Ke eshlfeture Cstrugture dc Det`s cs uf gurs` dcserr`kked` cf a` a`ri riee tc÷ c÷rh rhggee-p prå rågt gthg hgee, quc dcs csgr grhj hjcc ke kess dh dhaacrc rcft ftcs cs a`ries dc `rlefhzer y ekiegcfer k`s det`s cf ke ici`rhe dck g`iputed`r, dc tek a`rie quc pucdcf scr p`s `sttcrh`ricftc rc rcggupcred`s y uthkhzed`s dc iefc fcrre cahghcftc.
]Z@LZEIEGH@F I@DSKEZ X ZCGSZWHQHDED Thp`s dc det`s ejstregt`s (TDE)
Dcahfhgh÷f dc Zcgurshvhded
Iefcn` dc ici`rhe cståthge y dhfåihge
Zcgurshvhded vs Htcrethvhded
Cncipk`s ]rågthg`s
KHWTEW Hftr`duggh÷f khstes. e kes
Khstes shipkc y d`jkcicftc cfkezedes
@pcregh`fcs s`jrc khstes Hipkcicftegh÷f dc khstes cståthges y dhfåihges usefd` errclk`s.
Hipkcicftegh÷f dc khstes cståthges
Cncrghgh`s
y dhfåihges usefd` F`d`s
]rågthg`s
]HKEW X G@KEW Hftr`duggh÷f ]hkes.
[email protected] kes
Hftr`duggh÷f e ke G`kes. AHA@.
@pcregh`fcs ]hkes g`f
@pcregh`fcs g`f G`kes
Cncipk`s ]rågthg`s
ÅZJ@KCW X G@KCGGH@FCW G`fgcpt`s Lcfcrekcs dc årj`kcs Ekl`rhti`s dc grcegh÷f, hfscrgh÷f,y rcg`rrhd` jþsqucde. Cncrghgh` prågthg` usefd` årj`kcs.
Erj`kcs jhferh`s
Erj`kcs iukthgeihf`
G`kkcgth`f
Thp`s dc det`s ejstregt`s (TDE)
Thp`s dc det`s ejstregt`s (TDE) @jncthv`s
Cejfstctre fdgcgrh÷ gkcepit`hcsft`a,ufid`ediuckefrthezkecgsh÷ reg h÷f f,k`csfgeg`pfsu suk h÷f fdcy eg`pkeihcft`. Cftcfdcr ck g`fgcpt` dc thp` dc det` ejstregt`. G`f`gcr kes dhacrcftcs hipkcicftegh`fcs ` bcrreihcftes quc sc uthkhzef cf kcfluencs dc pr`lreiegh÷f pere ekgefzer eklufes dc kes geregtcrés éstthge gess dc k`s thp`s dc de dett`s ejst strregt`s.
Thp`s dc det`s ejstregt`s (TDE) Sf
Thp` dc Det` Ejstregt` (TDE) cs uf i`dck` ietciåthg` dc cstrugtures
dc det` quc c dc dcaadc hfccperåictr`s hf vek`rcs,, `pcregh`fcs vek`rcs qcreg ucegh` sc pucd pu cdccf rc rcek ekhz hzeer s` s`jr jrcc cs` s`ss detde `st`s y sk`qu s thp`s dc cs cses es `p `pcr h`fc fcs. s.
Wc dcf`ihfe ejstregt` ye quc ke hftcfgh÷f cs quc quhcf k` uthkhze, f` fcgcsht htee g`f`gcr k`s dcte tekkkcs dc ke rcprcscftegh÷f hf hfttcrfe ` jhcf ck g÷i` cståf cst åf hip hipkci kcicft cftede edess kes `pc `pcreg regh`f h`fcs. cs.
Ck lred` dc ejstreggh÷f quc pr`vcc pcrihtc dcseg`p `pkker ek g÷dhl` quc use uf TDE dc equck g÷d ÷dhhl` quc k` hipkcicfte te..
Ck g`fgcpt` dc ejstreggh÷f f`s pcrihtc ke p`shjhkhded dc g`fshdcrer ke rghc csrt` `kugfhv h÷fck.dc uf pr`jkcie shf tcfcr cf gucfte k`s dctekkcs p`r dcjen` dc ghcrt` fhvck.
Thp`s dc det`s ejstregt`s (TDE) Ke Ahlure Ahlure iucst iucstre re uf TDE quc g`fshstc cf ufe cstrugture dc det`s ejstregte g`f
TDE Cstrugture dc det` ejstregt` @pcregh`fcs
Hftcraez
`pcregh`fcs. W`keicftc kes `pcregh`fcs s`f vhshjkcs dcsdc eaucre, pcr` dcahfcf ke hftcraez.
K`s TEDs TEDs p`fcf e dhsp`shgh÷f dck pr`lreied`r uf g`fnuft` g`fnuft` dc `jnct`s nuft` g`f sus `pcregh`fcs jåshges quc s`f hfdcpcfdhcftcs dc ke hipkcicftegh÷f ckclhde. Ck TDE cs hfdcpcfdhcftc dck kcfluenc cf ck quc sc quhcre hipkcicfter, cs dcghr, quc ck TDE pucdc hipkcicftersc h ipkcicftersc cf guekquhcr kcfluenc dc pr`lreiegh÷f> ]EWGEK, ]EWGEK, G, G + +, G#, NEQ E, pytb`f, ctg.
G`fnuft` dc `pcregh`fcs (aufgh`fcs) ek guek sc dcf`ihfe hftcraez ke guek rcprcscfte ck g`ip`rteihcft` dc uf TDE. K`s TDE s`f k`s quc rcakcnef ghcrt` g`ip`rteihcft` `rlefhzed` cf ufe ghcrte verhcded dc det`s cstrugtured`s, Cf cste a`rie dc ekiegcfer k`s det`s scrå geregtcrésthge gede TDE. dc
Ke pertc prhvede dck TDE cs ke hipkcicftegh÷f ke guek cste `gukte ek pr`lreie gkhcftc quc k` use.
Cs
ke shipkhahgegh÷f dc uf `jnct` ` dc uf pr`gcs` dc ke rcekhded cf ke quc s÷k` sc g`fshdcref k`s espcgt`s iås rckcveftcs.
Ck
`jncthv` dc user TDE's cs g`fscluhr ufe iey`r eujthskhtzreeggchk÷fT.DECk f`g÷gd`hlf``gcqufch dcpc dc pcfd fdcc dc ke hi hipk pkci cicf cfte tegh gh÷f ÷f dc ke kess `p `pcr creg egh` h`fc fcs. s.
Dcsteger k`s espcgt`s rckcveftcs dck `jnct`
Hlf`rer k`s espcgt`s hrrckcveftcs dck ihsi` (ke hrrckcvefghe dcpcfdc dck fhvck dc ejstreggh÷f, ye quc sh sc pese e fhvckcs iås g`fgrct`s, cs p`shjkc quc ghcrt`s espcgt`s pescf e scr rckcveftcs).
Espcgt`s g`ipkcicfterh`s.
G`i` G` i` dh dhnnhi hi` `s uf TD TDE E cs cstå tå g` g`ip ipuucs cst` t` p` p`rr>
ke dc dcah ahfh fhgh gh÷f ÷f dc k` k`ss ve vek` k`rc rcss ke dc dcah ahfh fhgh gh÷f ÷f dc ke kess `p `pcr creg egh` h`fc fcss qu qucc ep epkhkhge gef f s`jr s` jrcc cs cs`s `s ve vek` k`rc rcs. s.
Cfgepsukeihcft` quc dcseg`pkef ck g÷dhl` gkhcftc dc k`s dctekkcs
Wejci`s dc ke hipkcicftegh÷f. Eb`re, pere k`lrer ck `jncthv` dc ke akcxhjhkhded y kucl` aeghkhter k`s geijh`s, fcgcshtei`s ghcrte a`rie dc elruper kes
hipkcicftegh`fcs dc kes `pcregh`fcs cf g`ip`fcftcs. E cst` sc k` kkeie cfgepsukeihcft`.. cfgepsukeihcft` Ck icgefhs hsi i` g`fgrct` pere cfgepsuk ukeer ve e dcpcfdcr dck peredh dhl lie cf ck qucc cs qu cstc tci` i`ss tr trej ejen enef efd` d`,, es eséé g` g`i` i` te teij ijhè hèf f dc dckk kc kcfl flue uenc nc cf pe pert rthg hguk uker er.. ncip ipk` k`,, k`s kc kcfl flue uenc ncss `r `rhc hcf fte ted` d`ss e `j `jnc nct` t`s, s, pr pr`v `vcccf fe fetu turrek ekic icft ftcc uf ]`r cnc icgefhsi` pere ck cfgepsukeihcft`, ye quc uf `jnct` cs nusteicftc ufe cfth cf thde ded d qu qucc g` g`ft fthc hcfc fc te teft ft` ` ck cs cste ted` d` g` g`i` i` ck g` g`ip ip`r `rte teih ihcf cft` t`..
@gukteihcft` dc ke Hfa`riegh÷f
(Hfa` (Hf a`ri riet eth` h`f f Bhdhfl Bhd hfl) ) Iugb Iu gbes es vc vcgc gcss sc g` g`fa fauf ufdc dc ck cf cfge geps psuk ukei eihc hcft ft` ` g` g`f f ke `g `guk ukte tegh gh÷f ÷f dc ke hf hfa` a`ri rieg egh÷ h÷f. f. Ke dh dhac acrc rcfg fghe he cs su suth thk,k, pc pcr` r` hi hip` p`rt rtef eftc tc.. Cfgepsuker,, cs dc Cfgepsuker dcgghr el elrrup uper er g` g`ip ip`r `rte tei ihc hcft ft` ` y cs cste ted` d`,, f` fc fcgc gcsser erhe hei icf cfttc shlfhahge `gukter. E vcgcs sc dhgc quc cstei`s r`iphcfd` ck cfg fgeeps psuk ukei eihc hcft ft`. `. K` qu qucc cst ståå su suggcdh dhccfd fd` ` cs quc cst stei ei`s `s egg ggcd cdhc hcfd fd` ` e uf dctekk dct ekkcc dc hip hipkci kcicft cftegh egh÷f. ÷f. G dctekk hipkci p` `frqguccptus`efkiscufstc gcspcthrjckcahscrec egekeihjdhc`es dyc f`gukter ` qucrdct ciekkcs `scsqdc uc hip hipkcicft egtccftegh f egh÷f `tr÷f es pert pe rtcs cs dc dckk sh shst stci cie. e. Dc fucv`, equé dcpcfdcrå dck peredhlie y dck kcfluenc ck icgefhsi` e uthkhzer pere k`lrer ck `gukteihcft`. Bey kcfluencs quc pcrihtcf dcahfhr vhshjh vhsh jhkhkhde ded d e su suss ihc ihcij ijr` r`s. s. Ek dcghr prhved` cstei`s dcahfhcfd` quc cst`s ihc hci ijr`s s`k` pucdcf scr
vhst vh st`s `s ` eg eggc gcdh dhd` d`ss dc dcsd sdcc ke kess `p `pcr creg egh` h`fc fcss hf hftc tcrf rfes es,, y f` dc dcsd sdcc auc ucre re .
I`dukerhzegh÷f Ke hd hdce ce dc i` i`du duke kerh rhze zegh gh÷f ÷f sc pucdc pcfser g`i` ke dc `g `guukteihcft` y cfge cf geps psuk ukei eihc hcft ft`, `, pc pcr` r` e ep epkhkhge gede dess e uf fh fhvc vckk iås eipkh` ` lcfc lc fcre rekk dc ke ep epkhkhge gegh gh÷f ÷f.. Ek el elru rupe perk rk`s `s y dh dhvh vhdhr dhrk` k`ss dc dcah ahfh fhi` i`ss i÷ i÷du duk` k`s. s. ]`r cnc cncipk ipk`> `> • I÷duk` dc g`kcggh`fcs> pr`vcc uf g`fnuft` dc TDE's pere iefhpuker g`fn g` fnuf uft` t`ss y cs cstr trug ugtu ture ress dc de det` t`ss g` g`i` i` khkhst stes es,, g` g`ke kes, s, dh dhgg ggh` h`fe ferh rh`s `s,, ct ctg. g. • I÷d ÷duk uk` ` dc hf hftc tcra raez ez dc us usue uerrh` h`>> cf ih ep epkhkhge gegh gh÷f ÷f p` p`dr drée ée sc scp per ereer ke k÷ k÷l lhg hgee dc dckk d`ih d` ihfh fh` ` dc eq equc uckkke qu qucc i` i`dc dcke ke ke hf hftc tcrrae aezz dc us usue uerrh` h`.. K` hi hip p`rte tef ftc cs quc shrvcf pere ejstrecr e `tres pertcs dc ke epkhgegh÷f dc
dcgh dc ghsh sh`f `fcs cs dc dh dhsc scõ` õ` qu qucc p` p`dr drée éef f su suar arhr hr ge geij ijh` h`s. s.
Sf i÷duk` cs ufe ufhded dc pr`lreie d`fdc cståf hipkcicfted`s ufe g`kcggh÷f dc rcgurs`s quc pucdcf scr uthkhzed`s p`r uf` ` iås pr`lreies.
Cfgepsukeihcft`
K`s i÷duk`s sc g`iphkef p`r scpered` y sc geregtcrhzef p`r su hftcraez y su hipkcicftegh÷f.
Kes jhjkh`tcges f` s`f pr`lreies, p`r k` quc f` pucdcf scr cncgutedes hfdcpcfdhcftcicftc.
Guefd` uf pr`lreie fcgcshte uf rcgurs` hip`rte uf i÷duk`.
Dcpcfdhcfd` dck kcfluenc sc hip`rte t`de ke jhjkh`tcge ` rcgurs`s suckt`s.
Zcsuihcfd` • Cfgepsukeihcft` • •
Elruper csted` y g`ip`rteihcft`. F` fcgcserheicftc cs `gukteihcft` dc ke hfa`ri hfa `riegh egh÷f ÷f (hf (hfa`r a`riet ieth`f h`f bhd bhdhfl hfl). ). Cf lc lcfc fcre rekk sc rc rcah ahcr crcc e k` k`ss ck ckci cicf cft` t`ss jås åshg hg`s `s dc dckk pe pere redh dhli lie, e, uf ufhd hded edcs cs,, g` g`i` i` uf Th Thp` p`,, u `j `jnc nct` t`.. (e dh dhac acrc rcfg fghe he dc ke hd hdcce dc i÷ i÷du duk` k`))
• @gukteihcft` dc ke hfa`riegh÷f •
Wcpere Wcp eregh gh÷f ÷f cft cftrc rc dc dcte tekkkkcs cs dc hi hipk pkci cicft cfteg egh÷ h÷f f dc ke dca dcahf hfhg hgh÷ h÷f. f.
• •
pere tc pere tcfc fcrr ic icf` f`rr hi hipe pegt gt` ` ef eftc tc ge geij ijh` h`ss pere pe re "p "pr` r`tc tclc lcr" r" e ke kess `t `tre ress pe pert rtcs cs dc dckk sh shst stcie cie..
• I`dukerhzegh÷f • @g @guk ukte terr dc dcgh ghsh sh`f `fcs cs dh dhaé aégh ghkc kcss dc dh dhsc scõ` õ`,, ` eq equc uckkkkes es qu qucc p` p`dr drée éef f cs cste terr su sunc ncte tess e ge geij ijh` h`s. s. (kkcve (kk cve e dcs dcseg` eg`pke pkeihc ihcft`) ft`) • Hfv`kugre ck cfgepsukeihcft` y ck `gukteihcft` dc ke hfa`riegh÷f, pcr` e csgekes iey`rc rcss. Cf lc lcfc fcre rekk uf i÷duk` f` cs ufe ufhded, sh f` uf g` g`f fnuft` dc k`s ckcic icf ft` t`ss dckk pe dc pere redh dhli liee (u (uf f g` g`fn fnuf uft` t` dc au aufg fgh` h`fc fcs, s, ` uf g` g`fn fnuf uft` t` dc gk gkes escs cs,, ct ctg) g).. • Ejstreggh÷f • Egå f`s rca cacr crhhi` i`ss e ke hdc dcee dc shi hip pkhahge gerr ufe `pcr creegh gh÷ ÷f ` uf g` g`fg fgccpt` i`dckåfd`ke
g`f g` fp`d k`scrck ckci cicf cft` t`s s dc dckkdhacrc kcfl kc flue uenncpertcs (ufe (u fe aufg au fgh÷ h÷f, f, `ie, ufcvh `jnc `j nct` t`) ) dupkhge dc i` i`d` d` dc dc>> p`dcr rcuthk rcu thkhze hzerke rke cf dha crcftc ftcss per tcs dck pr` pr`lre lreie, cvhtef tefd` d` dupk hged`s d`s
• •
p`dc p` dcrr cf cfge geps psuk uker er su g` g`ip ip`r `rte teihc ihcft ft` ` y `g `guk ukte terr ke hf hfa` a`ri rieg egh÷ h÷f, f, pe pere re k` k`lr lrer er iey iey`r `r ak akcxh cxhjh jhkhkhde ded. d.
Iefcn` dc ici`rhe cståthge y dhfåihge
Thp`s dc Ici`rhe • G`fthcfc ek pr`lreie Cncgutejkc Ici`rhe dc G÷dhl`
Ici`rhe dc Det`s Cståthg`s
ihsi`
• rcscrved` ek hfhgh` dck pr`lreie,
g`fthcfc kes verhejkcs cståthges.
• Lcsth`fede eut`iåthgeicftc, Ici`rhe dc ]hke
g`fthcfccf k`sthcip`s g`ftcxt`s pere gede aufgh÷f dc cncgugh÷f.
• iefhpukejkc p`r ck pr`lreie Ici`rhe Bcep
pere rcscrver ici`rhe cf thcip` dc cncgugh÷f (dhfåihge).
Qerhejkcs Qerhe jkcs y Ici`rhe
Sfe Sfe verhejkc ccs rc ufprc ckscft cifte cefrt`uf d det` c fucysi tref `p ru`ke lrrk`. e`. iCk e, qucc verhejkc qu f`ss pc f` pcri riht htc rcp rcsc uf det` efhp hpu kerk kcfluenc ihsi` sc cfgerle dc es`gher ck f`ijrc dc ke verhejkc g`f ck vek`r vek`r.. X edciås f`s de `pcregh`fcs s`jr s` jrcc cse ver erhe hejk jkcc per eree ief efhp hpuk uker erkk`, p`r cnc ncip ipkk` pe pere re geij ge ijhe herr cs cscc vek`r. Eb`re, cstc vek`r, dcjc cster luerded` cf eklþf ked`, sh pucd` g`fsukterk` y i`dhahgerk`. Cst` cs, cf ke ici`rhe.
Qerhejkcs y Ici`rhe Cft`fgcs, vei`s e treter dc pcfser e iås jen` fhvck, g÷i` ck kcfluenc iefhpuke ke ici`rhe
Qerhejkcs y Ici`rhe 5
:
rcsukted`
7
]esenc dc peråictr`s
E cstc thp` dc pesenc sc kc dcf`ihfe pesenc dcf`ihfe pesenc dc peråictr`s p`r vek`r.. vek`r
Egejei`s dc vcr quc ek rct`rfer dc ufe aufgh÷f, k` quc sugcdc cs quc sc begc ufe g`phe ufe g`phe dck vek`r. vek`r. Cs dcghr quc f` sc dcvuckvc ke ihsie rcacrcfghe ` p`shgh÷f e ici`rhe, ye quc t`d` ck g`ftcxt` quc g`fthcfc t`d` k` quc sc rcscrv÷ dcftr` dc ke au aufg fgh÷ h÷f, f, sc dc dcsg sger erte te.. Ek i`icft` dc hflrcser e ke aufgh÷f, sc grce uf fucv` g`ftcxt` rcscrvefd` ici`rh rhee g`f rc rcaacrcfg fghhes pr` r`ph phes es e k` k`ss perå råi ictr`s (iås ek ekkkå dc quc cf cst stcc ges es` ` tcflef ck ih ihssi` f` f`i ijr jrcc quc ke kess ver erhhej ejkkcs dck ie iehhf, f` thcfc fcf f fed edee quc vcr). Edciås dc rcscrver k`s sk`ts, sc g`pher`f k`s vek`rcs (kéfce puftcede). Egåå vci`s quc ye k`s vek` Eg k`rc rcss pes esef ef e scr hfdc dcp pcfd fdhhcftcs. Wh dc dcft ftr` r` dc ke auf ufggh÷f sc ektcre ck vek`r dc "g`st`", csteréei`s ektcrefd` ck vek`r dc cse p`shgh÷f dc ici`rhe, y f` dc ke qu qucc cstå epu puft fteede p`r ke ver erhhejkc kc g`st` g`st` qu qucc cs cstå tå "a "auc ucre re". ".
]uftcr`s
Kes verhejkcse quc g`fthcfcf dhrcggh`fcs ici`rhe, sc dcf`ihfef dc thp` puftcr` thp` puftcr`..
G pr` r`vc vccc tr tref efsp speerc rcfg fghe he cf ck us us` ` y ie iefh fhpu puke kegh gh÷f ÷f dc ke ici ci` `rh rhe. e. T`de verhejkc thcfc ufe dhrcggh÷f dc ici`rhe ke guek p`dci`s `jtc `j tcfc fcrr pr pr`l `lre reiå iåth thge geic icft ftcc (c (css dc dcgh ghrr dc dcsd sdcc ck ih ihsi si` ` pr pr`l `lre reie ie)) Kes dhrcggh`fcs dc ici`rhe sc pucdcf ekiegcfer e su vcz cf verhejkcs. Dede ufe dhrcggh÷f dc ici`rhe, p`dci`s eggcdcr e su g`ftcfhd` ` i`dhahgerk`.
]uftcr`s
& @jtcfcr ke dhrcggh÷f dc ufe verhejkc * Eggcdcr ek vek`r rcacrcfghed`
Ges`s dc us` g`iufcs dc puftcr`s
]esenc p`r rcacrcfghe.rcacrcfghe.-]ere ]ere cst` sc uthkh uthkhzefd zefd` ` puftcr`s. puftcr`s. Cf kuler kuler dc peser ke verhejkc g`i` peråictr`, pesei`s su dhrcggh÷f dc ici`rhe. G`f èste, ke aufgh÷f p`drå ektcrer ck g`ftcfhd`/vek`r.
Ici`rhe Dhfåihge •Cf ke guek gede pr`lreie thcfc
Lcsth÷f Iefuek
quc cxpkéghteicftc pcdhr iås ici`rhe guefd` ke fcgcshte, pcr` teijhèf cfgerlersc dc khjcrerke guefd` f` ke fcgcshte iås.
•g`fvcfgh÷f, Cf ke guek sc uthkhze uf i`dck` quc pcrihtc ek `
Lcsth÷f Eut`iåthge
kcfluenc cncguter k`s pcdhd`s dc iås ici`rhe y ke khjcregh÷f, y cvhte quc f`s`tr`s tcflei`s quc begcrk` cf fucstr` pr`lreie cf a`rie cxpkéghte.
]cdhr ici`rhe> iekk`g() ici`rhe> iekk`g() Khjcrer ici`rhe> arcc ici`rhe> arcc() ()
Lcsth÷f Iefuek cf Kcfluenc G
Ke aufgh÷f iekk`g dcahfhde cf stdkhj hj..b pcrihtc rcscrver ici`rhe dc uf teieõ` ded`. Zcsc Zc scrv rvee ke ge geft fthd hded ed dc ic ici` i`rh rhee cs cspc pcgh ghah ahge gede de p` p`rr pe perå råic ictr tr`. `. Zct`rfe ke dhrcggh÷f dc ke p`rgh÷f dc ici`rhe quc rcscrv÷. Cs dcgh dc ghrr qu qucc rct`rfe uf puftcr`. puftcr`.
Lcsth÷f Iefuek cf Kcfluenc G Ke kkei iekk` p`drée "ae kker" sh pkkeiede `r ede eklþefiekk`g i`thgv` ck shs"aekker" tci e `pcrethv` f` pucdc derkc ke gefthded dc ici`rhe cspcghahgede e fucstr` pr`lreie. Guefd` cst` sugcdc iekk`g rct`rf rct `rfee FSK FSKK. K.
Cncipk`
Lcsth÷f Iefuek cf Kcfluenc G
Lcsth÷f Iefuek cf Kcfluenc G Zcekk`g Cste aufgh÷f sc uthkhze pere, ded` uf cspegh` dc ici`rhe, dck guek tcfci`s uf puftcr` e èk, rcdhicfsh`ferk`, ye sce pere begcrk` iås gbhg` ` iås lrefdc.
Zcghjc ck puftcr` e rcdhicfsh`fer y ck fucv` teieõ`. X rct`rfe uf puftcr` e ke dhrcggh÷f dc ici`rhe dck fucv` teieõ` ]`r què rct`rfe uf puftcr` 0 ]`rquc hftcrfeicftc ke aufgh÷f quhzås dcje rcuj rcujhger hger ck sclicft` sclicft` e ufe ufe fucve fucve dhrcggh÷f dhrcggh÷f.. K`s ges`s p`shjkcs scréef> Wh sc hftcfte "elrefder" ck cspegh`> y bey kuler g`fthlu`, sc ieftcfdrå ck ihsi` puftcr`. sh kes p`shgh`fcs dc ici`rhe g`fthlues ye cståf uthkhzedes, ke aufgh÷f ve e> ek`ger `tre scggh÷f fucve p`r ck teieõef` "fucv`" d cghr quc iefthcfc ck g`ftcfhd`) g`pher ck g`ftcfhd` dc ke eftcrh`r (cs dcghr khjcrer ke p`rgh÷f eftcrh`r quc ye f` fcgcshtei`s. Wh bey ici`rhe suahghcftc dcv`kvcrå FSKK (g`i` ye vhi`s cf iekk`g) Wh f` sc hftcfte "egbhger" ck cspegh`, shipkcicftc ve e khjcrer ke scggh÷f "cxtre" dc
ici`rhe pere us` autur`.
Lcsth÷f Eut`iåthge dc Ici`rhe Ghcrt`s kcfluencs (Neve, ]ytb`f, KHW], quc ctg.)f` sc shluc uthkhzefd`. khjcref eut`iåthgeicftc ke ici`rhe Ck icgefhsi` gkåshg` dc lcsth÷f hipkéghte dc ici`rhe cs ck quc sc dcf`ihfe lerjelc dcf`ihfe lerjelc g`kkcgt`r .
Dure ref ftc ke cnc ncggugh÷f dc dckk pr` r`l lre reie ie,, gu gueefd` sc gr grce ce uf fuc ucvv` `jnct ct` ` (d (dhhl` `jnct` cf scf cftthd` ejstregt`. ]`drée scr uf fþicr`, uf strhfl, uf geregtcr, ctg), sc ve e rcscrver uf scgt`r dc ici`rhe pere ekiegcferk`, eut`iåthgeicftc. Ck pr`lreied`r f` fcgcshte sejcr guåft` cspe cs pegh gh` ` `g `gup upee dh dhgb` gb` `j `jnc nct` t`.. Cst` Cs t`ss `j `jnc nct` t`ss s` s`f f rc rcac acrc rcfg fghe hed` d`ss p` p`rr ve verh rhej ejkc kcs. s. Uu Uucc dc uf ufee a` a`ri riee tr tref efsp sper ercf cftc tc pe pere re f` f`s` s`tr tr` `s rcacrc rcfg fghe hef f ek ve vekk`r. Whf quc scp cpei ei`s `s fh p` p`de dei i`s eggc gcd dcr e ke dhrc rcgg ggh÷ h÷f f dc ici ci` `rh rhee fh fede p`rr ck cs p` csth thk` k`.. Guefd` uf` dc cst`s `jnct`s dcne dc scr rcacrcfghed` (cs dcghr quc f` bey fhflufe verhejkc egthv hvee qu qucc k` cstè rc rcaacrc rcf fgh gheefd`), pesef e sc scrr dctc tcggted`s p` p`rr ck lerj rjeelc g` g`kkkcgt gt` `r, quhc hcf f ve e khkhjc jcre rerr ck sc scgt gt`r `r dc ic ici` i`rh rhee qu qucc `g `gup upej ejef ef..
Bey d`s tègfhges dc khjcregh÷f eut`iåthge dc ici`rhe>
us` dc g` us` g`ft fted ed`r `rcs cs dc rc rcac acrc rcfg fghe he (Zcacrcfgc G`ufthfl) tègf tè gfhg hges es dc ie ierg rged ed`. `.
Lcsth÷f Eut`iåthge dc Ici`rhe Zcacrcfgc G`ufthfl G ehdlf e egh÷ jkh÷f `qfuecukfkcpu ve ftcr ucr` f `g,`sc ftedc d`grci r cicf dccfte k`te s ck pug` ftfted cr` s `r qudc c kkcjk epuucftek efqu . Gceep deufte vcteje zjequycscschf becicf gc cfte uftee esh es lfeg puft dcgr g`ft ed`r dck jk`q `qu quc epuf hfgr grci ck g` g`ft fted ed`r `r dc dckk fu fucv cv` ` jk jk`q `quc uc.. Gu Guef efd` d` ck g` g`ft fted ed`r `r ve vekc kc gc gcr` r`,, ck jk jk`q `quc uc sc khkhjc jcre re..
tcfci`s d`s jk`qucs dc ici`rhe, ck prhicr` sclufd`cstå p`r repufted` p`r p y q y ck
Wh sc pr`dugc ke eshlfegh÷f q>9r, ke shtuegh÷f geijhe e>
Tres ke eshlfegh÷f p>9 q, ck g`fted`r dck prhicr jk`quc sc efuke y p`dci`s khjcrerk`>
Lcsth÷f Eut`iåthge dc Ici`rhe Zcacrcfgc G`ufthfl Ck pr` r`jk jkci ciee dc k`s g` g`ft fted ed`r `rcs cs dc rc rcac acrc rcfg fghe he cs quc f` pucdcf puc dcf khj khjcre crerr g`r g`rrcgt rcgteic eicftc ftc cst cstrug rugtur tures es ghr ghrguk gukerc ercs. s. Hiel Hi elhf hfci ci`s `s qu qucc tcf tcfci ci`s `s uf ufee khkhst stee gh ghrgu rguke ker> r>
Wh begci`s quc p epuftc e FHK, f`s cfg`ftrei`s g`f quc kes gucftes dc k`s jk`qucs f` sc efukef, eufquc scef hfeggcshjkcs>
Lcsth÷f Eut`iåthge dc Ici`rhe Tègfhges dc ierged`. G`f kes tègfhges dc ierged`, gede ghcrt` thcip` sc dcthcfc ke cncgugh÷f dck pr`lreie dc usuerh` y sc cncgute ufe ruthfe quc ierge t`d`s k`s jk`qucs g`i` per `fth thfu fueegh gh÷f ÷f,, rc rcg` rcr t`d` k`s s pu puf tcr dck pr`l pr `lr eie pere h ‛khjrcs’ r iergefpe d`re,g`eig``f ‛uthkhzed`s’ kg`r `srrc jkr`t` qud`s cssek` puf uft tefdtc `sr?`sahfdc ekkic icf ftcr,ei k`es jk`q jk `quc ucss qu qucc be bef f qu qucd cded ed` ` ie ierg rged ed`s `s g` g`i` i` ‛khjrcs’ sc khkhjc jcre ref. f. Ck prhfghpek pr`jkcie dc cstes tègfhges cs quc sh f` sc hipkcicftef g`f sua uahg hghhcf cftc tc cah ahgh ghccfg fghhe, ke dc dctc tcf fgh gh÷f ÷f pc pcrrh÷ h÷dh dhgge dc dckk pr pr`l `lrrei eiee puc ucdc dc rc rcsu sukkte terr iu iuyy i`kc i` kcst stee pe pere re ck us usue uerh rh`. `. Wc pucdc ekhvher ck pr`jkcie cf pertc icdheftc ck cipkc` dc tbrceds pere pe rekc kck` k`ss qu qucc sc cf cfge gerl rluc ucf f dc dckk ie ierg rged ed` ` y khkhjc jcre regh gh÷f ÷f.. Dc t` t`de dess a` a`ri ries es,, ke hi hipk pkci cicf cfte tegh gh÷f ÷f ca cahg hghc hcft ftcc cs iu iuyy g` g`ip ipkc kcne ne..
Det`s ]rhihthv`s Hft e 9:? stego Hft j 9 7? E 9 j? J94? bcep
Jert Whips`f 5:AA
stego
]crs`fe5 5:AA
bcep stego
E :
J 7
E 7
J 7
E 7
J 4
]crs`fe: 5:AA
B`icr` Whips`f 5:AA ]crs`fe5
]crs`fe:
5:AA
Dcahfhgh÷f dc Zcgurshvhded
5:AA
Zcgurshvhded Sf ièt`d` cs rcgurshv` guefd` cftrc sus hfstruggh`fcs sc cfgucftre sé ihsi`. ufe kkeiede e • Ke s`kugh÷f htcrethve cs aåghk dc
cftcfdcr. Sthkhze ufe verhejkc pere eguiuker k`s pr`dugt`s y `jtcfcr ke s`kugh÷f. • Cf ke s`kugh÷f rcgurshve sc rcekhzef kkeiedes ek pr`ph` ièt`d` g`f vek`rcs dc f gede vcz iås pcqucõ`s pere pe re rc rcs` s`kv kvcr cr ck pr pr`j `jkc kcie ie..
Zcgurshvhded
Gede vcz quc sc pr`dugc ufe fucve kkeiede ek ièt`d` sc grcef cf ici`rhe dc fucv` kes verhejkcs y g`ihcfze ke cncgugh÷f dck fucv` ièt`d`.
Gede kkeiede sup`fc begcrk` e uf ièt`d` dhacrcftc, g`phe dck `rhlhfek, quc sc cncgute y dcvuckvc ck rcsukted` e quhcf k` kkei÷.
Sf ièt`d` rcgurshv` dcjc g`ftcfcr> • Sf` ` iås ges`s jesc>
ges`s pere k`s quc cxhstc ufe s`kugh÷f dhrcgte. • Sfe ` iås kkeiedes rcgurshves> ges`s cf k`s quc sc kkeie sé ihsi`
Zcgurshvhded f
WH f94 cft`fgcs Aegt`rhek(4) rct`rfe 9 4* aegt`rhek(7) 94*1 9 :4 WH f97 cft`fgcs Aegt`rhek(7) rct`rfe 9 7 * aegt`rhek(:) 97*: 91
f-5 f-: f-7 f-4
WH f9: cft`fgcs Aegt`rhek(:) rct`rfe 9 : * aegt`rhek(5) 9:*5 9: WH f95 cft`fgcs Aegt`rhek(5) rct`rfe 9 5 * aegt`rhek(@) 95*5 95 WH f9@ cft`fgcs Aegt`rhek(@) rct`rfe 95
Zcgurshvhded
•
]ere icdhr ke cahgeghe dc uf ekl`rhti` rcgurshv` sc thcfcf cf gucfte trcs aegt`rcs> • Thcip` dc cncgugh÷f • Ss` dc ici`rhe • Kclhjhkhded y aeghkhded dc g`iprcfsh÷f
Kes s`kugh`fcs rcgurshves suckcf scr iås kcftes quc kes htcrethves p`r ck
thcip` cipkced` cf ke lcsth÷f dc kes sugcshves kkeiedes e k`s ièt`d`s. • G`fsuicf iås ici`rhe ye quc sc luerdef k`s g`ftcxt`s dc cncgugh÷f dc gede ièt`d` quc sc kkeie. • Ke rcgurshvhded g`fdugc e s`kugh`fcs quc s`f iugb` aåghkcs dc kccr y g`iprcfdcr quciås su g`rrcsp`fdhcftc s`kugh÷f htcrethve. Cf cst`s ges`s ufe iey`r gkerhded dck ekl`rhti` pucdc g`ipcfser ck g`stc cf thcip` y cf `gupegh÷f dc ici`rhe.
Ke rcgurshvhded y ke phke dc kkeiedes e ièt`d`s E Ahj`feggh(7) J Ahj`feggh(:) G Ahj`feggh(5) Zcturf 5
C Ahj`feggh(5)
D Ahj`feggh(=) Zcturf =
Zcturf 5
5)
:)
7)
4)
]ertc Wupcrh`r dc ke ]hke
]ertc Wupcrh`r dc ke ]hke
]ertc Wupcrh`r dc ke ]hke
]ertc Wupcrh`r dc ke ]hke
Kkeiede ek ièt`d` E, fþicr` 9 7
Kkeiede ek ièt`d` G, fþicr` 9 5
Kkeiede ek ièt`d` D, fþicr` 9 =
Kkeiede ek ièt`d` C, fþicr` 9 5
Kkeiede ek ièt`d` J, fþicr` 9 :
Kkeiede ek ièt`d` J, fþicr` 9 :
Kkeiede ek ièt`d` E, fþicr` 9 7
Kkeiede ek
Kkeiede ek
ièt`d` E, fþicr` 9 7
Cncipk`s ]rågthg`s
ièt`d` E, fþicr` 9 7
Thp`s dc det`s ejstregt`s (TDE) Gkesc> Csacre Gkesc> etrhjut`s G9:.ύ.r
-6redh` Ièt`d`s G`fstrugt`r (r) ]créictr` Årce v`kuicf
Thp`s dc det`s ejstregt`s (TDE)
Thp`s dc det`s ejstregt`s (TDE)
Thp`s dc det`s ejstregt`s (TDE) Wtrugt Wtrugt> > Sf strugt sihcijr`s, trugt cf G ccs s ufe `rie dc elruper cs dcghraa`rie verhejkcs, jen` uf ihsi` f`ijrc. DCAHFHGH×F>
IÈT@D@W>
SW@>
Thp`s dc det`s ejstregt`s (TDE) > Cfe G`tr`s p`dci`s thp`s TypcDca ekhes thp`s.dcahfhr Cs dcghr, dcahfhr `tr` g`i` ekhes g`i` f`ijrc pere uf thp` ye cxhstcftc. DCAHFHGH×F>
CNCI]K@ WHF TX]CDCA>
Thp`s dc det`s ejstregt`s (TDE) CNCI]K@ G@F TX]CDCA>
Khstes cfkezedes> shipkcs y d`jkcs
Khstes cfkezedes> shipkcs y d`jkcs Sfe gkesc eut`rrcacrcfghede g`fthcfc ufe verhejkc dc hfstefghe quc begc rcacrcfghe e `tr` `jnct` dck ihsi` thp` dc gkesc.
Khstes cfkezedes> shipkcs y d`jkcs Sfe khste cfkezede cs ufe g`kcggh÷f khfcek (cs dcghr, ufe scgucfghe) dc `jnct`s dc ufe gkesc eut`rrcacrcfghede, g`f`ghd`s g`i` f`d`s, quc cståf g`fcgted`s p`r cfkegcs dc rcacrcfghe? cs p`r ckk` quc sc uthkhze ck tèrihf` khste ‛cfkezede’.
Sfe khste cfkezede cs epr`phede guefd` ck fþicr` dc ckcicft`s dc det`s quc sc vef e rcprcscfter cf ke cstrugture dc det`s cs hiprcdcghjkc. Sf errclk` pucdc dcgkerersc dc iefcre quc g`ftcfle iås ckcicft`s quc ck fþicr` dc ckcicft`s cspcred`s, pcr` cst` dcspcrdhghe ici`rhe. Kes khstes cfkezedes pr`p`rgh`fef ufe icn`r uthkhzegh÷f dc ici`rhe cf cstes shtuegh`fcs. Kes khstes cfkezedes pcrihtcf ek pr`lreie edeptersc e kes fcgcshdedcs dc ekiegcfeihcft` cfkhste thcip` dc cncgugh÷f. Ke hfscrgh÷f cf ufe cfkezede cs råphde? s÷k` bey quc i`dhſtger d`s rcacrcfghes (dcspuès dc k`gekhzer ck puft` dc hfscrgh÷f). TT`d`s `d`s k`s `jnct`s f`d` cxhstcftcs pcriefcgcf cf sus p`shgh`fcs egtuekcs cf ici`rhe. Kes khstes cfkezedes pucdcf ieftcfcrsc cf `rdcf g`f s÷k` hfscrter gede fucv` ckcicft` cf ck puft` epr`phed` dc ke khste. K`s ckcicft`s cxhstcftcs cf ke khste f` fcgcshtef i`vcrsc.
Khstes cfkezedes> shipkcs y d`jkcs ]`r k` lcfcrek, k`s ckcicft`s dc uf errclk` cståf g`fthlu`s cf ici`rhe. Cst` pcrihtc uf eggcs` hficdhet` e guekquhcr ckcicft` dck errclk`, ye quc ke dhrcggh÷f dc guekquhcr ckcicft` pucdc gekgukersc dhrcgteicftc g`i` su dcspkezeihcft` e perthr dck hfhgh` dck errclk`. d hgb` eggcs` hficdhet` e sus ckcicft`s? pere Kes khstes cfkezedes f` pcrihtcf dhgb` eggcdcr e ckk`s sc thcfc quc rcg`rrcr ke khste dcsdc su pertc hfhghek. Gkesc Khste F`d` prhicrF`d` F`d` ukthi`F`d` G`fstrugt`r hfscrterEkArcftc hfscrterEkAhfek ckhihferDckArcftc ckhihferDckAhfek csteQeghe
Khstes cfkezedes> shipkcs y d`jkcs Hfscrter ek Arcftc
Khstes cfkezedes> shipkcs y d`jkcs Hfscrter ek Ahfek
Khstes cfkezedes> shipkcs y d`jkcs CkhihferDckArcftc.
Khstes cfkezedes> shipkcs y d`jkcs Zcg`rrcr ufe khste.
Khstes cfkezedes> shipkcs y d`jkcs Hfscrter cf ufe khste.
Khstes cfkezedes> shipkcs y d`jkcs Cfkegc d`jkc cf ufe khste.
Cf ufe khste dc d`jkc cfkegc sc elrcle ufe sclufde rcacrcfghe ek f`d` prcvh`, k` qucg`f pcrihtc rcg`rrcr ke cf ckcicft` eij`s scfthd`s, y cf lcfcrek hipkcicfte ufe rcacrcfghe ek khste prhicr y `tre rcacrcfghe ek sc þkthi` ckcicft`.
Khstes cfkezedes> shipkcs y d`jkcs Khstes Ghrgukercs
]hkes
]hkes
Sfe phke (stego) cs ufe g`kcggh÷f `rdcfede dc ckcicft`s e k`s quc s÷k` s÷ k` sc pu pucd cdcc egg ggcd cdcr cr p` p`rr uf þfhg fhg` kuler ` cxtrci` dc ke phke.
K`s ckcicft`s dc ke phke sc eõedcf ` quhtef (j`rref) dc ke ihsie s÷k` p`r su pertc supcrh`r (ghie) dc ke phke.
cKefs cck f`trrded cfeshfdvccrkes`phekek qduccjcsfc sschtrucerkh`ifhfcefdekes ihsie. ]`r cncipk`, sc pucdc grcer ufe phke dc khjr`s, shtuefd` prhicr` uf dhggh`ferh`, cfghie dc èk ufe cfghgk`pcdhe y cfghie dc eij`s ufe f`vcke dc i`d` quc ke phke tcfdrå ke f` f`vc vcke ke cf ke pe pert rtcc su sup pcr crh` h`r. r.
]hkes
Dcjhd` e su pr`phcded cspcgéahge ftrrer er,, pr prhi hicr cr` ` cf ‛þkthi` cf cft sekhr’ sc g`f`gc e kes phkes g`i` cstrugture dc det`s KHA@ (kesthf/ahrst-`ut).
Ke phke sc pucdc hipkcicfter luerdefd` k`s ckcicft`s cf uf errclk` cf guy` ges` su dhicfsh÷f ` k`fl k`flht htuud cs ah ahne ne..
Ke hi hipk pkci cicf cfte tegh gh÷f ÷f g` g`fs fshs hstc tc cf g` g`fs fstr truh uhrr uf ufee khst khstee cf cfke keze zede de,, ge gede de ckci ckcicf cft` t` dc ke phke a`rie uf f`d` dc ke khste? ke khste grcgc ` dcgrcgc sclþf sc eõedcf ` sc cxtrecf, rcspcgthveicftc, ckcicft`s dc ke phke? èste cs ufe rcprcscftegh÷f dhfåihge y f` cxhstc khihtegh÷f cf su teieõ` cxgcpt` ke ici`rhe dc ke g`iputed`re.
]hke hipkcicftede g`f ufe khste cfkezede
Kes `pcregh`fcs quc shrvcf pere dcahfhr ufe phke y p`dcr iefhpuker su g` g`ft ftcf cfhd hd` ` s` s`f f kes kes sh shlu luhc hcft ftcs> cs> Grcer]hke
Ke hipkcicftegh÷f g`fshstc cf g`fstruhr ufe khste cfkezede, gede ckcicft` dc ke phke a`rie uf f`d` dc ke khste? ke khste grcgc ` dcgrcgc sclþf sc eõe õedc dcf f ` sc cx cxttre recf cf,, rc rcsp spcg cgtthv hvei eicf cftc tc,,
Hfscrter Hfscrt er (pu (pusb) sb) Uuhter Uuh ter (p` (p`p) p) ]h ]hke ke ve vegé géee Khipher Ghie]hke Teie ieõ` õ` dc ke phk phke
ckcicft`s dc ke phke? èste cs ufe rcprcscftegh÷f dhfåihge y f` cxhstc khihtegh÷f cf su teieõ` cxgcpt` ke
G`kes
G`kes
Sfe g`ke cs ufe cstrugture dc det` de t`ss qu qucc eki kieegc gcfe fe ckci ckcicf cft` t`ss cf ufe khste y pcrihtc eggcdcr e k`s det`s p`r uf` dc k`s d`s cxt xtrrci`s dc ke khste hste.. Sf ckcicft` sc hfscrte cf ke g`ke (pertc ahfek) dc ke khste y sc suprhic ` ckhihfe p`r ck arcftc (pertc hfhghek, arcftc) dc ke khkhst ste. e. Kes epkhgegh`fcs uthkhzef ufe g`ke pere ekiegcfer ckcicft`s cf su `rdcf dc eperhgh÷f ` g`fg g`fgurr urrcfg cfghe. he.
G`kes
K`s ckcicft`s sc ckhihfef (sc quhtef) dc ke g`ke cf ck ihsi` `rdcf cf quc sc (ahrst-hf/a t-hf/ahrst-` hrst-`ut, ut, prhi prhicr` cr` eki ek ieg egcf cfe, e, p`r ckk` kk` uf ufee g`k `kee cs ufe cs csttru rugt gtur uree dc thp` thp` AHA@ (ahrs cf cf cftr trer er-p -prh rhic icr` r` cf se sekhkhrr ` jh jhcf cf pr prhi hicr cr` ` cf kkcl kkcler er-p -prh rhic icr` r` cf sc scrr sc scrv rvhd hd`) `)..
Sfe g`ke cs ufe cstrugture dc det`s guy`s ckcicft`s iefthcfcf uf ghcrt` `rdcf, tek quc s÷k` sc pucdcf eõedhr ckcicft ft` `s p`r uf cxtrci`, ahfek dc ke g`ke, y ckhihfer ` cx cxtr trec ecrr p` p`rr ck `t `tr` r` cxtr cxtrci ci`, `, kkkkei eied ed` ` ar arcf cftc tc..
G`ke hipkcicftede g`f ufe khste cfkezede
Ke hipkcicftegh÷f dck TED G`ke g`f ufe khst stee cfkezede pcrihtc enuste ster ck teieõ` cxeg cx egte teic icft ftcc ek fþ fþic icr` r` dc ck ckci cicf cft` t`ss dc ke g` g`ke ke?? ke khste cfkezede grcgc y dcgrcgc sclþf kes fcgcshdedcs, sclþf sc hfg`rp`rcf ckci ckcicf cft` t`ss ` sc rcth rcthrc rcf. f. Sthkhze d`s epufted`rcs (rcacrcfghes) pere eggcdcr e ke khste, arcftc y ahf, quc s`f k`s cxtrci`s p`r d`fdc sekcf y p`r d`fdc sc p`fcf, rcspcgthveicftc, k`s ckci ckcicf cft` t`ss dc ke g` g`ke ke.. Ke rcacrcfghe arcftc epufte ek prhicr ckcicft` dc ke khste y p`r teft` dc ke g`ke (ck prhicr` cf scr rcthred`). Ke rcacrcfghe ahf epufte ek þkthi` ckcicft` dc ke khste y tei eijh jhèf èf dc ke g` g`ke ke..
Erj`kcs
Årj`kcs K`s årj`kcs s`f ufe dc kes cstrugtures dc det`s f` khfcekcs iås uth uthkhz khzede ede.. Whrvc pere rcprcscfter cstrugtures dc hf hfa`r a`rie iegh gh÷f ÷f ncrå ncrårq rquh uhge gess y dhrc dhrcgg ggh` h`fc fcss ` ct cthq hquc ucte tess dc uf ufee ie iefc fcre re `r `rle lefh fhze zede de..
@rlefh @rle fhze zerr te tejk jkes es dc séi séij` j`k` k`ss cf g` g`ip iphkhked ed`r `rcs cs Zcpr Zc prcs cscf cfte terr te tejk jkes es dc dc dcgh ghsh sh÷f ÷f Eshl Es hlfe ferr jk`q jk`quc ucss dc ic ici` i`rh rhee dc te teie ieõ` õ` ve verh rhej ejkc kc @rdcfer Jusger W`kugh`fer W`kug h`fer nucl` nucl`ss ]r`je ]r` jerr tc` tc`rci rcies es
K`s årj`kcs pcrihtcf rcprcscfter shtuegh`fcs dc ke vhde dherhe g`i` s`f>
`rlefhzegh÷f dc ufe ciprcse årj`k lcfcek÷lhg` dc ufe pcrs`fe
`rlefhzegh÷f dc t`rfc`s dcp`rthv`s
Årj`kcs ]ere der ufe dcahfhgh÷f gkere dc årj`k, p`dréei`s dcghr quc uf årj`k cs uf g`fnuft` ahfht` E dc uf` ` iås f`d`s tek quc>
Cxhstc uf f`d` cspcghek kkeied` ke reéz dck år årj` j`kk
K`s f`d`s rcsteftcs cståf perthgh`fed`s cf i 6 = g`fnuft`s dhsnuft`s E5,...,Ei y gede uf` dc cst`s g`f `fnnuft`s cs e su vc vczz uf årj`k.
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Sf årj`k rcgurshve.
thcfc
ufe
dcahfhgh÷f
Ke a`rie iås g`iþf dc rcprcscfter
K`s årj`kcs E5,...,Ei s`f kkeied`s sujå su jårj rj`k `kcs cs dc ke re reéz éz
Guekquhcr f` f`d d` cs ke reéz dc uf sujårj`k
e k`s årj`kcs cs p`r icdh` dc uf lre rea` a` g` g`f f ke re reéz éz be begh ghee err rrhj hje. e.
Årj`kcs
G c i`jrfc`dy` pducckdcårjtc`fk cpruucdfce tcefdcer vuèfrthfg` hfa`riegh÷f es`ghede? uf erg` cs ufe g`fc g` fcxh xh÷f ÷f cf cftr trcc d` d`ss vè vèrt rthg hgcs cs..
Sf geihf` cf uf årj`k cs ufe khste dc vèrthgcs dhacrcftcs cf k`s quc vèrthgcs sugcshv`s cståf g`fcgted`s p`r erg`s cf ck årj`k `k.. Sfe pr`phcded quc dcahfc e k`s årj`kcs cs quc cxhstc cxegteicftc uf geihf` cftrc ke reéz y gede uf` dc
k`s k`s `t `tr` r`ss f` f`d` d`ss cf ck årj rj`k `k.. K`s f` f`d` d`ss dc uf årj rj`k `k pu pucd cdccf dh dhvh vhdh dhrs rscc cf fhvckcs? ck fhvck dc uf f`d` cs ck fþicr` dc f`d`s cf ck geihf` dc èk e ke reéz. Ke ekture dc uf årj`k cs ck fhvck iåxhi` dc t`d`s k`s f`d`s cf ck årj`k,
quc g`fshstc dc èk y k`s f`d`s dcjen` dc èk.
cs dcghr, ke dhstefghe iåxhie dc ke reéz e guekqu gue kquhcr hcr f`d f`d`. `.
Årj`kcs
Ke k`flhtud dc uf geihf` cs ck fþicr` dc f`d f` d`s dc dckk ge gei ihf` icf cf`s `s uf` f`.. ]` ]`rr tef eftt`, be beyy uf geihf` dc k`flhtud gcr` dc guekquhcr f`d` e sh ihsi`.
Wc dhgc quc uf f`d` X cstå ejen` dc uf f`d` R h Rås,csgteådecff`cdk `g, ecixhgfc`ptd`c keX reeézk,e thrcefézc. E,dcsi cxegteicftc uf f`d` errhje dc èk, quc cs kkeied` su pedrc? k`s f`d`s quc cståf cxegteicftc ejen` dc èk s`f kkeied`s sus bhn`s. K`s bhn`s dc uf f`d` cspcgéſtg` sc kkeief bcrief`s. Sf f`d` shf bhn`s sc kkeie f`d` f` d` b` b`ne ne..
Ck fþicr` dc bhn`s quc gucklef dc uf f`d` cs kkeied` ck lred` dck f`d`. Ck lred` dc uf årj`k cs ck lred` iåxhi` dc k`s f`d`s dck
årj`k. Sf f`d` dc lred` gcr` cs kkeied` b`nne, cs dc b` dcgh ghr, r, f` thcfc hcfc bh bhn` n`s. s.
Årj`kcs Jhferh`s K`s årj`kcs guy`s f`d`s g`fthcfcf d`s cfkegcs (uf` dc k`s guekcs pucdc scr fukk) sc jhferh`s.. kcs kcs g` g`f` f`gc gc g` g`i` i` årj`kcs jhferh`s Geregtcrésthges>
Ck f`d` reéz cs ck prhicr f`d` cf uf årj`k.
Gede cfkegc cf ck f`d` reéz begc rcacrcfghe e uf bhn`. Ck bhn` hzquhcrd` cs ck prhicr f`d` cf ck sujårj`k hzquhcrd` (teijhèf g`f`ghd` g`i` ck f`d` reéz dck sujå su jårj rj`k `k hzq zquuhcr hcrd` d`)), y ck bh bhnn` dc dcrc rcgb gb` ` cs ck prhicr f`d` cf ck sujårj`k dcrcgb` (teijhèf g`f`ghd` g`i` ck f`d` reéz dck sujårj`k sujå rj`k dcrcgb dcrcgb`). `).
Årj`kcs Jhferh`s Zcg`rrhd`s Ck i`d` cvhdcftc dc i`vcrsc e trevès dc kes reies dc uf årj`k cs shluhcfd` k`s puftcr`s (rcacrcfghes), dck ihsi` i`d` cf quc f`s i`vé i` véei ei`s `s e trev trevès ès dc kes kes khst khstes es.. Cs`s rcg`rrhd`s dcpcfdcf cf lref icdhde dck thp` y pr`p÷sht` dck årj`k, pcr` bey ghcrt`s rcg`rrhd`s quc userci`s arcg`rr gurrhd chd`s ft`s ciqu cfcthfgk c.gkuy Wccf t` tred` teck år dcj`k.k.equckk`s rc rcg` quc hf uycf t`d` årj` Zcpcrt`rh` dc @pcregh`fcs >
Eõedhr Eõed hr ` hfsc hfscrt rter er ck ckci cicf cft` t`s. s. Jusg Ju sger er ` k`ge k`gekhkhze zerr ck ckci cicf cft` t`s. s.
Bey trcs a`ries dc rcg`rrcr uf årj`k g`ipkct`, y kes trcs sc suckcf hipkcicfter icdheftc rcgurshvhded. Cf k`s trcs ges`s sc
J`rrer ckcic ckcicft`s. ft`s.
shlu shlucc shci hcipr prcc e pe pert rthhr dc ge gede de f`d `d` ` t`de dess kes kes
I`vcrs I`vc rscc e tr trev evès ès dck dck år årj` j`k.k. Zcg` Zc g`rrc rrcrr ck år årj` j`kk g` g`ip ipkc kct` t`..
reie re iess ufe p`r ufe fe..
Årj`kcs Jhferh`s Zcg`rrhd` ]rc-`rdcf> Cf cstc thp` dc rcg`r `rrrhd`, ck ve vekk`r dc dckk f`d` sc pr`gcse eftcs dc rcg`rrcr kes kes re reie ies> s> v`hd Zcg v`hd Zcg`rr `rrcrE crErj` rj`kk (F` (F`d`D d`DcEr cErj`k j`k e) { ha (e 99 FSKK) rcturf? ]r`gcser(det`)? Zcg`rrcrErj`k(e.hzq)? Zcg`rrcrErj`k(e.dcr)? }
Årj`kcs Jhferh`s Zcg`rrhd` Hf-`rdcf> Cf cstc thp` dc rcg`rrhd`, ck vek`r dck f`d` sc pr`gcse dcspuès dc rcg`rrcr ke prhicre reie y eftcs dc rcg`rrcr ke þkthie. Cst` cs iuy þthk cf erj`kcs `rdcfed`s. v`hd Zcg v`hd Zcg`rrc `rrcrEr rErj`k j`k (F` (F`d`D d`DcEr cErj`k j`k e) { ha (e 99 FSKK) rc rctturf? Zcg`rrcrErj`k(e.hzq)? ]r`gcser(det`)? Zcg`rrcrErj`k(e.dcr)? }
Årj`kcs Jhferh`s Zcg`rrhd` ]`st-`rdcf> Cf cstc thp` dc rcg`rrhd`, ck vek`r dck f`d` sc pr`gcse dc dcsspuès dc rcg`rrcr t`de t` dess kes kes re reie ies> s> v`hd Zcg v`hd Zcg`rr `rrcrE crErj` rj`kk (F` (F`d`D d`DcEr cErj`k j`k e) { ha (e 99 FSKK) rcturf? Zcg`rrcrErj`k(e.hzq)? Zcg`rrcrErj`k(e.dcr)? ]r`gcser(det`)? }
Årj`kcs @rdcfed`s Sf årj`k `rdcfed` `rdcfed`,, cf lc lcfc fcre rek,k, cs equ quck ck e pe pert rthr hr dc dckk gu gueek sc pu pucd cdcc `j `jttcf cfcr cr uf ufee sc scgu gucf cfgh ghee `r `rdc dcfe fede de shlu hluhcf hcfd` uf` dc k`s k`s rcg` rc g`rr rrhd hd`s `s p` p`sh shjk jkcs cs dc dckk år årj` j`k>k> hf hf`r `rdc dcf, f, pr prc` c`rd rdcf cf ` p` p`st st`r `rdc dcf. f. Cf cst`s årj`kcs cs hip`rteftc quc ke scgucfghe sc ieftcfle `rdcfede eufquc sc eõed eõ edef ef ` sc ck ckhi hihf hfcf cf f` f`d` d`s. s. Cxhs Cx hstc tcf f ve verh rh`s `s th thp` p`ss dc år årj` j`kc kcss `r `rdc dcfe fed` d`s, s, qu qucc vc vcrc rci` i`ss e g` g`ft fthf hfue uegh gh÷f> ÷f>
årj`kcs jhferh`s dc jþsqucde (EJJ)> s`f årj`kcs dc `rdcf : quc iefthcfcf ufe scgu sc gucf cfgh ghee `r `rdc dcfe fede de sh sc rc rcg` g`rr rrcf cf cf hf hf`r `rdc dcf. f. årj`kcs EQK> s`f årj`kcs jhferh`s dc jþsq squucde cquhkhjred`s, cs dcghr, k`s fhvc vckkcs dc gede re gede reie ie per eree gu guek ekq quhc hcrr f` f`d` d` f` dh dhah ahcr crcf cf cf iå iåss dc 5. årj rj`k `kcs cs pcr crac acgt gtei eicf cftc tc cq cquuhkhkhhjr jreed` d`s> s> s`f årj rj`k `kcs cs jhfer hferhh`s dc jþsq squucd cdee cf k`s qu qucc ck fþicr` dc f`d`s dc gede reie pere guekquhcr f`d` f` dhahcrcf cf iås dc 5. W`f p`r k` te teft ft` ` år årj` j`kc kcss EQK te teij ijhè hèf. f. årj`kcs :-7> s`f årj`kcs dc `rdcf 7, quc g`fthcfcf d`s gkevcs cf gede f`d` y quc cstå cs tåf f te teij ijhè hèf f cq cquh uhkhkhjr jred ed`s `s.. Tei eijh jhèf èf lc lcfc fcre ref f sc scgu gucf cfgh ghes es `r `rdc dcfe fede dess ek rc rcg` g`rr rrcr crk` k`ss cf
hf`rdcf. årj` år j`kc kcss-J> J> ge ges` s` lc lcfc fcre rekk dc år årj` j`kc kcss :-7, :-7, qu qucc pe pere re uf `r `rdc dcf f I, g` g`ft fthc hcfc fcf f II-55 gkev gkevcs cs..
Årj`kcs Jhferh`s @pcregh`fcs> 5. G`ipr`jer sh uf årj`k cstå vegé`. Sf årj`k cstå vegé` sh su reéz cs FSK SKKK. :. Gekguker ck fþicr` dc f`d`s. Tcf cfci ci`s `s d` d`ss `pg pghh`f `fccs per eree be begc gcrr cst`, st`, ufe cs kkcv kkcveer sh shci cipr prcc ke gu gucf cfte te dc f`d `d`s `s cf ck årj`k ek ihsi` thcip` quc sc eõedcf ` ckhihfef ckcicft`s. Ke `tre cs, scfghkkeicf scfghk keicftc, tc, g`fterk`s. g`fterk`s. ]ere g`fter k`s f`d`s p`dci`s rcgurrhr e guekquhcre dc k`s trcs i`d`s dc rcg`rrcr ck g`f år årj` j`k> k> hf`r hf`r. `rdc dcf, f, pr prc` c`rd rdcf cf ` p` p`st st`r `rdcf dcf,, g` g`i` i` eg eggh gh÷f ÷f sc scfg fghkhkke keic icft ftcc hfgr hfgrci cicf cfte tei` i`ss g`fted ted`r. 7. G`ipr`jer sh ck f`d` cs b`ne. Cst` cs iuy scfghkk`, jeste g`f g`ipr`jer sh teft` ck årj`k hzquhcrd` g`i` ck dcrcgb` cståf vegé gé` `s. Wh eij`s k` cst stååf, sc trete dc uf f`d` b`ne. @ ierger g`f ufe
pr`phc pr`p hcde ded d j` j`kkcef cf vc vcrrde dedc dcr` r` gu guef efd` d` ck f` f`d` d` cs hfsc hfscrt rteed` y g` g`i i` ae aekks` gu gueefd fd` ` sc hfsc hf scrt rtee uf f` f`d` d` bhn` bhn`..
Årj`kcs Jhferh`s @pcregh`fcs 3. Jusger uf f`d`. • Ci Cipc pcze zei` i`ss g` g`f f ck f` f`d` d` eu euxh xhkhkher er ep epuf ufte tefd fd` ` e Ze Zeéz éz.. • Wh ck vek`r dck f`d` euxhkher cs hluek ek dck ckcicft` quc jusgei`s, tcri tc rihf hfei ei`s `s ke jþ jþsq squc ucde de y rc rct` t`rf rfei ei`s `s ck ve vek` k`rr dc dckk f` f`d` d`.. • Wh ck vek`r dck f`d` reéz cs iey`r quc ck ckcicft` quc jusgei`s, g`ft g` fthf hfue uerc rci` i`ss ke jþ jþsq squc ucde de cf ck år årj` j`kk hz hzqu quhc hcrd rd`. `. • Wh ck vek`r dck f`d` reéz cs icf`r quc ck ckcicft` quc jusgei`s, g`ft g` fthf hfue uerc rci` i`ss ke jþ jþsq squc ucde de cf ck år årj` j`kk dc dcrc rcgb gb`. `.
1. Gekguker ck geihf` beghe uf f`d` x K` quc be berc rci i`s cs jusg sger er ck f` f`d` d` dc dckk qu qucc qu qucr crci ci`s `s evc vcrrhlu lueer su ge gei ihf`. hf`. Ge Gede de vczz quc eve vc vefg fgci ci`s `s uf f` f`d` d` lu lueerd rdei ei`s `s ck ve vek` k`rr dc dckk f` f`d` d`..
Ges` : (J`rrer uf F`d` g`f uf sujårj`k bhn`) >
Årj`kcs Jhferh`s CKHIHFEZ SF F@D@ Ges` 7 (J`rrer uf F`d` g`f d`s sujårj`kcs bhn`s) > 5. T`ier ck bhn` dcrcgb` dck F`d` quc qucrci`s ckhihfer :. hzquhcrde Zcg`rrcr b( ebhn` ste ck bhn` iåsy sh e ke hzquhcrd` cstc thcfc bhn` hzquhcrd` rcpcthr beste kkcler ek þkthi` f`d` e ke hzquhcrde)
Årj`kcs Jhferh`s CKHIHFEZ SF F@D@ Ges` 7 (J`rrer uf F`d` g`f d`s sujårj`kcs bhn`s) > 7. Zccipkezei`s ck Zccipkezei`s ck vek`r dck f`d` quc qucrci`s ckhihfer p`r ck f`d` quc cfg`ftrei`s ( ck ( ck bhn` iås e ke hzquhcrde ) Ck f`d` quc cfg`ftrei`s p`r scr ck iås e ke hzquhcrde cs hip`shjkc quc tcfle f`d`s e su hzquhcrde pcr` sh quc cs p`shjkc quc tcfle uf sujårj`k e ke dcrcgbe
Årj`kcs Jhferh`s CKHIHFEZ SF F@D@ Ges` 7 (J`rrer uf F`d` g`f d`s sujårj`kcs bhn`s) > 4. ]ere tcrihfer s`k` f`s qucde pr`gcdcr e ckhihfer cstc f`d` dc kes a`ries quc g`f`gci`s ( ges` ( ges` 5, ges` : ) y tcfdrci`s ke ckhihfegh÷f g`ipkcte.
Cxprcsh`fcs Keijde
Cxprcsh`fcs Keijde DCAHFHGH@F>
Sfe cxprcsh÷f keijde pucdc cftcfdcrsc g`i` rcprcscftegh÷f ufe g`fghse dc ufe aufgh÷f ef÷fhie quc sc pucdc trefsihthr> f` thcfc uf trefsihthr> f`ijrc, pcr` thcfc ufe khste dc peråictr`s, uf gucrp`, uf thp` dc rct`rf` y p`shjkcicftc ufe khste dc cxgcpgh`fcs.
Ef`fyi`us
Aufgth`f
]esscd er`ufd
G`fghsc
Cxprcsh`fcs Keijde DCAHFHGH@F>
•Cs ef÷fhi` p`rquc f` thcfc uf
f` cstå es`ghede g`f ufe gkesc cf perthguker g`i` k` cstå uf ièt`d`. •]cr` g`i` uf ièt`d`, ufe keijde thcfc ufe khste dc peråictr`s, uf gucrp`, uf thp` dc rct`rf` y ufe p`shjkc khste dc cxgcpgh`fcs
Ef`fyi`us
Aufgth`f
•ufe cxprcsh÷f keijde pucdc
•f` cs fcgcserh` quc csgrhjes
Sfe cxprcsh÷f keijde pucdc cftcfdcrsc g`i` rcprcscftegh÷f ufe g`fghse dc ufe aufgh÷f ef÷fhie quc sc pucdc trefsihthr> f` thcfc uf trefsihthr> f`ijrc, pcr` thcfc ufe khste dc peråictr`s, uf gucrp`, uf thp` dc rct`rf` y p`shjkcicftc ufe khste dc cxgcpgh`fcs.
•CW aufgh÷f p`rquc ufe keijde
f`ijrc cxpkéght` g`i` uf ièt`d` f`riekicftc tcfdrée
pesersc erluicft` uf ièt`d` g`i` ` ekiegcfersc cf eufe verhejkc
iugb` g÷dhl` rcpcththv` g`i` k` begcs pere kes gkescs ef÷fhies
]esscd er`ufd
Cxprcsh`fcs Keijde G@I]@FCFTCW>
E khst `a pereictcrs
Ef err`w
G`fghsc
Tbc j`dy `a tbc keijde
Cxprcsh`fcs Keijde G@I]@FCFTCW>
Cxprcsh`fcs Keijde WXFTERHW>
Cxprcsh`fcs Keijde
Cxprcsh`fcs Keijde CNCI]K@W>
Hftcraegcs Aufgh`fekcs
Hftcraegcs Aufgh`fekcs USC CW 0
Hftcraegcs Aufgh`fekcs ]ere rcg`rder.
Kes cxprcsh`fcs Keijde s`k` sc pucdcf user d`fdc sc cspcre ufe hftcraez aufgh`fek! Kes cxprcsh`fcs Keijde kc pcrihtcf pr`p`rgh`fer ke hipkcicftegh÷f dck ièt`d` ejstregt` dc ufe hftcraez aufgh`fek dhrcgteicftc cf kéfce y treter ke cxprcsh÷f g`ipkcte g`i` ufe hfstefghe dc ufe hftcraez aufgh`fek
Hftcraegcs Aufgh`fekcs Hftcraegcs aufgh`fekcs g`iufcs dc neve 2
]rcdhgetc ;T ; T6
Aufgth`f ;T ; T, Z6
Wuppkhcr ;;TT6
G`fsuicr ;T ; T6
Jhfery@pcret`r ;T6
Hftcraegcs Aufgh`fekcs Hftcraegcs aufgh`fekcs g`iufcs dc neve 2
Wtrcei
Wtrcei Dcahfhgh÷f Sf Wtrcei cs ufe scgucfghe dc ckcicft`s quc pr`vhcfcf dc ufe aucftc y s`p`rte `pcregh`fcs dc pr`gcseihcft` dc det`s.
Wtrcei Geregtcrésthges Ck Eph dc Wtrcei f`s pcri pcrihtc htc grcer g÷dh g÷dhl`> l`> 5. Cf a` a`ri riee dc dcgk gkeere reth thve ve :. Cs iås gg` `fghs` 7. ]` ]`dr drée ée pr pr`g `gcse csers rscc ccf fp per erek ekck ck` `
Wtrcei G`iperegh÷f ]r`lreiegh÷f Cstrugturede
]r`lreiegh÷f Aufgh`fek
Wtrcei Khjrcrée 5.-ke khste dc ekuif`s ke
:.-uthkhzei`s uf ièt`d` quc sc pucdc epkhger e k`s strceis quc strceis hktr` y pesåfd`kc ufe cs aahktr` cxprcsh÷f keijde kc dcghi`s què g`fdhgh`fcs s`f kes quc thcfcf quc epkhger s`jrc
g`fvcrthi`s cf uf akun` dc det`s icdheftc ke kkeiede ek ièt`d` strcei. 7.- dcspu dcspuès ès k` g`kcggh`f g`kcggh`fei`s ei`s e ufe khste khste..
k`s det`s quc vhcfcf cf csc strcei.
4.- dcspu dcspuès ès p`dci`s hip hiprhih rhihrr ke khste
Wtrcei Cncrghgh`s> Grcer ufe gkesc pere ck icfþ dc uf rcsteureft y kkcferk`. 5.-Icdheftc pr`lreiegh÷f aufgh`fek dcv`kvcr (thp`, f`ijrc, F` Gek`rées y sh cs vclcterhef`) k`s pket`s quc thcfcf icf`s dc 73= gek`rées. Icfu F`ijrc
Cs vclcterhef` ef` Ge Gekk`rhes
Thp`
Gcrd`
F`
2== Gerfc
Zcs
F`
g` f>>> eg eggc gcdc dcrr ek iè ièt` t`d` d` qu qucc rc rct` t`rf rfee ck f` f`ij ijrc rc.. F`te> Ekuif`>>lctF`ijrc cs ufe a`rie rcdughde dc kes cxprcsh`fcs keijde y sc g`f` g` f`gc gc g` g`i` i` rc rcac acrc rcfg fghe he e uf iè ièt` t`d` d`..
:.:. -hftk A` A`rC rCeg egb bkete teij ijhè f stci rc rcgh ghjc jc ufee cx cxpr prcs csh÷ h÷f f ke keij ijde de rc rcdu dugh ghde de,, ye qu qucc hfv` hfv`ge ge ek iè ièt` t`d` d` prhf pr tkf f dc gk gkes escchèf Wy Wyst ci. . uf
Wtrcei @pcregh`fcs Hftcricdhes y Tcrihfekcs
Teft` ahktcr g`i` iep sc kcs g`f`gc cf Neve g`i` `pcregh`fcs hftcricdhes. E ke `p `pcr creg egh÷ h÷f f A`rCegb sc kc g`f`gc g`i `i` ` ufe `pcregh÷f tcrihfek tcrihfek..
T`d`s equckk`s ièt`d`s tcrihfekcs quc veyes e hfg`rp`rer dcftr` dc tu pr`l pr `lre reie iegh gh÷f ÷f shci shcipr prcc k` k`ss ve vess e g` g`k` k`ge gerr ek ah ahfe fek.k.
Ke eyude dc Neve teijhèf tc hfdhge guefd` u ièt`d` ` eggh÷f cs ufe `pcregh÷f
tcrihfek.
Wtrcei + @pcregh`fcs Hftcricdhes
Khiht, cs ufe `pcregh÷f hftcricdhe quc f`s eyude e khihter ke gefthded dc det`s qucc rc qu rcgh ghjh jhi` i`ss dc dckk iè ièt` t`d` d` ef eftc tcrh rh`r. `r.
sohp, cs ufe `pcregh÷f hftcricdhe quc dcspuès dc dcsgerter k`s prhicr`s f ckcicft`s? cs`s ckcicft`s k`s csp spccghahgei`s g`f ck fþ fþi icr` quc kc pesei`s ek
ièt` iè t`d` d` g`i g`i` ` pe perå råic ictr tr`? `? rc rct` t`rf rfee k` k`ss rc rcst stef eftc tcs. s.
Wtrcei + @pcregh`fcs tcrihfekcs
G`uft, G`uf t, cs uf ufee `p `pcr creg egh÷ h÷f f tcrihfek quc dcvuckvc ke gefthded dc ckcicft`s quc thcfc ck ak akun un` ` dc st strc rcei ei..
Wtrcei + @pcregh`fcs tcrihfekcs
efyIetgb.- rct`rfe truc ` aeksc, sh eklþf ckcicft` dck strcei guipkc ufe g`fdh g`f dhgh gh÷f ÷f de dede de g` g`f f uf ufee cx cxpr prcs csh÷ h÷f f ke keij ijde de..
Wtrcei +ekkIe @pcregh`fcs tcrihfekcs ekkIetgb.tgb.- rct`r rct`rfe fe truc ` aeksc, sh t`d`s k` k`ss ckcicf ckcicft`s t`s dck strce strcei i guip guipkcf kcf ufe ghcrte g`fdhgh÷f.
Wtrcei Tcst
Wtrcei Tcst
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Wtrcei Tcst
Wtrcei Tcst
Wtrcei Ck• ièt`d` G`kkcgt Cs ufe `pcregh÷f tcrihfek • Wc hfv`ge s`jrc uf strcei • Kefze ufe `pcregh÷f dc rcduggh÷f • Ke `pcregh÷f dc rcduggh÷f qucde dcahfhde p`r ièt`d`s dc ke gkesc
G`kkcgt`rs. K`s ièt`d`s dc ke gkesc G`kkcgt G`kkcgt`rs `rs `arcgcf 7 aufgh`fe aufgh`fekhdedcs khdedcs prhfghpe prhfghpekcs> kcs> 5. Zcd Zcdugh ughrr y rcs rcsuih uihrr kk`s `s cckci kcicft cft`s `s d dcc uuf f st strce rcei i e uf s`k s`k` ` ve vek`r k`r :. ]e Elr lrup upe erfer cckc kcic icft ft`s `s 7. ]ert rthg hgh` h`fe r cckc kcic icft ft`s `s
Wtrcei Ck ièt`d` iexJy
Wtrcei Ck ièt`d` iexJy
Wtrcei Ck ièt`d` iexJy
Wtrcei Ck ièt`d` suiihflHft
Wtrcei Ck ièt`d` suiihflHft
Wtrcei Ck ièt`d` suiierhzhflHft
Wtrcei Ck ièt`d` suiierhzhflHft
Wtrcei @pcregh÷f tcrihfek G`kkcgt`r Tcst
Wtrcei @pcregh÷f tcrihfek G`kkcgt`r Tcst
Wtrcei Zcsuicf Guekcs s`f kes hftcraegcs aufgh`fekcs hfgkuhdes cf ck pequctc neve.uthk.aufgth`f0
Wtrcei Zcsuicf Guekcs s`f kes hftcraegcs aufgh`fekcs hfgkuhdes cf ck pequctc neve.uthk.aufgth`f0
Kes hftcraegcs aufgh`fekcs dhahcrcf prhfghpekicftc cf aufgh÷f dc ke ahrie dck ièt`d` ejstregt` quc uthkhzef.
Wtrcei Zcsuicf Sf prcdhgetc prcdhgetc prucje ke g`fdhgh÷f g`fdhgh÷f dede dede y dcvuckvc vcrdedcr` vcrdedcr` ` aeks`? aeks`? p`r k` teft`, thcfc uf ièt`d` ejstregt` kkeied` ‛tcst" quc t`ie uf peråictr` dc thp` lcfèrhg` T y dcvuckvc ck thp` j``kcef`0
Wtrcei Zcsuicf Zcekhgc uf uf cncrghgh` usefd` ]rcdhgetc pere vekhder sh dede uuf f strhfl, ke ihsie cs fu fukkkk y sh f` cste vegée.
Wtrcei Zcsuicf Zcekhgc uf uf cncrghgh` usefd` ]rcdhgetc pere vekhder sh dede uuf f strhfl, ke ihsie cs fu fukkkk y sh f` cste vegée.
Wtrcei Zcsuicf Sf g`fsuihd`r "g`fsuicr" g`fsuic uf `jnct` y f` dcvuckvc fede? p`r k` teft`, thcfc uf ièt`d` ejstregt` kkeied` ‛-----------------" ‛-----------------" quc t`ie uf erluicft` dc thp` lcfèrhg` T y thcfc uf thp` dc rct`rf` PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.
Wtrcei Zcsuicf Sf g`fsuihd`r "g`fsuicr" g`fsuic uf `jnct` y f` dcvuckvc fede? p`r k` teft`, thcfc uf ièt`d` ejstregt` kkeied` ‛eggcpt ‛eggcpt"" quc t`ie uf erluicft` dc thp` lcfèrhg` T y thcfc uf thp` dc rct`rf` v`hd v`hd..
Zcekhgc uf uf cncrghgh` usefd` G`fsuicr pere hipr hiprhihr hihr uf strhfl ded` cf ieyþsgukes.
Wtrcei Zcsuicf Sf g`fsuihd`r "g`fsuicr" g`fsuic uf `jnct` y f` dcvuckvc fede? p`r k` teft`, thcfc uf ièt`d` ejstregt` kkeied` ‛eggcpt ‛eggcpt"" quc t`ie uf erluicft` dc thp` lcfèrhg` T y thcfc uf thp` dc rct`rf` v`hd v`hd..
Zcekhgc uf uf cncrghgh` usefd` G`fsuicr pere hipr hiprhihr hihr uf strhfl ded` cf ieyþsgukes.
Wtrcei Zcsuicf Sfe Aufgth`f Aufgth`f "`pcr "`pcre" e" cf ck ck erluicft` erluicft` y dcvuckvc dcvuckvc uf uf rcsukted`? rcsukted`? p`r k` teft`, thcfc uf ièt`d` ejstregt` kkeied` ……………….. quc t`ie uf erluicft` dc thp` lcfèrhg` T y thcfc uf thp` dc dcv`kugh÷f ……………………
Wtrcei Zcsuicf Sfe Aufgth`f Aufgth`f "`pcr "`pcre" e" cf ck ck erluicft` erluicft` y dcvuckvc dcvuckvc uf uf rcsukted`? rcsukted`? p`r k` teft`, thcfc uf ièt`d` ejstregt` kkeied` eppky quc t`ie uf erluicft` dc thp` lcfèrhg` T y thcfc uf thp` dc dcv`kugh÷f lcfèrhg` Z
Zcekhgc Zcekh gc uf cncrghgh cncrghgh` ` usefd` Auf Aufgth`f gth`f pere hip hiprhih rhihrr ke k`flhtud dc uf strhfl ded`.
Wtrcei Zcsuicf Sfe Aufgth`f Aufgth`f "`pcr "`pcre" e" cf ck ck erluicft` erluicft` y dcvuckvc dcvuckvc uf uf rcsukted`? rcsukted`? p`r k` teft`, thcfc uf ièt`d` ejstregt` kkeied` eppky quc t`ie uf erluicft` dc thp` lcfèrhg` T y thcfc uf thp` dc dcv`kugh÷f lcfèrhg` Z
Zcekhgc Zcekh gc uf cncrghgh cncrghgh` ` usefd` Auf Aufgth`f gth`f pere hip hiprhih rhihrr ke k`flhtud dc uf strhfl ded`.
Wtrcei Zcsuicf Sf Wuppkhcr Wuppkhcr "suihf "suihfhstre" hstre" f` begc begc fede iås quc dcv`kvc dcv`kvcrr ekl`? p`r k` teft`, thcfc uf ièt`d` ejstregt` kkeied` …………….. quc ……………………y dcvuckvc uf thp` …………………………….
Wtrcei Zcsuicf Sf Wuppkhcr "suihfhstre" hstre" f` begc begc fede iås quc dcv`kvc dcv`kvcrr ekl`? p`r k` Wuppkhcr "suihf teft`, thcfc uf ièt`d` ejstregt` kkeied` "lct " lct"" quc f` t`ie erluicft`s y dcvuckvc uf thp` lcfèrhg` T.
Zcekhgc uf cncrghgh` usefd` Wuppkhcr pere hiprhihr ke acgbe y tthcip` hcip` egtuek (K`gekDetcThic.f`w()).
Wtrcei Zcsuicf Sf Wuppkhcr "suihfhstre" hstre" f` begc begc fede iås quc dcv`kvc dcv`kvcrr ekl`? p`r k` Wuppkhcr "suihf teft`, thcfc uf ièt`d` ejstregt` kkeied` "lct " lct"" quc f` t`ie erluicft`s y dcvuckvc uf thp` lcfèrhg` T.
Zcekhgc uf cncrghgh` usefd` Wuppkhcr pere hiprhihr ke acgbe y tthcip` hcip` egtuek (K`gekDetcThic.f`w()).
Wtrcei Zcsuicf Kes hftcraegcs hftclredes ]rcdhgetc, G`fsuicr G`fsuicr,, Aufgth`f y Wuppkhcr aufgh`fef cf `jnct`s dc thp` dc rcacrcfghe. ]ere k`s thp`s prhihthv`s, bey cspcghekhzegh`fcs dhsp`fhjkcs k`s thp`s …………, ……….. y …………… pere cstes hftcraegcspere aufgh`fekcs.
Wtrcei Zcsuicf Kes hftcraegcs hftclredes ]rcdhgetc, G`fsuicr G`fsuicr,, Aufgth`f y Wuppkhcr aufgh`fef cf `jnct`s dc thp` dc rcacrcfghe. ]ere k`s thp`s prhihthv`s, bey dhsp`fhjkcs pere k`s thp`s hft hft,, k`fl y d`ujkc perecspcghekhzegh`fcs cstes hftcraegcs aufgh`fekcs.
Wtrcei Zcsuicf • Guefd` ke hftcraez hftcraez Wtrcei Wtrcei sc use g`f thp`s prhihthv`s, prhihthv`s, rcsukte rcsukte cf uf …………. y ……………. hffcgcserh`s dc k`s thp`s prhihthv`s e sus thp`s dc g`ftcfcd`r. Cst` de g`i` rcsukted` uf g÷dhl` iås …………… y dcspcrdhghe ………………………. p`rquc sc grcef k`s `jnct`s cfv`kt`rh`s hffcgcserh`s. ]`r k` teft`, shciprc quc sce p`shjkc, prcahcre user kes cspcghekhzegh`fcs dc thp` prhihthv` dc kes hftcraegcs aufgh`fekcs ]rcdhgetc, G`fsuicr G`fsuicr,, Aufgth`f Aufgth`f y Wuppkhcr Wuppkhcr..
Wtrcei Zcsuicf • Guefd` ke hftcraez hftcraez Wtrcei sc use g`f thp`s prhihthv`s, prhihthv`s, rcsukte rcsukte cf uf j`xhfl y ufj`xhfl hffcgcserh`s dc k`s thp`s prhihthv`s e sus thp`s dc g`ftcfcd`r. g`ftcfcd`r. Cst` de g`i` rcsukted` uf g÷dhl` iås kcft` y dcspcrdhghe ici`rhe p`rquc sc grcef k`s `jnct`s cfv`kt`rh`s hffcgcserh`s. ]`r k` teft`, shciprc quc sce p`shjkc, prcahcre user kes cspcghekhzegh`fcs dc thp` prhihthv` dc kes hftcraegcs aufgh`fekcs ]rcdhgetc, G`fsuicr G`fsuicr,, Aufgth`f Aufgth`f y Wuppkhcr Wuppkhcr..
Wtrcei Zcsuicf • Kes vcr vcrsh` sh`fcs fcs prh prhiht ihthve hves s dc kes hft hftcra craegc egcs s aufg aufgh`fe h`fekcs kcs ……… …………., …., ………………, ………………… y ……………….. cståf dhsp`fhjkcs dhsp`f hjkcs s`k` pere thp`s hft, k`fl k`fl y d`ujkc d`ujkc (y thp` thp` j``kcef j``kcef edciås dc cst`s trcs thp`s pere …………………). Dcjc user g`fvcrsh`fcs hipkéghtes e ke vcrsh÷f …………… rckcveftc guefd` fcgcshtc user gber, jytc ` thp`s g`rt`s? dc iefcre shihker,, pucdc user ke vcrsh÷f pere …………………… thp` guefd` shihker fcgcshtc user ak`et.
Wtrcei Zcsuicf • Kes vcrsh`fcs prhi hihhthves dc kes hft ftc craegcs aufgh` h`f fek ekc cs ]rcdhgetc, G`fs G` fsui uicr cr,, Auf ufgt gth` h`f f y Wu Wupp ppkh khcr cr c cståf dh dhs sp`fhjkcs s`k` pere thp hp` `s hpere ft, k`Wuppkhcr fl y d`). )u . jkc (y thp` j``kcef edciås dc cst`s trcs thp`s Dcjc user g`fv fvc crsh` h`f fcs hipkéghte tes s e ke vcrsh÷f hft rc rckcv kcvef eftc tc gu guef efd` d` fcgcshtc user gber, jytc ` thp`s g`rt`s? dc iefcre shihker, pucdc user ke vcrsh÷f pere d`jkc th thp` p` gu guef efd` d` fc fcgc gcsh shtc tc us user er ak ak`e `et. t.
Wtrcei Tcst
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Wtrcei Tcst
