjsimzd`mjktfs, mkukgdcmfkjs y ftrfs quj dnjctdk ji jqumimormf sfcmf - jcfkó`mcf - d`omjktdi. Sj dôdgj quj afy jk gàd dihukds dctmvmgdgjs dktrópmcds cfkstmtuyjk td`omík pftjkcmdijs pjimhrfs tjckfióhmcfs. Ids cmugdgjs m`pfrtdktjs y `jgmdkds gj ifs pdàsjs jk gjsdrrfiif jstäk crjcmjkgf gj `dkjrd cdótmcd y gjsfrgjkdgd, fcupdkgf cfk =
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
crjcmjktj nrjcujkcmd sjctfrjs ditd`jktj pjimhrfsfs, d`jkdzdgfs pfr sms`fs mktjksfs, mkukgdcmfkjs sjvjrds, gfkgj sj cfkstruyjk jgmnmcdcmfkjs jgmnmcdcmfkjs vuikjrdoijs, mkcrj`jktdkgf ifs kmvjijs gj rmjshf gj id pfoidcmók jk hjkjrdi. Ifs prfyjctfs gj gjsdrrfiif jk id zfkd rurdi f jk ids cmugdgjs pjqujôds sj cfkstruyjk fcupdkgf cfk crjcmjktj nrjcujkcmd sjctfrjs ditd`jktj pjimhrfsds, gfkgj sj cfkstruyjk mknrdjstructurds mknrdjstructurds gj rmjshf vuikjrdoijs, mkcrj`jktdkgf ifs kmvjijs gj rmjshf gj id pfoidcmók jk hjkjrdi. Ji prjsjktj Urfyjctf jk cujstmók gjkf`mkdgf ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. ji `ms`f quj sj frmjktd prmkcmpdi`jktj d id dtjkcmók gj id gj`dkgd gj id pfoidcmók.
4.3
@JWFGFIFHMD Ji gjsdrrfiif gji trdodlf sj ad jnjctudgf jk trjs ndsjs< d)
Nd Ndsj sj gj Hd Hdom omkj kjtj tj M<
_jcfpmidcmók, sjijccmók y jvdiudcmók gj id mknfr`dcmók cdrtfhränmcd y omoimfhränmcd gji prfyjctf.
Jvdiudcmók gj id odsj gj gdtfs gj hjfgmkä`mcd jxmstjktj jk ji MKHJ@@JW, CJKJU_JG, MHU j
MHK. Mktjrprjtd Mktjr prjtdcmók cmók gj m`ähjkjs m`ähjkjs sdtjimtd sdtjimtdijs, ijs, rdgdr y nftfhrdnà nftfhrdnàds ds dírjds dírjds pdrd gjim`mtdr gjim`mtdr ifs pfsmoijs pfsmoijs pjimhrfs kdturdijs kdturdijs pftjkcmdijs.
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Nd Ndsj sj gj Cd Cd`p `pf< f<
Mkvjktdrmf gj ifs pjimhrfs hjfióhmcfs gjtjctdgfs.
Jvdiudcmók j mktjrprjtdcmók gj ifs pjimhrfs hjfióhmcfs mkvjktdrmdgfs.
Dkäimsms prjim`mkdr gj id sjhurmgdg nàsmcd gj ifs pujoifs y fords gj mknrdjstructurd prmkcmpdijs gj id zfkd.
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_jcfijccmók gj `ujstrds gj sujifs y rfcds gj ids zfkds gj mktjrís.
Nd Ndsj sj gj Hd Hdom omkj kjtj tj MM< MM<
Mktjrprjtdcmók y gjpurdcmók gj id mknfr`dcmók fotjkmgd jk id ndsj gj cd`pf y hdomkjtj M. Jidofrdcmók gj id odsj gj gdtfs gj njkó`jkfs hjfgmkä`mcds j amgrfióhmcfs quj dnjctdk di ärjd gj jstugmf.
Dkäimsms j mktjrprjtdcmók gj id mknfr`dcmók fotjkmgd.
Jidofrdcmók gj `dpds, nmhurds y Wdoids.
Urjpdrdcmók y jidofrdcmók gji mknfr`j nmkdi
4.7
ODSJ CD_WFH_DNMCD Sj ad utmimzdgf<
@dpds y ofijtmkjs gj id cdrtd Kdcmfkdi d jscdid 4>7, quj crjd ji Smstj`d Kdcmfkdi gj Hjstmók gji _mjshf gj Gjsdstrjs – SMKDHJ_G,
Gjcrjtf Suprj`f Kµ 571-?544-UC@, _jhid`jktf gj id Ijy gji Smstj`d Kdcmfkdi gj Hjstmók gji _mjshf gj Gjsdstrjs.
Ijy Kµ ?81>8, Ijy Frhäkmcd gj ifs Hfomjrkfs _jhmfkdijs y su `fgmnmcdtfrmds gmspujstd pfr Ijy Kµ ?8=5?.
Ijy Kµ ?8=8?, Ijy Frhäkmcd gj @ukmcmpdimgdgjs y su `fgmnmcdtfrmd dprfodgd pfr Ijy Kµ ?1?>1.
Ijy Kµ ?=1>=, Ijy gj _jdsjktd`mjktf Ufoidcmfkdi pdrd \fkds gj @uy Ditf _mjshf _ mjshf Kf @mtmhdoij.
Gjcrjtf Suprj`f Kµ 44:-?543-UC@, dprujod ji _jhid`jktf gj id Ijy Kµ ?=1>=. Gjcrjtf Suprj`f Kµ 4?>-?543-UC@, `fgmnmcd ji _jhid`jktf gj id Ijy Kµ ?=1>=.
_jsfiucmók Ljndturdi Kµ 44? – ?547 – CJKJU_JG/L, quj dprujod ji "@dkudi pdrd id Jvdiudcmók gj _mjshfs frmhmkdgfs pfr Njkó`jkfs Kdturdijs", ?gd ^jrsmók.
_jsfiucmók _jsfi ucmók @mkmstjrmd @mkmstjrmdii Kµ 337-?54?-U 337-?54?-UC@, C@, quj Dprujod Dprujod ifs Imkjd`mj Imkjd`mjktfs ktfs Wíckmcfs gji Urfcjsf Urfcjsf gj Jstm`dcmók gji _mjshf gj Gjsdstrjs.
_jsfiucmók _jsfi ucmók @mkmstjrmd @mkmstjrmdii Kµ ???-?543-U ???-?543-UC@, C@, quj Dprujod Dprujod ifs Imkjd`mj Imkjd`mjktfs ktfs Wíckmcfs gji Urfcjsf Urfcjsf gj Urjvjkcmók gji _mjshf gj Gjsdstrjs.
_jsfiucmók _jsfi ucmók @mkmstjrmdi @mkmstjrmdi Kµ ??5-?543-U ??5-?543-UC@, C@, Dprujod Dprujod ifs Imkjd`mj Imkjd`mjktfs ktfs Wíckmcfs pdrd ji Urfcjsf Urfcjsf gj _jguccmók gji _mjshf gj Gjsdstrjs.
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
Gjcrjtf Suprj`f K¼ 444–?54?–UC@, gj njcad 5? gj kfvmj`orj gj ?54?, quj dprujod id Ufiàtmcd Kdcmfkdi gj Hjstmók gji _mjshf gj Gjsdstrjs
_jsfiucmók @mkmstjrmdi Kµ478-?54>-UC@, gj njcad 41 luimf ?54>, quj dprujod ifs Imkjd`mjktfs pdrd id M`pij`jktdcmók M`pij`jktdcm ók gji Urfcjsf gj _jcfkstruccmók‐.
Gjcrjtf gj Zrhjkcmd Kµ557-?548, gj njcad 48 gj `drzf gji ?548, quj dprujod `jgmgds pdrd jstm`uidr id jcfkf`àd, dsà cf`f pdrd id dtjkcmók gj mktjrvjkcmfkjs dktj id fcurrjkcmd gj iiuvmds y pjimhrfs dsfcmdgfs.
4. 4.:. :.44
KF_@ KF_@DW DWM^ M^MG MGDG DG JSUJ JSUJCM CMDI DIM\ M\DG DGDS DS
Ids cfkciusmfkjs jk id jstm`dcmók gji rmjshf tf`drdk jk cujktd ids kfr`ds tíckmcds vmhjktjs<
_jhid`jktf Kdcmfkdi gj Jgmnmcdcmfkjs.
FS.5:5 _jgjs gj gmstrmoucmók gj dhud pdrd cfksu`f au`dkf.
FS.585 _jgjs gj dhuds rjsmgudijs.
FS.455 Cfksmgjrdcmfkjs oäsmcds gj gmsjôf gj mknrdjstructurd.
J.5:5 Jstugmf gj @jcäkmcd gj Sujifs. S ujifs.
J.5>5 Cfkcrjtf Dr`dgf.
J.5?5 Cdrhds.
4.>
@D_CF CFKCJUWZDI GJ IFS GJSDSW_JS 4.>.4 GJSDSW_J Sjhük Diidk Idvjii, uk gjsdstrj js ji nmk gj uk prfcjsf, d vjcjs `uy idrhf, gj cfkstruccmók gj cfkgmcmfkjs gj rmjshf jk id sfcmjgdg2 js id cfkcrjtmzdcmók gj gmcads cfkgmcmfkjs prjjxmstjktjs jk id `ms`d. Jstd rjdimzdcmók fcurrj jk ji `f`jktf jk quj tmjkj iuhdr uk gjtjr`mkdgf jvjktf nàsmcf, sjd jstj uk aurdcäk, sms`f, jxpifsmók, mkcjkgmf, u ftrf, y jiif `ujstrd ids cfkgmcmfkjs gj vuikjrdomimgdg jxmstjktjs, rjvjid ji rmjshf idtjktj y if cfkvmjrtj jk uk prfguctf cfk cfksjcujkcmds jk tír`mkfs gj pírgmgds y gdôfs. (Idvjii s/d). Ji cfkcjptf gj gjsdstrj ad jvfiucmfkdgf jk ji tmj`pf, sjhük ifs dpfrtjs gj gmvjrsds gmscmpimkds. @äs dgjidktj cfksmhkd`fs jsfs dpfrtjs, cudkgf dofrgd`fs ifs jknfqujs sforj ji `dkjlf j mkvjstmhdcmók gj ifs gjsdstrjs.
4.>.?
_MJSHF
Dctudi`jktj js dcjptdgf ji cfkcjptf gj quj ji rmjshf js ukd cfkstruccmók sfcmdi, pfr ids smhumjktjs cfksmgjrdcmfkjs< Ji rmjshf cfkstmtuyj ukd pfsmomimgdg y ukd prfodomimgdg gj gdôfs rjidcmfkdgfs cfk id jxmstjkcmd gj gjtjr`mkdgds cfkgmcmfkjs jk id sfcmjgdg. Ji rmjshf sfid`jktj pujgj jxmstmr di cfkcurrmr ukd d`jkdzd y gjtjr`mkdgds cfkgmcmfkjs gj vuikjrdomimgdg jk uk jspdcmf y tmj`pf pdrtmcuidr. Gj ajcaf, ids d`jkdzds y vuikjrdomimgdgjs jstäk `utud`jktj cfkgmcmfkdgds< kf pujgj jxmstmr jxms tmr ukd d`jkdzd d`jkdzd smk id jxmstjkcmd jxmstjkcmd gj ukd sfcmjgdg sfcmjgdg vuikjrdoi vuikjrdoijj y vmcjvjrsd vmcjvjrsd.. Zk jvjktf nàsmcf gj id `dhkmtug `dhkmtug f mktjksmgdg quj sjd kf pujgj cdusdr uk gdôf sfcmdi sm kf ady jij`jktfs gj id sfcmjgdg jxpujstfs d sus jnjctfs. Gj id `ms`d `dkjrd, adoidr gj id jxmstjkcmd gj vuikjrdomimgdg f cfkgmcmfkjs mksjhurds gj jxmstjkcmd js sfid`jktj pfsmoij cfk rjnjrjkcmd d id prjsjkcmd gj ukd d`jkdzd pdrtmcuidr. =
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
Id `dhkmtug gji rmjshf smj`prj jstä jk nukcmók gj id `dhkmtug gj ids d`jkdzds y ids vuikjrdomimgdgjs, y ifs trjs cfkstmtuyjk cfkgmcmfkjs idtjktjs jk id sfcmjgdg. Ji rmjshf, rmjshf, prfguctf prfguctf gj id mktjrrji mktjrrjidcmók dcmók gj d`jkdzds d`jkdzds y vuikjrdom vuikjrdomimgd imgdgjs, gjs, js jk gjnmkmtm gjnmkmtmvd vd ukd cfkstruccmók cfkstruccmók sfcmdi, gmkä`mcd y cd`omdktj, gmnjrjkcmdgd jk tír`mkfs tjrrmtfrmdijs y sfcmdijs. (Idvjii s/d).
4.>.3 D@JKD\D Zkd d`jkdzd rjnmjrj d id pfsmomimgdg gj id fcurrjkcmd gj uk jvjktf nàsmcf quj pujgj cdusdr dihük tmpf gj gdôf d id sfcmjgdg. Id vdrmjg vdrmjgdg dg gj d` d`jkd jkdzds zds quj pftjkc pftjkcmdi mdi`j `jktj ktj jknrj jknrjktd ktd id sfcmjg sfcmjgdg dg js `uy d`pimd d`pimd y tm tmjkg jkgjj d du`jkt du`jktdr dr cfkstdktj`jktj. Mkciuyj ids quj sfk prfpmds gji `ukgf kdturdi, cf`f ids rjidcmfkdgds cfk id gmkä`mcd hjfióhmcd, hjf`órnmcd, dt`fsnírmcd dt`fsnírmcd y fcjdkfhränmcd2 fcjdkfhränmcd2 ids quj sfk gj kdturdijzd sfcmdi y kdturdi, prfgucmgds cf`f rjsuitdgf gj id mktjrsjccmók f rjidcmók gji `ukgf kdturdi cfk ids präctmcds sfcmdijs, cf`f sfk `ucafs cdsfs gj mkukgdcmók, gjsimzd`mjktf y sjquàd. Ids dktrfpfhíkmcds sfk prfguctf gj id dctmvmgdg au`dkd, cf`f ifs cdsfs gj jxpifsmfkjs, cfktd`mkdcmók gj dmrj, tmjrrd y dhud pfr prfguctfs mkgustrmdijs, jktrj ftrds. Js m`pfrtdkt m`pfrtdktjj gjstdcdr gjstdcdr quj tfgd d`jkdzd js cfkstrumgd cfkstrumgd sfcmdi`jkt sfcmdi`jktj2 j2 js gjcmr, gjcmr, id trdk trdksnfr snfr`dcm `dcmók ók gj uk pftjkcmdi pftjkcmdi jvjktf nàsmcf jk ukd d`jkdzd sfid`jktj js pfsmoij sm uk cf`pfkjktj gj id sfcmjgdg jstä suljtf d pfsmoijs gdôfs f pírgmgds. Gj if cfktrdrmf, uk pftjkcmdi jvjktf nàsmcf, pfr hrdkgj quj sjd, kf sj cfkstmtuyj jk ukd ’d`jkdzd‐ prfpmd`jktj gmcad, gmcad, dukquj cfk id mktrfguccmók gj gmstmktds gmstmktds gmkä`mcds sfc sfcmdijs mdijs pujgj jvfiucmfkdr pdrd pdrd cfkstmtumr ukd d`jkdzd jk ji nuturf (Idvjii, 4==>).
4.>.7
^ZIKJ IKJ_DOMIMGDG
Iid`d`fs vuikjrdomimgdg d ukd sjrmj gj cdrdctjràstmcds gmnjrjkcmdgds gj id sfcmjgdg, f suocfkluktfs gj id `ms`d, quj id prjgmspfkjk d sunrmr gdôfs nrjktj di m`pdctf gj uk jvjktf nàsmcf jxtjrkf, y quj gmnmcuitdk su pfstjrmfr rjcupjrdcmók. Js smkókm`f gj gjomimgdg f nrdhmimgdg y id dktàtjsms gj cdpdcmgdg y nfrtdijzd. Id vuikjrdomimgdg js, jk nmk, id prfpjksmók gj ukd sfcmjgdg sfcmjgdg d sunrmr gdôf f sjr gdôdgd. gdôdgd. Dihukds gj ids gm`jksmfkjs prjvdijcmjktjs gj id vuikjrdomimgdg sj jkcujktrdk jk id uomcdcmók gj pfoidcmók, prfguccmók j mknrdjstructurd mknrdjstructurd jk ärjds gj pftjkcmdi pftjkcmdi m`pdctf2 id mksjhurmgdg mksjhurmgdg jstructurdi gj ids jgmnmcdcmfkjs2 jgmnmcdcmfkjs2 id nditd gj rjcursfs jcfkó`mcfs, gj dutfkf`àd y gj cdpdcmgdg gj gjcmsmók gj id pfoidcmók, ids nd`mimds, ids cf`ukmgdgjs f ids ukmgdgjs gj prfguccmók, quj ijs pjr`mtdk adcjr nrjktj d cfktjxtfs gj d`jkdzd f rjcupjrdrsj gjspuís gji m`pdctf gj uk jvjktf nàsmcf gjtjr`mkdgf2 id dusjkcmd gj ukd sfcmjgdg frhdkmzdgd y sfimgdrmd2 id jxmstjkcmd gj mgjfifhàds ndtdimstds y id nditd gj jgucdcmók d`omjktdi dgjcudgd2 id cdrjkcmd gj mkstmtucmfkjs u frhdkmzdcmfkjs quj vjijk pfr id sjhurmgdg cmugdgdkd y quj prf`ujvdk id rjguccmók gj rmjshf. (Xmicajs Cadux, 4==3).
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
4. 4.>. >.::
_JID _JIDCM CMÓK ÓK GJ GJ IFS IFS GJSD GJSDSW SW_J _JS S CFK CFK JI GJS GJSD_ D__F _FII IIF F
Id pírgmgd gj vmgds au`dkds, gjstruccmók gj mknrdjstructurd y ji `jgmf d`omjktj y ji gjtjrmfrf gj ifs `jgmfs gj suosmstjkcmd sfk cfksjcujkcmds gmrjctds gj ifs gjsdstrjs. Ujrf jxmstj ukd mktjrdccmók jktrj ids pírgmgds pfr gjsdstrjs y ftrfs tmpfs gj prfoij`ds< nmkdkcmjrfs, pfiàtmcfs, sdkmtdrmfs y d`omjktdijs, quj tdijs pírgmgds pujgjk mkciusf dhrdvdr. Ids cfkgmcmfkjs mksjhurds gj vmgd, rjnijldgds jk `üitmpijs cfktjxtfs pdrtmcuid pdrtmcuidrjs rjs rjidcmfkdgfs cfk id ifcdimzdcmók gj id pfoidcmók y id prfguccmók, sfk prfguctf gj prfcjsfs sfcmdijs cfkcrjtfs j amstórmcfs (Xmicajs Cadux, 4==1). Jktrj jiifs sj pujgj mkgmcdr ids cdrdctjràstmcds cdrdctjràstmcds nàsmcds gj ids jstructurds, id nditd gj mkhrjsfs, id gjskutrmcmók y id jknjr`jgdg, ji gjscfkfcm`mjktf gji `jgmf d`omjktj cmrcukgdktj y gj su cf`pfrtd`mjktf, id nditd gj prmkcmpmfs gj frhdkmzdcmók sfimgdrmd y prfcjsfs gj pdrtmcmpdcmók jk id tf`d gj gjcmsmfkjs quj dnjctdk id vmgd gj ids pjrsfkds, ids mgjfifhàds ndtdimstds quj mk`fvmimzdk u fostdcuimzdk id oüsqujgd gj ditjrkdtmvds sjhurds, y ids jxprjsmfkjs cuiturdijs mkdgdptdgds d ids rjdimgdgjs `fgjrkds. Gj dcujrgf cfk ji `fgjif gj vuikjrdomimgdg prfpujstf pfr Oidmbmj y sus cfijhds (Oidmbmj 4==>), jstds cfkgmcmfkjs sfk prfguctf gj prfcjsfs gmkä`mcfs quj gjrmvdk gj ifs `fgjifs gf`mkdktjs gj frhdkmzdcmók, frgjkd`mjktf y trdksnfr`dcmók trdksnfr`dc mók gj id sfcmjgdg, f if quj cf`ük`jktj sj gjkf`mkd ’jstmifs‐ f ’`fgjifs‐ gj gjsdrrfiif. Ifs prfcjsfs gmkä`mcfs sj cfkcrjtdk jk `fgdimgdgjs pdrtmcuidrjs gj trdksnfr`dcmók rurdi, urodkmzdcmók, crjcm`mjktf y gmstrmoucmók pfoidcmfkdi, jxpiftdcmók gj ifs rjcursfs kdturdijs, frhdkmzdcmók y pdrtmcmpdcmók sfcmdi, dccjsf di y gmstrmoucmók gji mkhrjsf, jktrj ftrfs. Ids cfkgmcmfkjs mksjhurds gj vmgd y vuikjrdomimgdgjs sj cfkstruyjk cf`f prfguctf gj jstfs prfcjsfs gmkä`mcfs. Ji prfoij`d gj rmjshf js, jktfkcjs, uk prfoij`d àktm`d`jktj rjidcmfkdgf cfk ji gjsdrrfiif f id nditd gji `ms`f. Ifs gjsdstrjs sfk mkgmcdgfrjs gj mksfstjkmomimgdg jk ifs prfcjsfs gj hjstmók gji gjsdrrfiif y gj hjstmók d`omjktdi (Xmicajs Cadux, 4==12 Idvjii, 4==1 y 4===)2 jk cfksjcujkcmd, id rjguccmók gji rmjshf y gj ifs gjsdstrjs gjoj nukgd`jktdrsj mgjdi`jktj jk id `fgmnmcdcmók f trdksnfr`dcmók gj ids cfkgmcmfkjs quj hjkjrdk ji rmjshf f, jk su cdsf y gj nfr`d suo óptm`d, jk ji cfktrfi jxtjrkf gj ifs ndctfrjs gji rmjshf.
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
CDUMWZIF MM< CD_DCWJ_MSWMCDS HJKJ_DIJS GJI D_JD GJ JSWZGMF ?
CD_D CD_DCW CWJ_ J_MS MSWM WMCD CDS S HJKJ HJKJ_D _DIJ IJS S GJI GJI D_JD D_JD GJ GJ JSWZG JSWZGMF MF
?.4 ?.4.4 ZOMCDCMÓK ZOMCDCMÓK] DCCJSMOMIMGDG Ji ärjd gj jstugmf jstä cf`prjkgmgd jk id pdrtj frmjktdi gji Ujrü, jspjcànmcd`jktj js jk ji cjktrf pfoidgf gj IM^MWDCD – Cuscf, uomcdgf jk id DU^ Aujrtf Ccfiidkd odrrmf ajrr ajrrjràd. jràd. Jk ids cffrgjkdgds ZW@ XHS 17 (Sur) gj rjnjrjkcmd.
C DI I JS y / f
Xd bd rm Sd k td Oä ro d rd T f rmid z f H rd u Caf rrmi miif if s C c f s c f kj W f tf rd U d t d q u j ô d Tf rmi mimwm mwm C d i ij ij ? I d zf gj F rf T f rmw d rd c d ? 1 G J LZI MF
?.4.?
C F F _GJKDGD S ZW @ ( MKMC MF ) JSW J KF _W J
Dv.
? 5= 5= ,8 ,8 8> 8> .3 .3 8 ? 5= 5= ,= ,= 38 38 .: .: 4 ? 45 45 ,5 ,5 45 45 .5 .5 5 ? 45 45 ,5 ,5 :4 :4 .5 .5 4 ? 5= 5= ,1 ,1 58 58 .= .= ? ? 5= 5= ,1 ,1 33 33 .7 .7 : ? 5= 5= ,1 ,1 71 71 .7 .7 ? ? 5= 5= ,1 ,1 >4 >4 .4 .4 1 ? 45 45 ,5 ,5 ?> ?> .: .: 3 ? 5= 5= ,1 ,1 8? 8? .8 .8 8 ? 5= 5= ,1 ,1 1? 1? .? .? 3 ? 5= 5= ,1 ,1 =5 =5 .> .> :
1, 1,7 4 4> > ,4 ,4 88 88 .4 .4 3 1 ,7 ,7 4 4> > ,7 ,7 ?1 ?1 .1 .1 3 1 ,7 ,7 4 4> > ,3 ,3 75 75 .? .? 7 1 ,7 ,7 4 4> > ,? ,? ?3 ?3 .3 .3 3 1 ,7 ,7 4 4> > ,? ,? >? >? .? .? : 1 ,7 ,7 4 4> > ,3 ,3 17 17 .: .: 5 1 ,7 ,7 4 4> > ,7 ,7 75 75 .3 .3 8 1 ,7 ,7 4 4> > ,7 ,7 13 13 .: .: 5 1, 1,7 4 4> > ,7 ,7 ?> ?> .4 .4 = 1 ,7 ,7 4 4> > ,: ,: ?? ?? .> .> = 1 ,7 ,7 4 4> > ,: ,: >5 >5 .7 .7 5 1 ,7 ,7 4 4> > ,> ,> 55 55 .? .? 1
C F F _GJKD GDS ZW @ ( NMKDI DI ) JSW J KF _W J ? 5= 5= ,1 ,1 18 18 .: .: 3 ? 5= 5= ,= ,= 83 83 .3 .3 7 ? 45 45 ,5 ,5 >4 >4 .? .? 7 ? 45 45 ,4 ,4 ?= ?= .5 .5 ? ? 5= 5= ,1 ,1 1= 1= .8 .8 5 ? 45 45 ,5 ,5 >1 >1 .: .: 1 ? 45 45 ,5 ,5 1? 1? .> .> 1 ? 5= 5= ,= ,= 74 74 .: .: > ? 5= 5= ,= ,= >5 >5 .> .> > ? 45 45 ,4 ,4 5? 5? .4 .4 : ? 5= 5= ,= ,= >5 >5 .3 .3 8 ? 45 45 ,4 ,4 ?4 ?4 .1 .1 3
1 ,7 ,7 4> 4> ,> ,> 58 58 .3 .3 5 1 ,7 ,7 4> 4> ,: ,: 8? 8? .? .? 4 1 ,7 ,7 4> 4> ,: ,: 77 77 .8 .8 5 1 ,7 ,7 4> 4> ,: ,: 3> 3> .5 .5 > 1 ,7 ,7 4> 4> ,? ,? :? :? .7 .7 4 1 ,7 ,7 4> 4> ,3 ,3 41 41 .: .: 8 1 ,7 ,7 4> 4> ,3 ,3 8: 8: .5 .5 8 1 ,7 ,7 4> 4> ,7 ,7 >? >? .? .? 8 1 ,7 ,7 4> 4> ,7 ,7 =3 =3 .4 .4 1 1 ,7 ,7 4> 4> ,7 ,7 :3 :3 .4 .4 3 1 ,7 ,7 4> 4> ,: ,: 31 31 .1 .1 7 1 ,7 ,7 4> 4> ,: ,: 3? 3? .5 .5 ?
DCCJSMOMIMGDG
Udrd iijhdr di prfyjctf sj iijhd pfr id smhumjktj rutd. Sj jkidzd cfk id cmugdg gj Cuscf y ftrds quj sj adiidk jk su rjcfrrmgf `jgmdktj ukd cdrrjtjrd dsnditdgd gj ??5 B` jk gmrjccmók Sur. Ji cudgrf smhumjktj, kfs prjcmsd ji dccjsf jk tmj`pf y gmstdkcmd, pdrtmjkgf gj id cmugdg gj Cuscf. Wdoid ?.4< Udrd iijhdr di prfyjctf sj tmjkj ifs smhumjktjs mtmkjrdrmfs.
W_D@F MKMCMF CZSCF
NMK Z_CFS
GMSWDKCMD WMJ@UF (B@) (`mk) 3:.?
75.8=% :.88% >.51% >.51% :.71% 7.=3% 7.=7% 3.==% 3.?3% 1.48% 455.55%
Nujktj< MKJM Cjksf gj Ufoidcmók y ^mvmjkgd ?548 ?.?.?
^M^MJKGD
Sjhük ji "Smstj`d gj Mknfr`dcmók Jstdgàstmcf gj dpfyf d id Urjvjkcmók d ifs jnjctfs gji Njkó`jkf Ji Kmôf y ftrfs Njkó`jkfs Kdturdijs" gji MKJM ?548, jk ji gmstrmtf gj IM^MWDCD, jxmstàd 3>45 vmvmjkgds, ji pfrcjktdlj `äs smhkmnmcdtmvf cfk 4,?1? vmvmjkgds gj dgfoj f tdpmd y cfk 347 vmvmjkgds tjkàdk cf`f `dtjrmdi prjgf`mkdktj idgrmiif f oifquj gj cj`jktf. cj`jktf. Wdoid ?.7< Wmpf gj `dtjrmdi prjgf`mkdktj gj ids pdrjgjs.
@DWJ_MDI GJ CFKSW_ZCCMÓK U_JGF@MKDKWJ JK IDS UD_JGJS Idgrmiif f oifquj gj cj`jktf
CDSFS 4?7
% 3.:8% =
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
Dgfoj Wdpmd Umjgrd cfk odrrf @dgjrd (pfkd, tfrkmiif jtc.) Wrmpidy / cdid`mkd / jstjrd Wftdi ?.?.3
3?7: 47 18 3 ?
=3.31% 5.75% ?.:5% 5.5=% 5.5>%
378: 455.55% Nujktj< MKJM Cjksf gj Ufoidcmók y ^mvmjkgd ?548
SJ_^ J_^MCMFS OÄS OÄSMCFS
D) Wmpf Dodstjcm`mjktf gj Dhud< Sjhük ji ’Smstj`d gj mknfr`dcmók jstdgàstmcf sforj id prjvjkcmók d ifs jnjctfs gji njkó`jkf Ji Kmôf y ftrfs Njkó`jkfs Kdturdijs‐ gji MKJM ?548, sjôdid quj ji gmstrmtf gj IM^MWDCD uk tftdi gj 3>45 vmvmjkgds, ji (4, :58 vmvmjkgds) tmjkj dccjsf rjg püoimcd gj dhud gjktrf id vmvmjkgd, smjkgf jstj ji `dyfr pfrcjktdlj gji tftdi gj vmvmjkgds. WDOID ?.: DODSWJCM@MJKWF GJ DHZD - GMSW_MWF
DODSWJCM@MJKWF GJ DHZD JK CDSFS ID ^M^MJKGD _jg püoimcd gjktrf gj id vmvmjkgd :3=
GJ IM^MWDCD
% 4:.:4%
_jg püoimcd nujrd gj id vmvmjkgd, 485 pjrf gjktrf gj id jgmnmcdcmók
7.1=%
Umiók f pmijtd gj usf püoimcf
877
?4.74%
Ufzf (dhud suotjrräkjd) @dkdktmdi f puqumf
4?7= 7:3
3:.=7% 43.57%
_ 347 =..5 5> 7% % Fàtfrf, dcjqumd, idhf, idhukd ? 5 ^jcmkf 7 5.4?% Wftdi 378: 455.55% Nujktj< MKJM Cjksf gj Ufoidcmók y ^mvmjkgd ?548. O) Sjrvmcmf Amhmíkmcfs<
Sjhük ji ’Smstj`d gj mknfr`dcmók jstdgàstmcf sforj id prjvjkcmók d ifs jnjctfs gji Njkó`jkf Ji Kmôf y ftrfs Njkó`jkfs Kdturdijs‐ gji MKJM ?548, jk ji gmstrmtf gj IM^MWDCD quj uk tftdi gj 3>45 vmvmjkgds, id `dyfr pdrtj gj vmvmjkgds kf tmjkj cfkjxmók d id rjg püoimcd gj gjsdhùj gjktrf gj id vmvmjkgd, `mjktrds quj uk 15% Kf cujktd cfk sjrvmcmfs amhmíkmcfs gjktrf gj id vmvmjkgd.
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
Wdoid ?.> SJ_^MCMFS AMHMÍKMCFS - GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD
SJ_^MC SJ_^ MCMF MF AMHM AMHMÍK ÍKMC MCF F TZ TZJ J WM WMJK JKJ J ID ^M^MJKGD
CDSFS
_jg püoi _jg püoimc mcd d gj gjsd gjsdhù hùj j gj gjkt ktrf rf gj id 7=? vmvmjkgd _jg püoi _jg püoimmcd gj gjsd gjsdhù hùj j nu nujr jrd d gj id ?=3 vmvmjkgd, pjrf gjktrf gj id jgmnmcdcmók Ufzf Ufzf síp síptmc tmcf, f, omfgmhjstfr
tdk tdkquj quj
síp síptmc tmcf f
Ijtrmkd ( cfk trdtd`mjktf)
f 3:3 ?38
Ufzf cmjhf f kjhrf :?= _àf, dcjqumd, cdkdi f sm`midr 4= Cd`pf domjrtf f di dmrj imorj :78 Ftrf ?3 Wftdi ?7=3 Nujktj< MKJM Cjksf gj Ufoidcmók y ^mvmjkgd ?548
% 37.>>% ?4.4?% 4:.58% 4.?5% >.=3% 5.83% 4=.?>% 4.5?% 455.55%
C) Sjr Sjrvmc vmcmf mf Jkjrhà Jkjrhàd dJ Jiíc iíctrmc trmcd< d<
Sjhük ji ’Smstj`d gj mknfr`dcmók jstdgàstmcf sforj id prjvjkcmók d ifs jnjctfs gji njkó`jkf Ji Kmôf y ftrfs Njkó`jkfs Kdturdijs‐ gji MKJM ?548, mkgmcd quj ji 4784 gj ids vmvmjkgds cujktd diu`ordgf gj jijctrmcmgdg y ji rjstdktj gj vmvmjkgds kf gmspfkjk gj jstj sjrvmcmf. Wdoid ?.8< Wmpf gj diu`ordgf.
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
Wmpf gj vmvm vmvmjj kgd y tf tf td i gj fc updktj updktj s prjsjktjs
Wf td i
^mvm ^mvmjj kg d s p d rtmc tmc ui uidd rj s F c u p d k t j s p rj rj s j k t j s
3 > 45 = 7 83
C d sd mk g j p j k g mj mj k t j ^mvm ^mvmjj kg d s p d rtmc tmc ui uidd rj s F c u p d k t j s p rj rj s j k t j s C af a f zd zd f c d o d ô d ^mvm ^mvmjj kg d s p d rtmc tmc ui uidd rj s F c u p d k t j s p rj rj s j k t j s ^mvm ^mvmjj kg d s p d rtmc tmc ui uidd rj s F c u p d k t j s p rj rj s j k t j s
V 3 4 >8 1 3 3= V 77? 4 4 33 4 4
Gmspfkj gj diu`ordgf j ií c trmc f pf r rj g p üoim üoimc d Sà Kf 4 78 4 ? 4 3= 7 57 1 : 7 ?: V 4 33 ? 3 >1 > V 4 31 3 >4 4 4
?.?.7
V 4 1 3: 7 > :3 V 3 57 8 8? -
Nujktj< MKJM ?548.
JGZCDCMÓK
Sjhük ji ’Smstj`d gj mknfr`dcmók jstdgàstmcf sforj id prjvjkcmók d ifs jnjctfs gji Njkó`jkf Ji Kmôf y ftrfs Njkó`jkfs Kdturdijs‐ gji MKJM ?548, sjôdid quj jk ji gmstrmtf gj IM^MWDCD ji 373: gji tftdi gj pjrsfkds tmjkjk jstugmfs gj kmvji sjcukgdrmfs y 75?: cfk jstugmfs gj kmvji prm`drmf2 dsm`ms`f ji >4 cujktd cfk jstugmf supjrmfr ukmvjrsmtdrmd y 3 cujktd cfk jstugmf pfshrdgf u ftrf sm`midr. CZDG_F Kµ
?.1 ÜIWM@F KM^JI GJ JSWZGMFS - GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD
ÜIWM@F KM^JI GJ JSWZGMF TZJ DU_FOÓ Smk Kmvji Mkmcmdi Urm`drmd Sjcukgdrmd
4848 7=8 3??3 ?4?1
?4.>5% >.?:% 75.::% ?>.88%
Oäsmcd jspjcmdi Supjrmfr kf ukmvjrsmtdrmd mkcf`pijtd
3 4?1
5.57% 4.>4%
CDSFS
%
Supjrmfr kf ukmvjrsmtdrmd cf`pijtd 45= 4.38% Supjrmfr ukmvjrsmtdrmd mkcf`pijtd 7= 5.>?% Supjrmfr ukmvjrsmtdrmd cf`pijtd 83 5.=?% @djstràd / Gfctfrdgf ?4 5.?>% Wftdi 8=71 455.55% Nujktj< MKJM Cjksf gj Ufoidcmók y ^mvmjkgd ?548
?.3
DSUJCWFS JCFKÓ@MCF J CFKÓ@MCFS S ?.3 ?.3.4 .4 DCWM^ DCWM^MGD MGDG G JCFK JCFKÓ@M Ó@MCD CD SJHÜK SJHÜK SZ CJKW_F CJKW_F GJ IDOF_ IDOF_ Sjhük ji ’Smstj`d gj mknfr`dcmók jstdgàstmcf sforj id prjvjkcmók d ifs jnjctfs gji Njkó`jkf Ji Kmôf y ftrfs Njkó`jkfs Kdturdijs‐ gji MKJM ?548, sjôdid quj, id dctmvmgdg prmkcmpdi gji gmstrmtf gj IM^MWDCD, js id dctmvmgdg =
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
gj dhrmcuiturd, gfkgj ji 7=.=% gj id pfoidcmók sj gjgmcdk d jsd dctmvmgdg, ji 48.1% gj id pfoidcmók sj gjgmcd di cf`jrcmf y sjhumgd`jktj ji 4?% gj id pfoidcmók sj gjgmcdk d id ftrd dctmvmgdg.
?.7
DSUJCWFS NÀSMCFS
?.7.4 HJFIFHÀD Ji prjsjktj jstugmf cfktmjkj mknfr`dcmók gj id jvdiudcmók hjfióhmcd gji ärjd gj Mkniujkcmd gmrjctd j mkgmrjctd gji prfyjctf. Jk jstj mknfr`j sj gjscrmojk cdrdctjràstmcds cdrdctjràstmcds cf`f id imtfjstrdtmhrdnàd, imtfjstrdtmhrdnàd, gjpósmtfs cudtjrkdrmfs, cudtjrkdrmfs, hjfifhàd jstructurdi y ukmgdgjs hjf`frnfióhmcds d kmvji rjhmfkdi, dgj`äs gj id sms`mcmgdg gj tfgd ji ärjd gj jstugmf. Jk jstd sjccmók gj sj gjscrmoj id imtfjstrdtmhrdnàd, gjpósmtfs cudtjrkdrmfs y rfcds àhkjds uomcdgds jk ji ärjd gji prfyjctf.
Nmhurd ?.:< Cfiu`kd jstrdtmhränmcd gj ifs Cudgrdkhuifs imvmtdcd (?=s ).
Nujktj< Mkhj``jt (4==:).
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
Nujktj< Mkhj``jt (4==:). Fosjrvdkgf ji `dpd hjfióhmcf sj fosjrvd y gjscrmoj quj ji prfyjctf sj jkcujktrd jk uk ärjd gj id jrd cjkfzfmcd gj uk smstj`d afifcjkf, gj id sjrmj afifcjkf y gj ukd ukmgdg imtrfjstrdtmhrdnmcd imtrfjstrdtmhrdnmcd gj gjpósmtfs gj gjsimzd`mjktf.
?. ?.7. 7.4. 4.44
GJUF GJUFSM SMWF WFS S CZD CZDWJ WJ_K _KD_ D_MF MFS S
D. GJUÓSM GJUÓSMWFS WFS GJ GJSIM GJSIM\D@ \D@MJK MJKWFS WFS.. Jstfs gjpósmtfs quj sfk prfgucmgfs pfr ifs gjsimzd`mjktfs gj tmjrrds, fcurrjk jk `dyfr `dhkmtug jk ji gmstrmtf gj imvmt imvmtdcd dcd,, gms gmstr trmou mouyík yíkgfs gfsjj jk trj sjctfr sjctfrjs js mkgjpj mkgjpjkgm kgmjkt jktjs< js< sdkcf` sdkcf`dyf dyf,, dic dicfsm fsmpmk pmkdd y cafiim cafiimrrf rrfs. s. Ifs gjsimzd`mjktfs gj tmjrrds fcurrjk cfk `dyfr nrjcujkcmd jk ifs nidkcf fccmgjktdi gj id cfrgmiijrd frmjktdi. Id `fgdimgdg gj jstfs gjsimzd`mjktfs gj tmjrrds pujgjk dtrmoumrsj d ifs tmpfs gj jscurrm`mjktfs y gj niulfs aü`jgfs quj mkcmgjk jk ids zfkds gj mktjksf nrdcturd`mjktf y jk dqujiids ärjds gj mkjstdomimgdg jk ifs gmvjrsfs tmpfs gj sujifs.
?.7.?
HJF@F_NFIFHÀD
Jk ji ärjd gj jstugmf sj mgjktmnmcdrfk ukmgdgjs hjf`frnfióhmcds rjhmfkdijs cf`f js ji cdsf gj ids smhumjktj< ditmpidkmcmjs .
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
?.7.?.4
DIWM IWMUIDK IDKMCMJS
Jstd ukmgdg rjprjsjktd ukd hrdk supjrnmcmj gj jrfsmók y js id `äs m`pfrtdktj jk tfgd ji ärjd, jstä cfkstmtumgd pfr ukd tfpfhrdnàd sudvj cfk cfimkds y cm`ds trukcdgds quj sj jkcujktrdk jktrf ifs 3:55 y 7:55 `sk`. Jstd supjrnmcmj jstd idordgd jk rfcds sjgm`jktdrmds gji Crjtäcmcf ids rfcds vficäkmcds gji hrupf Odrrfsf.
?. ?.7. 7.33
CFKG CFKGMC MCMF MFKJ KJS S CIM@ CIM@DW DWFI FIÓH ÓHMC MCDS DS
Jk id prjsjktj sjccmók sj dkdimzdk ids cdrdctjràstmcds cim`ätmcds prjsjktjs jk ji ärjd gj mkniujkcmd gji prfyjctf, pdrd jiif sj adcj uk dkäimsms gj cdgd ukf gj sus pdrä`jtrfs, sj mkcmgj jk ids cudtrf prmkcmpdijs vdrmdoijs cf`f< prjcmpmtdcmók,, tj`pjrdturd, au`jgdg rjidtmvd y gmrjccmók gji vmjktf2 ifs `ms`fs quj cfkgmcmfkdk ids cdrdctjràstmcds prjcmpmtdcmók cdrdctjràstmcds gji `jgmf. Gjktrf gj id mknfr`dcmók gmspfkmoij pdrd cdrdctjrmzdr ji cim`d jk ji ärjd gj jstugmf sj utmimzó mknfr`dcmók `jtjfrfióhmcd dctudimzdgd dctudimzdgd gji Sjrvmcmf Kdcmfkdi gj @jtjfrfifhàd j Amgrfifhàd (SJKD@AM).
?.7.3.4
U_JCMUMWDCMÓK
Id prjcmpmtdcmók tftdi dkudi cfrrjspfkgmjktj d id jstdcmók ]durm rjhmstrd uk prf`jgmf dkudi gj 8=3.>``, pdrd ji pjrmfgf 4=>7 - ?541, ifs `jsjs `jsjs `äs iiuvmfsfs mkmcmdk jk gmcmj`orj gmcmj`orj y cui`mkdk jk `drzf2 `drzf2 iujhf jktrj lukmf y luimf luimf sj jkcujktrd cf`f ifs `jsjs `äs sjcfs. Nmhurd ?.>< Urjcmpmtdcmfkjs dukdi.
Jstdcmók
Ifkhmtug
Idtmtug
Smcudkm
84µ 43” 8?µ5:” 84µ?:” 84µ:5”
47µ48” 47µ?8” 47µ78” 43µ7>”
Sdktf Wf`ds
]durm Udrurf
U_JCMUMWDCMFK DKZDI(``)
DLZSWDGD
>>8.85 8:3.85 8=3.>5 8==.:5
>11.=: 8?3.?: 15?.8> :31.>>
Nujktj< Jidofrdcmók prfpmd.
?.7.3.?
Ditmtug (`sk`) 3::5 3>>5 3=4: 3578
WJ@UJ_DWZ_D
Ji rjhmstrf gj tj`pjrdturd gj id jstdcmók ]durm cfrrjspfkgj di pjrmfgf cf`prjkgmgf jktrj ifs dôfs ?54?-?54>. Id tj`pjrdturd `jgmd dkudi dscmjkgj d 8.1. µC, vdrmdkgf gurdktj ji dôf jktrj 45 µC jk gmcmj`orj y 3.: µC jk luimf. Nmhurd ?.8< Urjcmpmtdcmfkjs @jgmds @jksudijs.
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
Nujktj< Jidofrdcmók prfpmd.
?.7. ?.7.3. 3.33
AZ@ AZ@JGD JGDG _JID _JIDWM WM^ ^D
Id au`jgdg rjidtmvd cfknfr`d ftrf gj ifs pdrä`jtrfs `jtjfrfióhmcfs gj Mktjrís, rjprjsjktdkgf id cdktmgdg gj vdpfr gj dhud quj tmjkj ji dmrj cf`pdrdgf cfk ji tftdi quj pujgj cfktjkjr (dmrj sdturdgf) y sj jxprjsd jk pfrcjktdlj (%). Ifs rjhmstrfs gj au`jgdg rjidtmvd pdrd id jstdcmók ydurm, cfrrjspfkgj di pjrmfgf cf`prjkgmgf jktrj ifs dôfs ?54? di ?54>, ji cudi kfs mkgmcd quj id au`jgdg rjidtmvd `jgmd dkudi jk ji ärjd gji prfyjctf dscmjkgj d >3.3%, vdrmdkgf gurdktj ji dôf jktrj 88.1 % jk njorjrf y :?.> % jk dhfstf. Nmhurd ?.1< Au`jgdg _jidtmvd _ jidtmvd (Jst. Audyaudaudsm).
Nujktj< Jidofrdcmók prfpmd.
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
?. ?.7. 7.3.7 3.7
GM GM_J _JCC CCMÓ MÓK K ] ^JIF ^JIFCM CMGD GDG G GJI GJI ^MJ ^MJKW KWF F
Id vjifcmgdg `jgmd dkudi jk ji pjrmfgf cf`prjkgmgf gji ?54? di ?54> jk id jstdcmók ydurm dscmjkgj d 4.=1 `/s vdrmdkgf gurdktj ji dôf jktrj ?.=5 `/s jk dhfstf y 4.5 `/s jk `dyf. Nmhurd ?.=< ^jifcmgdg gj ^mjktf (Jst. Audyaudaudsm).
Nujktj< Jidofrdcmók prfpmd.
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
CDUÀWZIF MMM< GJWJ_@MKDCMÓK GJ UJIMH_FS UJ IMH_FS 3
GJWJ_ JWJ_@ @MKD MKDCMÓK MÓK GJ GJ UJI UJIMH MH_ _FS
3.4
GJWJ_@MKDCMÓK GJI KM^JI GJ UJIMH_FSMGDG GJWJ_@MKDCMÓK Ji pjimhrf, js id prfodomimgdg gj quj uk njkó`jkf, pftjkcmdi`jktj gdômkf, gj frmhjk kdturdi, sj prjsjktj jk uk iuhdr jspjcànmcf, cfk ukd cmjrtd mktjksmgdg y jk uk pjràfgf gj tmj`pf y nrjcujkcmd gjnmkmgfs. Jk ftrfs pdàsjs ifs gfcu`jktfs tíckmcfs rjnjrmgfs di jstugmf gj ifs njkó`jkfs gj frmhjk kdturdi utmimzdk ji tír`mkf d`jkdzd, pdrd rjnjrmrsj di pjimhrf.
3. 3.4. 4.44
CIDS CIDSMN MNMC MCDC DCMÓ MÓK K GJ IFS IFS UJI UJIMH MH_F _FS S
Ji pjimhrf, sjhük su frmhjk, pujgj sjr gj gfs cidsjs< ifs hjkjrdgfs pfr njkó`jkfs gj frmhjk kdturdi2 y, ifs mkgucmgfs pfr id dccmók au`dkd. Udrd ji prjsjktj jstugmf sfif sj ad cfksmgjrdgf ifs pjimhrfs frmhmkdgfs pfr njkó`jkfs gj frmhjk kdturdi. Udrd ji jstugmf jstfs njkó`jkfs sj adk dhrupdgf ifs pjimhrfs gj dcujrgf d su frmhjk. Jstd dhrupdcmók kfs pjr`mtj rjdimzdr id mgjktmnmcdcmók y cdrdctjrmzdcmók cdrdctjrmzdcmók gj cdgd ukf gj jiifs, tdi cf`f sj `ujstrd jk ji hränmcf 3.4. Nmhurd 3.4< Cidsmnmcdcmók gj ifs Ujimhrfs.
Nujktj< Cjkjprjg.
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
Jstd cidsmnmcdcmók ad pjr`mtmgf frgjkdr ifs njkó`jkfs gj frmhjk kdturdi jk trjs hrupfs< Dsà pfgj`fs dprjcmdr jk ji hränmcf 3.?, ji rjsuitdgf gj id cidsmnmcdcmók mkgmcdgd<
Ujimhrfs hjkjrdgfs pfr njkó`jkfs gj hjfgmkä`mcd mktjrkd
Ujimhrfs hjkjrdgfs pfr njkó`jkfs gj hjfgmkä`mcd jxtjrkd
Ujimhrfs hjkjrdgfs pfr njkó`jkfs amgrf`jtjrjfióhmcfs amgrf`jtjrjfióhmcfs y fcjdkfhränmcfs Nmhurd 3.?< Cidsmnmcdcmók gj Ujimhrfs Frmhmkdgfs pfr Njkó`jkfs gj Frmhjk Kdturdi.
Nujktj< Cjkjprjg.
3.?
@JWFGFIFHÀD Udrd gjtjr`mkdr ji kmvji gj pjimhrfsmgdg jk ji Urfyjctf ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐, sj utmimzó id smhumjktj `jtfgfifhàd gj mkvjstmhdcmók fcuidr.
3.3
_JCFUMIDCMÓK ] DKÄIMSMS GJ MKNF_@DCMÓK MKNF_@DCMÓK Id rjcfpmidcmók gj mknfr`dcmók sj smhuj ids pdutds rjcf`jkgdgds jk ji `dkudi gj jvdiudcmók gj rmjshfs pdrd
pjimhrfs hjfióhmcfs hjfióhmcfs y dktrópmcfs. Udrd `dyfr jktjkgm`mjktf sj rjdimzó niulf gj gmdhrd`d jk ji cudgrf smhumjktj.
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JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
Nmhurd 3.7< Niulfhrd`d hjkjrdi gji prfcjsf gj dkäimsms gj mknfr`dcmók.
Sj ad rjdimzdgf id rjcfpmidcmók gj mknfr`dcmók gmspfkmoij< Jstugmfs puoimcdgfs pfr jktmgdgjs tíckmcf cmjktànmcds cf`pjtjkt cf`p jtjktjs js (MKHJ@@JW, (MKHJ@@JW, MKJM, SJKD@AM, SJKD@AM, DKD), mknfr`dc mknfr`dcmók mók amstórmc amstórmcd, d, jstugmf jstugmf gj pjimhrfs, pjimhrfs, cdrtfhrdnàd, cdrtfhrdnàd, tfpfhrdnàd, cim`dtfifhàd, hjfifhàd y hjf`frnfifhàd gji ärjd gj jstugmf cfrrjspfkgmjktj di Cjktrf Ufoidgf gj Imvmtdcd. Dsm`ms`f, sj rjdimzó ji dkäimsms gj id mknfr`dcmók prfpfrcmfkdgd pfr ji hfomjrkf ifcdi j mknfr`dcmók gj jktmgdgjs tíckmcds - cmjktànmcds y jstugmfs puoimcdgfs dcjrcd gj id zfkd jvdiudgd.
3.7
MGJKWMNMCDCMÓK GJ IFS UJIMH_FS MGJKWMNMCDCMÓK Udrd mgjktmnmcdr y cdrdctjrmzdr ji pjimhrf, kf sóif sj ad cfksmgjrdgf id mknfr`dcmók hjkjrdgd pfr ids jktmgdgjs tíckmcds, sjhük sj ad gjscrmtf jk ji pärrdnf quj prjcjgj. Smkf td`omík, uk rjcfkfcm`mjktf mk smtu, dkäimsms gj id cfknmhurdcmók dctudi gji ä`omtf gj jstugmf, pfst j`jrhjkcmd, quj dodrcd ji cjktrf pfoidgf gj Imvmtdcd, gmstrmtf gj IM^MWDCD, prfvmkcmd gj Cau`omvmivds Cau`omvmivds - gjpdrtd`jktf gjpdrtd`jktf gj Cuscf. UJIMH_F
< SMS@FS
WMUF
< UJIMH_FS HJKJ_DGFS UF_ NJKÓ@JKFS GJ F_MHJK KDWZ_DI
F_MHJK
< HJFGMKÄ@MCD MKWJ_KD
UJIMH_F
< MKZKGDCMÓK NIZ^MDI
WMUF
< UJIMH_FS HJKJ_DGFS UF_ NJKÓ@JKFS GJ F_MHJK KDWZ_DI =
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
F_MHJK
< AMG_F@JWJF_FIÓHMCF
3.:
J^DIZDCMÓK GJ UJIMH_FSMGDG UD_D SMS@FS 3. 3.:. :.44 CD_D CD_DCW CWJ_ J_M\ M\DC DCMÓ MÓK K GJ IFS IFS SMS SMS@F @FS S d.
Sms Sms`f `f Wj Wjct ctók ókmc mcd d _jh _jhmf mfkdi kdi5 – ?548.
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JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
Nmhurd 3.:.- @dpd Sàs`mcf gji Ujrü pdrd ji pjrmfgf 4=>5 y ?548. Id `dhkmtug gj ifs sms`fs js gmnjrjkcmdgd pfr ji td`dôf gj ifs càrcuifs y id prfnukgmgdg gj sus nfcfs pfr ji cfifr gj ifs `ms`fs. Ifs càrcuifs cfk kü`jrf mkscrmtf jk su mktjrmfr mkgmcdk id uomcdcmók y dôf gj fcurrjkcmd gj ifs hrdkgjs sms`fs. o.
Wj Wjcctókm tókmcd cd If Ifccdi di cfk `dhkmtug gj :.8 @w, nfcf supjrnmcmdi j mktjksmgdgjs mktjksmgdgjs gji frgjk gj ^MM jk uk ärjd pjqujôd quj cfksmgjrd d id cmugdg gji Cuscf pfr su cjrcdkàd d id zfkd jpmcjktrdi. Jstugmfs gj cd`pf suhmjrjk id rjdctmvdcmók gji smstj`d gj ndiids gj Tfrmcfcad cfk ijvdktd`mjktfs gji frgjk gj 5.: `jtrfs y id prjsjkcmd gj m`pfrtdktjs jvmgjkcmds vmsmoijs jk supjrnmcmj, cf`f id nfr`dcmók gj nmsurds jk sujifs pfcf cf`pdctdgfs. Ufstjrmfr d jstj sms`f y jk ftrds ärjds gj id rjhmók, fcurrmjrfk sms`fs gj `dhkmtug `jkfr quj kf `fstrdrfk gjspidzd`mjktfs gjspidzd`mjktfs sforj ids trdzds gj ndiid, pjrf sm m`pfrtdktjs gdôfs jk dihukds ifcdimgdgjs cf`f Dkgdaudyimiids y Iucrj. Jk hjkjrdi, ji frmhjk gj ifs hrdkgjs sms`fs jk id rjhmók gji Cuscf kf js omjk cfkfcmgf gjomgf d quj kf sj adk rjdimzdgf jstugmfs gjtdiidgfs sforj id gmkä`mcd gji hrdk kü`jrf gj ndiids prjsjktjs jk id rjhmók (Urfvmkcmd gj Jspmkdr).
c. Kjftjctókmcd, Wjctókmcd Cudtjrkdrmd y Dctmvd. Gurdktj ids üitm`ds gícdgds ifs tír`mkfs gj kjftjctókmcd y tjctókmcd dctmvd nujrfk `fgmnmcäkgfsj gjsgj ji puktf gj vmstd gji pjràfgf quj cf`prjkgj jstfs prfcjsfs. Js dsà quj mkmcmdi`jktj nujrfk utmimzdgfs cfk uk sjktmgf tj`pfrdi gj dcftdcmó dcftdcmók. k. Forucajv, Forucajv, ^.D. (4=71) (4=71) mktrfgulj mktrfguljrfk rfk ji tír`mkf tír`mkf kjftjctók kjftjctókmcd mcd pdrd gjscrmomr gjscrmomr «Ji jstu jstugmf gmf gj ifs `fvm`mjktfs tjctókmcfs quj adk fcurrmgf gjsgj nmkdijs gji Wjrcmdrmf y gurdktj id prm`jrd pdrtj gji Cudtjrkdrmf². Ufstjrmfr`jktj,, Sij``fks jt di. (4==4) `fgmnmcdk ji mktjrvdif tj`pfrdi y gjnmkjk id kjftjctókmcd cf`f ji «Jstugmf Ufstjrmfr`jktj gj ifs jvjktfs y prfcjsfs tjctókmcfs fcurrmgfs gjspuís gji @mfcjkf. D if idrhf gj jstj jstugmf sj utmimzdrä utmimzdrä ji tír`mkf nd ndiid iid dctmvd pdrd rjnjrmrsj rjnjrmrsj d ndiids f jscdrpjs jscdrpjs gj ndiids quj prjsjktdk sunmcmjktjs mkgmcmfs gj adojrsj frmhmkdgf f rjdctmvdgf gurdktj ji Cudtjrkdrmf, jljrcmjkgf uk cfktrfi jk id jvfiucmók rjcmjktj gji rjimjvj, jk id gmspfsmcmók y jstructurd gj ifs gjpósmtfs cudtjrkdrmfs f jk id híkjsms gj id sms`mcmgdg amstórmcd j mkstru`jktdi. mkstru`jktdi.
g. Ndiids Ndiids Hjfióh Hjfióhmcd mcdss Dctmv Dctmvds ds - Jspm Jspmkdr kdr Gj jstd jstd `dkjr `dkjrdd sj iid iid`d `dkk d ids jstruc jstructur turds ds cudtjr cudtjrkdr kdrmds mds y dct dctmvd mvdss uomcdg uomcdgds ds jk id cfrgmi cfrgmiijr ijrdd Fccmgj Fccmgjktd ktdi, i, jspjcànmcd`jktj jspjcànmcd`j ktj jk id prfvmkcmd gj Jspmkdr. -
Ndiid IM^MWDCD (CZ-47-c).
Id ndiid IM^MWDCD, sj uomcd d ?: bmió`jtrfs di surfjstj gji pfoidgf gj Jspmkdr, tmjkj id `ms`d gmrjccmók quj id ndiid Audytdcucaf-Cfkgfrf`d, kf sj fosjrvd jscdrpj gj ndiid, pfsmoij`jktj jrfsmfkdgf f js jvmgjkcmd gj quj kf auof sms`fs cfk rupturd supjrnmcmdi dpdrjktj. Jstf kfs rjstrmkhj id gjscrmpcmók gj id jstructurd, pjrf ifs cdtäifhfs sàs`mcfs gj id ZSHS j MHU mkgmcdk sms`fs supjrnmcmdijs jk ifs dôfs gj 4==7, 4==1, 4===, ?553 y ?545.
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JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
-
Ndiid Sdktf Wf`ds (CZ-47-g).
Id ndiid Sdktf Wf`äs sj cdrdctjrmzd pfr prjsjktdr gfs jscdrpjs pdrdijifs gj gmrjccmók K 47:µ J y cfk mkcimkdcmfkjs gj 85µ-8:µ adcmd ji surfjstj, jstfs trdzfs gj ndiids gjnfr`dk ukd supjrnmcmj cf`pujstd pfr gjpósmtfs vficäkmcfs `mfcjkfs d if idrhf gj 41 bmió`jtrfs dprfxm`dgd`jktj. Ji sjh`jktf quj sj uomcd d 8.: bmió`jtr bmió`jtrfs, fs, cfk gmrjccmók gmrjccmók surfjstj, surfjstj, gjnfr`d gjnfr`d td`omík td`omík gjpósmtfs gjpósmtfs niuvmf-hi niuvmf-hidcmd dcmdrjs rjs y diuvmdij diuvmdijss cfk `fvm`mjktfs gj tmpf kfr`di. Kf sj fosjrvd uk jscdrpj, pfsmoij`jktj pfrquj nujrfk jrfsmfkdgfs, pjrf ifs rjhmstrfs sàs`mcfs gji MHU mkgmcdk sms`fs supjrnmcmdijs jk jstj sjctfr y dgydcjktjs d ifs sjh`jktfs gj ndiids, if quj kfs gd ukd mgjd gj su dctmvmgdg. -
Ndiid Idrdvmtf (CZ-47-d).
Id ndiid Idrdvmtf, uomcdgd d ?4 bmió`jtrfs di kfrjstj gji pfoidgf gj Jspmkdr, sj cdrdctjrmzd pfr prjsjktdr ukd gmrjccmók K 4?:µ J y ouzd`mjktf prjnjrjkcmdi adcmd ji surfjstj. Id trdzd gj ndiid cruzd gjpósmtfs diuvmdij diuv mdijss y `frrjkds `frrjkds gjspidzäkgfi gjspidzäkgfids ds cfk `fvm`mjktfs `fvm`mjktfs gj ru`of ru`of gj tmpf smkjstrdi smkjstrdi (Nmhurd 3). Js dsà quj cudkgf sj rjdimzd ji dkäimsms gj id cmkj`ätmcd, sj gjtjr`mkdrfk `fvm`mjktfs gj tmpf kfr`di cfk cf`pfkjktj smkjstrdi. Kf jxmstj rjhmstrf gj dctmvmgdg sàs`mcd jk jstd pdrtj gj id rjhmók, pjrf pfr id cfksjrvdcmók gji jscdrpj gj ndiid y pfr ifs `dtjrmdijs quj sfk dnjctdgfs pfgj`fs dtrmoumrij d jstd ndiid ukd jgdg Uijmstfcjkf supjrmfr.
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Ndiid Audytdcucaf – Cfkgfrf`d (CZ-47-o).
Id ndiid Audytdcucaf-Cfkgfrf`d, tmjkj ukd gmrjccmók gmrjccmók K 4?5µ J y ukd mkcimkdcmók gj 8:µ adcmd ji kfrfjstj. Js ukd jstructurd dktmhud quj dnjctd gjpósmtfs vficäkmcfs `mfcjkfs cfktmkudkgf su dctmvmgdg gurdktj ji Cudtjrkdrmf y id dctudimgdg. Kf jxmstj uk jscdrpj gj ndiid cfktmkuf, jstj di pdrjcjr nuj jrfsmfkdgf pfr id dctmvmgdg hidcmdi. Ufr id gmspfsmcmók gj ifs jstrdtfs y dkäimsms gji smstj`d gj grjkdlj sj pujgj dnmr`dr quj sj trdtd gj ukd ndiid kfr`di cfk cf`pfkjktj gj ru`of smkjstrdi2 dsm`ms`f, id gmspfsmcmók gj id sms`mcmgdg supjrnmcmdi gj ifs üitm`fs dôfs kfs hrdnmcd cidrd`jktj ji `fvm`mjktf gj id ndiid y ji pidkf gj jiid d prfnukgmgdg. Nmhurd 3.8 5 . >8 8
43 . 55 5 5. 5 8 8
4/ SZ@D SZ SZ@ @D
Wdoid 3.3< @dtrmz gj kfr`dimzdcmók. UD_D@JW_FS
@D GK MWZG
MKWJK SMGDG
@DGKMWZG MKWJKSMGDG DCJ DC JIJ_DCM DC M K KDWZ_DIGJ DI GJI I SZJIF
5. ?31 5. 847
5 . ?? > 5 . >8 8
DCJIJ_DCM K KDW KDWZ Z_DI GJISZJIF 5 . 3 1: 5 . : 31
5. 571
5 . 5= 8
5 . 5 88
5 . 5 87
4. 555
4 . 55 5
4 . 5 55
4 . 5 55
UJSF UFKGJ_DGF GJ IFS UD_Ä@JW_FS
^j c tf r Ur Urmfr mfrmzdc mzdc mók 5 . ? 13 5 . > 73
Ufr Ufrcc j kt ktdlj dlj (% (%)) ?1.?17 >7.33= 8.388
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
Wdoid 3.7< Cäicuif rjidcmók gj cfksmstjkcmd. ^jc tfr Su`d Ufkgjrdgd
_j suitd g fs g j id f p j rd c mó k g j `d t rm rmcc j s 5.?13 5.17=
5 . ?4 7 5 . >7 3
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5.5:8
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ADIIDKGF JIβ`dx ^jc tfr Su`d Ufkgjrdgf/^jctfr Ur Urmfrm mfrmzzdd c mók
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3.: 3.:.?.4 .?.4
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UJSFS UJSFS UFKG UFKGJ_D J_DGF GFS S GJ IFS IFS GJSC_ GJSC_MUW MUWF_J F_JS S UF_ CDG CDGD D UD_Ä@ UD_Ä@JW_ JW_F F
Ifs pjsfs pfkgjrdgfs fotjkmgfs gj ifs gjscrmptfrjs gj cdgd pdrä`jtrf gj sms`f, js fotjkmgf gj ukd jvdiudcmók gj @dtrmz gj prmfrmzdcmók. Wdoid 3.:< @dhkmtug gji Sms`f. UD_Ä@JW_F S J _ F W U M _ C S J G
S4 S? S3 S7 S:
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5. 437
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5. 5>1
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5. 53:
Wdoid 3.>< Mktjksmgdg gji Sms`f.
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
MKWJKSMGDG GJISMS@F
UD_D@JW_F MS4 MS4
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MS? MS?
MS3 MS3
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QM ] QMM. Gj str struc uc c mók tf td i, p uj ktj s g j strum strumgg fs, hrd kg j s hrm hrmj td s jk j i su sujj if. Id Id s fkg d s ssààs`mc d s ssjj fo sjrvd sjrvd k j k j i sujif sujif y id id kz kzdd g fs d i d mrj . MQ y Q. W Wfg fg fs if if s j g mnmc mf s rrjj sui suitd td k c fk g d ôf s sj vj rfs, `uc ad s j g mnmc d c mfkj s sfk sfk g j sp id zd g d s g j su cm`j cm`j ktd c mók . J Jii sujif sujif rjsui rjsuitd td c f k sm smg j rrdd o iijj ` j k t j nrd c t u rd rd g f . ^M ^M,, ^MM ^MM ] ^M ^MMMM. S Sjj kt mg f p f r tf g f s, if s `uj o ij s ssjj g j sp id zd k, g d ôfs c fksmg j rd o ij s j k j st ruc ruc t urd s gj p f o rj c f k st ruc c mó k . G d ô f s im imhh j rf s j k j st ruc t u rd s g j o u j k g ms msj ô f . MMM, MM^ ^ ] ^. Kft d g f p fr `uc af s, sjkt mg f j k j i mktj rmfr gj id s vmvm vmvmjj kg d s, if s ä ro fij fij s y p fstj s ssjj o d id k c j d k . M y MM. Cd sm kd g mj if smj smj ktj y/f sjkt mg f p fr ukd s cudktds pjrsfkds.
UMS4
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5 . 53 :
Wdoid 3.8< Dcjijrdcmók Kdturdi gji Sujif. UÄ_D@JW_F _ F W U M _ C S J G
DC 4 DC ? DC 3 DC 7 DC :
DCJIJ_DCMÓK KDWZ_DIGJISZJIF @ j k f r d 5. 5: ` mc rf k j s. 5. 5: - ? ` mc rf k j s. ? - : ` mc rf k j s. : - 1 ` mc rf k j s. 1 -45 ` mc rf k j s.
UJSF 5.587 UFKGJ_DGF UD C 4 5. : 53 UD C ? 5. ? >5 UD C 3 5. 4 37 UD C 7 5. 5 >1 UD C : 5. 5 3:
d) Sjijccmók Sjijccmók gj gjscrm gjscrmptfrj ptfrjss pdrd pdrd ji njkó`jkf njkó`jkf sms`f. sms`f.
@dhkmtug gji sms`f<
D id njcad jxmstj m`pfrtdktj mknfr`dcmók mknfr`dcmók cmjktànmcd, quj jvmgjkcmd id prjsjkcmd gj ärjds cfk dcu`uidcmók gj jkjrhàdd sàs`mc jkjrhà sàs`mcdd jk id zfkd zfkd gj cfktdc cfktdctf tf jkt jktrj rj ids pid pidcds cds tjc tjctók tókmcd mcdss Kdzcd Kdzcd y Sugd`j Sugd`jrmc rmcdkd dkd.. Id `äs m`pfrtdktj, jk tír`mkfs gj td`dôf y `dhkmtug jstm`dgd, sj uomcd nrjktj d id rjhmók cjktrdi gj Ujrü y cuyd imojrdcmók gj jkjrhàd sàs`mcd, sj jstm`d quj pfgràd hjkjrdr uk sms`f gj `dhkmtug `jkfr f mhudi d 1.1 @w. Jstj jvjktf prjsjktdràd mktjksmgdgjs y/f dcjijrdcmfkjs gji sujif sm`midrjs d ids jstm`dgds pdrd ji sms`f fcurrmgf jk 487>. Ji mkstmtutf hjfnàsmcf gji Ujrü – MHU jk su puoimcdcmók ’Jvdiudcmók gji Ujimhrf Sàs`mcf jk Ujrü‐ puoimcdgf jk ji ?547, sjôdid quj pdrd ji tmpf gj sms`f prfgucmgfs pfr nujktjs sms`fhíkmcds supjrnmcmdijs – Mktjrndcj, sj jstm`d ukd `dhkmtug `äxm`d gj 1.> @w. Nmhurd 3.1< @dpd gj @dhkmtugjs Sàs`mcds @äxm`ds.
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
Ufr if quj sj sjijccmfkd ji pdrä`jtrf S?< @dhkmtug gj sms`fs `dyfr gj >.5 d 8.= @w. Wdoid 3.1< Gjscrmptfr gj `dhkmtug gj Sms`f sjijccmfkdgf.
UD_Ä@JW_F
@DHKMW @DH KMWZG GJISMS@F
S?
>. 5 d 8.=< Sms` f @ d yf r
UJSF UFKGJ_DGF 5.?13 US? 5 . ?>
Mktjksmgdg gji sms`f.
Jk id puoimcdcmók ’Jvdiudcmók gji Ujimhrf dsfcmdgf d ifs Sms`fs y jnjctfs sjcukgdrmfs jk Ujrü‐ jidofrdgf pfr ji Mkstmtutf Hjfnàsmcf gji Ujrü – MHU, sj
prjsjktd ji `dpd gj mktjksmgdgjs `äxm`ds pdrd sms`fs
fcurrmgfs gurdktj ji pjrmfgf 4=>5 d ?547. Sjhük id mknfr`dcmók, tfgd id zfkd cfstjrd gj Ujrü nuj dnjctdgd cfk mktjksmgdgjs `äxm`ds gj ^MMM (@@), prmkcmpdi`jktj jk ifs gjpdrtd`jktfs gjpdrtd`jktfs gj Drjqumpd, Mcd, Im`d, Äkcd Äkcdsa, sa, Wu`ojs y Umurd. Umurd. Jk ji mktjrmfr gji pdàs, nuj dnjctdgf ji gjpdrtd`jktf gj Sdk @drtàk y ids cmugdgjs gj Audkcdyf, Cuscf C uscf y id zfkd dkgmkd gj Drjqumpd, vdiij gj Camvdy. Jk hjkjrdi, ifs sms`fs quj prfguljrfk jstfs kmvjijs gj mktjksmgdg jk ji Ujrü prjsjktdrfk `dhkmtugjs gj 1.5 @w pdrd sms`fs gj suoguccmók y gj >.: @w pdrd sms`fs pfr ndiids hjfióhmcds. Nmhurd 3.=< @dpd gj Mktjksmgdgjs @äxm`ds 4=>5 – ?547.
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
Ufr if quj sj sjijccmfkd ji gjscrmptfr MS3< Mktjksmgdg ^MMM cfk uk pjsf pfkgjrdgf gj UMS3< 5.437.
Wdoid 3.=< Gjscrmptfr gj mktjksmgdg gj sms`f sjijccmfkdgf. UD_D@JW_F
MS3 MS3
MKWJKSMGDG GJISMS@F ^M ^M,, ^MM ^MM ] ^M ^MMMM. Sj Sj kt mg f p f r tf g f s, if s `uj o ij s sj sj g j sp id zd k , g d ô f s c f k sm smg j rd rd o ij s j k j s t ru ru c t u rd rd s g j p f o rj c f k st ruc c mó k . Gd ô f s imh imh j rf s j k j st ruc t u rd s g j o u j k g ms msj ô f .
UJSF UFKGJ_DGF 5.>73
U MS3
5. 437
Dcjijrdcmók kdturdi gji sujif.
Sjhük id cfrrjidcmók gj id Dcjijrdcmók Kdturdi gji Sujif cfk id Jscdid gj @jrcdiim, d id Mktjksmgdg ^MMM pidktjdgd pdrd ji prjsjktj jstugmf jstugmf ij cfrrjspfkgj cfrrjspfkgj ukd dcjijrdcmók gj 5.37 d 5.>: h. Wdoid 3.45< Cfrrjidcmók cfk id jscdid gj @jrcdiim.
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
Jsc did gj @j rc d iim M ii-iii M^ ^ ^M ^MM ^ MMM MQ x+
Dcj ij rdc mók sàs`mcd (h) 9 5 55 4 8 5 . 5 5 4 8 - 5 5 47 5 . 5 47 - 5 . 53 = 5 . 5 3= - 5 . 5= ? 5 . 5 = ? - 5 41 5. 41 - 5 . 3 7 5. 37 - 5 . > : 5. >: - 4 . ? 7 ; 4 . ?7
^jifcmgdg sàs`m sà s`mcc d (c `/ s) 95.4 5. 4 - 4. 4 4. 4 - 3. 7 3. 7 - 1. 4 1. 4 -4> 4> - 34 34 - >5 >5 - 44> ; 44>
Uj rc j pc mók gj i Uftj ftj kcmdi gj gd ôf tj `oifr Kf d p rj c md o mj K mk h u k f @ u y ij v j K mk h u k f Ij v j K mk h u k f @ f g j rd g f @ u y ij v j Nu j rt j Ij v j @ u y nu j rt j @ f g j rd g f Sj v j rf @ f g j rd g f d nu j rt j ^mf ij k t f Nu j rt j Jxt rj ` f @ u y nu j rt j
Ufr if quj sj sjijccmfkd ji gjscrmptfr DC?< 5.5: - ? `mcrfkjs. Wdoid 3.44< Gjscrmptfr gj Dcjijrdcmók Kdturdi gji Sujif sjijccmfkdgf.
3.: 3.:.3 .3
UÄ_D@JW_F
DCJIJ_DCMÓK KDWZ_DIGJISZJIF
DC ?
5. 5: - ? ` mc rf k j s.
UJSF UFKGJ_DGF 5.587 UD C ?
5. ? >
SZSCJU SZSCJUWMO WMOMIM MIMGD GDG G GJI GJI Ä@OMW Ä@OMWF F HJFH HJFH_Ä _ÄNMC NMCF F DKWJ DKWJ IFS IFS S SMS@ MS@FS FS
Id suscjptmomimgdg jstä rjnjrmgd d id `dyfr f `jkfr prjgmspfsmcmók d quj uk jvjktf sucjgd u fcurrd sforj gjtjr`mkdgf ä`omtf hjfhränmcf (gjpjkgj gj ifs ndctfrjs cfkgmcmfkdktjs y gjsjkcdgjkdktjs gji njkó`jkf y su rjspjctmvf ä`omtf hjfhränmcf).
3. 3.:. :.3. 3.44
NDCW NDCWF_ F_JS JS CFKG CFKGMC MCMF MFKD KDKW KWJS JS
Sfk pdrä`jtrfs prfpmfs gji ä`omtf hjfhränmcf gj jstugmf, ji cudi cfktrmouyj gj `dkjrd ndvfrdoij f kf di gjsdrrfiif gji njkó`jkf gj frmhjk kdturdi (`dhkmtug j mktjksmgdg), dsà cf`f su gmstrmoucmók jspdcmdi. Ifs pdrä`jtrfs cfksmgjrdgfs cf`f ndctfrjs cfkgmcmfkdktjs sfk< _jimjvj, tmpf gj sujif y imtfifhàd. Sj prfcjgmó d rjdimzdr ji dkäimsms `uitmcrmtjrmf `uitmcrmtj rmf pdrd fotjkjr sus pjsfs pfkgjrdgfs. Wdoid 3.4?< @dtrmz gj cf`pdrdcmók gj pdrjs. UD_D@JW_FS WMUF MUF GJ SZJIF _JIMJ^J IMWF IFH ÀD SZ@D 4 / SZ@D SZ@D
WMUF GJ SZJIF 4.55 5.:5 5. ?5 4 . 85 5 5 . :1 1
_JIMJ^J
IMWF IFH ÀÀD D
?. 55 4.55 5. ?: 3 . ? :5 5 . 3 51
:. 55 7.55 4.55 4 5 . 5 55 5. 4 55
Wdoid 3.43< @dtrmz gj kfr`dimzdcmók. kfr`dimzdcmók.
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
UD_D@JW_FS WMU MUF F GJ SZJIF _JIMJ^J IMWF IF H ÀD
WMUF GJ SZJIF 5. :11 5. ?=7 5. 441 4. 555
_JIMJ^J
IMWF IF H ÀD
^j c tf r Urmf rm rmzd c mó mó k
5. >4: 5. 351 5. 588 4. 555
5. :55 5. 755 5. 455 4. 555
5. :>1 5. 337 5. 5=1 4. 555
Ufrcc j ktd Ufr ktd lj (%) (%) :>.818 33.3=7 =.14=
UJSF UFKGJ_DGF GJ IFS UD_Ä@JW_FS
Wdoid 3.47< Adiidkgf ji ^jctfr Su`d Ufkgjrdgf. U fkgjrdgf. _j su itit d g f s g j id f p j rd c mó mó k g j ` d t rrmmc j s 5 . :> 1 5 . ?1 7 5 . 44 7
5 . > >1 5 . 3 37 5 . 5 13
5. 7= 4 5. 3= 3 5. 5= 1
^j c tf r Su Su`d `d Ufkgjrdgd 4. 8 ? 8 4. 5 4 4 5. ? = :
ADIIDKGF DK GF JIβ JIβ ` d x ^j c tf r Su Su`d `d Ufkgjrdgf/^jctfr Ur Urmfr mfrmzd mzdcc mó mókk
SZ@D U_F@JGMF ÀKGMCJ GJ CFKSMSWJKCMD _JIDCMÓK GJ CFKSMSWJKCMD 9 5.4 (* (*))
MC _C
3.574 3.5?> 3.558 =.587 3.5?:
5.54? 5.5?3
d) Gjscrmptf Gjscrmptfrjs rjs pfr cdgd pdrä`jtrf pdrä`jtrf cfkgmcmfkd cfkgmcmfkdktj. ktj. Wdoid 3.4:< Udrä`jtrf gj _jimjvj.
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
UD _D @JW_F
Do ru p t f y j s c d rp d g f , rf rf c f s f 2 c u o mj mj r t f j k hrd hrd kgj s sj sj c tfrjs pfr kmj kmj vj y hi hidd c md rj s.
]4
]?
UJSF UF K GJ_D GF 5 . 3 3 7
_JIMJ^J
Ji rji jimmj vj g j j std rj hmók hmók j s gm gmvj vj rsf c fknfr fknfr`d `d g f j k s u ` d yf r p d rt j p f r ` j s j t d s y d o u k g d k t j s
U]4
5. :53
U]?
5. ?>
U]3
5. 437
U]7
5. 5>1
U]:
5. 53:
hukd s, dsjim`j cfk ifs irfs gj id sam mj ifs, c uyd uyds. did`p imtug ifc ifcktd d imzgd dk sku`j fsfs isa d hf s y ijk d hukd
S J _ F W U M _ C S J G
]3
]7
]:
_j imj vj rfc fsf, jscd rp d g f y j`p mkd g f. Ji Ji ä `o mtf hj fhrä nmc f sj mmgg j ktm ktmnnmc d sfo rj d `o fs nid kc fs d kg mkfs. _j imj vj `uy d c c mg j ktd gf c fk vd iij s j str trjj c afs y q ujo rd g d s p rfnukgd fnukgd s, ku`jrfsd ku`jrfsd s j str strmmo d c mfkj s d k g mk mk d s. \ \ff k d g j a u d y c f s . H j k j rrdd i` j k t j `fktd ôfsf y c f`p ij lf. H j k j rrdd i` j k t j p id k f y f k g u iidd g f , c f k p d rt j s ` f k t d ô f ssff s j k id id p d rt j su r.r. Ur Urj s j k t d p d ` p d s, g u k d s, t d o id id zf s , v d ij s 2 zzff k d j ` mk mk j k t j ` j k t j ä rmgd y g j sírtm sírtmcc d
Wdoid 3.4>< Wmpf gj Sujif. UD_D@JW UD _D@JW_F ]> S J _ F W U M _ C S J G
]8 ]1 ]= ]45
WMUF MUF GJ SZJIF
UJSF UFKGJ_DGF 5.:>1
_j iij k f s sd k mt d rmf s Dr Drjj kd j óim óimc d y/f im`f s ((cc fk dhud). Dr Drjj kd j óim óimc d y/f im`f s (s (smmk d hu d ). Suj if s h rd kuid kuid rj s nm nmkf s y suj ifs d rc miifsfs sfo rj hrd vd d iuv md i f c fi fiuvm uvmdd i Dni Dnifrd `mj `mj ktf rfc fsf y j str strdd tf s g j h rd rd v d .
U]>
5. :53
U]8
5. ?>5
U]1
5. 437
U]=
5. 5>1
U]45
5. 53:
Wdoid 3.48< Imtfifhàd - pjrnmi gj Sujif. UD _D @JW_F S J _ F W U M _ C S J G
IMWF IFH MD - UJ_NMIGJ UJ_NMIG J SZJI SZJIF
]1
S7 C f kg mc mfkj s j xc j p c mfkd ij s , W;5.=s S3, suj suj ifs nij xmo ij s c fk j str strdd tf s g j hrd k j sp j sfr, W0 5 5.=s .=s S? , Su j if s mk t j r` j g mf s, W 0 5. >s.
]=
S4, _f c d f s u j if ` u y ràh mg f f,, W0 5. 7s .
]> ]8
UJSF UF KGJ_D GF 5 . 5 = 1 U ]>
5. :> 4
U ]8
5. ?> 7
U ]1
5. 44 8
U ]=
5. 5: 1
o) Sjijccmók Sjijccmók gj gjscrmptf gjscrmptfrjs rjs pdrd pdrd ifs ndctfrjs ndctfrjs cfkgmcm cfkgmcmfkdkt fkdktjs js
_jimjvj<
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
Jk hjkjrdi ji prfyjctf jk jstugmf, prjsjktd uk rjimjvj cfk nujrtjs pjkgmjktjs jk ids zfkds gj cdptdcmók, pfr if quj pdrd cdrdctjrmzdr id suscjptmomimgdg sjijccmfkd`fs ji gjscrmptfr ]7 _jimjvj rfcfsf, jscdrpdgf y j`pmkdgf cfk su pfkgjrdgf U]7< 5.5>1. Wdoid 3.41< Gjscrmptfr gj _jimjvj sjijccmfkdgf.
UD_D@JW_F
_JIMJ^J
UJSF UF KGJ_DGF 5 .3 3 7
]7
_j imj vj `uy d c c mg j ktd g f c fk vd iij s j strj strj c afs y q ujo rd g d s p rfn fnukg ukg d s, ku`jrfs ku`jrfsdd s j strm strmo d c mfkj s d k g mk mk d s. \f \f k d g j a u d y c f s . H j k j rd rd i`j k tj `fktd ôfsf y cf `p ij lf.
U]7
5 . 5> 1
Wmpf gj Sujif<
Jkcfktrd`fs gfs zfkds gmnjrjkcmdgds, ukd cfk dnifrd`mjktf rfcfsf di quj ij cfrrjspfkgjràd ji gjscrmptfr ]45 ’Dnifrd`mjktf rfcfsf y jstrdtfs gj hrdvd.‐ Cfk su pfkgjrdgf U]45< 5.53: y id ftrd zfkd cfk sujifs hrdkuidrjs nmkfs y sujifs drcmiifsfs sforj hrdvd diuvmdi f cfiuvmdi cfrrjspfkgj ji gjscrmptfr ]=< Cfk su pfkgjrdgf U]=< 5.5>1. Wdoid 3.4=< Gjscrmptfr gj Wmpf gj sujif sjijccmfkdgf.
UD _D@JW_F
WMU MUF F GJ SZJI S ZJIF
]45
Dn Dniifr frdd `m `mjj ktf rfc fsf y jstrd jstrd tf s g j h rrdd v d .
UJSF UF KGJ_DGF 5 . : > 1 U]45
5.53:
Imtfifhàd<
Jkcfktrd`fs gfs zfkds gmnjrjkcmdgds, ukd cfk uk sujif tmpf S4 (Sjhük kfr`di Sms`frrjsmstjktj) di quj ij cfrrjspfkgj ji gjscrmptfr I7< ’S4, _fcd f sujif `uy ràhmgf, W0 5.7s.‐ cfk uk pfkgjrdgf gj 5.5:1 y id ftrd zfkd (vjr puktf ?.?.>) gj tmpf MM, di quj ij cfrrjspfkgjràd ji gjscrmptfr I3 ’S?, Sujifs mktjr`jgmfs, W 0 5.>S.‐ cfk uk pfkgjrdgf gj 5.448.
3. 3.:. :.3. 3.??
NDCW NDCWF_ F_JS JS GJSJK GJSJKCD CDGJ GJKD KDKW KWJS JS
Sfk pdrä`jtrfs quj gjsjkcdgjkdk jvjktfs f sucjsfs dsfcmdgfs quj pujgjk hjkjrdr pjimhrfs jk uk ä`omtf hjfhränmcf jspjcànmcf. Udrd jstj jstugmf jspjcànmcd`jktj utmimzdrj`fs utmimzdrj`fs ji Udrä`jtrf gjsjkcdgjkdktj gji tmpf gj frmhjk hjfióhmcf gji sms`f jk ji jscjkdrmf gj rmjshf quj aj`fs pidktjdgf. pidktjdgf.
Di sjr gfs pdrä`jtrfs pdrä`jtrfs cfksmgjrdgfs cfksmgjrdgfs sj ij gdk id `ms`d `ms`d
m`pfrtdkcmd d`ofs pfr if quj ij cfrrjspfkgf 5.: gj pjsf d cdgd ukf. Wdoid 3.?5< Ndctfr gjsjkcdgjkdktj Hjfióhmcf.
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
UÄ_D@JW_F
_ F W U M _ C S J G
HJFIÓHMCF
UJSF UJSF UFKGJ UF KGJ_ _DGF 5 .: 5
]4 5
C f imsmó k g j Uid c d s Wj c t ó k mc d s
U]45
5. : 53
]4 4
\f k d g j Dc Dc t mv mg d g ^ f ic ä km kmc d
U]44
5. ? >5
]44 ?3 ]
iidmjs kHt fj sf igó jh mc`ddssd s @ fNvdm` Gj sp rj kg m`m `mjj ktfs g j Hrd Hrd kg j s Oifq uj s (rfc (rfc d s, amj amj if, j tc )
U U] ]443?
55.. 54>317
U]47
5. 5 3:
]47
Wdoid 3.?4< Ndctfr Gjsjkcdgjkdktj Mkgucmgf pfr ji sjr au`dkf. UD_D@JW_F A4
S J _ F W U M _ C S J G
A? A3 A7 A:
MKGZCMGF UF_ JISJ_ AZ@DKF Dc t mv mg d g j s Jc f k ó ` mc d s Sfo rj j xp iftd c mók g j rj c ursfs ursfs kd t ur urdd ij s Mk nrd j st ru c t u rd Dsj k t d ` mj k t f s a u ` d k f s C rj c m` mj k t f Gj ` f h rä nmc f
UJSF UF KGJ_DGF UA4
5. : 53
UA?
5. ? >5
UA3 UA7 UA:
5. 4 37 5. 5 >1 5. 5 3:
d) Sjijccmók Sjijccmók gj gjscrm gjscrmptfrj ptfrjss pdrd ji ndctfr ndctfr gjsjkcdgjk gjsjkcdgjkdktj dktj Ndctfr gjsjkcdgjkdktj hjfióhmcf<
Udrd ji jscjkdrmf pidktjdgf pdrd jstd jvdiudcmók sj tf`d uk sms`f supjrnmcmdi prfgucmgf pfr ids ndiids hjfióhmcds, pfr if quj sj sjijccmfkd ji pdrä`jtrf ]4?< Ndiids hjfióhmcds. Ufr sjr gfs ndctfrjs gjsjkcdgjkdktjs su pjsf pfkgjrdgf js 5.:5. Wdoid 3.??< Gjscrmptfr Hjfifhàd sjijccmfkdgf. UÄ_D@JW_F
HJFIÓH HJFI ÓH MCF
]4?
Nd iid s H j f ió h mc d s
UJSF UFK GJ_D GF 5 . : 5 U ]4?
5 . 437
Ndctfr gjsjkcdgjkdktj mkgucmgf gji sjr au`dkf<
Sj pidktjd cf`f ndctfr gjsjkcdgjkdktj ji prfcjsf gj cfkstruccmók gj mknrdjstructurd, mknrdjstructurd, quj vd fcupdkgf zfkds jk cjrrfs y zfkds gj idgjrds. Wdoid 3.?3< Gjscrmptfr Mkgucmgf pfr ji Sjr Au`dkf sjijccmfkdgf. UD _D @JW_F
MKGZCMGF UF_ JISJ_ AZ@DKF
A3
Mk nrd j st ru c t u rd
UJSF UF KGJ_D GF UA3
5. 437
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
3. 3.:. :.3.3 3.3
KM KM^J ^JI I GJ GJ SZSC SZSCJU JUWM WMOM OMIM IMGD GDG G UF_ UF_ SM SMS@ S@F F
Sj prfcjgmó d cdicuidr ji vdifr gj id suscjptmomimgdg, gj dcujrgf di @dkudi pdrd id jvdiudcmók gj rmjshfs frmhmkdgfs pfr njkó`jkfs kdturdijs kdturdijs ?gd vjrsmók vjrsmók gji CJKJU_JG, fotjkmíkgfsj fotjkmíkgfsj ifs smhumjktjs smhumjktjs rjsuitdgfs< Wdoid 3.?7< Cäicuif gj Suscjptmomimgdg jk ifs ndctfrjs cfkgmcmfkdktjs. _j imj v j Ud rd ` j t rf rf Gj s c rrmmp t f r 5. 3 37 5. 5 >1
Nd c tfr frjj s Cfkgmcmfkdktj Cfkgmcmfkdktj s Wmp f g j Suj if U d rd ` j t rf rf G j s c rm rmp t f r 5 . :> 1 5 . 53:
Imtf if h àd Ud rd ` j t rf rf G j s c rm rmp t f r 5 . 5=1 5 . 5:1
^DIF_ 5 . 57 1
Wdoid 3.?:< Cäicuif gj Suscjptmomimgdg jk ifs Ndctfrjs Gjsjkcdgjkdktjs. Ndc tfr frjj s Gj sj kcd gj kdktj kdktj s H j f ió ió hm h mc f Mkg uc mmg g f pf pf r j i s j r au` d kf kf Ud rd ` j t rf rf G j s c rm rmp t f r Ud rd ` j t rf rf G j s c rm rmp t f r 5.: 5 . 43 7 5.: 5 . 4 37
^DIF ^DI F _ 5 . 43 7
Wdoid 3.?>< Kmvji gj Suscjptmomimgdg. Suc Suc j pt ptmmomi omimgdg mgdg Nd c tf r c f kg mmcc mf mf kd k d kt ktj Nd c tf r g j s j k c d g j k d k kttj ^ d if r 5. 5 7 1
Uj sf 5. :
^ d if r 5.437
Uj s f 5. :
^d ifr 5 . 5 =4
d) Cäicui Cäicuiff gji kmvji kmvji gj pjimhr pjimhrff pfr sms` sms`ff Jk prm`jrd mkstdkcmd sj cdicuid ji vdifr gji pjimhrf Sms`f, `jgmdktj id smhumjktj nór`uid<
Wdoid 3.?8< Ujimhrf Sms`f. @d hhk kmtug Ud rd ` j t rf rf G j sscc rm rmp t f r 5. ?13 5 . ?>
Uj imh imh rf pf r Sms` Sms` f Mktj k kss mg d g Dc j ij ij rrdd c mó mó k K d tu turd i U d rd ` j t rf rf G j sscc rm rmp t f r Ud rd ` j t rf rf G j sc s c rrmmp t f r 5 . >73 5. 437 5. 587 5. ?>
^d ifr 5. 48=
Wdoid 3.?1< Ujimhrfsmgdg pfr Sms`f. Uj imh imh rf smgd g pf r Sms` Sms` f Sus c j p tmo mimg d g Uj imh rf ^ d if r U j sf ^ d if r Uj s f 5. 5= 4 5. : 5. 48 = 5. : o)
^d ifr 5. 43 :
_dkh _dkhf fg gjj k kmvj mvjijs ijs gj pji pjimhr mhrfsm fsmgdg gdg
Wdoid 3.?=< _dkhf gj Ujimhrfsmgdg pfr Sms`f. =
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
KM^JIJS GJ UJIMH_FSMGDG UF_ SMS@F
3. 3.:. :.3.7 3.7
@ Z] DIWF
5 . ? >5
≧_≧
5 . :5 5
D IWF
5 . 4 33
≧_≧
5 . ?> 5
@ JG MF
5 . 5 >1
≧_≧
5 . 43 3
ODL F
5 . 5 37
≧_≧
5 . 5> 1
JS JSW_ W_DW DWMN MNMC MCDC DCMÓ MÓK K GJI GJI UJIM UJIMH_ H_F F
Gjnmkmgfs ifs pdrä`jtrfs gj jvdiudcmók cfk sus rjspjctmvfs gjscrmptfrjs, sj jstdoijcjk jstdoijcjk ifs kmvjijs gj pjimhrf (odlf, `jgmf, ditf y `uy ditf). Ifs kmvjijs gj pjimhrf, id gjscrmpcmók y ji rdkhf rjsuitdktj sj rjprjsjktdk jk ukd tdoid cfk nfr`dtf sm`midr di jlj`pif gji cudgrf 3.?=. Ji tjxtf gj id gjscrmpcmók cfrrjspfkgj d cdgd ukf gj ifs gjscrmptfrjs dkdimzdgfs jk ifs ndctfrjs cfkgmcmfkdktjs y gjsjkcdgjkdktjs, gj id `ms`d `dkjrd ifs vdifrjs gji rdkhf sfk ji rjsuitdgf gji dkäimsms quj rjdimzó jk id pfkgjrdcmók gj jsfs ndctfrjs. n dctfrjs.
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
KM^JI
GJSC _MUC MÓ K
_DKH F
Wmp f g j su j if if g j rj iiiij k f s sd k mtmt d rrmmf ss.. Sms` f g j mk ttjj k sm smg d g QM y QMM. \f k d s ` u y mk j s ttdd o ij ij s. Id g j rd s c f k zf k d s g j nd ii iid , ` d sd sd s g j rf c d s mk tj tj k sd sd ` j k tj tj
UJIMH MH_F _F @Z] @Z] DIWF
UJIMH UJI MH_F _F DIWF
UJIMH MH_F _F @JGMF
UJIMH_F ODLF
t jt ufrrm rdmzgddgsd s y/yf d iitt jg rrd smt2f ssd ttuu rdsgu dp sj rnymc m` n`rdj ctj jd pó pgódss2 d iuj ys mk c f ks k sf iimmg d g fs f s y zf kkdd s c f k mk t j kkssd j rrff ssmmó k (cärcdvds). Wmpf g j sujif sujif d rj kd j ói óimmc d y/f im`f (c fk y ssmmk d h ud ). Sms`f g j mktj ksm ksmgg d g MQ y Q. Q. \f kd s mkj std std oi oijj s, `d c mzfs rfc rfc fsfs c fk `j tjf rmzd c mók y/ f d it j rd c mók mkt mkt j ksd d `fg j rd gd , `uy nrd c tur turdd gd s2 gj pó smtfs supj rnmc md ij s mkc fk sfim sfimg d gf s, `d tj rmd ij s pd rc md i`j ktj d `uy sdturdg fs, zf kd s gj mktj ksd j rfsmók fsmók . Wmp f g j suj if h rd ku id rj s nmnmkf s y suj suj if s d rc miif sfs sfo rj h rdv d d iuv md i f c f iuv md i. Mktjk sm smgg d g ^M, ^M, ^M ^MMM y ^MM ^MMM. \fk \fk d s gj j std std om omiimgd g `d rhmkd hmkd i, iidd g j rd s c fk j rf smók mktj mktj ksd f `d tj rmd ij s pd rc md i`j ktj sd t uurrd g f s, `f `f g j rd g d ` j k t j ` j t j f rmzd g f s Wmpf g j sujif sujif d nif rd `m `mjj ktfs rfc rfc fsfs y j str strd tfs gj hrd v d . S Smms`f sj kt mgf mgf pf r `uc `uc ad hj kt j , mktj ksm ksmgd gd g `j kfr d ^. Id gj rd s c fk `d tjrmd tjrmd ij s p f c f nrd c tu rd g f s, ` f g j rd g d d p f c d `j t j f rmzd c mók, p d rc md i`j kt j j rfsm fsmfkd fkd gd s, kf sd t urd gfs.
5.?>5 9 _ 9 5.:53
5.437 9 _ 9 5.?>5
5.5>1 9 _ 9 5.437
5.53: 9 _ 9 5.5>1
Kmvji gj pjimhrfsmgdg Sj adk gjtjr`mkdgf pjimhrf @jgmf – Ditf pdrd ji prfyjctf.
3.>
J^DIZDCMÓK GJ UJIMH_FSMGDG UD_D MKZKGDCMÓK NIZ^MDI 3.>.4 MKW_FGZCCMÓK D kmvji `ukgmdi, ids mkukgdcmfkjs sfk ji gjsdstrj kdturdi `äs gjstructmvf jk cfksjcujkcmds jcfkó`mcds y kü`jrf gj vàctm`ds. Gjsgj ji dôf ?555 di ?55>, ifs gjsdstrjs rjidcmfkdgfs cfk id dccmók gji dhud prfguljrfk `äs gj ?=5,555 vàctm`ds, dnjctdrfk d `äs gj 4,:55 `miifkjs gj pjrsfkds y cfstdrfk `äs gj 7??,555 `miifkjs gj ZS$. Jk hjkjrdi, jstds cfksjcujkcmds sfk jspjcmdi`jktj m`pfrtdktjs jk ärjds urodkds, gfkgj adomtd id `dyfr pdrtj gj id pfoidcmók y gfkgj pujgjk gdrsj ids cfksjcujkcmds jcfkó`mcds `äs m`pfrtdktjs. Ids mkukgdcmfkjs jk ji Ujrü sfk uk prfoij`d rjcurrjktj cdgd dôf, gjomgf d id jstdcmfkdimgdg gj ids prjcmpmtdcmfkjs jk id rjhmók dkgmkd, id cudi tmjkj ukd ípfcd sjcd y ukd ípfcd gj iiuvmd omjk gmnjrjkcmdgd, jstd üitm`d gj gmcmj`orj d `drzf2 su`äkgfsj jk dihukfs dôfs cfk id prjsjkcmd gj ’Ji Kmôf‐ f ’Id Kmôd‐ adcjk quj ifs cdugdijs gj ifs ràfs
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
quj odldk gj id rjhmók dkgmkd d id cfstd du`jktjk vdrmds vjcjs su cdugdi, gjsofrgäkgfsj y fcdsmfkdkgf gdôfs jk cmugdgjs gj id cfstd jspjcànmcd`jktj jk id rjhmók kfrtj gji pdàs, cf`f< Wu`ojs, Umurd, y Id`odyjquj. Ufr ftrf idgf, td`omík jknrjktd prfoij`ds quj sj pfgràdk gjkf`mkdr kf jstructurdijs, tdijs cf`f< d`omjktdijs, jktrj ifs quj sj pujgjk cmtdr id gjnfrjstdcmók, fostruccmók f gjsvàf kdturdi gj cducjs, cd`omf jk ji ríhm`jk gj jscurrm`mjktf, cd`omf cim`ätmcf2 tíckmcfs, cf`f id pírgmgd gj cdpdcmgdg gji pjrsfkdi pdrd mgjktmnmcdr, jvdiudr y gjtjr`mkdr ifs rmjshfs prfgucmgfs pfr cfrrmjktjs niuvmdijs, diugjs, f niulfs cfk ukd ditd cfkcjktrdcmók gj ifgfs, dsà cf`ff id nd cf` nditd itd gj pid pidkjs kjs gj dtjkcm dtjkcmók ók d j`jrhj j`jrhjkcm kcmds ds y prfhrd prfhrd`d `dss gj prjvjk prjvjkcmó cmókk y dpfyf2 dpfyf2 ijhdijs, ijhdijs, cf`f ji frgjkd`mjktf tjrrmtfrmdi y id dg`mkmstrdcmók gj rmjshfs pfr mkukgdcmfkjs, jktrj ftrfs, fcdsmfkd quj ids mkukgdcmfkjs sj cfkvmjrtdk jk uk prfoij`d jxtrdfrgmkdrmf, gjomgf d quj su nrjcujkcmd gj fcurrjkcmd js `dyfr. Sjhük ji smstj`d gj cfgmnmcdcmók jstäkgdr mktjrkdcmfkdi rjcmjktj`jktj dprfodgf (Undnstjttjr), ji Ujrü cujktd d id njcad cfk 4:= Zkmgdgjs Amgrfhränmcds, gmstrmoumgds jk trjs vjrtmjktjs<
^jrtmjktj gji Udcmnmcf? ràfs, ifs ràfs sj cdrdctjrmzdk pfrquj sóif trdkspfrtdk dhud gurdktj id ípfcd gj iiuvmd, pjr`dkjcmjkgf sjcfs ji rjstf gji dôf. Sóif dihukfs ràfs `dktmjkjk cdugdijs smhkmnmcdtmvfs smhkmnmcdtmvfs d if idrhf gji dôf. Id prjcmpmtdcmók `jgmd dkudi js gj >55 ``, if cudi mkciuyj d id cfstd y id smjrrd, ji =:% prfvmjkj gj jstd üitm`d.
^jrtmjktj gji Dtiäktmcf.??
UJKG UJKGMJ MJKW KWJ J GF@M GF@MKD KDKW KWJ J GJI CDZ CDZCJ CJ ] GJ GJ ID CZJ CZJKC KCD D
Ujkgmjktj gj Cujkcd< js uk ndctfr `uy m`pfrtdktj quj tmjkj rjidcmók cfk id mknmitrdcmók, id jscfrrjktàd supjrnmcmdi, id au`jgdg gj sujif, y id cfktrmoucmók gji dhud suotjrräkjd d id jscfrrjktàd. ^dk \umgd` (4=1>) prfpfkj ukd cdtjhfrmzdcmók gj id pjkgmjktj gj id cujkcd cf`f sj gjtdiid jk ji smhumjktj cudgrf. Wdoid 3.34< Cidsmnmcdcmók gj pjkgmjktj sjhük ^dk \umgd` (4=1>).
=
JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
Cidsj Cidsj gj pj kgmj kgmj ktj ktj (µ) (%) 5 -?
5 -?
Cfkg mc mf kj s gj i tj rrj kf Uid Uid km kmcc mj , sm smk g j kug d c mók d p rj c md o ij . Ujkg mj ktj `uy o d ld , pj imhr hrff g j j rfsmók fsmók
3. 3.>. >.33
?-7
?-7
7-1
7-1
1 - 4>
1 - 4>
4> - 3:
4> - 3:
3: - ::
3: - ::
; ::
; ::
Ujkg mj ktj o d ld , p j imhrf hrf sjv j rf g j j rfsmók fsmók Ujkg mj ktj `fg j rd g d , gj simzd `m `mjj ktfs fc d smfkd ij s, pj imhr hrff g j j rfsmók fsmók sjv j rf. Ujkg mj ktj nuj rtj , gj simzd `m `mjj ktf g j kug d c mfkd ij s mktj ks ksfs fs (g j simzd `mj `mj ktf s), s), p j imhrf j xtrj`f g j j rfsmók fsmók g j suj ifs. Ujkg mj ktj `uy nuj rtj , d nifr frdd `m `mjj ktfs rfc rfc fsfs, prfc prfc j sfs g j kug d c mfkd ij s mktj mktj ks ksfs, fs, rj rj nfr frjj std c mók p fsmo fsmo ij . Jxtrj trj `d g d `j ktj nuj rtj , d nifr frdd `m `mjj ktf s rfc fsfs, p rfc j sfs g j kugd c mfkd ij s mktj ksfs ksfs sj sj vj rfs (c (c d àg d g j rfc d s), c fo j rturd turd vj hj td i im`m `mtd td g d .
NDCW NDCWF_ F_JS JS GJSJ GJSJKC KCDG DGJK JKDK DKWJ WJS S
Sfk ndctfrjs quj gjsjkcdgjkdk jvjktfs f sucjsfs dsfcmdgfs quj pujgjk hjkjrdr pjimhrfs jk uk ä`omtf hjfhränmcf. Ufr jlj`pif, ids iiuvmds hjkjrdk gjsimzd`mjktf gj `dtjrmdi sujitf f `jtjfrmzdgf, ifs sms`fs gj hrdk `dhkmtug fcurrmgfs cjrcd d id cfstd fcdsmfkdk tsukd`ms, jtc.
3. 3.>. >.3.4 3.4
CD_D CD_DCW CWJ_ J_ÀS ÀSWM WMCD CDS S CIM@ CIM@DW DWFI FIÓH ÓHMC MCDS DS
Sjhük id Cidsmnmcdcmók Cim`ätmcd (Wafrkfkwdmtj), sj sfimcmtdrä d SJKD@AM Urjcmpmtdcmók< Udrtàcuids gj dhud iàqumgd f sóimgd quj cdjk gjsgj id dt`ósnjrd adcmd id supjrnmcmj tjrrjstrj. Iiuvmd js id prjcmpmtdcmók gj pdrtàcuids iàqumgds gj dhud gj gmä`jtrf `dyfr gj 5.: `` f gj hftds `jkfrjs, pjrf `uy gmspjrsds.
Udrä`jtrfs quj cdrdctjrmzdk id iiuvmd< Mktjksmgdg5 ; >5 Nujktj< DJ@JW
Gurdcmók. Id gurdcmók gji jvjktf gj iiuvmd f tfr`jktd vdràd d`pimd`jktj, fscmidkgf jktrj ukfs pfcfs `mkutfs d vdrmfs gàds. Ftrd nfr`d gj cidsmnmcdr id prjcmpmtdcmók, mkgjpjkgmjktj`jktj mkgjpjkgmjktj`jktj gj id dktjrmfr, js sjhük ji àkgmcj gj rjhuidrmgdg gj id mktjksmgdg (Cudgrf Kµ 3.>5). Jstj àkgmcj `mgj id rjidcmók jktrj id mktjksmgdg y id gurdcmók gj ukd prjcmpmtdcmók gdgd, tdktf jk ji ä`omtf gj id `jtjfrfifhàd cf`f jk ji gj id cim`dtfifhàd. Jk jstj üitm`f ä`omtf, ids curvds quj gjscrmojk gmcaf cf`pfrtd`mjktf sj cfkfcjk cf`f Curvds MGN f gj Mktjksmgdg-Gurdcmók-Nrjcujkcmd. Mktjksmgdg-Gurdcmók-Nrjcujkcmd. Wdoid 3.33< Cidsmnmcdcmók gj id prjcmpmtdcmók sjhük id rjhuidrmgdg.
^drmd omim ^drm omimgd g gj id mktj ktj ksmgd g 5,55 - 5,?5 5,?5 - 5,75 5 , 7 5 - 5 , >5 5,>5 - 5,15 5,15 - 4,55
Mktj ktj rprj prj td c mó k gj i tmpf gj pr prjj c mpmt pmtdd c mó k Urä c t mc mc d ` j k t j c f k st st d k t j . @ u y p rj g f ` mk d k t j ` j k t j d g v j c t mv d f j std c mfkd rmd . Gí o mi`j ktj vd rmd o ij . U Urrj g f`mkd f`mkd ktj `j ktj d g v j c t mv mv d ^ d rmd o ij ij Jnj c t mv mv d @ f g j rd g d ` j k t j v d rmd o iijj . Urj g f ` mk mk d k t j ` j k t j c f k v j c t mmvv d Nuj rtj `j ktj vd rmd o ij @uy p rj g f ` mk d k t j ` j k t j c f k v j c t mv d
Nrjcujkcmd. Id nrjcujkcmd gj uk gjtjr`mkdgf jvjktf gj iiuvmd, jstrjcad`jktj rjidcmfk rjidcmfkdgf dgf cfk ji iid`dgf tmj`pf gj rjtfrkf, sj gjnmkj cf`f ji prf`jgmf gj tmj`pf quj trdkscurrj jktrj ifs dcdjcm`mjktfs gj gfs jvjktfs gj tfr`jktd gj id `ms`d cdrdctjràstmcd. cdrdctjràstmcd. Udrd jstds gjtjr`mkdcmfkjs sj tf`dk jk cujktd id gurdcmók f diturd, y, jvjktudi`jktj, jvjktudi`jktj, d`ods.
Gmstrmoucmók tj`pfrdi. Id gmstrmoucmók tj`pfrdi gj ukd tfr`jktd tmjkj uk rfi m`pfrtdktj jk id rjspujstd amgrfióhmcd gj cujkcds jk tír`mkfs gj gjsdrrfiif gji amjtfhrd`d gj ukd tfr`jktd.
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JSWZGMF GJNMKMWM^F GJNMKMWM^F D KM^JI GJ JQUJGMJKWJ JQUJGMJKWJ WÍCK WÍCKMCF MCF GJI U_F]J U_F]JCWF CWF ’C_JDCMÓK GJI SJ_^MCMF GJ _JC_JDCMÓK UDSM^D JK JI OD__MF AJ__J_ÀD, GJ ID D.U.^. AZJ_WF CCFIIDKD GMSW_MWF GJ IM^MWDCD - U_F^MKCMD GJ CAZ@OM^MICDS - GJUD_WD@JKWF GJ CZSCF‐. Cógmhf ükmcf gj prfyjctf Kµ ?:4311?.
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4 ? 3 7 : > 8 1 = 45 44 4? 43 47 4: 4> 48 41 4= ?5 ?4 ?? ?3 ?7
4,=> 7 4,=> : 4,=> > 4,=> 8 4,=> 1 4,=> = 4,=8 5 4,=8 4 4,=8 ? 4,=8 3 4,=8 7 4,=8 : 4,=8 > 4,=8 8 4,=8 1 4,=8 = 4,=1 5 4,=1 4 4,=1 ? 4,=1 3 4,=1 7 4,=1 : 4,=1 > 4,=1 8
4 8 :.7 4 8 3.3 4 1 5.> 4 > 7.1 4 1 5.7 4 = ?.5 4 ? =.7 ? 3 >.> 4 : 3.3 4 7 =.8 4 : ?.7 4 : =.> 4 5 =.8 4 8 4.> ? ? 5.> 4 : 1.4 4 1 :.4 4 : =.? 4 = =.= 4 : 7.? 4 1 :.: ? 5 7.1 4 : ?.7 ? : 4.3
41 5.1 41 :.8 48 :.: 41 1.7 4> =.? 4= ?.8 ?5 5.> 4: 5.? 4= ?.4 48 ?.8 ?5 5.8 4: 4.: 4= :.? 43 =.3 43 8.8 4: 8.? 48 4.1 4: >.8 ?5 :.4 41 ?.> 4> 7.7 43 3.8 48 ?.> 4: ?.:
4? 3.1 45 1.7 4? 1.: 4? 4.3 44 =.7 43 8.3 43 :.1 43 8.: 48 3.= 43 3.8 4> 5.8 45 8.1 44 3.? 47 1.4 45 :.1 45 :.: 45 3.1 4? =.? 44 :.? 4> >.8 44 >.: => .5 41 7.? 43 1.4
3 =.= : 8.1 7 5.8 8 3.4 > 1.3 7 3.5 > 7.> 3 3.5 8 5.? 1 7.= : >.5 : :.7 7 1.8 = ?.4 > :.= 8 1.: 3 7.? : 3.> 4 8.5 = =.= 4 1.= 7 5.8 3 =.= : 1.>
= .: ? .8 5 .= 4 .4 : .7 4 .1 5 .= ? .= : .> 3 .3 47 .7 ? .7 8 .4 3 .5 47 .> 44 .: 7 .: 8 .1 3 .8 44 .5 4 .? 3 .> > .? : .:
5 .5 ? .8 5 .4 5 .3 5 .> 5 .? 5 .4 5 .4 4 .5 5 .5 5 .5 5 .7 5 .5 5 .5 5 .4 ? .7 5 .4 : .5 5 .? 5 .4 5 .5 5 .8 5 .4 5 .4
5 .4 5 .? 5 .: 5 .? 5 .5 5 .4 5 .: 5 .5 5 .5 5 .3 5 .5 5 .5 5 .3 5 .> 5 .8 5 .5 5 .5 5 .7 5 .5 5 .5 5 .4 5 .3 5 .? 5 .5
: .5 7 .7 4 .4 5 .> ? .7 7 .3 4 .? 7: .8 4 .1 5 .3 4 .= ?? .? ? .= 4 .5 3 .3 4 .> 4 .= 3 .3 4 .4 7 .7 4 .3 ? .4 7 .8 43 .5
? 1 .3 4 7 .8 >.8 1.> 7.7 4 8 .: ? 3 .= 4 > .> 4 7 .5 4 4 .3 >.8 4 : .7 =.? 1.1 =.8 8.5 4 ? .1 :.7 ? ? .? 3.8 4 ? .: 4 7 .8 ? 1 .? 8.1
:7 .8 7: .8 7? .5 38 .8 7: .1 ?3 .7 3? .> ?3 .7 38 .= 73 .: :8 .4 :4 .7 :8 .3 :5 .1 75 .3 78 .= 3= .: :7 .? 3: .8 ?8 .: >3 .3 74 .5 3> .7 :8 .?
:? .: 7= .: :: .3 >8 .> 73 .4 >: .5 75 .1 3= .8 =8 .: 31 .= >8 .> :4 .5 37 .3 71 .= 87 .> 74 .: 85 .> 73 .4 71 .1 4 43 .= 7= .: :7 .: :4 .: 73 .3
4 57 .3 4 54 .3 4 47 .7 4 4= .? 1 1.3 = ?.7 4 :> .7 1 4.1 4 5> .: 1 7.? 4 ?> .= = 7.4 4 ?4 .7 4 43 .? 4 44 .8 4 48 .8 4 ?8 .: 4 31 .= 4 47 .7 4 74 .7 4 3? .8 4 58 .1 4 75 .5 4 3: .1
8 87 .3 8 7> .7 8 7> .3 8 1? .= 8 ?8 .3 8 >= .8 8 1> .1 8 >8 .: 1 :3 .1 8 ?? .1 1 77 .7 8 44 .? > == .3 8 88 .7 8 1: .5 8 ?1 .= 8 :4 .1 8 :> .1 8 >3 .3 = 5: .7 8 7: .= > == .= 1 4> .7 1 >3 .?
?: ?> ?8 ?1 ?= 35 34 3? 33 37 3: 3> 38 31 3= 75 74 7? 73 77 7: 7> 78 71 7= :5 :4
4,=1 1 4,=1 = 4,== 5 4,== 4 4,== ? 4,== 3 4,== 7 4,== : 4,== > 4,== 8 4,== 1 4,== = ?,55 5 ?,55 4 ?,55 ? ?,55 3 ?,55 7 ?,55 : ?,55 > ?,55 8 ?,55 1 ?,55 = ?,54 5 ?,54 4 ?,54 ? ?,54 3 ?,54 7
4 = 4.7 4 = 7.5 ? 4 7.5 4 > 1.= 4 = 1.= ? > =.3 ? 5 :.5 4 > :.1 4 > 5.? ? 7 >.: ? 4 8.? 4 ? :.8 4 > 5.8 ? 1 :.7 4 4 4.7 4 8 4.4 ? 4 :.8 4 4 3.= ? = :.5 4 ? =.8 4 = 8.= 4 5 ?.5 4 8 8.5 4 3 ?.: 4 4 8.3 4 : 4.= 4 7 =.?
?4 :.7 4: >.1 4> >.? 4: :.5 4> =.: 45 8.? ?? 4.> 47 4.? 41 8.1 ?5 =.8 4: 5.7 ?3 :.= 41 3.7 ?3 5.: ?= 7.3 ?3 >.5 4> 8.: 48 >.: 4? ?.8 43 3.> 45 8.: 4> 7.> 47 ?.7 48 5.1 4> 7.4 ?3 8.7 48 :.?
43 8.? 44 >.1 43 5.= 43 3.? 43 =.1 43 7.> 41 =.3 ?5 =.7 45 =.3 44 :.> 1= .1 4: =.1 4: :.1 ?> 5.3 47 1.5 4= :.4 17 .7 4? 3.? 48 :.7 45 1.4 8? .: 45 ?.? 45 4.> 4? 3.> 47 7.: 4: 3.? 44 7.:
> =.4 7 8.? > 4.5 8 8.7 : ?.8 45 8 .3 : >.> 1 4.8 45 7 .4 > 8.: 4 3.1 4? = .4 3 1.: = =.: > 8.> 3 >.= 7 1.7 7 3.4 7 :.1 : 1.> 4.? 7 7.: 3 5.5 : 1.8 3 3.7 : 5.8 7 3.1
3 .3 3 .7 > .4 44 .8 3 .8 : .: 4> .8 ? .8 4> .? 3 .? 5 .5 3 .> 7 .? 3? .5 ?7 .8 : .8 5 .5 4 .4 5 .1 7 .> 7 .= : .: ? .5 : .= 5 .7 5 .3 3 .:
5 .4 5 .5 4 .? 5 .4 5 .5 5 .5 5 .5 5 .5 5 .5 5 .5 ? .: 3 .> : .> 5 .= 4 .5 5 .1 4 .1 5 .5 : .7 5 .5 : .1 5 .5 5 .> 5 .4 4 .5 > .: 5 .5
5 .5 5 .3 5 .5 5 .: 5 .5 5 .1 5 .5 5 .5 5 .5 5 .5 5 .5 5 .5 5 .5 7 .3 4> .8 5 .5 45 .8 5 .5 5 .5 3 .7 5 .5 4 .7 5 .4 5 .5 4 .5 5 .? 5 .5
5 .1 8 .5 48 .: > .7 7: .3 4: .5 5 .5 ? .1 ?5 .3 ?> .? 3 .> 5 .5 4? .8 7 .1 5 .5 : .: 4: .8 4: .3 = .8 5 .5 5 .5 5 .5 4 .3 4 .7 5 .5 4 .1 : .8
?.4 >.7 ? 8 .? 8.= 4.? 8.8 ? ? .? 4 5 .1 4 3 .> 3 1 .7 5.1 7 8 .3 >.? 7.? 7 5 .: 3 7 .1 ? : .5 :.> 4 1 .> 4 > .3 5.? ?.5 4 1 .5 4 : .1 4 : .: ? 7 .8 3.>
:= .> :7 .4 7= .5 78 .? := .= =3 .8 43 .4 :3 .1 ?= .5 47 .> 73 .> :? .= 81 .: 35 .8 :> .5 44 .4 ?: .8 :: .= := .4 3> .3 73 .7 :4 .4 7> .1 38 .7 78 .1 31 .8 8? .?
4 5> .3 1? .5 :? .4 38 .: 8: .> 4 :> .8 >> .7 38 .> :4 .4 =4 .> :7 .4 7: .3 ?> .1 4: .> =: .1 83 .7 :> .8 74 .= >7 .4 73 .> ?7 .1 4 8> .4 84 .= 8= .5 3: .8 37 .8 3> .?
4 48 .4 = 5? .7 4 3> .5 1 57 .5 4 ?? .8 1 78 .= 4 ?3 .5 8 >1 .1 3 :.5 8 14 .> 4 :8 .4 4,5: 7.= 4 55 .> 1 =4 .: 4 45 .? 1 4> .5 4 57 .= 8 => .: 4 ?? .> = 3: .= : 5.? > ?> .5 4 7: .8 = 71 .= 4 >1 .3 1 75 .8 > 8.: 4,53 :.8 4 7? .1 = =1 .1 4 34 .7 = 54 .1 4 5: .3 8 :> .= 4 >? .? 8 31 .8 4 ?? .> = 4= .? 4 48 .8 > :4 .= 4 53 .3 : >4 .: 4 33 .= 8 13 .3 = :.7 > 18 .4 4 4= .8 8 77 .= > =.8 > 35 .7 4 5: .3 1 5: .7 4 47 .8 8 41 .>
8:.?5 >8.55 85.>> >7.58 >:.43 18.=4 87.?= >1.55 >>.31 88.== :?.48 8=.51 85.5> 1>.34 13.?3 8:.4: >3.51 >4.:> 8>.>5 :7.33 7>.8= >:.?1 :8.?> >?.51 :?.:3 >8.4? :=.11
Kµ Gdtfs @jgmd Gjsv. Jstdkgdr Cfjn. ^drmdcmfk Urjc. @dx. Urjc. @mk.
:4 4 8 8.1 7 3 .8 1 5 .? : ? = :.5 4 5 ?.5
:4 48 :.: 3: .4 = 5 .? 5 ?= 7.3 45 8.?
:4 43 7.4 37 .5 ? 5.?: ?> 5.3 8? .:
:4 : >.= ?: .4 : 5 .7 7 4? = .4 4.?
:4 : .= >.?? 4.5: 3? .5 5 .5
:4 4 .5 4.8: 4.87 > .: 5 .5
:4 5 .= ?.15 3.?: 4> .8 5 .5
:4 > .= 4 5 .43 4.78 7: .8 5 .5
:4 4 7 .? 4 5.8= 5 .8> 7 8 .3 5.?
:4 7: .? 4 :.> 8 5.3: =3 .8 44 .4
:4 >5 .3 3 5.47 5.: 5 4 8> .4 4: .>
:4 4 47 .1 ? >.3: 5 .? 3 4 >1 .3 3 :.5
:4.55 >>.47 1.?? 5.4? 18.=4 7>.8=
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:4 8 =3 .> = =.>7 5 .4 3 ? =: .5 5.5
@ JGMD >7.:3 >?.?5 >?.4= >:.?7 >5.>4 >7.47 >:.:8 >3.=> 84.4: >5.?3 85.38 :=.?8 :1.?1 >7.81 >:.7? >5.87 >?.>: >3.58 >3.>4 8:.7: >?.4> :1.33 >1.53 84.=3
?:/44/?54= 4:
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