Estudio de Casos

 

Borporgbkòa Vakvfrsktgrkg Hkauto Df Dkos Yskboeo`èg

Yrfsfatg3 Ckaag Ygoeg Ordo÷fz Bgjrfrg KD3 407022 [gdfr Zoegado Grbkakf`gs Bgstfeegaos KD3  67:4>> Sueey Lgtmfrka Justos Bgrdoso KD3 449704 Ga`kf Ygoeg Rgabmfz Tojgr KD3 6027;= [keey Ygoeg Zosgs Tkhgrça KD3 67::92

 

Dobfatf3 Ekag Hgrbfeg Hurbkg

Gsk`agturg3 Fstudko df Bgsos Ngbuetgd Df Bkfabkgs Muhgags

 

Yro`rghg Df Yskboeo`èg ^krtuge [ g Dkstgabkg

Hobog- Yutuhgyo:2/79/:9:9

KADZODVBBKOA Fstf grtèbueo prfsfatg ge`uaos gspfbtos dfe fstudko df bgso boho hëtodo df kavfstk`gbkòa fa egs bkfabkgs sobkgefs. Rf boabfatrg, fa pgrtkbuegr, fa fe hëtodo boho norhg df `fafrgr tforègs sojrf nfaòhfaos sobkgefs y or`gakzgbkoagefs df bgusgekdgd bohpefcg. Fe fstudko df eos hëtodos df kavfstk`gbkòa sobkg sus vfatgcgs y dfsvfatgcgs, su  potfabkge rfegtkvo, rfegtkvo, sus ekhktgbkoafs, su bg bghpo hpo df gpekbgbkòa dfjfrè dfjfrèga ga fstgr fa eg g`fadg df trgjgco df egs fsbufegs df gdhkakstrgbkòa. Eg gpekbgbkòa borrfbtg df mfrrghkfatgs rk`urosgs ef`ktkhg eg kavfstk`gbkòa f kavktg ge uso df sus rfsuetgdos< ngbkektg gsè eg boafxkòa nrubtènfrg fatrf

fe huado gbgdëhkbo y fe kadustrkge. Fa pgrtkbuegr, eos bgsos df kavfstk`gbkòa soa fspfbkgehfatf vgekosos, porquf pfrhktfa fe fstudko df eg bgusgekdgd y eg pegshga fa uag tforèg

FRTVDKO DF BGROR Fa egs óetkhgs dëbgdgs df kavfstk`gbkoafs y fstudkos gbfrbg dfe fstudko df bgso mga dfrkvgdo hçs df :6 dfnkakbkoafs dkstkatgs sojrf eo quf fs fe fstudko df bgso, bgdg mga  uag boa su ëangsks pgrtbuegr y boa uag bkfrg eèafg df kavfst`gbkòa. Trfs dfakbko dfakbkoafs afs soa egs sk`ukfafs3 MGZZ[ FBLRTFKA

ZOJFZT L. [KA

Ëe aos dkbf quf ua bgso pufdf sfr dfakdo boho ua nfaòhfao fa fe buge aosoros rfporghos soeghfaf uag hfdkdg df bugequkfr vgrkgjef Fcfhpeo fsudkgr aos dkbf quf fs uag prf`uag quf kavfst`g ua fa nfaòhfao boafhporçafo ua rghg

 

df eg vkdg rfge Fs ua projefhg g sfr fsudkgdo fe buge rfvfeg uag bohprfaskòa pronuadg df ua bgso o df ua sksfhg dfekhkgdo , fe buge kavoeubrg eg bohprfaskòa df ua fvfao

C.P BZFRFPFEE

o gbtvkdgd df ua probfso df uao o hçs pfrsoags Gdkbkoagehfaf g egs dfakbkoafs gafs hfabkoagdgs, egs dfakbkoafs gbugefs df fsudko df bgso, sf rffrfa g ëe boho ua hëodo, fsrgf`kg, prooboeo df kavfst`gbkòa o hfodoeo`èg. Eeghgr ge fsudko df bgso hëodo khpekbgrèg quf fe fsudko df bgso fs uag ëbakbg, probfdkhkfao o norhg df rfboefbgr kanorhgbkòa o dgos. HFZZKGA ^ga Pyasjfr`mf @FZZKA@ ―Fe fsudko df bgso onrfbf ua hfdko pgrg kavfst`gr uakdgdfs sobkgefs bohpefcgs, egs bugefs boasksfa fa hóetpefs vgrkgjefs df pofabkge khporgabkg pgrg bohprfadfr fe nfaòhfao. ^GA P[ARJFZ@MF ―Eos kavfst`gdorfs utekzga hëodos df kavfst`gbkòa boho farfvksgs, kavfst`gbkòa dobuhfagbkòa y ojsfrvgbkòa.‘ @FZZKA@ Mg dfakdo ge fsudko df bgso boho ―Yrooboeo df kavf kavfst`gbkòa‘3 st`gbkòa‘3 ―Fs ua fsudko kafaskvo df ua nfaòhfao rfegtvghfaf dfekhkgdo fa doadf fe ojcftvo dfe geuhao fs fxpekbgr o fxpoafr bgrgbfrèstbgs df ua nfaòhfao skhkegr g hgyor fsbgeg‘

FRTVDKO DF BGRO BVGDZO BOHYGZGTK^O DF DOR BGROR

BGRO Trgstorao af`gtkvkstg dfsgnkgatf fa uag gdoefbfatf

GZFG , FANOWVF O HODFEO TFOZKBO Çrfg beèakbg Hodfeo bo`aktkvo boadubtuge

BGRO

^GZKGBKÒA RF@ÓA FE HODFEO

Trgstorao af`gtkvkstg dfsgnkgatf fa uag gdoefbfatf

Dfsbrkpbkòa dfe bgso3 pgrg eg dfsbrkpbkòa dfe bgso sf tfadrça fa bufatg gspfbtos jkoeò`kbos , ftkoeò`kbos, sobkgefs y bueturgefs quf

FEFHFATOR FRFABKGEFR Dfsbrkpbkòa dfe bgso3 gdoefbfatf df 74 g÷os qukfa hufstrg boadubtgs g`rfskvgs fa eg katfrgbbkòa boa hçs gdoefbfatfs. Mkpòtfsks dfe bgso3 Fe

RFHFCGASGR

DKNFZFABKGR

Gekgazg tfrgpëutkbg rfegbkòa fstrfbmg  pgbkfatf y tfrgpfutg

Fe hodfeo fstç orkfatgdo mgbkg ojcftkvos y bfatrgdo fa projefhgs dftfrhkagdos

Rf rfqukfrf uag

Fe hodfeo BB tkfaf

 

gdoefbfatf prfsfatg boadubtgs rfegbkoagdgs boa fe trgstorao af`gtkvkstg dfsgnkgatf df gbufrdo g eg begsknkbgbkòa begsknkbgb kòa dfe DRH6 Boankrhgr mkpòtfsks3 sf`óa eos rfsuetgdos ojtfakdos fa eos kastruhfatos df fvgeugbkòa kadkbga quf fe gdoefbfatf sunrf ua trgstorao af`gtkvo dfsgnkgatf Zfsuetgdo dfe bgso3 dfspuës df eg katfrvfabkòa boa fe gdoefbfatf sf eo`rg fvkdfabkgr quf eg katfrvfabkòa tfrgpëutkbg mg skdo sgtksngbtorkg sgtksngbtor kg yg quf fe hfaor mg bghjkgdo y mg hfcorgdo sus boadubtgs

Ygbkfatf boa projefhgs df gebomoeksho

Çrfg beèakbg Dfsbrkpbkòa dfe bgso3 Hodfeo  pgbkfatf df 29 g÷os df Yskbodkaçhk fdgd boa projefhgs df bo gebomoeksho y gatfbfdfatfs df boasuho df fstupfngbkfatfs fstupfngbkfa tfs , qukfa ka`rfsg voeuatgrkghfatf dfspuës df uag katoxkbgbkòa boa hfdkbghfatos y gebomoe  Mkpòtfsks dfe bgso3  prfsfatg uag mkstorkg mkstorkg beèakbg df bortf dfprfskvo , quf kaneuyfa fa kdfgs  prkabkpgefs df suskdko  Boankrhgr mkpòtfsks3 sf fvkdfabkg df norhg boabksg ua sèadrohf df dfbgdfabkg bohpufsto  por eg afbronkekg afbronkekg  prfsfatg uag mkstorkg mkstorkg

boegjorgbkòa y eg boatrkjuyfa g uag agrrgbkòa broaoeò`kbg  pgrtkbkpgbkòa gbtkvg dfe dfe fpksodko  pgbkfatf fstudkgdo Mkpòtfsks dfe bgso3 gbç sf tkfaf fa bufatg Fe hodfeo eos gspfbtos  bo`aktkvo sf boadubtugefs quf bgrgbtfrkzg porfe  pfrhktfa uagboa fe fstudkgr boho borrfegbkòa sfr muhgao fanoquf utkekzgdo boaobf , pkfasg y Wuf pgrg fe bgso df rfbufrdg fstudko fs bo`aktkvo boadubtuge Boankrhgr mkpòtfsks3 sf rfgekzò uag fvoeubkòa hóetkpef y hketkhftodo sf utkekzgroa fatrfvkstgs fsbgegs y tëbakbgs df ojsfrvgbkòa dgado boho rfsuetgdo trgstorao af`gtkvkstg dfsgnkgatf df gbufrdo g eg begsknkbgbkòa dfe DRH-6 Zfsuetgdo dfe bgso3 eg fnkbgbkg df eg katfrvfabkòa nuf sgtksngbtorkg Ygbkfatf Dfsbrkpbkòa dfe bgso3 Zfegbkòa fatrf boa  pgrg eg dfsbrkpbkòa dfsbrkpbkòa fatrfvkstgdo y dfe bgso sf tfadrça fa fatrfvkstgdor quf projefhgs df bufatg gspfbtos boastktuyga ua gebomoeksho  jkoeò`kbos , egso pgrg eg ftkoeò`kbos, sobkgefs y tfrgpkg bueturgefs quf boatrkjuyfa g uag Rf jgsg fa eg kdfg agrrgbkòa broaoeò`kbg quf eos dfe fpksodko  pfasghkfatos y fstudkgdo egs fhobkoafs soa bgusg khportgatf Mkpòtfsks dfe bgso3 fa df eg boadubtg fstf bgso fa  pgrtkbuegr sf tkfaf tkfaf fa Trgtg df fe por bufatg eos quë eos kadkvkduos gatfbfdfatfs df gbtóga df uag boasuho df hgafrg sustgabkgs  pskbogbtkvgs y Rupoaf quf fa boasuho df gebomoe dkstkatos `rgdos eg boa eo quf sf prfsfatg boadubtg sf fegjorgr ua cukbko df ojsfrvg uag dkg`aòstkbo y nuabkòa df  proaostkbo dfsdf ua  probfsos

trfs prkabkpgefs ngbtorfs quf katfrfsga , quf soa fe pfasghkfato egs fhobkoafs y eg boadubtg Zfsgetg su  prfobupgbkòa por fe fe dfsgrroeeo df egs gbtkvkdgdfs hfatgefs y su rfprfsfatgbkòa fa fe gprfadkzgcf Bghjko df bohportghkfatos  pfasghkfatos y fhobkoafs

Trgtg df bohprfaskòa df eos boanekbtos dfe kaboasbkfatf sf autrf dfe  pskbogaçeksks Rf fxghkaga eg fdubgbkòa y eos boanekbtos dfe  pgbkfatf boa eos  pgdrfs 

 

beèakbg df bortf dfprfskvg quf kabeuèga fa pfasghkfato  puatugefs df hufrtf hufrtf  por eg rfbgèdg rfbgèdg ge gebomoe Zfsuetgdo dfe bgso3 fa fstf bgso ao sf prfsfatg

 puato pskbodkaçhkbo pskbodkaçhkbo

katrgpskqukbos

ua trgjkfa , skao ska hçstrgtghkfato jtghkfato kfa ua gaçeksks gaçe kskso dftgeegdo df uag katfrvfabkòa tfrgpëutkbg

HFTODOEO@ÈG BVGEKTGTK^G ^R. HFTODOEO@ÈG BVGATKTGTK^G Egs kavfstk`gbkoafs bkfatènkbgs pufdfa sfr rfgekzgdgs g pgrtkr df hftodoeo`ègs bugatktgtkvgs o bugektgtkvgs. Eg prkhfrg boaskstf fa fe boatrgstf df tforèg(s) yg fxkstfatf(s) g pgrtkr df uag sfrkf df mkpòtfsks sur`kdgs df eg hkshg, skfado 7 Yor fcfhpeo, Geeksoa‛s ”Fssfabf on Dfbkskoa-Hglka`3 fxpegkaka` tmf Bujga Hksskef Brksks (7;07). Yfasghkfato & `fstkòa, :9. Vakvfrskdgd dfe Aortf, 7>6-7;2, :99> 7>; fe hëtodo df fstudko df bgso fstrgtf`kg hftodoeò`kbg df eg kavfstk`gbkòa bkfatènkbg afbfsgrko ojtfafr uag hufstrg, yg sfg fa norhg gefgtorkg o dksbrkhkagdg, pfro rfprfsfatgtkvg df uag  pojegbkòa o nfaòhfao ojcfto df fstudko. Yor eo tgato, pgrg rfgekzgr fstudkos bugatktgtkvos fs kadkspfasgjef boatgr boa uag tforèg yg boastrukdg, dgdo quf fe hëtodo bkfatènkbo utkekzgdo fa eg hkshg fs fe dfdubtkvo< hkfatrgs quf eg sf`uadg (hftodoeo`èg bugektgtkvg) boaskstf fa eg boastrubbkòa o `fafrgbkòa df uag tforèg g pgrtkr df uag sfrkf df  proposkbkoafs fxtrgèdgs df ua bufrpo bufrp o tfòrkbo quf sfrvkrç df puato df pgrtkdg ge kavfstk`gdor, pgrg eo buge ao fs afbfsgrko fxtrgfr uag hufstrg rfprfsfatgtkvg, skao uag hufstrg tfòrkbg boanorhgdg por uao o hçs bgsos.

 

Boa rfegbkòa g eg gporgbkòa fòrkbg prffadkdg, ge boho sf hfabkoaò gafrkorhfaf, bgjf dksta`ukr farf kavfst`gbkoafs buyo ojcfo fs `fafrgr forègs y egs quf sf eefvga g bgjo

 pgrg boatrgstgr uag tforèg fxkstfatf. Fe fstudko df bgsos bgs os kagpropkgdo pgrg fe boatrgstf df mkpòtfsks onrfbf sus hfcorfs rfsuetgdos fa eg `fafrgbkòa df tforègs, hkfatrgs quf eos fstudkos bugatktgtkvos sf boaskdfrga gptos pgrg eg gpekbgbkòa df tforègs. Yfsf g egs `rgadfs vkrtudfs quf sf mga sf÷gegdo rfspfbto g eg fstrgtf`kg df fstudko df bgso, boa nrfbufabkg mg skdo hfaos dfsfgjef quf eg df fstudkos bugatktgtkvos y eg df fxpfrkhfatos, dfjkdo g sus ekhktgbkoafs, sf`óa ge`uaos gutorfs3  • Bgrfabkg df rk`or, por pfrhktkr quf fe puato df vkstg dfe kavfstk`gdor kaneuyg fa eg dkrfbbkòa df eos fabufatros y fa egs boabeuskoafs df eg kavfstk`gbkòa. 70:  pfasghkfato & `fstkòa, :9. Vakvfrskdgd dfe Aortf, 7>6-7;2, :99> :99 > Ykfdgd Brkstkag Hgrtèafz Bgrgzo • Yroporbkoag pobgs jgsfs pgrg eg `fafrgekzgbkòa, y • Hubmgs vfbfs gdqukfrfa dfhgskgdg ghpektud, por eo buge eos dobuhfatos rfsuetga dfhgskgdos fxtfasos.

JKJEKO@ZÇNKBGR 

Gadfrsoa, Coma B, Hgaus Zua`tusgagtmgh, y Zo`fr @. Rbmrofdfr (7;;4).

―G tmfory on qugekty hgag`fhfat uadfreyka` tmf Dfhka` Hgag`fhfat Hftmod‘, Gbgdfhy on Hgag`fhfat Zfvkfw, ^oe. 7;, Ao. 2, pp. 40:-69;. 

Jgbmgrgbm, Rghufe J. (7;=;). ―Or`gakzgtkoage Tmforkfs3 Rohf Brktfrkg nor

Fvgeugtkoa‘, Gbgdfhy on Hgag`fhfat Zfvkfw, ^oe 74, Ao. 4, pp. 4;>-676.

 



Jgrafs, Eouks J., B. Zoegad Bmrkstfasfa, y Gjjy C. Mgasfa (7;;4).

Tfgbmka` gad tmf Bgsf Hftmod3 Tfxt, Bgsfs, gad Zfgdka`s, 2g. fdkbkòa, Mgrvgrd Juskafss Rbmooe Yrfss, Jostoa, HG. 

Jg`ozzk, Zkbmgrd Y. (7;=9). Bgusge Hodfes ka Hgrlftka`. Coma Pkefy &

Roas, Afw [orl. Jgrzua, Cgbqufs y Mfary N. @rgnn (7;=6). Tmf Hodfra Zfsfgrbmfr, Nourtm Fdktkoa, Mgrbourt Jrgbf Covgaovkbm, Yujeksmfrs, Rga Dkf`o. 

Bmgehfrs, Gega N. (:999). ¿Wuë fs fsg bosg eeghgdg bkfabkg?, 2ª fdkbkòa.

Rk`eo ^fkatkuao df Gr`fatkag, Jufaos Gkrfs. Borohkags, Coga (7;02, 7;;4). Jrfvf Dkbbkoagrko Ftkhoeò`kbo df eg Efa`ug Bgstf