Estrategias para La Mediacion Pedagogica

 

A^_[G_ACLG^ ]G[G BG EAOLGNL@H ]AOGC@CLNG   ]AOGC@CLNG A^_[G_ACLG^ ]G[G BG EAOLGNLÞH ]AOGCÞCLNG AH GEKLAH_A^ OA AOQNGNLÞH G OL^_GHNLG

Baog OLCLÞH, Egkab ^@^G, Lsgkab TABÇVWQAV Oapgrtgeaht` oa Lhd`reçtlng, Dgnubtgo oa Nlahnlgs Axgntgs y _anh`b`cågs. Qhlvarslogo Hgnl`hgb oa ^ghtlgc` oab Astar` ^ghtlgc` oab Astar` (?;==), Grcahtlhg {bolcl`h, bltgs`sg, iarayas}Muhsa.aou.gr 

[A^QEAH Bg lhtacrgnlþh lhtacrgnlþh oa bgs _anh`b`cå _anh`b`cågs gs oa bg Lhd`regnlþ Lhd`regnlþhh y bg N`euhlngn N`euhlngnlþh lþh ah bg Aoungnlþh Aoungnlþh g Olstghnlg jg pr`v`ngo` ah ahsa÷ghzg-gpraholzgfa y, ah n`hsanua n`hsanuahnlg, hnlg, sa jglep`rtghtas pr`ounl pr`ounlo` o` e`oldlngnl`has uh oaspbgzgela oaspbgzgelaht` ht`aboapr`nas` r`bas yoaduhnl`has oa b`s gnt`ra gnt`rass lhv`bunrgo`s, ahtra abb`s, b`s qua ahsa÷gh y b`s qua gprahoah. ^a raqulara ra-nragr b`s r`bas trgolnl`hgbas oab o`nahta y oab gbueh`. Bg ahsa÷ghzg kgf` astg e`ogblogo sup`ha uhg n`hnaptugblzgnlþh oa bg fargrquåg y bg olrantlvlogo olstlhtg g bg ahsa÷ghzg prasahnlgb, gb tlaep` qua astleubg ab trgkgf` gutþh`e` oab gbueh` y axlca qua ab o`nahta sag tut`r y dgnlbltgo`r oa jarrgelahtgs qua ba gyuoah g oasgrr`bbgr su pr`pl` pr`nas` oa gpraholzgfa. Aear Ae arca ca aht` aht`hn hnas as n` n`hh dua duarz rzgg bg lo loag ag oa bg ‒eao ‒eaolg lgnl nlþh þh paogc paogcþcl þclng― ng― n` n`e` e` dah dahþe þeah ah`` aoungtlv` aoungt lv` n`hdlcurgo` p`r bgs huavgs tanh`b`cåg tanh`b`cågs, s, b` qua ba `t`rcg ngtac`rågs slhtçntlngs slhtçntlngs y saeçhtlngs oldarahtas g bg pr`puastg trgolnl`hgb. Ah asta n`htaxt` sa pr`p`hah astrgtaclgs y tình tìnhln lngs gs pgrg pgrg bg ea eaol olgn gnlþ lþhh paog paogcþ cþcl clng ng ah gekl geklah ahta tass oa Ao Aoun ungn gnlþ lþhh g Ol Olst stgh ghnl nlg, g, duhogeahtgogs ah ab r`b o`nahta tut`r y ah sus duhnl`has oa dgnlbltgo`r y pr`e`t`r oab astuol ast uol`` lhoa lhoapa pahol holaht ahta, a, y pg pgrt rtln lnub ubgre greaht ahtaa `rlaht `rlahtgo gogs gs gb oa oasgr sgrr`b r`bb` b` oa ax axpa parl rlahn ahnlg lgss slchldlngtlvgs oa gpraholzgfa, qua gbnghnah bgs prçntlngs oa b`s astuolghtas y qua dlhgbeahta gp`rtah g bg ngblogo oa ast`s aht`rh`s aoungtlv`s. ]gbgkrgs nbgva6 aoungnlþh g olstghnlg, eaolgnlþh paogcþclng, tut`r. 7. LH_[@OQNNLÞH Gb sar bg Aoungnlþh g Olstghnlg uhg e`ogblogo ah n`htlhug axpghslþh y trghsd`regnlþh, sa hanasltg gk`rogrbg n`e` `kfat` oa ghçblsls a lhvastlcgnlþh pgrg lhogcgr s`kra b`s olstlht`s dgnt`ras qua lhnloah ah abbg. Bg Aoungnlþh g Olstghnlg, ah pgrtlnubgr, bg qua usg bgs _anh`b`cågs oa bg Lhd`regnlþh y bg N`euhlngnlþh (_LNs), jg tahlo` uh oasgrr`bb` nranlahta y jg slo` lepbaeahtgog ah oldarahtas pr`crgegs oa Aoungnlþh ^uparl`r n`epgrtlaho` y h` n`epltlaho` n`h bg trgolnl`hgb pr`puastg prasahnlgb.

 

Bg lhtacrgnlþh oa bgs huavgs tanh`b`cågs jg pr`v`ngo` lep`rtghtas e`oldlngnl`has ah ab  pr`nas` oa ahsa÷ghzg-gpraholzgfa y, ah n`hsanuahnlg, sa jg pr`ounlo` uh oaspbgzgelaht` oa r`bas oa b`s gnt`ras lhv`bunrgo`s, b`s qua ahsa÷gh y b`s qua gprahoah. ^a raqulara ranragr nra gr b`s b`s r`b r`bas as tr trgol golnl nl`hg `hgba bass oa oabb o`nah o`nahta ta y ab gb gbue ueh` h`.. ]` ]`rr uh bg bgo`, o`, ab r`b o` o`nah nahta ta ngrgntarlzgo` p`r bg trghselslþh g `rlahtgo`r, dgnlbltgo`r, e`tlvgo`r oab trgkgf` gutþh`e`9  p`r `trg pgrta, ab r`b oab gbueh` ngeklg oa ranapt`r g n`hstrunt`r gntlv` oa su pr`pl` n`h`nlelaht`. Bg ahsa÷ghzg kgf` astg e`ogblogo sup`ha uhg huavg n`hnaptugblzgnlþh oa bg  fargrquåg y bg olrantlvlogo, gb tlaep` qua astleubg ab trgkgf` gutþh`e` oab gbueh` y axlca qua ab o`nahta sag ghlego`r y tut`r oab pr`nas` oa gpraholzgfa. B` duhogeahtgb h` as su  prasahnlg dåslng, slh` bgs eöbtlpbas astrgtaclgs qua pr`p`ha pr`p` ha pgrg qua ab gbueh` gprahog. Bg puastg ah egrnjg oa astrgtaclg astrgtaclgss oa ahsa÷ghzg ahsa÷ghzg g olstgh olstghnlg nlg lepblng qua ab o`nahta utlblna adantlvgeahta b`s eaol`s tanh`bþcln`s pgrg bg n`euhlngnlþh n`h b`s gbueh`s, y tgeklìh ba oaeghog, ab afarnlnl` oa uh huav` r`b eaolghta ab nugb ab o`nahta olrlca ab gpraholzgfa y bg  pgrtlnlpgnlþh oa b`s gbueh`s jgnlg ab b`cr` oa `kfatlv`s pravlgeahta astgkbanlo`s, qua jgrçh p`slkba bg goqulslnlþh oa n`epatahnlgs pars`hgbas, pr`dasl`hgbas y s`nlgbas. Asta o`nueaht` sa astrunturg oab slculahta e`o`6 ah bg sannlþh o`s sa n`hnaptugblzg uh slstaeg oa aoungnlþh g olstghnlg9 sa jgna uhg radarahnlg gb r`b o`nahta y g bg eaolgnlþh  paogcþclng ah geklahtas oa aoungnlþh g olstghnlg. Ah bg sannlþh tras sa gk`rog ab trgt trgtge gela laht ht`` oa bg bgss astrgt astrgtac aclg lgss oa ah ahsa÷ sa÷gh ghzg zg y sa pr pr`p` `p`ha hahh as astr trgt gtacl aclgs gs oa eaol eaolgn gnlþ lþhh  paogcþclng ah geklahtas oa aoungnlþh g olstghnlg tlpldlngogs sacöh oldarahtas þroahas. Dlhgbeahta ah bg sannlþh nugtr` sa prasahtgh bgs n`hnbusl`has.

;. AOQNGNLÞH G OL^_GHNLG Bg aoungnlþh g olstghnlg n`hstltuya uh tìrelh` axpraslv` cahìrln`, oa oldånlb oadlhlnlþh, h` `kstghta, nugho` sa jgkbg oa astg e`ogblogo oa aoungnlþh sa jgna radarahnlg g uh slstaeg aoungtlv` ah ab nugb b`s gbueh`s y b`s o`nahtas h` sa ahnuahtrgh sltugo`s ah ab else` bucgr. Axlstah eöbtlpbas oadlhlnl`has oa aoungnlþh g olstghnlg Y>U6 n`e` p`r afaepb` bg ogog p`r Fguea ^grge`tg qua bg oadlha n`e` ‒ slstaeg oloçntln` ah qua bgs n`hountgs o`nahtas tlahah bucgr gpgrta oa bgs n`hountgs olsnahtas, oa e`o` qua bg n`euhlngnlþh o`nahta-gbueh o`nahta -gbueh` ` quaog oldarlog oldarlog ah ab tlaep`, tlaep`, ah ab aspgnl` aspgnl` ` ah gek`s g bg vaz―. Kôrfa J`bekarc s`stlaha qua ab tìrelh` oa ‒aoungnlþh g olstghnlg nukra bgs olstlhtgs d`regs oa astuol` g t`o`s b`s hlvabas qua h` sa ahnuahtrgh kgf`par` bg n`htlhug, lheaolgtgsasuparvlslþh oa b`s tut`ras prasahtas n`h sus astuolghtas ah ab gubg, qua slh aekgrc`, kahadlnlgh ah bg pbghl pbghldlngnl dlngnlþh, þh, cuåg y saculelaht` saculelaht` oa uhg `rcghlzgnlþ `rcghlzgnlþh h tut`rlgb― tut`rlgb―. ]`r `trg pgrta Çbvgr` Cçbvaz ]ghquavg n`hsloarg bg aoungnlþh g olstghnlg n`e` ‒ uh pr`nas` oa ahsa÷ghzggp gpra raho holz lzgf gfaa ah d`re d`reg g kç kçsl slng ngea eaht htaa h` pr pras asah ahnl nlgb gb,, qua kusng kusng n` n`hs hsac acul ulrr `k `kfa fatl tlv`s v`s aoung aou ngtl tlv` v`s, s, b`s b`s nu nugb gbas as nugho nugho` ` sa ahegr ahegrngh ngh ah bg e`ogb e`ogblo logo go d` d`re regb gb oa ao aoung ungnl nlþh, þh, raqularah n`epr`kgnlþh oa qua b`s gbueh`s jgh b`crgo` b` pr`puast`, qua jgna us`  sabantlv` oa eaol`s pgrg pr`plnlgr ab gpraholzgfa y qua axlca ngekl`s ah bg egharg oa n`hounlr bg lhstrunnlþh, bg nugb sa nahtrg ah ab gbueh`, n`h ab n`hslculahta ngekl` oa  pgpab oab pr`das`r .

Ah `trg n`hnapnlþh, bg aoungnlþh g olstghnlg as ab n`epbaeaht` loþha` y hanasgrl` oa bg bbgegog ahsa÷ghzg trgolnl`hgb, abbg bg ahrlquana y n`epbaeahtg eçs gbbç oa uh tlaep` y uh aspgnl` n`hnrat`. As uh n`hfuht` oa pr`naolelaht`s a lhtargnnl`has oa eaolgnlþh qua sa astgkbana ah ab oasgrr`bb` oab pr`nas` ahsa÷ghzg-gpraholzgfa eaol ea olgh ghta ta ahtra bg utlb utgbueh`s lblz lzgn gnlþ lþhh y rgnl rgo`nahtas nl`h `hgb gb oa ra ranu nurs rs`s `s ta tanh nh`b `bþc þcln ln`s `s lh lhd` d`re reçt çtln ln`s `s y oa bg bgss

 

taban`euhlngnl`has taban`euhln gnl`has n`h ab `kfatlv` oa qua ab pr`nas` o`nahta-aoungtl o`nahta-aoungtlv` v` y oa gpr`plgnlþh oab n`h`nlelaht` rasubta eçs adlngz y adlnlahta ah tìrelh`s oa pars`hgs dgv`ranlogs y oa n`st`. Ah b`s geklahtas oa Aoungnlþh g Olstghnlg s`p`rtgog p`r bgs _LNs, uhg nbgsa vg eçs gbbç oab aspgnl` y ab tlaep`, g oldarahnlg oa bgs nbgsas trgolnl`hgbas, ìstgs sa oadlhah p`r bg n`hnranlþh n`hnranl þh oab pr`nas` oa ahsa÷gr y gprahoa gprahoar. r. Asta ngekl` h` as uh taeg eah`r yg qua jg cahar cah argo` go` bg gpgrl gpgrlnl nlþh þh oa hu huav` av`ss e` e`oa oab` b`s, s, ah b` b`ss qua b` b`ss gcaht gcahtas as ao aoung ungtl tlv` v`ss y b` b`ss asnahgrl`s o`hoa `nurra ab gpraholzgfa s`h olstlht`s. Goaeçs, bgs huavgs tanh`b`cågs y ah aspanlgb, bgs raoas oa n`euhlngnlþh, p`slklbltgh bg n`hdlcurgnlþh oa huav`s asnahgrl`s aoungtlv`s y p`tahnlgh uh gpraholzgfa eçs dbaxlkba Y;U. ^l klah as nlart` qua bgs huavgs tanh`b`cågs puaoah dgv`ranar bg ngblogo oa bg aoungnlþh, oakae`s n`hsloargr qua n`hstltuyah n`hstltuyah jarrgelahtg jarrgelahtgss nuy` trgtgelaht trgtgelaht`` oaka n`hnapt n`hnaptugblzg ugblzgrsa rsa ah duh duhnl nlþh þh oa uh dl dlhh qua lh lhoa oadan dantl tlkb kbaea aeaht htaa ast astçç bl blcg cgo` o` g uh ah ahd`q d`qua ua pao paogc gcþcl þcln` n` oatarelhgo`. Ah asta sahtlo`, bg ngblogo oa su n`htahlo` n`hnaptugb as ` oakaråg sar, uh e`tlv` n`hstghta oa pra`nupgnlþh. Bg lhn`rp`rgnlþh oa bgs tanh`b`cågs g bg Aoungnlþh g Olstghnlg rasubtg rabavghta sl s`h n`hnaklogs y gpblngogs n`h ab pr`pþslt` oa p`tahnlgr ab gpraholzgfa y bg n`bgk`rgnlþh Y77U. ]uaoah prasahtgrsa olstlht`s e`oab`s oa gpraholzgfa gp`ygo`s p`r bg tanh`b`cåg6 oasoa uh` ` eçs astuolghtas gk`ngo`s ah bg ras`bunlþh oa uh pr`kbaeg, ngog uh` trgkgfgho` ah uhg astgnlþh oa trgkgf`, jgstg crup`s oa astuolghtas trgkgfgho` ah rao fuht`s pgrg b`crgr uh `kfatlv`. _ahlaho` ah nuahtg bgs olstlhtgs tanh`b`cågs y su gpblngnlþh ah bg aoungnlþh, as lhabuolkba pahsgr ah ab lepgnt` qua pr`ounah ah b`s pr`nas`s   oa gpraholzgfa, ah bg n`hstrunnlþh y goqulslnlþh oa n`h`nlelaht`s. Ast`s pr`nas`s gb ogr nuahtg oa axparlahnlgs oldarahtas, oatarelhgh tgeklìh ab oasgrr`bb` oa jgklblogoas aspanådlngs y oa lhtarngekl` oa axparlahnlgs axlclaho` bg oadlhlnlþh oa huav`s geklahtas oa gpraholzgfa. As o`hoa sa jgna hanasgrl`` pr`duholzgr bg radbaxlþh hanasgrl radbaxlþh s`kra b`s e`o`s oa gprahoar y `rcghlzgr ab gpraholzgfa, gpraholzgfa, yg qua ab vgb`r oa us` oa bgs huavgs tanh`b`cågs ah bg aoungnlþh, puaoa sar bleltgo` sl slepbaeahta sa lhn`rp`rg ah `rcghlzgnl`has y ah bgs prçntlngs trgolnl`hgbas Y:U. Bg astrunturgnlþh oa bgs huavgs axparlahnlgs parelta qua b`s geklahtas oa gpraholzgfa g olstghnlg gp`ygo`s ah bgs _LNs sa n`hvlartgh ah çeklt`s p`rtgo`ras oa uh huav` pgrgolceg oa ahsa÷ghzg-gpraholzgfa.

;.7 Ab [`b O`nahta ah Aht`rh`s oa Aoungnlþh g Olstghnlg Ogo` qua jgy uhg e`ogblogo oa gpraholzgfa qua jg e`oldlngo` bg d`reg oa sar, astgr y jgnar oab j`ekra ah ab euho`, bg lhtarvahnlþh o`nahta sa ra-d`reubg pgrg gogptgrsa gb ngekl`. Ah ab çeklt` oa bg Aoungnlþh g Olstghnlg n`h us` oa bgs _LNs ab r`b o`nahta oa tut`r, cuåg y `rlahtgo`r sa n`hnratg ah uhg olvarslogo oa duhnl`has, tgb n`e` n`htahlolstg, dgnlbltgo`r, gsas`r nurrlnubgr, eaolgo`r, ahtra `tr`s. Oa t`o`s abb`s, s`krasgba bg duhnlþh oa _ut`r  p`r  p`r n`hstltulr uhg plazg nbgva pgrg ab gpraholzgfa yg qua as ab ahngrcgo` oa nragr ‒ z`hgs oa oasgrr`bb` prþxle`― (VO]). Tlc`stiy oadlha bg VO] n`e` bg oldarahnlg qua axlsta ahtra ab hlvab oa n`h`nlelaht` adantlv` qua tlaha uhg pars`hg, ` sag b` qua puaoa jgnar s`bg, y ab hlvab qua p`oråg gbnghzgr n`h bg gyuog oa `trgs y eaolghta lhstrueaht`s goanugo`s. Gquå goqulara rabavghnlg bg pgrtlnlpgnlþh pgrtlnlpgnlþh oab o`nahta, qulah as ab qua gyuogr y `rlahtg g b`s gbueh`s ah ab oasgrr`bb` oab gpraholzgfa, gntugho` n`e` eaolgo`r ahtra gbueh`s-n`htahlo`s-ranurs`s. Ogo` quasusbgn`h`nlelaht`s VO] as oldarahta ah ngog gbueh`,oaka yg qua oapahoa oa su hlvab oa oasgrr`bb` y oa pravl`s, ab o`nahta goanugr

 

su lhtarvahnlþh n`hd`rea g ast`, pgrg pr`v`ngr ah sus gbueh`s ab lhtarìs p`r gprahoar. ]grg b` nugb ab o`nahta ah su r`b oa tut`r, goaeçs oa p`saar sþblo`s n`h`nlelaht`s oa bg olsnlpblhg gk`rogog ah ab nurs`, oaka oasgrr`bbgr sus n`epatahnlgs o`nahtas n`euhlngnl`hgbas y eaolgnl`hgbas, yg qua, n`e` sa eahnl`hg ghtarl`reahta, bg VO] p`r ìb nragog, oaka n`hstltulrsa ah uh gekl geklahta ahta gelcgkba, o`hoa ab gb gbueh` ueh` puaog n`eprahogh b`s n`htahlo`s, radbaxl`hgr, olsnutlr y bbavgr g bg prçntlng b`s huav`s n`h`nlelaht`s. Ab tut`r h` as p`rtgo`r oa n`htahlo`s, slh` `rlahtgo`r y e`tlvgo`r oab gpraholzgfa YU. Ah bg aoungnlþh g olstghnlg, bg eaolgnlþh paogcþclng sa gp`yg ngog vaz eçs ah b`s gvghnas tanh`bþcln`s, o`hoa ab o`nahta n`htlhög oasaepa÷gho` su duhnlþh oa cuåg, slh pratahsl`has oa sustltulr bg gntlvlogo nrago`rg oab gbueh`. Tyc`tsiy trgkgfþ s`kra ab n`hnapt` oa eaolgnlþh, v`bvlìho`sa ngog vaz eçs lep`rtghta  pgrg n`eprahoar ab duhnl`hgelaht` eahtgb. Ab tìrelh` eaolgnlþh sa duhogeahtg g pgrtlr  oab us` oa sl slch` ch`ss y ja jarrg rrgel elah ahtg tgss ` lh lhst strue rueah aht` t`s. s. ^a ^acöh cöh Ty Tyc` c`ts tsiy iy,, ab tì tìre relh lh``  slch` slchldlng ‒p`saao`r oa slchldlngo`―, p`r b` nugb, bg eaolgnlþh uklng gb slch` ahtra ab lholvlou` y ab `kfat` oa gpraholzgfa ` dlhgblogo, y sa oatarelhg p`r bg rabgnlþh ahtra ast`s. N`eprahoar bg duarzg oa b`s slch`s lepblng ran`h`nar su ngpgnlogo eaolgnl`hgb. Oasoa Tyc`tsiy, b`s slch`s eçs lep`rtghtas gb lhlnl` oa su ta`råg surcah oab bahcugfa juegh` y sahtgr`h su kgsa ah bg rabgnlþh ahtra pr`nas`s lholvlougbas y s`nlgbas. ^lh aekgrc`, ast`s slch`s sa oasgrr`bbgh g trgvìs oa uh pr`nas`. Tyc`tsiy Tyc`tsiy oadahoåg b`s puht`s prlhnlpgbas oab oasgrr`bb` ah tìrelh`s oa b`s ngekl`s axparleahtgo`s ah bg d`reg oa eaolgnlþh utlblzgog. utlblzgog . _`o` eaol` ` gntlvlogo raouhog ah bg gnnlþh eaolgog s`kra bg nugb Tyc`tsiy rasgbtg bg lep`rtghnlg oa aståeub`s eaol`s, n`e` jarrgelahtgs qua gyuogh g n`htr`bgr bg raspuastg oab lholvlou`. Ah asta ngs`, b`s slch`s y jarrgelahtgs sa n`hdlcurgh n`e` dgnlbltgo`ras oa n`ep`rtgelaht`s. Bg eaolgnlþh lepblng uhg prçntlng s`nlgb `rlahtgog g ‒tahoar puahtas―, n`hstrulr n`hstru lr huav`s våhnub våhnub`s `s ah y p`slklbltg p`slkl bltgrr ab utlblzgo`s gpraholzgfa, gpraholzgfa , oab`crgr lcugb gprahoar. egharg, parelta parelta rad`rzgr bg e`tlvgnlþh oab astuolghta b`s eìt`o`s pgrg Gså, bg eaolgnlþh g trgvìs oa bgs jarrgelahtgs tanh`bþclngs lepblng axtarhgblzgnlþh a lhtarhgblzgnlþh oa bg ragblogo. Bgs tanh`b`cågs ah asta ngs` s`h uh puahta n`hant`r qua dgnlbltgh bg n`euhlngnlþh, bg lhtargnnlþh y bg trghsp`slnlþh oab n`h`nlelaht` oab o`nahta g uh n`h`nlelaht` oloçntln` qua puaog sar n`epraholo` p`r ab astuolghta. Ab ahnuahtr` oa bg trlgog paogcþclng ‒o`nahta-n`h`nlelaht`-gbueh`― sa n`hstltuya oa egharg eaolgtg y eaolgog p`r oldarahtas tanh`b`cågs oa bg n`euhlngnlþh Y7?U, ngeklgho` bg eat`o`b`cåg, ab p`slkba gbnghna oa bg ahsa÷ghzg, y b`s gnt`ras qua lhtarvlahah ah ab  pr`nas`. Bg eaolgnlþh, sa kgsg ah ab us` oa ranurs`s oa eaolgnlþh y p`ha ìhdgsls ah bg gntlvlogo oab gbueh`, as oanlr, ah b`s gpraholzgfas, y ah asta sahtlo` n`krgh slchldlngnlþh bgs astrgtaclgs y ranurs`s eaolgnl`hgbas sabannl`hgo`s p`r ab o`nahta. Bg olrannlþh sa egrng ah b`s pr`nas`s n`chltlv`s n`hoaqua ngptg bg ahsa÷ghzg y abgk`rg ab gpraholzgfa, qua sa pgrta oa bg praelsg quaababgbueh` ìxlt` oa bg bgk`r oab pr`das`r oapahoa oa qua jgygyg gpraholzgfa, y

 

ìsta sþb` sa pr`ouna nugho` ab gbueh` sa lepblng pars`hgbeahta ah bgs tgrags qua sa ragblzg ragb lzgh, h, raa raabgk bgk`rg `rgho` ho` sus n`h n`htah tahlo` lo`ss jgst jgstgg bba bbacgr cgr g abgk`rg abgk`rgrr asquaeg asquaegss n`hnapt n`hnaptugb ugbas as  pr`pl`s. ]`r b` tght`, ab abaeaht` oanls`rl` oab ìxlt` pgrg bg ahsa÷ghzg astrlkg ah b`s  pr`nas`s qua eaolgh ahtra bg ahsa÷ghzg y ab gpraholzgfa, y ìst`s s`h pr`nas`s oa ngrçntar  n`chltlv` qua sa oasgrr`bbgh ah ab lhtarl`r oab gbueh`. Bg dlcurg 7 raprasahtg uh e`oab` eaolgnl`hgb ah uh aht`rh` oa aoungnlþh g olstghnlg, o`hoa sa `ksarvgh abaeaht`s nahtrgbas, nahtrgbas, b`s n`htahlo`s, `kfat` oa astuol`9 astuol`9 bg paogc`c paogc`cåg, åg, oa o`hoa sa nahtrgh bgs ta`rågs oa gpraholzgfa, y bgs _LNs, qua pr`p`rnl`hgh b`s ranurs`s tanh`bþcln`s. Ast`s abaeaht`s n`hstltuyah bg kgsa pgrg bg eaolgnlþh paogcþclng y bg nragnlþh oa geklahta oa gpraholzgfa n`e` VO] o`hoa fuacgh r`bas, astrgtaclgs y oldarahtas  prçntlngs ah uh pr`nas` olhçeln` y n`htlhu`.

 

 

>. A^_[G_ACLG^ ]G[G BG EAOLGNLÞH ]AOGCÞCLNG Qhg astrgtaclg aoungtlvg astç `rlahtgog, g olrannl`hgr ab pr`nas` oa ahsa÷ghzg-gpraholzgfa. Ah uh çe çekl klt` t` ao aoun ungt gtlv lv`, `, bg as astr trgt gtac aclg lg sa ra radl dlar araa g bg ol olra rann nnlþ lþhh paog paogcþ cþcl clng ng oa bg trghsd`regnlþh oa uh `kfat`, oasoa su astgo` ragb jgstg uh astgo` oasago` y qua tlaha n`e`  pr`pþslt` vahnar oldlnubtgoas, n`h uhg `ptlelzgnlþh `p tlelzgnlþh oa tlaep` y tlaep` y ranurs`s Y7U. ranurs`s Y7U. ^a n`hsloarg g bg tanh`b`cåg n`eputgnl`hgb n`e` uhg jarrgelahtg tanh`bþclng aoungtlvg, gpr`plgog slaepra y nugho` bg elseg n`htaepba bg oleahslþh oloçntlng, gtlahog g t`o`s b`s gnt`ras qua lhtarvlahah ah ab pr`nas` oa ahsa÷ghzg gpraholzgfa, y g bgs ngrgntaråstlngs s`nl`an`hþelng, nubturgbas y p`båtlngs oab aht`rh`, ah qua astg jarrgelahtg sa vg lhsartgr  Y3U. Ab us` oa bgs tanh`b`cågs oa lhd`regnlþh y n`euhlngnlþh, gpblngogs g bg aoungnlþh, sa jg n`hstltulo` ah uhg gbtarhgtlvg pgrg lhh`vgr b`s ranurs`s y astrgtaclgs oa eaolgnl`has qua trgolnl`hgbeahta sa lepbaeahtgkgh ah bg aoungnlþh, pgrg bg d`regnlþh oab astuolghta. Astg lhh`vgnlþh ah bgs eaolgnl`has jg cahargo` uhg trghsd`regnlþh ah ab pr`nas` oa ahsa÷ghzggpraholzgfa, qua lepblng qua b`s gcahtas aoungtlv`s jgh oa pahsgrsa n`e` gnt`ras ah huav`s asnahgrl`s y aspgnl`s. B`s asnahgrl`s vlrtugbas, jgh pareltlo` gepblgr bg p`slklblogo oa ahnuahtr`s ahtra b`s astuolghtas y tut`ras, y p`r tght`, p`tahnlgblzgr bgs gbtarhgtlvgs pgrg gprahoar. ^lh aekgrc`, axlstah gbcuhgs bleltgnl`has qua oldlnubtgh bg vlrtugblzgnlþh oab gpraholzgfa g trgvìs oa bgs jarrgelahtgs tanh`bþclngs. Gbcuhgs oa abbgs, puaoah supargrsa rçplogeahta oapaholaho` oa bg e`tlvgnlþh oa b`s pgrtlnlpghtas y oa uh goanugo` us` oa bgs jarrgelahtgs tanh`bþclngs. @trgs, raqularah oa uh trgkgf` n`hstghta, gut`rracubgo` y eaolgo` p`r bgs astrgtaclgs eatgn`ch`snltlvgs, sa b`crah b`s `kfatlv`s gpraholzgfa. Lhoapaholahtaeahtapgrg oa qua bg tanh`b`cåg utlblzgog, ab oa tut`r y su d`reg oa gntugr as uh dgnt`r  asahnlgb pgrg gsacurgr qua ab aht`rh` oa gpraholzgfa n`h us` oa tanh`b`cåg sag dgv`rgkba gb gbueh`. Ah uh geklahta vlrtugb, n`e` b` as ah uh slstaeg g olstghnlg, bg ngblogo, bg vgrlaogo y bg olhçelng oa bgs lhtargnnl`has, gså n`e` ab ahtuslgse` y bg oaolngnlþh oab tut` tut`r, r, goae goaeçs çs oa oabb ol olsa÷ sa÷`` oa oabb nu nurs` rs`,, su pr prasa asaht htgn gnlþ lþhh y gn gnna nasl slkl klbl blog ogo, o, s` s`hh ab abae aeah aht` t`ss duhogeahtgbas pgrg ratahar g b`s astuolghtas y pgrg qua abb`s sa slahtgh sgtlsdanj`s ah ab geklahta oa gpraholzgfa nrago`. Bgs astrgtaclgs pgrg bg eaolgnlþh paogcþclng ah geklahtas oa Aoungnlþh g Olstghnlg n`h us` oa _LNs, qua ah asta trgkgf` sa suclarah p`hah oa rablava ab ngrçntar pr`naoleahtgb oab gpraholzgfa y su astranjg vlhnubgnlþh n`h bg eatgn`chlnlþh. Olnjgs astrgtaclgs s`h oa hgturgbazg n`epbafg y n`hstltuyah uh pbgh oa gnnlþh nrago` a lepbaeahtgo` p`r ab o`nahta ah ab egrn` oa bg lhtahnl`hgblogo oa bg tgrag oa ahsa÷gr. B`s n`ep`hahtas oa bgs astrgtaclgs  pgrg bg eaolgnlþh paogcþclng s`h6

 

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Oa `roah psln`bþcln`6 bg e`tlvgnlþh. Oa `roah dlb`sþdln`6 bg radbaxlþh. Oa `roah p`båtln`6 bg gnnlþh. Oa `roah paogcþcln`6 bg lhtarolsnlpblhgrlaogo. Oa `roah tanh`bþcln`6 bg eaolgnlþh.

N`hnratgeahta, sa pr`p`hah bgs astrgtaclgs y tìnhlngs oa eaolgnlþh prasahtgogs ah bg tgkbg ;6 _gkbg ;. Astrgtaclgs oa eaolgnlþh paogcþclng ah aht`rh` oa aoungnlþh g olstghnlg   h    þ    l   n   g   v    l    t   `   e   a    O   h    þ    l   x   a    b    d   a   r   a    O

Astrgtaclg

Oasnrlpnlþh _ìnhlng   ]r`v`ng ]r`v`ngrr e`tlvg e`tlvgnlþ nlþhh oasoa oasoa ab lhl lhlnl` nl` oab nurs` nurs` y Cahargnlþh oa pracuhtgs eg eght htah ahar arb` b` ah ngog ngog uh uhgg oa bgs sa sasl sl`h `has as.. ^l ^lhh olspgrgo`rgs6 oa nbgsldlngnlþh, nbgsldlngnlþh, e` e`tl tlvg vgnl nlþh þh a lh lhta tarì rìs, s, ol oldå dånl nlbe beah ahta ta ax axls lstg tg bg oa rabgnl`has, oa ghçblsls, oa  pgrtlnlpgnlþh  pgrtlnlpgnl þh oa b`s gbueh`s. ]grg eghtahar eghtahar ab lhtarìs n`epgrgnlþh, oa ngusg y adant`, oab gbueh` as hanasgrl` ogr slchldlngo` gb trgkgf`, oa pahsgelaht` olvarcahta, oa   - [an`h`nar b`s `kstçnub`s lhtarh`s y axtarh`s qua -  @ksarvgnlþh oab gbueh`, lhjlkah gb gbueh` ah su gnnas` g bg tanh`b`cåg. suparvlslþh nbåhlng,   @rlahtg @rlahtgrr y gp`ygr gp`ygr ab oas oasgrr grr`bb `bb`` oab pahsge pahsgelah laht` t` lhvastlcgnlþh gnnlþh, y gutþh`e`, nråtln` y nragtlv` oa b`s astuolghtas. ^l sa ahtravlstgs ah pr`duhologo. `ktlaha uhg raspuastg lhn`rrantg oa pgrta oab gbueh`, Oasgrr`bb` oa tgbbaras,  

paogcþclng ah aht`rh` oa aoungnlþh g olstghnlg _gkbg ;. Astrgtaclgs oa eaolgnlþh(N`htlhugnlþh) Astrgtaclg   h    þ    l   n   n   g   a    O    o   g    o   a    l   r   g   h    l    b   p    l   n   s    l    o   r   a    t   h    l   a

Oasnrlpnlþh -  ^abann ^abannlþh lþh oa b`s pr`ount pr`ount`s `s aoungt aoungtlv` lv`ss goanug goanugo`s o`s y  partlhahtas g bgs bgs hanaslogoas oab gpraholzgfa. -  ]r`p`har gntlvlogoas oa bg trghsbgnlþh y gpblngnlþh oa b`s n`h`nlelaht`s taþrln`s g bg prçntlng. -  ]bghtagra gntlvlogoas crupgbas n`e` d`reg oa d`rtgbanar ab lhtarìs oa b`s gbueh`s, p`tahnlgr su pgrtlnlpgnlþh y avltgr bg sahsgnlþh oa glsbgelaht` pr`plg oa bg ahsa÷ghzg g olstghnlg. -  [an`h`nar b`s n`h`nlelaht`s pravl`s oab gbueh` ah bg egtarlg y, g pgrtlr oa ìst`s, sustahtgr ab oasgrr`bb` oa bg nbgsa d`regtlvg pgrg gsacurgr ab lhtarìs oa b`s gbueh`s g trgvìs oa bg loahtldlngnlþh pars`hgb n`h b`s n`htahlo`s. - Oata Oatare relh lhgr gr n` n`hh nb nbgr grlo logo go b` b`ss nr nrlt ltar arl` l`ss oa av avgb gbug ugnl nlþh þh,, n`hsloargho` b`s gspant`s nugbltgtlv`s y n`hnaptugbas oa

_ìnhlng -  N`hd`regnlþh oa crup`s lhtarolsnlpblhgrl`s. -  ]bghta` oa sltugnl`has oa gpraholzgfa olspgrgo`ras, qua sustahtah bg vlslþh oloçntln` paogcþcln`. -  Astuol` oa ngs`s6 ngs`s n`h s`bunlþh, ngs`s n`h t`eg oa oanlslþh y ngs`s n`h o`sslar. -  Kösquaog oa lhd`regnlþh y ranapnlþh oa gvls`s oa gcahtas n`eputgnl`hgbas. -  Gpblngnlþh oa tìnhlngs oa ngelh`

  h    þ    l   n   g    l    o   a   e   a    O

trgkgf`. nråtln` y avgbugnlþh crupgb. - Lhlnlgr gb gbueh` ah uh aht`rh` oa gogptgnlþh oa bgs _LN¿s -  D`regnlþh oa aqulp`s oa trgkgf`  pravl` gb oasgrr`bb` oa bgs gntlvlogoas gntlvlogoas oa gpraholzgfa. gpraholzgfa.  pgrg pr`nas`s oa gpraholzgfa gpraholzgfa - N`hnlahnlgr s`kra bgs vahtgfgs oa bg lhn`rp`rgnlþh oa bg n`bgk`rgtlv`. tanh`b`cåg ah ab pr`nas` aoungtlv`.   Gpblngnlþh oa tìnhlngs oa  ^abannl` ^abannl`hgr hgr s`dtwgra s`dtwgra aoungtlv` aoungtlv` qua pareltgh pareltgh p`hoargr  p`hoargr  d`regnlþh oa aqulp`s oa trgkgf`,  

?. N@HNBQ^L@HA^  N@HNBQ^L@HA^  ^a puaoa oanlr qua bg tut`råg, oasoa uh ahd`qua slstìeln`, as bg duhnlþh qua olhgelzg y qua  prçntlngeahta eghtlaha ah duhnl`hgelaht` uh geklahta ` slstaeg oa aoungnlþh g olstghnlg. _ght` bg e`ogblogo prasahnlgb n`e` bg e`ogblogo g olstghnlg tlahah n`e` nahtr` oab  pr`nas` ahsa÷ghzg gpraholzgfa gb gbueh`9 ah bg aoungnlþh g olstghnlg ast` sa t`rhg eçs ahdçtln` oa tlvg gjå oasprahoa bg tut`råg goaeçs oa `ahsa÷gr, oaka culgr, eaol ea olgr gr yy e`tl e` vgr. r.sa ]`r abb abb`` saqua jgk jgkbg oa bg tu tut` t`rå rågg n`e` n`e uh pr pr`na `nas` s` `rlahtgr, oa `rl `rlah ahtg tgnl nlþh þh--

 

gpraholzgfa, qua d`reg pgrta oa uh slstaeg olhçeln` o`hoa sa raqularah pgutgs `pargtlvgs y eat`o`b eat `o`bþcl þclngs ngs qua pare parelt ltgh gh gb o`na o`nahta hta oasgrr` oasgrr`bb bbgr gr b`s oldarah oldarahtas tas r`bas r`bas y duhnl`h duhnl`has, as,  p`hlaho` ah prçntlng bgs astrgtaclgs paogcþclngs qua p`slklbltah uhg goanugog eaolgnlþh. Bgs pr`puastgs oa eaolgnlþh paogcþclngs n`htrlkuyah gb gnnas`, oasgrr`bb` y castlþh oab r`b tut`r yg qua gyuog gntlvgeahta y d`regbeahta g bg gut`castlþh oab gpraholzgfa oab gbueh`, gså n`e` bg lhstghnlg oa `rlahtgnlþh qua jgna ab tut`r pgrg bg n`hstrunnlþh oa n`h`nlelaht`. Bg Bgss as astr trgt gtac aclg lgss pr pr`p `pua uast stgs gs p` p`ha hahh ah ìh ìhdg dgsl slss ah ab r` r`bb oa tu tut` t`rå rågg n` n`e` e` ab abae aeah aht` t` asahn asa hnlg lgbe beaht ahtaa pao paogc gcþcl þcln` n` oa oata tare relhg lhgo` o` p`r b` b`ss su sufa fat` t`ss duh duhog ogea eaht htgb gbas as oa oabb pr pr`na `nas` s` `rla `rlaht htgn gnlþ lþhh-gp gpra raho holz lzgf gfa, a, n`e` n`e` s` s`hh ab o` o`na naht htaa qu quaa cu cuåg åg,, `r `rla laht htg, g, pr pr`e `eua uava va ab gut`gpraholzgfa y ab gbueh` qua as qulah gut`gprahoa. Ah asta sahtlo`, sa gnbgrg, qua bg tut`råg paogcþclng h` as asahnlgbeahta `rlahtgo`rg, par` d`reg pgrta, gså n`e` bg vlslþh tanh`bþclng oab gpraholzgfa, oab r`b qua oaka tahar ab tut`r ah b`s geklahtas oa aoungnlþh g olstghnlg. ]`r `trg pgrta, bg eaolgnlþh tanh`bþclng qua p`tahnlg bgs n`haxl`has ahtra taeçtlngs, jgnlg uhg n`epbaflogo e`oubgreahta `rcghlzgog, oa e`o` oa dgnlbltgr ab gnnas` oasoa ab sahtlo` slhcubgr oa ngog aoungho`. Dlhgbeahta, s`kra b`s nrltarl`s utlblzgo`s pgrg bg nbgsldlngnlþh oa astrgtaclgs pr`puastgs, sa oastgng qua b`s båeltas ahtra b`s þroahas prasahtgo`s h` pbghtag uhg olvlslþh axpbånltg, yg qua gbcuhgs astrgtaclgs y tçntlngs puaoa n`rrasp`hoar g eçs oa uh `roah y gpblngrsa ah oldarahtas e`eaht`s oab pr`nas` aoungtlv`.

[ADA[AHNLG^ KLKBL@C[ÇDLNG^ 7.  Gregs [gelraz, H., B`rahnas C`hzçbaz, F. y ]aro`e` Tçzquaz, F.E. Ngrgntarlzgnlþh y olsa÷` oa b`s rasubtgo`s nlahtådln`s n`e` gp`rtas oa bg lhvastlcgnlþh aoungtlvg . Ngegcòay6 Qhlvarslogo ]aogcþclng "Dìblx Tgrabg", ;3 p. ;==>. (Ah s`p`rta abantrþhln`). ;.  Kg Kghh hh`, `, K. y Oa ^ta ^tadg dgh` h`,, G.  B`s ]r`yant`s Aoungtlv`s n`h E`ogblogo g Olstghnlg °Eaol °E aolgn gnlþ lþh h ` Oabl Oablva vary ry―0 ―0 ]rl ]rlear ear N`h N`hcras cras`` Tlr Tlrtug tugbb Bgtlh` Bgtlh`gea gearlng rlngh` h` oa Aoungnl Aoungnlþh þh g Olstghnlg. ;==?. >.  Kra Kraha hass Aspl Asplh`z h`zg, g, D.  ]rlhnlpl`s y Duhogeaht`s pgrg uhg ta`råg oa bg Aoungnlþh g  Olstghnlg

?.  Cg Cgrn rnåg åg Gr Grat atl` l`,, B.  Bg aoungnlþh g olstghnlg. Oa bg ta`råg g bg prçntlng . Ao. Grlab ;==;. 1.  Aoungnlþh. Dg Dght htlh lhll, GKgrnab`hg. .  D`regnlþh _ut`ras pgrg Aoungnlþh g Olstghnlg. ]rl ]rlear eargs gs F`rhgogs F`rhgogs oa Aoungnlþh ah Lhd`reçtlng y _LN¿s ah Grcahtlhg. FAL_LN^ ;==1. ;==1. 4.  Bghogzçkgb Nuarv`, O. ].  Eaolgnlþh ah Aht`rh`s Tlrtugbas oa Gpraholzgfa Ghçblsls oa bgs  Astrgtaclgs Eatgn`ch`snltlvgs y oa bgs Jarrgelahtgs N`euhlngnl`hgbas. Qhlvarslogo Ab K`squa. 7