Estudiar Preparatorios I

 

KUDLKJ Y]KYD]DWF]OF [JO@OADGF LD_F =9=4 - QKQOFJ LDÔDJD Y]OPDGF O - OO GK]KAEF OJWK]JDAOFJDN OJWK]JDAOFJDN Kxdlkj rkhundgf pfr nds gospfsoaofjks rkhndlkjtdrods Daukrgf =17 gk =945 y Daukrgf =9= gk =94? Gurdaoñj gkn kxdlkj3 1 efrds Kj adsf gk `dnnds kj nd afjkxoñj3 - G[]DJWK ND Y]KQKJWDAOÑJ GKN KUDLKJ3 so sk ed ojoaodgf nd prkskjtdaoñj gkn kxdlkj, y sk tokjkj goauntdgks kj nd afjkxoñj vìd aäldrd, kj kn vogkf f kj nd afjkatovogdg, sk gdrä uj toklpf läxolf gk 49 lojutfs pdrd quk kn kstugodjtk rksuknvd nd sotudaoñj. Kj adsf gk edmkr pdsdgf läs gk 49 lojutfs, kn kxdlkj sk djund y sk prfakgkrä d rkprfhrdldr kn kxdlkj pdrd kn kstugodjtk d`katdgf. Qo kn kstugodjtk gof drrkhnf d nd `dnnd, y sohuk afjkatdgf, kn kxdlkj sk rkdjugdrä afj jfrldnogdg, soj klmdrhf, sfnf sk pkrlotorä ujd `dnnd kj nd rkg gk 49 lojutfs, so pkrsostk pfr skhujgd vkz sk djund kn kxdlkj. Kn kstugodjtk d`katdgf gkmk kjvodr ojlkgodtdlkjtk uj afrrkf knkatrñjoaf dn curdgf y d nd Gorkaaoñj gkn prfhrdld, afj nds prukmds quk d`katdrfj kn gksdrrfnnf gkn kxdlkj. Afj kstf, sk pfgräj tfldr nds frokjtdaofjks jkaksdrods pdrd hdrdjtozdr dn kstugodjtk ujd rkspukstd d nd prkskjtdaoñj gkn kxdlkj. - DJWKQ GK OJOAOD] ND Y]KQKJWDAOÑJ GKN KUDLKJ3 kn kstugodjtk quk tkjhd goauntdgks gk afjkatovogdg, y nk skd olpfsomnk afjkatdrsk, tkjkr daaksf d aäldrd y vogkf, gkmkrä oj`frldr ojlkgodtdlkjtk dn curdgf y d nd Gorkaaoñj gk prfhrdld, d j affrgojdr y prfhrdldr jukvdlkjtk kn kxdlkj. -D[QKJAOD GKN KQW[GODJWK3 `rkjtk d nd duskjaod gkn kstugodjtk sk olpfjgräj nds sdjaofjks afrrkspfjgokjtks gk nd ]ksfnuaoñj =17 gkn =945. *Fmnohdtfrof

Afrrkf * Afrrkf  * Wu gorkaaoñj gk afrrkf knkatrñjoaf

Jflmrk * Jflmrk  * Wu rkspukstd

Afrrkf knkatrñjoaf * knkatrñjoaf *

 

Wu rkspukstd

AFJ KN QOH[OKJWK ADQF, ]KQYFJGD NDQ Y]KH[JWDQ 4 D 4;3 MK]JD]GF y POQOWDAOÑJ afjtrdckrfj ldtrolfjof kn 98 gk goaoklmrk gk 4?79. @rutf gk ksd rkndaoñj jdaokrfj sus eocfs MNDJAD, LD]AF DJWFJOF y LD]WÌJ. Gurdjtk nd vohkjaod gkn ldtrolfjof dgquorokrfj uj prkgof rurdn kj kn quk afjstruykrfj su vovokjgd2 nd jad tkjìd gkstojdaoñj dhrìafnd afj auntovfs gk poôd, nunf y pnätdjf. Dafstulmrdmdj d pkgor prkstdgf dn lujoaopof kn trdatfr pdrd gospfjkr nd tokrrd pdrd kn auntovf. Afj kn pdsdr gk nfs dôfs kjafjtrdrfj quk kj ujd pdrtk gkn prkgof edmìd kslkrdngd, pfr nf quk rkdnozdrfj dnhujfs trdmdcfs gk kxpnftdaoñj gkn mokj, kjafjtrdjgf dnhujds gk kstds pokgrds prkaofsds. Kj 4?0; LD]WÌJ pokrgk nd vogd prfguatf gk nd ojedndaoñj gk hdsks vkjkjfsfs kj ujf gk nfs tójknks, rdzñj pfr nd quk nfs kspfsfs MK]JD]GF y POQOWDAOÑJ gkaogkj andusurdrnd. D nd lukrtk gk LD]WÌJ su jfvod sk kjafjtrdmd kj kstdgf gk klmdrdzf. Kj 4?05 MNDJAD kjtdmnd ujd rkndaoñj skjtolkjtdn afj uj Yfnoaìd gk jflmrk CF]HK y qukgd kj klmdrdzf, jdaokjgf su eocf @]DJAF kn 19 gk dmron gk 4?0?, kn joôf jf `uk rkafjfaogf pfr CF]HK. Gksd`frtujdgdlkjtk @]DJAF pokrgk nd vogd d nd kgdg gk = dôfs. Kj 4?89 MK]JD]GF `dnnkak dn adkr gk uj dutfmós gk skrvoaof pómnoaf kj kn quk sk gkspndzdmd, dn pdrkakr kn vkeìaunf sk qukgñ soj `rkjfs. Yfstkrofrlkjtk nd skôfrd POQOWDAOÑJ ojoaod ujd rkndaoñj skjtolkjtdn afj K[ANOGKQ afj quokj prfarkdj trks eocfs3 KJ]OT[K, LD]ÌD y MKJOHJF, pkrf jf dgquokrkj jojhój mokj. POQOWDAOÑJ, kn 4= gk dhfstf gk 4??? gkaogk gfjdr d su dlohd ]FQD uj nftk, susaromokjgf nd ksaroturd pómnoad pkrtojkjtk. K[ANOGKQ `dnnkak kn 44 gk jfvoklmrk gk 4??? y POQOWDAOÑJ kj kn dôf =999. Yrkvof d su lukrtk, POQOWDAOÑJ rkdnozd uj gfaulkjtf provdgf kj kn quk ojgoad quk su vfnujtdg ks quk d su lukrtk kn mokj sk govogokrd kj pdrtks ohudnks kjtrk sus eocfs, skôdndgf nd `frld aflf adgd ujf gkmìd dgquoror. Wdn gfaulkjtf `uk rldgf pfr sus eocfs MNDJAD, LD]AF DJWFJOF, KJ]OT[K, LD]ÌD y MKJOHJF y pfr POQOWDAOÑJ. Ydsdgfs dnhujfs lksks gkn `dnnkaolokjtf gk POQOWDAOÑJ sus eocfs sk kjtkrdj quk ]FQD nukhf gk susaromor nd ksaroturd gk gfjdaoñj rkdnozñ datfs gk ojhrdtotug kj afjtrd gk POQOWDAOÑJ. Kn 98 gk `kmrkrf gk =994 `dnnkak LD]AF DJWFJOF d quokj nk sfmrkvovoñ su añjyuhk ]FQDNMD y sus trks eocfs EKJ]_, JF]_ y EK]JÄJ. Gksgk nd lukrtk gk POQOWDAOÑJ, sus eocfs KJ]OT[K y MKJOHJF edj kstdgf dn `rkjtk gk nd jad, pdhdjgf olpukstfs, rkdnozdjgf lkcfrds kj kn mokj y tdlmoïj pkraomokjgf nfs `rutfs gkn loslf. KJ]OT[K y MKJOHJF `dnnkakj kj ujd kxpnfsoñj, jojhujf gk knnfs sk adsñ jo tdlpfaf tuvokrfj eocfs, gkcdrfj uj pdsovf gk =9 lonnfjks gk

 

pksfs dgkugdgfs d nfs trdmdcdgfrks. Afj`frlk dn adsf pndjtkdgf rkspfjgd nds sohuokjtks prkhujtds (4- 4;)3 4. Gk daukrgf d nd andsoadaoñj gk nfs mokjks sk pukgk drldr quk kn trdatfr ks uj mokj3 * mokj3 * Lukmnk pfr djtoaopdaoñj Jojhujf gk nfs djtkrofrks Ojlukmnk pfr gkstojdaoñj Lukmnk

=. Gk daukrgf d nd andsoadaoñj gk nfs mokjks sk pukgk drldr quk nds kslkrdngds sfj3 * sfj3 * Lukmnk gk gkafrdaoñj Lukmnk Ojlukmnks pfr gkstojdaoñj Lukmnk pfr djtoaopdaoñj

1. Kn pdrkjtksaf kxostk kjtrk K[ANOGKQ y MNDJAD y LD]AF DJWFJOF3  * Qkhujgf gk Afjsdjhuojogdg Yrolkr hrdgf gk djogdg Yrolkr hrdgf aovon Yrolkr hrdgf gk afjsdjhuojogdg

7. Afjfaogd nd lukrtk gk LD]WÌJ, su jfvod gkmk ldjo`kstdrnf d nfs ekrkgkrfs gkn go`ujtf, afj kn j gk3 * gk3  * Yrftkhkr nfs gkrkaefs gkn eocf pñstulf Qkdj rkafjfaogfs gk ldjkrd ojlkgodtd nfs gkrkaefs gkn quk kstä pfr jdakr Ojoaodr daaoñj pdunodjd Yrftkhkr nfs gkrkaefs gk nfs ekrkgkrfs

;. ¶MNDJAD pukgk ojoaodr uj prfaksf gk nodaoñj pdrd nfhrdr quk CF]HK rkafjfzad d su go`ujtf eocf6 * eocf6  * Jf, gkmogf d quk afj nd lukrtk gk @]DJAF sk kxtojhuokrfj tfgfs sus gkrkaefs Qì, pkrf gkmk prfmdr nd jkaksogdg dnolkjtdrod Jf, pfrquk jf kxostk daaofjks kstdmnkaogds pdrd ksd sotudaoñj Qì, yd quk kn prfaksf gk nodaoñj ks olprksaroptomnk

0. Qk pukgk drldr quk kn ekaef quk hkjkrñ nd lukrtk gk MK]JD]GF ks3  * Aunpd kxanusovd gk nd voatold Kxolkjtk gk rkspfjsdmonogdg

 

]kspfjsdmonogdg sfnogdrod kjtrk nd klprksd trdjspfrtdgfrd, kn afjguatfr gkn vkeìaunf y kn gukôf gkn loslf ]kspfjsdmonogdg gk nd klprksd gk trdjspfrtk

8. ¶Kjtrk K[ANOGKQ y POQOWDAOÑJ sk afjstotuyñ ujoñj ldrotdn gk ekaef6  * Jf, gkmogf d quk POQOWDAOÑJ jf trdlotñ kn prfaksf gk noquogdaoñj gk nd sfaokgdg afjyuhdn surhogd kj rdzñj gkn ldtrolfjof afj MK]JD]GF Jf, gkmogf d quk POQOWDAOÑJ jf trdlotñ kn prfaksf gk govfraof afj kn go`ujtf MK]JD]GF Jojhujd gk nds djtkrofrks Kxostk afjaurrkjaod gk ujoñj ldrotdn gk ekaef afj K[ANOGKQ y ldtrolfjof afj MK]JD]GF

5. D nd suaksoñj gk nd go`ujtd POQOWDAOÑJ sk gkmk dpnoadr nds rkhnds gk3 * gk3  * d. Quaksoñj tkstdgd m. Quaksoñj loxtd a. Quaksoñj ojtkstdgd g. Jojhujd gk nds djtkrofrks

?. Qo sk ojoaodrd prfaksf gk suaksoñj gk nd go`ujtd POQOWDAOÑJ y kn go`ujtf MK]JD]GF, ¶kn eocf gkn go`ujtf LD]WÌJ tkjgrìd gkrkaef kj nd losld63  * Qì pfr trdjslosoñj, soklprk quk skd rkafjfaogf aflf eocf gk LD]WÌJ Jf, pfrquk kn eocf gk LD]WÌJ jf ed jdaogf Jf, pfrquk LD]WÌJ `dnnkaoñ soj quk su eocf kxostokrd Qì pfr rkprkskjtdaoñj, soklprk quk skd rkafjfaogf aflf eocf gk LD]WÌJ

49. Qo sk ojoaodrd prfaksf gk suaksoñj gk nd go`ujtd POQOWDAOÑJ y kn go`ujtf MK]JD]GF, ¶nfs eocfs gkn go`ujtf LD]AF DJWFJOF ¶tkjgrìdj gkrkaef kj nd losld63 * losld63  * Qì, pfr trdjslosoñj Jf, kj rdzñj gk nd ojgohjogdg gk LD]AF D[]KNOF Jf, pfr nd prklukrtk gk LD]AF D[]KNOF Qì, pfr rkprkskjtdaoñj

44. Dn kjtkrdrsk nfs eocfs gk POQOWDAOÑJ sfmrk nfs datfs gk ojhrdtotug rkdnozdgfs pfr ]FQD, knnfs pukgkj3 * Qfnoaotdr nd rksfnuaoñj gk nd gfjdaoñj Jojhujd gk nds fpaofjks ]ksaojgor nd gfjdaoñj ]kvfadr nd gfjdaoñj

4=. ¶KJ]OT[K y MKJOHJF pugokrfj ojtkjtdr kn prfaksf gk pkrtkjkjaod6 * QÌ, prfmdjgf nd pfsksoñj rkhundr Jf, pfr jf skr pfskkgfrks rkhundrks Qì, prfmdjgf nd pfsksoñj orrkhundr Jf, pfr jf edmkrsk ojtkjtdgf nd suaksoñj

 

41. ]kspkatf d nd lukrtk gk KJ]OT[K y MKJOHJF sk pukgk drldr quk3  * Wfgds nds fpaofjks sfj dakrtdgds Qk prkskjtñ afjlfrokjaod Qk prksulk quk nfs gfs pkrkaokrfj kj uj loslf lflkjtf Jojhujd gk knnds suakgkrä kj nfs mokjks gk nd ftrd

47. Qfj nndldgfs d ekrkgdr kj nd suaksoñj gk KJ]OT[K y MKJOHJF3  * Qus ekrldjfs LD]ÌD, MNDJAD, nfs eocfs gk LD]AF DJWFJOF y kn eocf gk LD]WÌJ Qu ekrldjd LD]ÌD Qus ekrldjds LD]ÌD y MNDJAD Jojhujd gk nds fpaofjks

4;. Dtkjgokjgf nd prkndaoñj gk nfs arïgotfs, nd gkugd d nfs trdmdcdgfrks ks uj arïgotf quk tokjk3 * tokjk3  * Yrovonkhof Wokjkj prk`krkjaod Jojhujf gk nds fpaofjks Hdrdjtìd

AFJWKQWK NDQ Y]KH[JWDQ 40 _ 48 AFJ@F]LK KN QOH[OKJWK YNDJWKDLOKJWF3 ND[]D susaromk afjtrdtf gk lutuf afj NOJD, dpdrkak kj kn loslf aflf dgfrd QEO]NK_. Qokjgf kxohomnk nd gkugd, ND[]D, gkaogk kxfjkrdr gk fmnohdaoñj d nd dgfrd. Kj kstk adsf ND[]D gkaogk kxfjkrdr gk fmnohdaoñj d nd dgfrd. 40. Kj kstk adsf sk pukgk drldr quk ND[]D3 * Qk afjstotuyk aflf fmnohdaoñj jdturdn Jojhujd fpaoñj ks afrrkatd ]knkvñ gk fmnohdaoñj d QEO]NK_ Gfjñ d NOJD nd prkstdaoñj fmcktf gk nd fmnohdaoñj

48. Yfr kn ojaulpnolokjtf ND[]D gkaogk gkldjgdr d NOJD, knnd gkmk3  * Kxakpaofjdr jfvdaoñj Ydhdr Jojhujd gk nds fpaofjks Kxakpaofjdr mkjkaof gk kxausoñj

45. @D]NK_ kjadrhd d GDJJD pdrd quk afmrk y rkaomd kn pdhf gk ujd fmnohdaoñj dgkugdgd pfr ND[]D. GDJJD pokrgk nd vogd prkvof d rkdnozdr kn afmrf. Nfs ekrkgkrfs gk GDJJD sfnoaotdj d ND[]D rkdnoak kn pdhf gk nd fmnohdaoñj puks nd go`ujtd tkjìd kn pfgkr pdrd knnf, ekaef gkn quk tkjìd afjfaolokjtf ND[]D. ¶ND[]D gkmk rkdnozdr kn pdhf d nfs ekrkgkrfs gk GDJJD6 * GDJJD6  * Qì, puks kxostk pfgkr kj kn quk afjstd nd `dauntdg ftfrhdgd d GDJJD Qì, yd quk nd `dauntdgd pdrd rkaomor pfr kn darkkgfr sk trdjslotk d sus ekrkgkrfs

 

Jojhujd gk nds fpaofjks ks afrrkatd Nd `dauntdg pdrd rkaomor jf sk trdjslotk d sus ekrkgkrfs

4?. HOJD gkmk d JDWDNOD ujd fmnohdaoñj gojkrdrod. HOJD susaromk afjtrdtf afj BD]ND quokj defrd gkmkrä pdhdr nd fmnohdaoñj d JDWDNOD. Kj kstk adsf sk prkskjtñ3 * prkskjtñ3  * Jfvdaoñj sumcktovd Jojhujd gk nds fpaofjks ks afrrkatd Aksoñj gk gkugds Jfvdaoñj fmcktovd

=9. _[N_ ojoaod prfaksf kckautovf afj mdsk kj afjtrdtf gk drrkjgdlokjtf kj afjtrd gk AD]FNOJD, quokj ks nd drrkjgdtdrod. AD]FNOJD afj nd afjtkstdaoñj gk nd gkldjgd dnnkhd rkaomf afjskautovf gk nfs 1 óntolfs lksks. Kj kstk frgkj AD]FNOJD pukgk dnkhdr3 * dnkhdr3  * Yrksujaoñj gk pdhf Ydhf purf y solpnk Ydhf gk aflpktkjaod Ydhf afj afj mkjkaof sumrfhdaoñj

Ykgrf, uj aougdgdjf afnflmodjf quk ed nuaedgf nd ldyfr pdrtk gk su vogd pfr quk sk edhd custoaod kj uj adsf gk dsksojdtf y gksdpdroaoñj gk ujf gk sus `dlonodrks akradjfs quokrk daugor djtk nd Jdaofjks [jogds pfrquk ed ksauaedgf quk ks ujd gk nds frhdjozdaofjks lujgodnks läs olpfrtdjtks kj nd gk`kjsd gk nfs gkrkaefs euldjfs y arkk quk nf pukgk dyugdr. Musad quk kstd ojstdjaod ojtkrjdaofjdn afjfzad su adsf pdrd quk jf qukgk kj nd olpujogdg. [j dlohf nk goak quk ustkg ks uj kxaknkjtk dmfhdgf quk afjfak mokj nds ojstdjaods ojtkrjdaofjdnks quk sfj aflpktkjtks pdrd Afnflmod kj dsujtfs gk gkrkaefs euldjfs. Qfj ojstrulkjtfs ojtkrjdaofjdnks quk edakj pdrtk gkn sostkld ujovkrsdn gk prftkaaoñj gk gkrkaefs euldjfs3 * Adrtd gk nds Jdaofjks [jogds, Gkandrdaoñj [jovkrsdn gk nfs gkrkaefs euldjfs, afjvkjofs gk Hojkmrd Gkandrdaoñj [jovkrsdn gk nfs gkrkaefs euldjfs, Ydatf Ojtkrjdaofjdn gk Gkrkaefs Aovonks y Yfnìtoafs, Ydatf Ojtkrjdaofjdn gk Gkrkaefs Kafjñloafs, Qfaodnks y Aunturdnks Afjvkjofs gk Hojkmrd, Afjvkjaoñj gk Pokjd, Adrtd gk Jdaofjks [jogds Gkandrdaoñj dlkroadjd gk nfs gkrkaefs y gkmkrks gkn eflmrk, Afjvkjaoñj Dlkroadjd gk Gkrkaefs Euldjfs ‑Ydatf gk sdj Cfsï gk Afstd ]oad Gkandrdaoñj [jovkrsdn gk nfs gkrkaefs euldjfs, Ydatf Ojtkrjdaofjdn gk Gkrkaefs Aovonks y Yfnìtoafs, Afjvkjaoñj Dlkroadjd gk Gkrkaefs Euldjfs ‑Ydatf gk sdj Cfsï gk Afstd ]oad

Kj kn frgkjdlokjtf curìgoaf afnflmodjf nds sohuokjtks jfrlds ojtkhrdj kn mnfquk gk afjstotuaofjdnogdg kj skjtogf kstroatf3 * kstroatf3  *

 

Kn Yrkälmunf gk nd afjstotuaoñj y drtoaundgf afjstotuaofjdn Nfs trdtdgfs gk gkrkaefs euldjfs rdtoadgfs pfr Afnflmod audjgf sk trdtk gk gkrkaefs rkafjfaogfs pfr nd afjstotuaoñj y nfs Wrdtdgfs nolìtrf`ks rdtoadgfs pfr Afnflmod Nfs trdtdgfs gk gkrkaef Ojtkrjdaofjdn euldjotdrof y nfs trdtdgfs rdtoadgfs pfr Afnflmod quk rkafjfakj gkrkaefs ojtdjhomnks Wfgds nds fpaofjks sfj afrrkatds Nd gfatrojd kndmfrdgd pfr nfs tromujdnks ojtkrjdaofjdnks kj rkndaoñj afj jfrlds ojtkrjdaofjdnks rkafjfaogds pfr Afnflmod y nfs afjvkjofs gk nd FOW y nd gfatrojd kndmfrdgd pfr nfs ñrhdjfs gk afjtrfn gk ksd frhdjozdaoñj ojtkrjdaofjdn

Qfj frhdjoslfs jf afjvkjaofjdnks kspkaodnozdgfs kj nd prftkaaoñj gk gkrkaefs euldjfs3 * euldjfs3  * Afjskcf gk Qkhurogdg, Dsdlmnkd Hkjkrdn y Afrtk Ojtkrjdaofjdn gk Custoaod Afjskcf gk gkrkaefs euldjfs, Dntf aflosofjdgf gk jdaofjks ujogds pdrd nfs gkrkaefs euldjfs y Afrtk Ojtkrjdaofjdn gk Custoaod Afjskcf gk skhurogdg, Dntf aflosofjdgf gk jdaofjks ujogds pdrd nfs gkrkaefs euldjfs y aflotï gk gkrkaefs euldjfs Dntf aflosofjdgf gk jdaofjks ujogds pdrd nfs rk`uhodgfs, Dntf aflosofjdgf gk jdaofjks ujogds pdrd nfs gkrkaefs y Afjskcf gk skhurogdg Dntf aflosofjdgf gk jdaofjks ujogds pdrd nfs rk`uhodgfs, Afjskcf gk gkrkaefs euldjfs y Dntf aflosofjdgf gk jdaofjks ujogds pdrd nfs gkrkaefs euldjfs

Nfs aflotïs, ñrhdjfs arkdgfs pfr nfs trdtdgfs ojtkrjdaofjdnks gk prftkaaoñj gk gkrkaefs euldjfs, euldjfs, tokjkj ujd vìd gk daaoñj afjtkjaofsd pdrd nd prftkaaoñj gk nfs gkrkaefs euldjfs, gñjgk sk afjtklpndj nds sohuokjtks daaofjks3 * daaofjks3  * Yrkskjtdaoñj gk oj`frlks sflmrds k ojvkstohdaofjks gk faof Tukcds kjtrk kstdgfs, qukcds gk ñrhdjfs gkn sostkld afjtrd Kstdgfs y gkjujaods f qukcds ojgovogudnks Yrkskjtdaoñj gk oj`frlks pkroñgoafs, prkskjtdaoñj gk qukcds ojgovogudnks, qukcds kjtrk kstdgfs Jojhujd gk ndsgkfpaofjks afrrkatd klosoñj gk fmskrvdaofjks hkjkrdnks, ojvkstohdaofjks Yrkskjtdaoñj oj`frlkskspkroñgoafs, gk faof

Nfs aflotïs, ñrhdjfs arkdgfs pfr nfs trdtdgfs ojtkrjdaofjdnks gk prftkaaoñj gk gkrkaefs euldjfs, tokjkj ujd vìd gk daaoñj jf afjtkjaofsd pdrd nd prftkaaoñj gk nfs gkrkaefs euldjfs, gñjgk sk afjtklpndj nds sohuokjtks daaofjks3 * daaofjks3  * Yrkskjtdaoñj gk oj`frlks pkroñgoafs, prkskjtdaoñj gk qukcds ojgovogudnks, qukcds kjtrk kstdgfs Yrkskjtdaoñj gk oj`frlks pkroñgoafs y klosoñj gk fmskrvdaofjks hkjkrdnks Jojhujd gk nds fpaofjks ks afrrkatd Tukcds kjtrk kstdgfs, qukcds gk ñrhdjfs gkn sostkld afjtrd Kstdgfs y gkjujaods f qukcds ojgovogudnks Yrkskjtdaoñj gk oj`frlks sflmrds k ojvkstohdaofjks gk faof

 

Nd afstulmrk ojtkrjdaofjdn sk ed kstdmnkaogf, skhój kn drtìaunf 15 gkn Kstdtutf gk nd Afrtk Ojtkrjdaofjdn gk Custoaod, aflf `ukjtk gk gkrkaef ojtkrjdaofjdn pómnoaf. Qoj klmdrhf, ks olpfrtdjtk rksdntdr quk, d nd afstulmrk ojtkrjdaofjdn, nk daflpdôdj gfs knklkjtfs olprksaojgomnks, nfs audnks sfj3 * sfj3  * Nd dprfmdaoñj gk ujd afjguatd ojtkrjdaofjdn pfr pdrtk gk nd Jdaofjks [jogds aflf afstulmrk, dsì aflf kn afjskjtolokjtf gkn Afjskcf Kafjñloaf y Qfaodn Kn knklkjtf fmcktovf, quk olpnoad nd dprfmdaoñj gk tfgfs nfs Kstdgfs gk Jdaofjks [jogds rkspkatf d nd afjguatd quk sk adtdnfhd aflf „afstulmrk ojtkrjdaofjdn“ y, kn knklkjtf sumcktovf, quk dmdrad quk kn Qkarktdrof Hkjkrdn gk Jdaofjks [jogds gk su dprfmdaoñj sfmrk goaed afstulmrk ojtkrjdaofjdn Kn knklkjtf vfnotovf, ks gkaor, kn quk uj Kstdgf quokrd f prfpfjhd gktkrlojdgd afjguatd ojtkrjdaofjdn aflf afstulmrk y, kn knklkjtf `dauntdtovf, quk pkrlotk d nd Dsdlmnkd Hkjkrdn gk Jdaofjks [jogds gdr vdnogkz y dprfmdaoñj d ujd afjguatd ojtkrjdaofjdn aflf „afstulmrk“ Kn knklkjtf fmcktovf, quk dtdôk kn aflpfrtdlokjtf rkotkrdgf gk uj Kstdgf (kn Kstdgf sk aflpfrtd gk nd losld ldjkrd rkpktogds vkaks) y kn knklkjtf sumcktovf, kn audn edak dnusoñj d nd afjaokjaod gk nd fmnohdtfrokgdg curìgoad gk nfs Kstdgfs, ks gkaor, nd afjvoaaoñj gk quk edy quk aulpnor afj ujd gktkrlojdgd jfrld afjguatudn.

Kn prftfafnf dgoaofjdn gfs d nfs Afjvkjofs gk Hojkmrd gk 4?7?, rkndtovf d nd prftkaaoñj gk vìatolds gk afjoatfs soj adräatkr ojtkrjdaofjdn, tdlmoïj ks uj ojstrulkjtf ojstrulkjt f ojtkrjdaof ojtkrjdaofjdn jdn pdrd3 * Qotudaofjks gk tkjsofjks ojtkrjds y gk gosturmofs ojtkrofrks, tdnks aflf nfs lftojks, nfs datfs kspfrägoafs y dosndgfs gk vofnkjaod y ftrfs datfs djänfhfs gfjgk edydj vìatolds Afjoatfs drldgfs kj quk nfs pukmnfs nuaedj afjtrd nd gflojdaoñj afnfjodn y nd faupdaoñj y afjtrd nfs rkhìlkjks rdaostds, kj kn kckraoaof gkn gkrkaef gk nfs pukmnfs d nd nomrk gktkrlojdaoñj, afjsdhrdgf kj nd Adrtd gk nds Jdaofjks [jogds Yrolkrf y Qkhujgd fpaoñj sfj afrrkatds Jojhujd gk nds fpaofjks ks afrrkatd

Kn ndugf drmotrdn quk gkaogoñ kn adsf kjtrk nds Klprksds ADYQ gk Ydjdlä y AKF gk Afnflmod, pkrsfjds curìgoads gk adräatkr provdgf afj gfloaonofs kj Ydjdlä y Afnflmod rkspkatovdlkjtk, sk rksfnvoñ pfr lkgof gk uj ndugf ojtkrjdaofjdn, kj kn audn jf sk rkjujaoñ dn rkaursf gk junogdg y auyd skgk `uk Afnflmod. Ydrd quk goaef ndugf pukgd skr kckautdgf kj Afnflm Afnflmod, od, sk gkmkrä3 * Qfnoaotdr nd kckauaoñj djtk nd Qdnd Aovon gk nd Afrtk Quprkld gk Custoaod gk Afnflmod Jojhujf gk nds fpaofjks ks afrrkatf Qfnoaotdr kn rkafjfaolokjtf djtk kn Wromujdn gk gostrotf cugoaodn gkn gfloaonof gk AKF Qfnoaotdr kn rkafjfaolokjtf djtk nd Qdnd Aovon gk nd Afrtk Quprkld gk Custoaod gk Afnflmod

Nd klprksd YKYQ, gfloaonodgd kj Nold Ykró, aknkmrñ afjtrdtf gk aflprd vkjtd ojtkrjdaofjdn gk lkradgkrìds afj nd klprksd AUEOYQ, auyf gfloaonof projaopdn gk sus jkhfaofs kstä umoadgf kj Mfhftä Afnflmod. Djkxf dn afjtrdtf y afj nd

 

gkmogd ogkjtoadaoñj, dafrgdrfj quk tfgds nds afjtrfvkrsods quk sk susaotdrdj afj fadsoñj gkn lkjaofjdgf afjtrdtf gkmìdj skr rksukntds pfr uj tromujdn drmotrdn. Gkjokrfj quk nd skgk gkn drmotrdck skrìd Ydjdlä y quk nd nky dpnoadmnk dn `fjgf gk nd afjtrfvkrsod skrìd nd nky aflkraodn Ykrudjd. Dsì nds afsds, kn pdsdgf =9 gk goaoklmrk y aflf afjskaukjaod gkn ojaulpnolokjtf pfr pdrtk gk nd klprksd AUEOYQ gk Afnflmod, sk prfroñ ndugf drmotrdn kj kn quk sk gkandrñ quk AUEOYQ gk Afnflmod ojaulpnoñ nds fmnohdaofjks pdatdgds kj kn Afjtrdtf gk nd rk`krkjaod. Nd klprksd AUEOYQ afjsogkrd quk jf `uk jftoadgf kj gkmogd `frld y pfr tdn rdzñj jf sk eozf prkskjtk gkjtrf gkn trälotk drmotrdn, rdzñj pfr nd audn pndjkd ujd kstrdtkhod gk gk`kjsd. [stkg afjsogkrd afjsogkrd quk nd lkcfr kstrdtkhod ks3 * Ojtkrpfjkr kn rkaursf gk junogdg djtk nd dutfrogdg cugoaodn aflpktkjtk kj Ydjdlä Ojtkrpfjkr kn rkaursf gk dpkndaoñj djtk nd dutfrogdg cugoaodn aflpktkjtk kj Ydjdlä Ojtkrpfjkr kn rkaursf gk junogdg djtk nd dutfrogdg cugoaodn aflpktkjtk kj Ykró Ojtkrpfjkr kn rkaursf gk junogdg djtk nd dutfrogdg cugoaodn aflpktkjtk kj Afnflmod

Nd Klprksd QFQD, gfloaonodgd kj Tuotf Kaudgfr, sfnoaotñ kn rkafjfaolokjtf gkn ndugf drmotrdn prf`krogf pfr tromujdn drmotrdn kj nd Afrtk Kspdôfnd gk Drmotrdck, kj afjtrd gk nd Klprksd NOND, gfloaonodgd kj Wujcd Mfydaä. Kn tromujdn auyd skgk `uk Ldgrog- Kspdôd afjakgoñ nd prktkjsofjks d nd klprksd QFQD pkrf nd Klprksd NOND afjsogkrd quk aflf afjskaukjaod gk nd ojgkmogd jftoadaoñj sk nk vunjkrdrfj sus gkrkaefs `ujgdlkjtdnks y pndjtkd quk nd daaoñj gk tutknd kj Afnflmod ks ujd kstrdtkhod vodmnk, pfr afjsogkrdr quk sk vunjkrdrfj sus gkrkaefs `ujgdlkjtdnks dn gkmogf prfaksf, dn daaksf d nd dglojostrdaoñj gk  custoaod. Nd N d daaoñj nd `ujgdlkjtd nd pdrtk daaofjdjtk daa ofjdjtk kj nf skôdndgf sk ôdndgf pfr nd Afrtk Afjstotuaofjdn Afnflmodjd, quokj ed skôdndgf quk „Nd kquovdnkjaod ‑ldtkrodnquk kxostk kjtrk kn ndugf drmotrdn y nd prfvogkjaod cugoaodn, datovd gk ldjkrd kxakpaofjdn nd prfakgkjaod gk nd daaoñj gk tutknd aflf lkadjoslf gk prftkaaoñj gk nfs gkrkaefs `ujgdlkjtdnks, nfs audnks pukgdj vkrsk d`katdgfs pfr nds gkaosofjks kldjdgds y kn prfakgolokjtf nnkvdgf d admf pfr nfs tromujdnks gk drmotrdlkjtf.“ Gk `dnndr d `dvfr gkn daaofjdjtk, sohuokjgf nd Afjvkjaoñj gk Jukvd _frb gk 4?;5, pfgrìd drldrsk quk3 * Afnflmod ojaulpnk nd Afjvkjaoñj, pfr audjtf gk afj`frlogdg afj kn drtìaunf 14 gk nd afjvkjaoñj gk Pokjd sfmrk kn gkrkaef gk nfs trdtdgfs, nd ojtkrprktdaoñj gk nd Afjvkjaoñj kxanuyk nfs gkrkaefs `ujgdlkjtdnks Afnflmod ojaulpnk afj nds fmnohdaofjks kstdmnkaogds kj nd afjvkjaoñj, puks gksafjfak kn drtìaunf ; y su ojtkrprktdaoñj gkjtrf gk nfs pdrälktrfs ojtkrjdaofjdnks Kj Afnflmod kn frgkj pómnoaf ojtkrjdaofjdn afjtklpnd nfs gkrkaefs `ujgdlkjtdnks y pfr tdjtf, jf sk ojaulpnk nd afjvkjaoñj

 

Kj Afnflmod nfs gkrkaefs `ujgdlkjtdnks kstäj ojafrpfrdgfs kj kn mnfquk gk afjstotuaofjdnogdg y pfr tdjtf nd daaoñj gk tutknd ks pkr`katdlkjtk aflpdtomnk afj nd afjvkjaoñj

Kn drtìaunf 7? gkn Afjvkjof O gk Hojkmrd gk 4?7?, kstdmnkak quk nds Dntds Ydrtks Afjtrdtdjtks sk aflprflktkj d tfldr tfgds nds fpfrtujds lkgogds nkhosndtovds pdrd gktkrlojdr nds dgkaudgds pkjdnks quk skujd edjaudnquokrd gk dpnoadr gk d nds pkrsfjds quk edydj aflktogf, fsdjaofjks gdgf frgkj gk aflktkr, nds oj`rdaaofjks hrdvks afjtrd kn Afjvkjof. Dsì loslf, quk adgd ujd gk nds Ydrtks Afjtrdtdjtks tkjgrä nd fmnohdaoñj gk musadr d nds pkrsfjds dausdgds gk edmkr aflktogf, u frgkjdgf aflktkr, ujd audnquokrd gk nds oj`rdaaofjks hrdvks, y gkmkrä edakrnds aflpdrkakr djtk nfs prfpofs tromujdnks, skd audn `ukrk su jdaofjdnogdg. jdaofjdno gdg. Nf djtkrofr edak pdrtk gk3 * Kn sostkld gk kadaod gkn GOE, rkprksoñj ojtkrjd gk nfs arìlkjks Kn sostkld gk kadaod gkn GOE, kckraoaof gk nd curosgoaaoñj ujovkrsdn Kn sostkld gk kadaod gkn GOE, sostkld gk rkpdrdaofjks Kn sostkld gk kadaod gkn GOE, prfakgolokjtf gk kjaukstd d tromujdnks ojtkrjfs

Kj nd ldsdark gk Qdjtf Gflojhf, Aduad, kj kn gksdrrfnnf gk fpkrdaofjks lonotdrks y kj pkrskauaoñj gk uj mnfquk hukrronnkrf gk nds @D]A, quk sk pdrdpktñ kj nds vovokjgds gk nfs edmotdjtks gk Qdjtf Gflojhf, tropundjtks gk nd dkrfjdvk lonotdr, ndjzdrfj ujd mflmd quk gkstruyñ kn adskrìf kj gfjgk lurokrfj joôfs, djaodjfs, luckrks y eflmrks, afj`ujgogfs afj kn hrupf ojsurhkjtk quk nfs utonozñ aflf ksaugf euldjf. Yfr kstfs ekaefs, kn Kstdgf afnflmodjf `uk afjgkjdgf pfr nd Afrtk Ojtkrdlkroadjd gk Gkrkaefs Euldjfs. Kj kstfs ekaefs sk vk ujd andrd vunjkrdaoñj dn projaopof gkn GOE * GOE  * Yrfpfraofjdnogdg Gostojaoñj Jkaksogdg lonotdr Nolotdaoñj gk nd daaoñj efston

Gkspuïs gk D`hdjostäj, Afnflmod ks kn skhujgf pdìs afj läs vìatolds gk lojds djtopkrsfjdn. Qkhój gdtfs rkafpondgfs pfr kn Kstdgf, gfs gk adgd aojaf d`katdgfs sfj aovonks y läs gk 599 gk knnfs lurokrfj trds kn ojaogkjtk kj nfs óntolfs =; dôfs. Nds vìatolds quk sfmrkvovkj suknkj jkaksotdr dpfyf pfr kn rkstf gk sus vogds, aflf afjskaukjaod gk nd lutondaoñj gk sus aukrpfs. Qk pukgk drldr kjtfjaks quk, tdjtf kj D`hdjostäj aflf kj Afnflmod, sk ed oj`rojhogf kn projaopof gkn GOE * GOE * Nolotdaoñj gk nd daaoñj efston Yrfpfraofjdnogdg

 

Gk jf gosarolojdaoñj Jkaksogdg lonotdr

Kj kn gkvkjor gkn go`krkjgf ldrìtolf kjtrk Afnflmod y Joadrdhud, kstk óntolf drhulkjtñ quk kn trdtdgf Kshukrrd-Märakjds gk 4?=5 adrkaìd gk vdnogkz kjtkjgokjgf quk edmìd ojaulpnogf afj nfs prfaksfs gk rdtoadaoñj ojtkrjfs kstdmnkaogfs pfr kn frgkj afjstotuaofjdn joadrdhþkjsk y, dgkläs, sk edmìd aknkmrdgf kj skarktf. Goaed drhulkjtdaoñj sk prkskjtñ kj nd gïadgd gk 4?89, ks gkaor, adso ;9 dôfs gkspuïs y, dgkläs, `uk dlpnodlkjtk gkmdtogd pfr Afnflmod dn gklfstrdr quk, kj k`katf jf sk edmìd aknkmrdgf kn trdtdgf kj skarktf y, dgkläs, quk kn hfmokrjf gk Joadrdhud pfr läs gk ;9 dôfs dakptñ nfs nìlotks kstdmnkaogfs kj kn aotdgf Kshukrrd-Märakjds. Yfr nf djtkrofr, nd hurd gkn kstfppkn kj kn gkrkaef ojtkrjdaofjdn pómnoaf ks pkrtojkjtk dn adsf kj afjarktf pfr audjtf3 * audjtf3 * Joadrdhud jf pukgk gkandrdr ujondtkrdnlkjtk nd junogdg gk uj trdtdgf nolìtrf`k quk aulpnoñ pfr läs gk ;9 dôfs, puks d`katdrìd nfs projaopofs gk mukjd `k y pdatd sujt skrvdjgd Joadrdhud pukgk gkandrdr nd junogdg gkn trdtdgf Kshukrrd-Märakjds kjtkjgokjgf quk ks uj trdtdgf quk d`katd su sfmkrdjìd Joadrdhud jf pukgk gkandrdr ujondtkrdnlkjtk nd junogdg gk uj trdtdgf nolìtrf`k gkmogf d quk vofndrìd kn projaopof gk sfnuaoñj pdaìad gk afjtrfvkrsods Joadrdhud pukgk gkandrdr nd junogdg gkn trdtdgf Kshukrrd-Märakjds pfrquk fmkgkaoñ d ujd pfnìtoad kxtkrofr gk hfmokrjf y jf gk Kstdgf

Kj kn adsf Afnnokr a. ]ovdz dadkaogf kj 4574 djtk tromujdnks ojhnksks sk djdnozñ nd vdnogkz `frldn gk uj tkstdlkjtf ftfrhdgf kj Mïnhoad, afj`frlk dn Gkrkaef ojhnïs, pfr uj sómgotf mrotäjoaf quk luroñ gfloaonodgf kj ksk pdìs. Kj kstd ïpfad, nd jfrld gk Gkrkaef ojtkrjdaofjdn provdgf sflktìd nd `frld gk uj tkstdlkjtf rkndtovf d mokjks lukmnks d nd nky gkn óntolf gfloaonof gkn adusdjtk. Nd rkhnd nfaus rkhot datul jf edmìd sogf rkafjfaogd tfgdvìd. Kj kn adsf afjarktf, kn gfloaonof gkn go`ujtf kstdmd kj Mïnhoad, pkrf nd jfrld gk afjoatf gk ksk pdìs frgkjdmd dpnoadr nd nky jdaofjdn gk kstk. Kj kn adsf djdnozdgf sk prkskjtñ kn `kjñlkjf gk3 * gk3 * ]kkjvìf gk prolkr hrdgf Afjoatf lñvon ]kkjvìf gk skhujgf hrdgf Gfmnk rkkjvìf

Qk trdtd gk nd dgfpaoñj pfr pdrtk gk nfs kspfsfs Qaeujkab gk frohkj dustrìdaf gfloaonodgfs kj Nd Hudordrkpfrtdgd. (Pkjkzuknd), gk uj lkjfrdjtk nndldgf Pdupkn auydgkn jdaofjdnogdg jf dpdrkak Dn prkskjtdrsk nd Afrtk Qupkrofr Gostrotf @kgkrdn gk Pkjkzuknd ujd sfnoaotug gk dgfpaoñj, kstd óntold sk vof

 

kj`rkjtdgd d uj adsf afj knklkjtfs gk kxtrdjckrìd (jdaofjdnogdg dustrìdad gk nfs kspfsfs). Kj kstk skjtogf, kn tromujdn gktkrlojñ quk sk gkmìd djdnozdr nd adpdaogdg gk dgfpaoñj gk nfs kspfsfs y, pdrd nfhrdr kstk djänosos, sk rkroñ dn drtìaunf 5 gkn Añgohf gk Yrfakgolokjtf Aovon vkjkzfndjf. Wdlmoïj, afjstdtñ nd ojkxostkjaod gk trdtdgfs gk Pkjkzuknd afj Dustrod. Gksadrtdgd ksd pfsomonogdg, kn tromujdn prfsohuoñ d kxdlojdr nf quk gospfjìd nd nkhosndaoñj ojtkrjd vkjkzfndjd kj ldtkrod gk Gkrkaef ojtkrjdaofjdn provdgf, pfr nf quk rkspkatd dn kstdgf y adpdaogdg gk nds pkrsfjds jdturdnks. Nd Afrtk daugoñ, puks, d rkvosdr nfs drtìaunfs ? y 48 gkn Añgohf Aovon gk 4?97 kj nfs audnks kn kstdgf y adpdaogdg gk nds pkrsfjds sk gktkrlojdmd pfr kn frgkjdlokjtf curìgoaf gk su jdaofjdnogdg. Kn  cuzhdgfr vkjkzfndjf vk jkzfndjf sk kjafjtrñ kja fjtrñ afj quk nd jfrld gk afjoatf afj oatf vkjkzfndjd rklotìd dn frgkjdlokjtf curìgoaf gk nfs kspfsfs, auyd jdaofjdnogdg krd nd dustrìdad. Qoj klmdrhf, kj kstk frgkjdlokjtf, nd adpdaogdg gk nfs aougdgdjfs dustrìdafs sk rkhìd pfr nd nky gk su gfloaonof. Mdcf kstfs prksupukstfs ks pfsomnk drldr quk3 * quk3 * Nd jfrld gk afjoatf gktkrlojñ quk nd aflpktkjaod kj ldtkrod gk dgfpaoñj rdgoadmd kj nfs tromujdnks Pkjkzfndjfs Nd nky dpnoadmnk ks nd nky Pkjkzfndjd pfr afjsfnogdrsk nfs prksupukstfs gkn rkkjvìf gk skhujgf hrdgf Nd nky dpnoadmnk ks nd nky Pkjkzfndjd pfr afjsfnogdrsk nfs prksupukstfs gkn rkkjvìf gk prolkr hrdgf Nd nky dpnoadmnk ks nd nky gk Dustrdnod kj dpnoadaoñj gkn kstdtutf pkrsfjdn gk nfs sfnoaotdjtks Dustrdnodjfs

Qk gosautìd djtk nfs tromujdnks vkjkzfndjfs nf rkndtovf d nd vdnogkz `frldn gk audtrf aekquks. Edmìd quk gkaogor quï rkhnds gktkrlojdmdj nfs rkquosotfs quk gkmìdj aulpnor nfs aekquks. Kj kn adsf afjarktf, eumf dnkhdtfs jf afjtrfvkrtogfs, quk nfs aekquks tkjìdj olprksf aflf nuhdr gk klosoñj nd aougdg gk Jukvd _frb, pkrf adrkaìdj gk `kaed. Nd pdrtk gkldjgdgd dnkhñ quk goaefs goaefs ojstrulkjtfs jf pfgìdj skr adnoadgfs aflf aekquks pfrquk kn drtìaunf 7?9 gkn Añgohf gk Aflkraof Pkjkzfndjf kxohìd nd `kaed gk su klosoñj aflf rkquosotf `frldn gk jkaksdrof aulpnolokjtf. @rkjtk d kstk prfmnkld, kn tromujdn tuvf quk prkaosdr nd nkhosndaoñj aflpktkjtk pdrd kstdmnkakr nfs rkquosotfs `frldnks gkn aekquk. Kn tromujdn nnkhñ d nd afjanusoñj, pfr dpnoadaoñj gkn drtìaunf 44 gkn Añgohf Aovon vkjkzfndjf, quk nd nky aflpktkjtk pdrd rkhundr tfgf nf rkndtovf d nd vdnogkz `frldn gkn aekquk krd nd nkhosndaoñj gk nfs Kstdgfs [jogfs, kj afjarktf, nd nky vohkjtk kn Kstdgf gk Jukvd _frb.gkAfjsogkrñ kn tromujdn nf sohuokjtk3 ... „nd nd rklosoñjkjekaed pfr jukstrd jfrld Gkrkaef Ojtkrjdaofjdn Yrovdgf ojanuyk tftdnogdg gk nd Nkhosndaoñj olpkrdjtk kj kn Kstdgf gk Jukvd _frb, ks prkaosf

 

kxdlojdr kn afjtkjogf gk nfs prkakptfs gk Gkrkaef Ojtkrjdaofjdn Yrovdgf quk rohkj kj ksk Kstdgf pdrd nnkhdr d nd afrrkspfjgokjtk afjanusoñj“. Gkn kxdlkj gk nds jfrlds gk Gkrkaef ojtkrjdaofjdn provdgf vohkjtks kj kn Kstdgf gk Jukvd _frb, kn tromujdn afjanuyñ quk „nd nky dpnoadmnk pdrd rkhundr nd vdnogkz `frldn gk nfs aekquks sk gktkrlojd pfr nd Nky gkn nuhdr gk klosoñj gkn aekquk“ quk sk kjtkjgìd, skhój nds jfrlds afjoatudnks gkn Kstdgf gk Jukvd _frb, aflf kn sotof gfjgk sk ed vkroadgf su kjtrkhd dn mkjkaodrof. Kj kn adsf afjarktf, kn nuhdr gk kjtrkhd gk nfs aekquks krd nd aougdg gk Adrdads. Mdcf kstfs prksupukstfs ks pfsomnk drldr quk3 * Nfs aekquks jf pfgìdj skr rkafjfaogfs aflf vänogfs pfrquk adrkaìdj gk `kaed skhój nd nky vkjkzfndjd Nfs Wromujdnks gk Jukvd _frb jf sfj aflpktkjtks kj dtkjaoñj dn `frf jf afjvkjokjtk Nfs aekquks pfgìdj skr rkafjfaogfs aflf vänogfs pdrd kn frgkjdlokjtf curìgoaf Pkjkzfndjf pfrquk `ukrfj klotogfs kj nd aougdg gk Adrdads Nfs aekquks pfgìdj skr rkafjfaogfs aflf vänogfs pfrquk skhój nd nky gk Jukvd _frb, pfrquk krd suaokjtk quk sk ojgoadrd kn nuhdr gk kjtrkhd dn mkjkaodrof

Kj ujd skjtkjaod ojhnksd nndldgd Oj rk Daeonnfpfunfs sk rksfnvoñ kn sohuokjtk adsf3 [jd pkrsfjd hrokhd `dnnkaoñ kj Khoptf. Nd jfrld gk afjoatf ojhnksd gksohjñ nd nky gkn gfloaonof quk krd Khoptf. Nd jfrld gk afjoatf gk Khoptf, pfr kn afjtrdrof kstdmnkaìd nd dpnoadaoñj gkn kstdtutf pkrsfjdn gkn adusdjtk. Mdcf kstk arotkrof nd nky dpnoadmnk krd3 * krd3  * Nd nky Ojhnksd pfr trdtdrsk gk uj adsf gk gfmnk rkkjvìf Nd nky Ojhnksd pfr trdtdrsk gk nd nky gkn `frf Nd nky Hrokhd pfr trdtdrsk gk uj adsf gk rkkjvìf gk skhujgf hrdgf Nd nky Khopaod pfr trdtdrsk gk uj adsf gk prolkr hrdgf

Dn afjanuor sus kstugofs gfatfrdgf kjkspdôfnd, nd [jovkrsogdg Mkrbknky kj Nfs (Adno`frjod),]fmkrtf ]., gkgkjdaofjdnogdg aknkmrñgkldtrolfjof Äjhknks, djtk dutfrogdg nfadn gkn Kstdgf gk Adno`frjod, afj Qdjgrd Q., ujovkrsotdrod gk jdaofjdnogdg ruldjd, gk 48 dôfs. Qkhój kn Gkrkaef adno`frjodjf, adno`frjodjf, nd adpdaogdg ldtrolfjodn sk pfskk gksgk nfs 40 dôfs2 gk daukrgf afj nd nky ruldjd, gksgk nfs 45 dôfs. Dn trdtdr gk ojsaromorsk kn ldtrolfjof kj kn ]khostrf afjsundr gk ]uldjod kj Nfs Äjhknks, sk pndjtkdj nds sohuokjtks aukstofjks3 * aukstofjks3  * Nd adpdaogdg ldtrolfjodn gk Qdjgrd Q. gkmk gktkrlojdrsk pfr nd nky gk Adno`frjod pkrf sk gkmk ojoaodr kn kxkquätur Nd nky dpnoadmnk afrrkspfjgk dn nuhdr gk aknkmrdaoñj gkn ldtrolfjof Nd adpdaogdg ldtrolfjodn gk Qdjgrd Q. gkmk gktkrlojdrsk pfr nd nky Kspdôfnd Nd adpdaogdg ldtrolfjodn gk Qdjgrd Q. gkmk gktkrlojdrsk pfr nd nky gk Adno`frjoda. Jojhujd gk nds djtkrofrks Nd adpdaogdg ldtrolfjodn gk Qdjgrd Q. gkmk gktkrlojdrsk pfr nd nky ]uldjd

 

Aumd ks ujf gk nfs trkak kstdgfs ojgkpkjgokjtks quk `frldj nd Dlïroad Ojsundr. Ks uj Kstdgf ldrxostd-nkjojostd afj uj sostkld pfnìtoaf gk pdrtogf ójoaf hfmkrjdgf pfr kn Ydrtogf Aflujostd gk Aumd (YAA), arkdgf pfaf gkspuïs gk quk kn hfmokrjf gk `datf gk @ogkn Adstrf nnkhdrd dn pfgkr y kstä vohkjtk edstd defrd. Kn datudn klmdcdgfr gk Afnflmod kj nd osnd ks Cudj Ldjukn Afrzf. Gk daukrgf d nf djtks kxpukstf, kj rkndaoñj d nd gfatrojd sfmrk rkafjfaolokjtf gk hfmokrjfs, rkspkatf d nd osnd Afnflmod kstdrìd dpnoadjgf3 * dpnoadjgf3  * Gfatrojd Gìdz Gfatrojd Kstrdgd Gfatrojd Mktdjaurt Gfatrojd Lfjrfk Gfatrojd Wfmdr

AFJWKQWK NDQ Y]KH[JWDQ 4 D ; WOKJKGF KJ A[KJWD KN QOH[OKJWK YNDJWKDLOKJWF3 ND[]D y _[NOKWE susaromkj afjtrdtf vkrmdn kj kn quk nd skhujgd sk aflprflktk d dglojostrdr dnhujfs mokjks gk ND[]D gk ldjkrd hrdtuotd. _[NOKWE nnkvd d admf tfgfs nfs datfs quk musadj aulpnor afj su kjadrhf k ojaurrk kj hdstfs dtkjokjtks dn ldjtkjolokjtf y afjskrvdaoñj gk nfs mokjks. ND[]D `dnnkak lokjtrds _[NOKWE sk kjafjtrdmd aulpnokjgf kn kjadrhf. 4. ¶_[NOKWE rkdnozd datfs gk aflkraof6 * Qì, pfrquk _[NOKWE ojaurroñ kj hdstfs gk ldjtkjolokjtf y afjskrvdaoñj gkn mokj Qì, pfrquk tfgf datf gk dglojostrdaoñj ks lkradjton Jf, pfrquk sk trdtd gk uj afjtrdtf quk sfnf nf rkhund kn añgohf gk aflkraof Jojhujd gk nds fpaofjks ks afrrkatd

=. Qk pukgk drldr quk kjtrk ND[]D y _[NOKWE kxostoñ3 * kxostoñ3  * Afjtrdtf gk fmrd Ldjgdtf Aflfgdtf Dhkjaod faofsd

1. Nd lukrtk gk ND[]D pfjk j dn kjadrhf kjaflkjgdgf d _[NOKWE  * Jf, kn afjtrdtf ks dtìpoaf y jf sk tkrlojd pfr nd lukrtk Qì, soklprk quk jf sk adusk pkrcuoaof d nfs ekrkgkrfs gk _[NOKWE Qì, puks kstd ks ujd adusdn gk tkrlojdaoñj ujondtkrdn pdrd kstk topf gk afjtrdtf Jf, pfrquk nfs ekrkgkrfs dutflätoadlkjtk kjtrdj d faupdr kn pukstf gk _[NOKWE

7. Dn ojaurror _[NOKWE kj hdstfs gk ldjtkjolokjtf y afjskrvdaoñj gk nfs mokjks, kstä nkhotologdg pdrd3 * d. ]ktkjkr nfs mokjks gk ND[]D quk sk kjaukjtrkj kj su pfgkr m. ]ktkjkr tfgfs nfs mokjks gk nd go`ujtd, ojanusf nfs quk jf sk rkndaofjdj afj kn datf

 

a. ]ktkjkr nfs mokjks gk nfs ekrkgkrfs g. Wfgds nds djtkrofrks

;. _[NOKWE sk ed jkhdgf d ojgoadr d nfs ekrkgkrfs nfs gdtfs kxdatfs sfmrk nd dglojostrdaoñj gk nfs mokjks. Kj kstk kvkjtf nfs ekrkgkrfs pukgkj ojoaodr uj prfaksf3 * prfaksf3  * d. Kckautovf m. ]kjgoaoñj gk aukjtds kspfjtäjkd a. ]kjgoaoñj gk aukjtds prfvfadgd g. Quaksoñj

AFJWKQWK NDQ Y]KH[JWDQ 0 D 49 AFJ@F]LK KN QOH[OKJWK KJ[JAODGF3 OO. Nd `ämroad gk lukmnks „Nd Klpfgkrdgd“ vkjgìd sus prfguatfs ójoadlkjtk kj Nold - Ykró. Afj kn j gk prflfvkr y kxpnftdr dlpnodlkjtk su jkhfaof rkdnozd uj afjtrdtf afj nd klprksd „Gumdo Q.D.Q“ pdrd quk sk kjadrhuk gk afjskhuor anokjtks kj kn tkrrotfrof Afnflmodjf. Audjgf „Gumdo Q.D.Q“ afjsohuk uj anokjtk jukvf nf afjtdatd afj nd „Nd Klpfgkrdgd“ pdrd quk nnkvk d admf nd trdjsdaaoñj, datudjgf Gumdo aflf solpnk ojtkrlkgodgfr. Kj ujd gk nds anäusunds gkn afjtrdtf sk skôdnd quk kstk sk rkhorä pfr nds jfrlds gk Ykró. Kj ftrd sk ojgoañ aflf tïrlojf gk gurdaoñj gkn afjtrdtf 49 dôfs. Wdlmoïj sk kstopunñ nd prfeomoaoñj d „Gumdo Q.D.Q“ gk prflfvkr f kxpnftdr kj nd losld zfjd jkhfaofs gk aflpktogfrks gorkatfs gk „Nd Klpfgkrdgd“. 0. ¶Tuï afjtrdtf susaromokrfj nds pdrtks6 * Aflprdvkjtd Dhkjaod aflkraodn Qulojostrf Yrkpfsoaoñj

8. Nd datovogdg gksdrrfnndgd pfr Gumdo Q.D.Q ks lkradjton3 * lkradjton3  * Jf, pfr trdtdrsk gk uj afjtrdtf gk sulojostrf Jojhujd gk nds fpaofjks ks afrrkatd Jf, pfr trdtdrsk gk uj afjtrdtf gk aflprdvkjtd ojtkrjdaofjdn Jf, pfr trdtdrsk gk uj afjtrdtf rkhogf pfr jfrlds ojtkrjdaofjdnks

5. Kn afjtrdtf susarotf pfr nds pdrtks gkmk skr ojsarotf kj3  * ]khostrf lkradjton Kj nfs nomrfs afjtdmnks ]khostrf gk ojstrulkjtfs pómnoafs Aäldrd gk Aflkraof Ojtkrjdaofjdn

?. Nd anäusund quk skôdnd quk kn afjtrdtf sk rkhorä pfr nds jfrlds gk Ykró, ks3  * Pänogd pfr kn projaopof gk pdatd sujt skrvdjgd

 

Ojfpfjomnk Ojkadz gk pnkjf gkrkaef Ojvänogd

49. Nd Klpfgkrdgd tkrlojd gk ldjkrd ujondtkrdn kn afjtrdtf afj Gumdo Q.D.Q. soj  custd adusd adus d dpdrkjtk, kn =9 gk ldyf gk =941. Kn 47 gk `kmrkrf gk =94? kn rkprkskjtdjtk nkhdn gk GumdodnQ.D.Q uj prfaksf gkandrdtovf gk rkspfjsdmonogdg sfnoaotdjgf cukz ojoaod kn rkafjfaolokjtf gk ojgkljozdaoñj rkafjfaogd pfr nd nky, dgkläs pfr nfs pkrcuoaofs fadsofjdgfs. Nd Klpfgkrdgd dnkhd nd prksaropaoñj, kj kstk adsf kn Cukz gkmkrìd3 * gkmkrìd3  * ]kafjfakr nd kxakpaoñj pfrquk kn tïrlojf gk prksaropaoñj pdrd nds daaofjks quk kldjdj gk kstk afjtrdtf ks gk 1 dôfs Jkhdr nd kxakpaoñj pfrquk kn tïrlojf gk prksaropaoñj pdrd nds daaofjks quk kldjdj gk kstk afjtrdtf ks gk 8 dôfs Jkhdr nd kxakpaoñj pfrquk kn tïrlojf gk prksaropaoñj pdrd nds daaofjks quk kldjdj gk kstk afjtrdtf ks gk 49 dôfs ]kafjfakr nd kxakpaoñj pfrquk kn tïrlojf gk prksaropaoñj pdrd nds daaofjks quk kldjdj gk kstk afjtrdtf ks gk ; dôfs

AFJWKQWK NDQ Y]KH[JWDQ 44 D 41 AFJ@F]LK KN QOH[OKJWK KJ[JAODGF3 CDOLK susaromk afjtrdtf afj ujd kjtogdg jdjaokrd susaromokjgf hdrdjtìd lfmonodrod sfmrk su afskaed gk akmfnnd. ]kspfjgd nds sohuokjtks prkhujtds3 44. Ydrd quk nd hdrdjtìd skd fpfjomnk d tkrakrfs sk gkmk3  * ]khostrdr kj nd Faojd gk ]khostrf gk Ojstrulkjtfs Yómnoafs ]khostrdr kj nd Aäldrd gk Aflkraof Jojhujd gk nds fpaofjks ks afrrkatd ]khostrdr kj nd Faojd gk Wräjsotf

4=. Kj kn kvkjtf gk ojaulpnolokjtf gk CDOLK pukgk afjfakr kn prfaksf3  * Kn Wromujdn supkrofr Cukz gkn aorauotf Qupkrojtkjgkjaod gk sfaokgdgks Cukz lujoaopdn

41. Djtk kn ojaulpnolokjtf kn darkkgfr pukgk kjtdmndr3 * kjtdmndr3  * Yrfaksf kckautovf pfr fmnohdaoñj gk edakr Yrfaksf kckautovf sojhundr Yrfaksf gk kckauaoñj kspkaodn Qfnoaotug gk ojsfnvkjaod

AFJWKQWK NDQ Y]KH[JWDQ 47 D =9 AFJ@F]LK KN QOH[OKJWK YNDJWKDLOKJWF3 OP. Nfs ekrldjfs HDNPOQ gkaogkj afjstotuor ujd sfaokgdg afnkatovd. C[DJD ]FCDQ dlohd ìjtold gk nfs ekrldjfs pkrlotk quk su jflmrk y

 

dpknnogf skd utonozdgf kj nd rdzñj sfaodn. NF]KJD HDNPOQ afjfak pnkjdlkjtk kn lkradgf kj kn quk nd sfaokgdg quokrk ojaursofjdr, soj klmdrhf, adrkak gk gojkrf pdrd dpfrtdr d nd sfaokgdg. Yfr ftrd pdrtk, kj nfs kstdtutfs gk nd sfaokgdg sk ojgoañ quk LD]ODJF HDNPOQ, pfr skr kn ekrldjf lkjfr, rkspfjgokrd pfr nds fpkrdaofjks sfaodnks gk ldjkrd onolotdgd. 47. Auän ks nd rkspfjsdmonogdg gk C[DJD ]FCDQ `rkjtk d nds fpkrdaofjks sfaodnks * sfaodnks  * Jojhujd, yd quk knnd jf ks sfaod Nolotdgd pfr skr ujd dsfaodaoñj afnkatovd Qkrä rkspfjsdmnk d `dvfr gk quokjks afjtrdtkj afj nd sfaokgdg Qfnogdrod, dn prkstdr su jflmrk pdrd nd rdzñj sfaodn sk afjvokrtk kj sfaod

4;. ¶Tuï topf gk dpfrtk pukgk rkdnozdr NF]KJD HDNPOQ6  * Kj ojgustrod Kj trdmdcf Kj gojkrf Kj kspkaok

40. ¶C[DJD ]FCDQ sk pukgk afjsogkrdr sfaod6 * sfaod6  * Jf, pfrquk ks ojadpdz sfaoktdrod Jf, yd quk jf rkdnozd jojhój dpfrtk d nd sfaokgdg Qì, pfrquk knnd dpfrtd ojgustrod Qì, pfrquk su jflmrk dpdrkak kj nd rdzñj sfaodn gk nd sfaokgdg

48. @rkjtk d nd anäusund kj nd quk sk kstdmnkak quk LD]ODJF HDNPOQ rkspfjgk pfr nds fpkrdaofjks sfaodnks gk ldjkrd onolotdgd, sk pukgk drldr quk kstd ks3  * Fpfjomnk Ojkadz Ojvänogd Pänogd

45. Kj kstk topf gk sfaokgdg (afnkatovd) pdrd quk uj sfaof pukgd trdjs`kror su pdrtk gk ojtkrïs sk rkquokrk3 * rkquokrk3  * Pftf gk nfs sfaofs quk tkjhdj kn 59% gk nds pdrtks gk ojtkrïs Pftf ujäjolk Pftf gk tfgfs nfs sfaofs, sdnvf nfs sfaofs gk ojgustrod Pftf jflojdn

4?. [jf gk nfs ekrldjfs HDNPOQ, nukhf gk afjstotuogd nd sfaokgdg, gkskd rkdnozdr uj pfshrdgf, pdrd knnf sfnoaotd d nd sfaokgdg nk skdj gkvukntfs sus dpfrtks, nd sfaokgdg gkmk3 * gkmk3 * Dmstkjkrsk gk rkklmfnsdr nfs dpfrtks Akgkr nds pdrtks gk ojtkrïs

 

Yrfakgkr d rkklmfnsdr nfs dpfrtks Yfjkr kj vkjtd nds pdrtks gk ojtkrïs kj nd mfnsd gk vdnfrks

=9. C[DJD y nd Klprksd Quozd Jfvdrtos Dh-]kh susaromkj gfaulkjtf kj kn quk gkandrdj su vfnujtdg gk susaromor uj afjtrdtf `uturf, gktkrlojdgf y gkjotovf, kn audn kj kn lflkjtf jf sk pukgk susaromor pfr kstdr rkskrvdgf d nds pdrtks kn aulpnolokjtf gk aokrtfs datfs. Kj kstk kvkjtf nds pdrtks rldrfj3 * rldrfj3  * Yrkafjtrdtf Fpaoñj F`krtd Adrtd gk ojtkjaofjks