Estudio de Casos

 

Khhrnedfkeûd ng Gnukfkeûd Oæsekf  Nergkkeûd Igdgrfa ng Gnukfkeûd [gkudnfref  Nergkkeûd ng Gnukfkeûd ^ ^gagsgkudnfref gagsgkudnfref 

Crfdkeskh Jfvegr _fmhs Mfrgs. Gnifr Mfduga Aûpgz Mfrtídgz. Oafdkf Aeaefdf Ogjfrfdh Aûpgz.

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ÍDNEKG

6.- MF_KH KHDKG\^WFA U MF_KH _GCG_GDKEFA…………………  ;

?.- \F\GA NGA NHKGD^G U \F\GA NGA FAWMDH…………………… 5

;.- KÛMH KÛMH [G _GFAEZF GA \_HKG[H NG \AF \AFDGFKEÛD DGFKEÛD U GAGMGD^H[ VWG AF KHD[^E^WUGD……………………………………6?

. Chrmfth ng n g \afdgfkeûd. \afdgfkeûd. >.- AF GSFAWFKEÛD GSFA WFKEÛD GD GA GDCHVWG MG^HNH MG^HNHAÛIEKH AÛIEKH ‑G[^WNEH NG KF[H[” ……………………………………………………..65 

7.- GJGM\AH NG WDF \AFDGFKEHD…………………………………... ??

7.- OEOAEHI_FCEF…………………………………………………………… ?7

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6.- MF_KH KHDKG\^WFA KHDKG\^WFA U MF_KH _GCG_GDKEFA _GCG_GDKEFA Ga prgsgdtg kufngrdeaah tegdg ga prhpûseth ng orednfr f ahs nhkgdtgs hregdtfkehdgs hregdtfkehdgs tåkdekhpgnfiûiekfs pfrf af gafohrfkeûd ng prhpugstfs ng empagmgdtfkeûd gd ga gjgrkekeh ng af futhdhmíf kurrekuafr gd afs gskugafs ng gnukfkeûd oæsekf nga [estgmf Gnukftevh Dfkehdfa. Ahs rgcgrgdtgs agifags y/h dhrmftevhs ng gstg kufngrdeaah kufngrdeaah shd af Khdstetukeûd \haítekf ng ahs Gstfnhs Wdenhs Mgxekfdhs (frt. ;¼), af Agy Igdgrfa ng Gnukfkeûd (frt. 6?), ga fkugrnh 6?/6). Wd kfsh gs udf rgafkeûd gskretf qug ngskreog udf setufkeûd fkfgkenf gd af venf ng udf pgrshdf, cfmeaef, iruph h gmprgsf. [u fpaekfkeûd khmh gstrftgief h tåkdekf ng fprgdnezfjg, khmh sg fpudtû prgvefmgdtg, gdtrgdf f ahs faumdhs gd af gafohrfkeûd ng shaukehdgs væaenfs pfrf ahs phseoags prhoagmfs ng kfræktgr khmpagjh qug sg prgsgdtgd gd af rgfaenfn cuturf. Gd gstg sgdtenh, ga kfsh gdsgöf f vever gd shkegnfn, y gsth ah `fkg pfrtekuafrmgdtg emphrtfdtg. Fngmæs, ud kfsh pugng prhphrkehdfr f ahs gstunefdtgs ud gdthrdh sgiurh gd ga kufa fktufr fdtg ngtgrmedfnfs prhoagmætekfs, pgrh sed tgdgr qug fsumer afs khdsgkugdkefs ng gvgdtufags grrhrgs, ah kufa gs udf gxkgagdtg chrmf ng fprhvgk`fr ga grrhr nga rfzhdfmegdth, fdæaeses h juekeh ng ahs gstunefdtgs khmh udf hphrtudenfn ng fprgdnezfjg (>, ?) Ga kfsh dh prhphrkehdf shaukehdgs sedh nfths khdkrgths pfrf rgcagxehdfr, fdfaezfr y neskuter gd iruph afs phseoags sfaenfs qug sg pugngd gdkhdtrfr f kegrth prhoagmf. Dh hcrgkg afs shaukehdgs shauk ehdgs fa gstunefdtg, sedh qug ag gdtrgdf pfrf igdgrfrafs. Ag aagvf f pgdsfr y f khdtrfstfr sus khdkausehdgs khd afs khdkausehdgs ng htrhs, f fkgptfrafs y gxprgsfr afs prhpefs suigrgdkefs, ng gstf mfdgrf ag gdtrgdf gd ga trfofjh khafohrftevh y gd af thmf ng ngkesehdgs gd gqueph. Fa aagvfr fa faumdh f af igdgrfkeûd ng fatgrdftevfs ng shaukeûd, ag pgrmetg ngsfrrhaafr af `foeaenfn krgftevf, af kfpfkenfn ng eddhvfkeûd y rgprgsgdtf ud rgkursh pfrf khdgktfr af tghríf f af præktekf rgfa (>). Ga ush ng gstf tåkdekf gstæ ednekfnh gspgkefamgdtg pfrf nefidhstekfr y ngkener gd ga tgrrgdh ng ahs prhoagmfs nhdng afs rgafkehdgs `umfdfs jugifd ud pfpga emphrtfdtg. Fargngnhr ng åa sg pugng: 7

 

6. Fdfaezfr ud prhoagmf. ?. Ngtgrmedfr ud måthnh ng fdæaeses. ;. Fnquerer fieaenfn gd ngtgrmedfr fatgrdftevfs h kurshs ng fkkeûd. >. ^hmfr ngkesehdgs. Ga måthnh nga kfsh, gs udf ng afs tåkdekfs qug cfvhrgkg ga fprgdnezfjg phr ngskuoremegdth (Orudgr 653. Ngtgktfr  ahs   ahs pudths cugrtgs y nåoeags ng af setufkeûd, fsí khmh afs edtgrfkkehdgs qug sg prhnukgd gdtrg gaahs, ahs rhags mæs seidecekftevhs, ahs pafdtgfmegdths tgûrekhs g enghaûiekhs ngsng ahs qug sg pafdtgfd afs edtgrvgdkehdgs qug gdtrfd gd jugih gd ga kfsh. Cedfamgdtg, pfrtegdnh ng gstfs khdsengrfkehdgs, gdumgrfr ahs prhoagmfs pafdtgfnhs gstfoagkegdnh udf jgrfrquíf gd rfzûd ng su emphrtfdkef y/h urigdkef. 7. Gstunefr sgpfrfnfmgdtg kfnf udh ng ahs prhoagmfs, ngskreoegdnh ahs predkepfags kfmoehs qug gs prgkesh aagvfr f kfoh gd kfnf setufkeûd pfrf shaukehdfr ahs qug `fyfd senh sgagkkehdfnhs. 3. Igdgrfr nevgrsfs fatgrdftevfs ng fkkeûd pfrf fohrnfr kfnf udh ng ahs kfmoehs.

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9. Gstunefr   ahs prhs y ahs khdtrfs ng kfnf udf y gstfoagkgr ud prhkgsh ng sgagkkeûd `fstf aagifr f ud pfr ng ngkesehdgs fatgrdftevfs, gaeiegdnh af qug prgsgdtg mfyhr kh`grgdkef khd ahs cedgs gstfoagkenhs, sgf cfkteoag y khdaagvg ga mgdhr dúmgrh ng necekuatfngs y gcgkths dgiftevhs. 0. Empagmgdtfr  af  af ngkeseûd thmfnf sgöfafdnh afs gstrftgiefs y rgkurshs dgkgsfrehs pfrf aagvfraf f kfoh. 5. Ngtgrmedfr ga prhkgnemegdth khd ga qug sg aagvfræ f kfoh af gvfaufkeûd ng af ngkeseûd fnhptfnf y sus gcgkths. 6

 

 

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Cfkeaetfr ga ngoftg.

k. Chrmfkeûd Chrmfkeûd ng ahs ir iruphs uphs n g trfof trfofjh jh  

Ga gstuneh ng kfsh gs udf tåkdekf irupfa, phr ah qug `fy qug chrmfr gquephs ng trfofjh. Ga nhkgdtg pugng ngkener kûmh ngogræd firupfrsg h nfrags f sus faumdhs af aeogrtfn ng `fkgrah gaahs mesmhs. [g rgkhmegdnf qug kfnf gqueph sgf ng kuftrh f sges pgrshdfs.

[giudnf cfsg: Gjgkukeûd

Wdf vgz cedfaezfnf af cfsg ng prgpfrfkeûd sg edekef af gjgkukeûd h pugstf gd præktekf nga mesmh, gd ga kufa sg edkauyg ga edekeh, ngsfrrhaah y kegrrg ng af sgkugdkef y qug sg rgfaezf gd kuftrh pfshs. f. Gxphsek Gxphsek eûd n ga kfsh f gstunefr  

Fdtgs ng khmgdzfr khd ga gstuneh ng kfsh, ga nhkgdtg ngog gxpaekfr afs mgtfs qug ngsgf khdsgiuer y ga mgkfdesmh ng af tåkdekf f uteaezfr. F khdtedufkeûd, prgsgdtf af rgnfkkeûd nga kfsh y khmgdtf afs dhrmfs f sgiuer gd su ngsfrrhaah (mgnehs, fyunfs, nhkumgdtfkeûd f khdsuatfr, nestreoukeûd nga tegmph, gtkåtgrf). \ugng khmgdtfr faiudhs fspgkths fspgkth s nga kfsh qug khdsengrg emphrtfdtg ngstfkfr h qug pugnfd sgr hojgth ng khdcuseûd, fsí khmh nevgrshs pudths qug kgdtrgd y cfkeaetgd ga fdæaeses. o. Gstuneh Gstuneh e dnevenufa  

Ngspuås ng prgsgdtfrsg ga kfsh khmegdzf su gstuneh. Ahs faumdhs aggd ga kfsh ng chrmf ednevenufa pfrf trftfr ng khmprgdngr af edchrmfkeûd qug sg ags prgsgdtf fdtgs ng pfsfr fa ngoftg irupfa. Fquí tegdgd af hphrtudenfn ng khdsuatfr thnh ga mftgrefa qug dgkgsetgd pfrf ga fdæaeses nga prhoagmf. prhoagmf. 67

 

k. Gstuneh gd gquephs  

Cedfaezfnh ga gstuneh ednevenufa, khmegdzf ga trfofjh gd gquephs. Judths gstunefd ga kfsh, khmgdtfd ahs fphrtgs ng kfnf udh ng sus megmorhs, edtgrkfmoefd engfs, fdfaezfd y ngoftgd shorg ahs nestedths fspgkths nga prhoagmf. n. Gafohrfkeûd Gafohrfkeûd n g khdkauseh dgs 

Wdf vgz tgrmedfnh ga fdæaeses, ud megmorh nga gqueph `fkg udf rgkhpeafkeûd cedfa ng afs shaukehdgs prhpugstfs khd ga ced ng aagifr f ud khdsgdsh shorg afs khdkausehdgs ngcedetevfs rgspgkth nga kfsh gstunefnh. gstunefnh. ^grkgrf ^g rkgrf cfsg: Gvfaufkeû d  

Af tgrkgrf cfsg nga gstuneh ng kfsh gs af gvfaufkeûd qug sg rgfaezf kufdnh ahs gquephs prgsgdtfd su trfofjh (fudqug gstf cfsg gs tfmoeåd ng prgpfrfkeûd, sg khdsengrf fpfrtg phr af emphrtfdkef ng af gvfaufkeûd gd ga prhkgsh). Kfnf gqueph gxphdg fa rgsth nga iruph afs khdkausehdgs gafohrfnfs, cudnfmgdtfdnh ga fdæaeses rgfaezfnh. \hstgrehrmgdtg sg forg ud ngoftg igdgrfa, mhngrfnh phr ga nhkgdtg, khd ga ced ng aagifr f afs shaukehdgs ûptemfs, vfahrfdnh ahs necgrgdtgs friumgdths fphrtfnhs phr ahs gquephs. Af gvfaufkeûd cedfa ngog khmpagmgdtfrsg khmpagmgdt frsg khd af gvfaufkeûd khdteduf khd teduf gcgktufnf f ah afrih ng af gtfpf ng ngsfrrhaah. Ga gstuneh ng kfsh pugng tgdgr faiudfs mhnecekfkehdgs khd rgspgkth f su gstrukturf hreiedfa. \hr gjgmpah, fudqug gs udf tåkdekf irupfa, pugng ngsfrrhaafrsg gd chrmf ednevenufa se af setufkeûd fsí ah rgquegrg, f pgsfr ng qug sg gaemedfríf udf ng sus kfrfktgrístekfs mæs emphrtfdtgs, af oúsqugnf ng shaukehdgs f trfvås nga ngoftg. Gd af gvfaufkeûd phnríf gaemedfrsg af prgsgdtfkeûd prgsgdtfke ûd ng ahs trfofjhs irupfags, gd kuyh kfsh sgríf ga nhkgdtg ga údekh gd fdfaezfr ahs rgsuatfnhs y afs shaukehdgs cedfags. Gsth dh ag

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pgrmeteríf fa rgsth nga iruph gdrequgkgrsg khd ahs fphrtgs y khdkausehdgs ng kfnf udh ng ahs gquephs. \frf gvfaufr ga prhirgsh ng ahs faumdhs, gs útea nevener afs `foeaenfngs pugstfs gd jugih gd ud fdæaeses ng kfshs gd trgs pfrtgs: 6. Engdtecekfk Engdtecekfkeûd eûd ng ahs `gk`hs ?. Engdtecekfk Engdtecekfkeûd eûd nga prhoagmf ;. [haukeûd nga prhoagmf Khd rgafkeûd f af gvfaufkeûd ng ahs faumdhs kufdnh sg trfofjf khd ga måthnh ng kfshs, sg pugng sgöfafr ah seiuegdtg: Ahs faumdhs ngogd tgdgr muy kafrfs afs mgtfs ng fprgdnezfjg qug sg ngsgfd ahirfr fa neskuter ga kfsh khrrgsphdnegdtg khrrgsphdnegdtg..  

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Ga nhkgdtg ngog gafohrfr faiudf fktevenfn prgvef f af neskuseûd nga kfsh, g ednekfr quå fspgkths sg thmfræd gd kugdtf pfrf af gvfaufkeûd.

 

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Ahs faumdhs ngogd gdtrgifr faiudf tfrgf prgvef fa edekeh nga fdæaeses nga kfsh (rgsumgd, rgphrtg, kufnrh sedûptekh, mfpf khdkgptufa, gtkåtgrf).

 

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Ahs faumdhs ngogd pfrtekepfr gd af neskuseûd (edtgrvgdkehdgs, pafdtgfmegdth ng nunfs, fphrtg ng edchrmfkeûd, mhtevfkeûd f ahs khmpfögrhs pfrf pfrtekepfr).

 

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Ahs faumdhs ngogd rgfaezfr fktevenfngs phstgrehrgs f af neskuseûd nga kfsh (tfrgf,

rgsumgd, khdsuatf, khdkauseûd ednevenufa h ng gqueph, gtkåtgrf).   Gs rgkhmgdnfoag qug ga prhcgshr gafohrg ud chrmfth qug ag pgrmetf rgiestrfr af

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gvfaufkeûd f ah afrih nga prhkgsh.

F khdtedufkeûd, sg prgsgdtf udf suigrgdkef ng chrmfth ng pafdgfkeûd qug pugngd uteaezfr pfrf aagvfr fkfoh su ngsfrrhaah.

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CH_MF^H NG \AFDGFKEÛD Dhmorg ng af Gskugaf: XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX

Kafvg XXXXXXXXXXXX  XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX

Nhkgdtg: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX  XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX

Ahkfaenfn: XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX  XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX

Kauo:XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX  XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX

6¼ CF[G \_G\F_FKEÛD

HOJG^ESH[:

?¼ CF[G NG[F__HAAH

FK^ESENFNG[ F _GFAEZF_:

Cgk`f: X XXXXXXXXXXXX  XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX

D¼ \grehnhs Agktevhs pfrf ga kfsh:  XXXXXXXXXXXX  XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX

GVWE\H[ NG ^_FOFJH: 

_GKW_[H[

G[^_F^GIEF[ ^GKDEKF[ G ED[^_WMGD^H[ NG GSFAWFKEÛD

D¼ \grehnhs Agktevhs: XXXXXXXXX

;¼ CF[G GSFAWFKEÛD

D¼ \grehnhs Agktevhs: XXXXXXXXX

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>.- AF GSFAWFKEÛD GSFA WFKEÛD GD GA GDCHVWG GDCHVWG MG^HNHAÛIEKH MG^HNHAÛIEKH ‑G[^WNEH NG KF[H[”.

\rhnukths qug rgcagjfd ga ahirh ng ahs fprgdnezfjgs gspgrfnhs. Gstrftgiefs Gstrftg iefs g edstrum ed strumgdths gdths ng n g gvfaufkeûd. gvfaufkeûd.

F ahs gstunefdtgs sg ags nekg qug dh `fy rgspugstfs khrrgktfs h edkhrrgktfs edkhrrgktfs fa fdfaezfr y rgshavgr kfshs. ^fmoeåd sg ags mgdkehdf qug dh trftgd ng khdvgdkgr fa mfgstrh ng gjgkutfr ahs kurshs ng fkkeûd h shaukehdgs qug gaahs prhphdgd. Fquí ga trfofjh nga

prhcgshr khdsestg gd fyunfr f ahs gstunefdtgs f engdtecekfr y ngsfrrhaafr khdtgxths ofsfnhs gd præktekfs gspgkícekfs pfrtegdnh ng tghrífs h mhngahs. Kufdnh ahs gstunefdtgs fdfaezfd ud kfsh, ngcedgd ahs prhoagmfs, kafrecekfd nunfs, phdngrfd afs fatgrdftevfs y gskhigd ud kursh ng fkkeûd. Gstfs `foeaenfngs edtgirfd af rgcagxeûd krítekf. [g rgquegrg qug ahs gstunefdtgs uteaekgd khdhkemegdth præktekh y tgûrekh pfrf fdfaezfr medukehsfmgdtg y rggstrukturfr ud kfsh. Ga rgsphdngr f afs prgiudtfs shorg ud kfsh `fkg qug ga prhkgsh ng pgdsfmegdth ng ahs gstunefdtgs sgf gxpaíketh. \frf gvfaufr ga prhirgsh ng ahs gstunefdtgs, gs útea nevener afs `foeaenfngs ng ud fdæaeses ng kfshs gd trgs pfrtgs: engdtecekfkeûd ng ahs `gk`hs, engdtecekfkeûd nga prhoagmf y shaukeûd nga mesmh, phr ah tfdth, af gvfaufkeûd nga gstunefdtg sg gstfoagkg gd af mgnenf gd qug `fif gxpaíketfs sus prgiudtfs, su prhkgsh ng edchrmfkeûd edchrmfkeûd y sus shaukehdgs.

\frf mfxemezfr ahs ogdgcekehs y medemezfr ahs regsihs, Fachdsh Aûpgz (6559) sgöfaf qug `fy qug tgdgr gd kugdtf ah seiuegdtg: 6. Gs dgkgsfreh qug ga faumdh prgvefmgdtg khdhzkf, neskutf y fsemeag ah qug gs ga måthnh nga kfsh, ah qug pgrseiug, sus aemetfkehdgs y sus phseoags ahirhs. ?. Ga måthnh ngog fpae fpaekfrsg kfrsg f mftgrefs igdgr igdgrfags, fags, nhdng fúd ahs kfshs shd neskuteoa neskuteoags. gs. 65

 

;. Ga måthnh rgquegrg faiudhs khdhkemegdths prgvehs prgve hs shorg ga tgmf, fa mgdhs hpedehdgs chrmfnfs y fktetungs yf thmfnfs. >. _gquegrg prhcgshrgs khd gxpgregdkef gd nergkkeûd fktevf ng iruphs, khdhkemegdths ng psekhahiíf y udf pgrshdfaenfn pgrshdfaenfn `hdgstf y kegdtícekf. 7. Gvengdtgmgdtg, ga kfsh `f ng gstfr rgnfktfnh ng fkugrnh khd af gnfn y chrmfkeûd ng ahs qug vfd f ngsfrrhaafrah. Wd kfsh sg rgnfktf dhrmfamgdtg pgdsfdnh gd udfs pgrshdfs khdkrgtfs, f afs qug vf nereienh. [e sg uteaezf ud kfsh yf gafohrfnh, dh gs rfrh qug gxejf faiudf khrrgkkeûd pfrf fnfptfrah f af setufkeûd. Khd rgafkeûd f af gvfaufkeûd ng ahs fprgdnezfjgs ng ahs faumdhs fa trfofjfr khd ga måthnh ng kfshs sg pugng sgöfafr ah seiuegdtg:

  Ahs faumdhs ngogd tgdgr kafrhs hojgtevhs ng fprgdnezfjg qug sg ngsgfd ahirfr fa

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neskuter ga kfsh khrrgsphdneg khrrgsphdnegdtg. dtg.   Ga prhcgshr ngog ednekfr quå fspgkths sg thmfræd gd kugdtf pfrf af gvfaufkeûd:

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Gafohrfkeûd ng faiudf fktevenfn prgvef f af neskuseûd nga kfsh. Gdtrgif ng faiudf tfrgf prgvef fa edekeh nga fdæaeses nga kfsh (rgsumgd, rgphrtg, kufnrh sedûptekh, mfpf khdkgptufa, gtk.). \frtekepfkeûd ng ahs faumdhs gd af neskuseûd (edtgrvgdkehdgs, pafdtgfmegdth ng nunfs, fphrtg ng edchrmfkeûd, mhtevfkeûd f ahs khmpfögrhs pfrf pfrtekepfr). Fktevenfngs phstgrehrgs phstgrehrgs f af neskuseûd nga kfsh (tfrgf, rgsumgd, khdsuatf, khdkauseûd ednevenufa h ng gqueph, gtk.).   Gs rgkhmgdnfoag pfrf ga prhcgshr gafohrfr ud chrmfth qug ag pgrmetf pgrmetf rgiestrfr af

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gvfaufkeûd f ah afrih nga prhkgsh. Kfpfkenfngs ng ahs faumdhs qug shd suskgpteoags ng gvfaufrsg:   \afdtgfmegdth nga prhoagmf (fdtgkgngdtgs (fdtgkgngdtgs,, se gs pgrtedgdtg).

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  Oúsqugnf y pafdtgfmegdth ng fatgrdftevfs ng shaukeûd.

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  Khmpfrfkeûd y fdæaeses ng afs fatgrdftevf fatgrdftevfss (khdtgmpafdnh vgdtfjfs, ngsvgdtfjfs y

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khdsgkugdkefs). ?<

 

  ^hmf ng ngkeseûd y cchrmuafkeûd hrmuafkeûd ng afs rgkhmgdnfkehdgs. rgkhmgdnfkehdgs.

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  Justecekfkeûd ng aaff hp hpkeûd keûd sga sgagkkehdfnf gkkehdfnf (edvgsteifkeû (edvgsteifkeûdd y uteaezfkeûd ng tg tghríf). hríf).

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  \afdtgfmegdth ng af chrmf ng aagvfr f kfoh af ngkeseû ngkeseûd. d.

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  [haukeûd ng prhoagmf, sgiúd ga pudth ng vestf ng afs pgrshdfs edvhaukrfnfs (se gs

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pgrtedgdtg).   [haukeûd pgrshdfa justecekfnf y friumgdt friumgdtfnf. fnf.

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  Gafohrfkeûd ng rgphrtgs gskreths.

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\frf gsth sg ngog hcrgkgr kretgrehs gspgkícekhs qug sgræd khdsengrfnhs gd af rgveseûd nga gskreth.

\frf udf gvfaufkeûd pfrkefa sg pugng uteaezfr af rúorekf y af tåkdekf ng neskuseûd, ga prhcgshr pugng hosgrvfr afs khdkgptufaezfkehdgs, chrtfagzfs y ngoeaenfngs qug tegdg ga faumdh shorg ud tgmf ngtgrmedfnh. Nurfdtg af neskuseûd, ga gstunefdtg tegdg af hphrtudenfn ng kfmoefr su hpedeûd ofsfnh gd afs friumgdtfkehdgs qug hcrgkgd sus khmpfögrhs, fngmæs pgrmetg gvfaufr ga prhkgsh ng rfzhdfmegdth qug uteaezf pfrf aagifr f nek`fs hpedehdgs y khdkausehdgs. \frf gvfaufr phr gquephs h fa khdjudth nga iruph, kfnf gqueph gxphdg ga prhoagmf rgsugath fa prhcgshr y fa rgsth ng sus khmpfögrhs. Gsths úatemhs pugngd kugstehdfr af chrmf uteaezfnf pfrf rgshavgr ga prhoagmf y khmpfrfraf khd af chrmf gd qug ah `ekegrhd htrhs gquephs. Fa cedfaezfr, ga prhcgshr ngog rgsfatfr qug `fy vfrefs chrmfs ng rgshavgr ud prhoagmf, tfa vgz faiudhs khrrgkths y htrhs edkhrrgkths ngpgdnegdnh ng af rgspugstf hotgdenf. Ga prhcgshr ngstfkfræ qug ah mæs emphrtfdtg gs ga prhkgsh ng rfzhdfmegdth uteaezfnh, mæs qug af shaukeûd, yf qug ga prhkgsh pgrmetg khdhkgr ahs grrhrgs gd ahs qug sg khmgtgd kufdnh sg edtgdtf shaukehdfr ngtgrmedfnh khdcaekth. \frf af gvfaufkeûd cedfa gs rgkhmgdnfoag usfr udf gskfaf ng fprgkefkeûd (gskfaf ng fktetungs).

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>. GJGM\AH NG WDF \AFDGFKEHD \AFDGF KEHD

Cfsg ng prgpfrfkeûd

  Fprgdnezfjg gspgrfnh

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Kugstehdf y rgk`fzf khdnuktfs neskremedfthrefs ng gxkauseûd, rgstrekkeûd, nestedkeûd h prgcgrgdkef qug ngirfnfd af neidenfn ng afs pgrshdfs, phr mhtevhs shkefags y kuaturfags.   Gquephs ng trfofjh

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Chrmfr gquephs (mæxemh 3 edtgirfdtgs phr gqueph), afs kfdtenfngs ng gquephs ngog sgr af mesmf pfrf afs nhs phsturfs.

  _gkurshs

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\ezfrrûd Edtgrfktevh Aeorhs qug sg rgafkehdgd khd ga tgmf Aeifs ng edtgrdgt rgcgrgdtgs fa tgmf Kfsh emprgsh emprgsh y gd pr prgsgdtfkeûd gsgdtfkeûd neietfa   Gstrftgiefs tåkdekfs g edstrumgdth ng gvfaufkeûd

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Gvfaufkeûd khdtedúf Nurfdtg ga edekeh y ngsfrrhaah ng af sgkugdkef sg uteaezfrf udf gskfaf ng fktetungs ng mfdgrf ednevenufa. Gvfaufkeûd cedfa [g uteaezfrf udf rúorekf mgnefdtg afs mhnfaenfngs ng futhgvfaufkeûd y khgvfaufkehd

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Cfsg ngsfrrhaah

  FK^ESENFNG[ F _GFAEZF_

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6.-Agg ftgdtfmgdtg ga tgxth. Af cfmeaef ng Fdnrgf Fdn rgf

Fdnrgf gs udf gx-faumdf ng gstg kgdtrh. Ga htrh níf mg khdtû qug gspgrfof qug su mfnrg y su pfnrg af ngjfrfd er ng gxkurseûd khd su iruph fa fkfofr ;¼ ng ^gagsgkudnfref, ^gagsgkud nfref, yf qug kufdnh gstfof gd 3¼ ng \remfref dh af ngjfrhd er. Gd kfmoeh, f su `grmfdh, qug f`hrf gstæ gd 6¼ ng ^gagsgkudnfref, sí ag ngjfrhd er ng gxkurseûd khd ga iruph nurfdtg kedkh nífs fa cedfaezfr af \remfref. Fdnrgf sg qugjfof tfmoeåd ng afs `hrfs ng aagifnf f kfsf ahs cedgs ng sgmfdf. Gaaf, segdnh af mfyhr, dh pugng aagifr ngspuås ng afs 5 ng af dhk`g2 gd kfmoeh su `grmfdh dudkf aagif fdtgs ng afs 6< ng af dhk`g, dfneg ag nekg dfnf. Ga htrh níf Fdnrgf aagiû ngspuås 5 y gd su kfrf mfnrg su afpfnrg ag aafmfrhd Fdnrgf sg punh khdtgdgr ng y agsafsgk`û qugy dh trftfofd eiufa qugaffftgdkeûd. su `grmfdh. [us dh pfnrgs fúd af rgkremedfrhd muk`h mæs, afmgdtædnhsg ng su mfaf gnukfkeûd ag nejgrhd qug ngoíf khmprgdngr qug grf mujgr y qug, phr ah tfdth, phr su oegd dh phníf fdnfr ng dhk`g phr af kfaag.

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  FDÆAE[E[ NG ^GP^H

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6. ¸Kûmh ngskreoerífs af setufkeûd setufkeû d cfmeaefr ng Fdnrgf8 ?. ¸Dhtfs faiúd teph nng g neskremedfkeûd neskremedfke ûd gd af gnukfkeûd ng ahs megmorhs ng gstf cfmeaef8 ;. ¸Kûmh gxpaekfs ga nestedth `hrfreh qug tegdgd Fdnrgf y su `grmfdh8 ¸Vuå hpedeûd tg mgrgkg8 >. ¸Vuå mhtevhs krggs qug tegdgd ahs pfnrgs pfrf dh ngjfr er f af gxkurseûd f Fdnrgf8

7. ¸Krggs qug gstg kfsh h semeafrgs shd crgkugdtgs h sg pugngd khdsengrfr fesafnhs8 3. ¸Kûmh krggs qug sg phnríf shaukehdfr8 9. Khmgdtf ahs rgsuatfnhs khd tus fmeihs y gd kfsf.   NGOF^G

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Ga nhkgdtg cudig gd ga pfpga ng mhngrfnhr. Ahs faumdhs ngsfrrhaafd ga ngoftg fkhrng f af phsturf qug ags thkh. Cfsg Gvfaufkeûd

  [g gvfaúf ga gqueph mgnefdtg udf rúorekf y f su vgz gsg gqueph gvfaúf fa mgdhs f htrh

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7.- OEOAEHI OEOA EHI_FCÍF _FCÍF

6. Ketafae Kfstrh Ifrkíf nga Sfaag. (s/n). Ga måthnh ng kfshs khmh gstrftgief ng gdsgöfdzf-fprgdnezfjg. _gkupgrfnh ga 67 ng judeh ng ?